Selected hepatoprotective herbal medicines: Evidence from ethnomedicinal applications, animal models, and possible mechanism of actions

Computational identification of potential bioactive compounds from Triphala against alcoholic liver injury by targeting alcohol dehydrogenase

Alcoholic liver injury resulting from excessive alcohol consumption is a significant social concern. Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) plays a critical role in the conversion of alcohol to acetaldehyde, leading to tissue damage. The management of alcoholic liver injury encompasses nutritional support and, in severe cases liver transplantation, but potential adverse effects exist, and effective medications are currently unavailable. Natural products with their potential benefits and historical use in traditional medicine emerge as promising alternatives. Triphala, a traditional polyherbal formula demonstrates beneficial effects in addressing diverse health concerns, with a notable impact on treating alcoholic liver damage through enhanced liver metabolism. The present study aims to identify potential active phytocompounds in Triphala targeting ADH to prevent alcoholic liver injury. Screening 119 phytocompounds from the Triphala formulation revealed 62 of them showing binding affinity to the active site of the ADH1B protein. Promising lipid-like molecule from Terminalia bellirica, (4aS, 6aR, 6aR, 6bR, 7R, 8aR, 9R, 10R, 11R, 12aR, 14bS)-7, 10, 11-trihydroxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-2, 2, 6a, 6b, 9, 12a-hexamethyl-1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 6a, 7, 8, 8a, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylic acid showed high binding efficiency to a competitive ADH inhibitor, 4-Methylpyrazole. Pharmacokinetic analysis further confirmed the drug-likeness and non-hepatotoxicity of the top-ranked compound. Molecular dynamics simulation and MM-PBSA studies revealed the stability of the docked complexes with minimal fluctuation and consistency of the hydrogen bonds throughout the simulation. Together, computational investigations suggest that (4aS, 6aR, 6aR, 6bR, 7R, 8aR, 9R, 10R, 11R, 12aR, 14bS)-7, 10, 11-trihydroxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-2, 2, 6a, 6b, 9, 12a-hexamethyl-1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 6a, 7, 8, 8a, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14b-tetradecahydropicene-4a-carboxylic acid from the Triphala formulation holds promise as an ADH inhibitor, suggesting an alternative therapy for alcoholic liver injury.

Metabolic profiling of Verbena bonariensis L. extract by LC/MS and evaluation of the hepatoprotective potential with isoniazid- and rifampicin-induced hepatotoxicity in rats

The study explored the hepatoprotective activity and metabolic profile of Verbena bonariensis L. methanol extract (VBM) and fractions using isoniazid as well as rifampicin-triggered liver toxicity in Wistar albino rats. Metabolite profiling of VBM using HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS identified 12 compounds, mainly iridoids, phenylpropanoids, and flavonoids, where verbascoside represents the major compound. Different biochemical parameters such as aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bilirubin, and total protein levels were used to assess liver functions. All the evaluated samples exhibited hepatoprotective potential, but VBM exhibited maximum activity and a notable decline in ALP (p < 0.05, significant), even better than the standard drug (silymarin). VBM significantly reduced the elevated ALT, AST, ALP, and total bilirubin. It also triggered a significant elevation in total proteins compared with diseased animals. This was further consolidated by histopathological studies. Verbena bonariensis L. could serve as a potent hepatoprotective agent and may alleviate liver ailments.

Medicinal herbs and their metabolites with biological potential to protect and combat liver toxicity and its disorders: A review

The liver is an essential organ that helps the body with immunity, metabolism, and detoxification, among other functions. Worldwide, liver illnesses are a leading cause of mortality and disability. There are few effective treatment choices, but they frequently have unfavorable side effects. Investigating the potential of medicinal plants and their bioactive phytoconstituents in the prevention and treatment of liver disorders has gained more attention in recent years. An assessment of the hepatoprotective potential of medicinal plants and their bioactive secondary metabolites is the goal of this thorough review paper. To determine their hepatoprotective activity, these plants were tested against liver toxicity artificially induced in rats, mice and rabbits by chemical agents such as carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), paracetamol (PCM), thioacetamide (TAA), N-nitrosodiethylamine, d-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide, antitubercular medicines (rifampin, isoniazid) and alcohol. To find pertinent research publications published between 1989 and 2022, a comprehensive search of electronic bibliographic databases (including Web of Science, SpringerLink, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and others) was carried out. The investigation comprised 203 plant species from 81 families in total. A thorough discussion was mentioned regarding the hepatoprotective qualities of plants belonging to several families, such as Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, and Euphorbiaceae. The plant groups Asteraceae and Fabaceae were the most frequently shown to have hepatoprotective properties. The phytochemical constituents namely flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and alkaloids exhibited the highest frequency of hepatoprotective action. Also, some possible mechanism of action of some active constituents from medicinal plants was discussed in brief which were found in some studies. In summary, the information on medicinal plants and their potentially hepatoprotective bioactive phytoconstituents has been consolidated in this review which emphasizes the importance of further research to explore the efficacy and safety of these natural remedies for various liver ailments.

TMT-based proteomics analysis identifies the interventional mechanisms of Qijia Rougan decoction in improving hepatic fibrosis

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Qijia Rougan decoction (QJ), consisting of eight herbs and two animal drugs, is an effective traditional Chinese medicine with hepatoprotective and antifibrotic effects. However, its underlying action mechanism remains unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To explore the mechanism underlying the treatment of liver fibrosis in rats by QJ.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Rats with fibrosis were constructed using carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). The QJ was orally administered to fibrotic rats. Hepatic pathological changes were evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin and Masson's trichrome staining. The differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in QJ were analyzed using quantitative proteomics. Subsequently, the underlying mechanisms in liver fibrosis after QJ treatment were validated using Western blotting.

RESULTS

The QJ markedly improved liver function and attenuated fibrotic progression. Based on the tandem mass-tag based (TMT) proteomics, we identified 818 common DEPs between QJ vs Model and Model vs Control, including 296 upregulated and 522 downregulated DEPs, which mostly participate in metabolic pathways, oxidation-reduction reactions, and collagen biosynthetic processes. In addition, we found that QJ reduced hepatocellular death by inhibiting the expression of caspase proteins, repressing pro-apoptotic proteins, and promoting anti-apoptotic proteins. We further demonstrated that QJ suppressed the Akt/mTOR pathway.

CONCLUSION

QJ exerted hepatoprotective effects in CCl4-induced rats through multi-pathway regulation. This study provides protein information on liver fibrosis treated with QJ.

Application of SNAP-tag-EGFR cell membrane chromatography model in screening antitumor active components of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn

The SNAP-tag-epidermal growth factor receptor (SNAP-tag-EGFR) cell membrane chromatography (CMC) model is a powerful tool for investigating ligand-receptor interactions and screening active ingredients in traditional Chinese medicine. Most tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) target epidermal growth factor receptors. However, TKIs associated with significant side effects and drug resistance must be addressed immediately. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new TKIs with high efficiency and low toxicity. Because of its low toxicity and side effects, traditional Chinese medicine has been widely employed to treat various diseases, including cancer. Hence, this study aimed to use the SNAP-tag-EGFR/CMC-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) two-dimensional system model as the research tool to screen and identify potential EGFR antagonists from the Chinese medicine Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. The applicability of the system was verified using the positive control drug osimertinib. Four potential EGFR antagonists were screened from the Chinese medicine Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.. They were identified as silydianin, silychristin, silybin, and isosilybin. Additionally, their pharmacological activity was preliminarily verified using a CCK-8 assay. The kinetic parameters of the four active ingredients interacting with EGFR and their binding modes with EGFR were analyzed using nonlinear chromatography (NLC) and molecular docking. This study identified silydianin, silychristin, silybin, and isosilybin from Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. and verified their potential antitumor effects on EGFR.

Evidence-based herbal treatments in liver diseases

The liver is the main organ for metabolic and detoxification reactions in the body. Therefore, its diseases can be associated with both metabolic disorders, such as insulin resistance, obesity, diabetes, or dyslipidemia, and exogenous insults such as drugs, xenobiotics, or alcohol. Indeed, lifestyle changes are the primary approaches for the prevention and treatment of liver diseases. Since ancient times, herbals have also been used for preventive and therapeutic purposes, because of their anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. Here, the literature was reviewed for potential therapeutic effects of plants and their compounds by including in vitro and in vivo studies, as well as clinical trials. Although the available data imply some beneficial roles of herbals on the liver, the indications and posology of specific plants need to be clarified through multicenter, randomized clinical trials.

Thymoquinone-loaded self-nano-emulsifying drug delivery system against ischemia/reperfusion injury

In the present study, a self-nano-emulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) was developed to evaluate the efficiency of thymoquinone (TQ) in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion. SNEDDS was pharmaceutically characterized to evaluate droplet size, morphology, zeta potential, thermodynamic stability, and dissolution/diffusion capacity. Animals were orally pre-treated during 10 days with TQ-loaded SNEDDS. Biochemical analyses, hematoxylin-eosin staining, indirect immunofluorescence, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were carried out to assess cell injury, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. The TQ formulation showed good in vitro characteristics, including stable nanoparticle structure and size with high drug release rate. In vivo determinations revealed that TQ-loaded SNEDDS pre-treatment of rats maintained cellular integrity by decreasing transaminase (ALT and AST) release and preserving the histological characteristics of their liver. The antioxidant ability of the formulation was proven by increased SOD activity, reduced MDA concentration, and iNOS protein expression. In addition, this formulation exerted an anti-inflammatory effect evidenced by reduced plasma CRP concentration, MPO activity, and gene expressions of TLR-4, TNF-α, NF-κB, and IL-6. Finally, the TQ-loaded SNEDDS formulation promoted cell survival by enhancing the Bcl-2/Bax ratio. In conclusion, our results indicate that TQ encapsulated in SNEDDS significantly protects rat liver from I/R injury.

Applications of Green Synthesized Metal Nanoparticles - a Review

Green nanotechnology is an emerging field of science that focuses on the production of nanoparticles by living cells through biological pathways. This topic plays an extremely imperative responsibility in various fields, including pharmaceuticals, nuclear energy, fuel and energy, electronics, and bioengineering. Biological processes by green synthesis tools are more suitable to develop nanoparticles ranging from 1 to 100 nm compared to other related methods, owing to their safety, eco-friendliness, non-toxicity, and cost-effectiveness. In particular, the metal nanoparticles are synthesized by top-down and bottom-up approaches through various techniques like physical, chemical, and biological methods. Their characterization is very vital and the confirmation of nanoparticle traits is done by various instrumentation analyses such as UV-Vis spectrophotometry (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), annular dark-field imaging (HAADF), and intracranial pressure (ICP). In this review, we provide especially information on green synthesized metal nanoparticles, which are helpful to improve biomedical and environmental applications. In particular, the methods and conditions of plant-based synthesis, characterization techniques, and applications of green silver, gold, iron, selenium, and copper nanoparticles are overviewed.

Qing-Zhi-Tiao-Gan-Tang (QZTGT) prevents nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) by expression pattern correction

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Qing-Zhi-Tiao-Gan-Tang or Qing-Zhi-Tiao-Gan Decoction (QZTGT) is based on the compatibility theory of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), that is a combination of three classical formulae for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Its pharmacodynamic material basis is made up of quinones, flavanones, and terpenoids.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aimed to look for a promising recipe for treating nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a more advanced form of NAFLD, and to use a transcriptome-based multi-scale network pharmacological platform (TMNP) to find its therapy targets.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A classical dietary model of NASH was established using MCD (Methionine- and choline-deficient) diet-fed mice. Liver coefficients like ALT, AST, serum TC, and TG levels were tested following QZTGT administration. A transcriptome-based multi-scale network pharmacological platform (TMNP) was used to further analyze the liver gene expression profile.

RESULTS

The composition of QZTGT was analyzed by HPLC-Q-TOF/MS, a total of 89 compounds were separated and detected and 31 of them were found in rat plasma. QZTGT improved liver morphology, inflammation and fibrosis in a classical NASH model. Transcriptomic analysis of liver samples from NASH animal model revealed that QZTGT was able to correct gene expression. We used transcriptome-based multi-scale network pharmacological platform (TMNP) to predicted molecular pathways regulated by QZTGT to improve NASH. Further validation indicated that "fatty acid degradation", "bile secretion" and "steroid biosynthesis" pathways were involved in the improvement of NASH phenotype by QZTGT.

CONCLUSIONS

Using HPLC-Q-TOF/MS, the compound composition of QZTGT, a Traditional Chinese prescription, was separated, analyzed and identified systematically. QZTGT mitigated NASH symptoms in a classical dietary model of NASH. Transcriptomic and network pharmacology analysis predicted the potential QZTGT regulated pathways. These pathways could be used as therapeutic targets for NASH.

Highlighting the Use of the Hepatoprotective Nutritional Supplements among Patients with Chronic Diseases

Cross-sectional studies, while not considered glamorous endeavors, are firmly anchored in data and statistics, providing essential insights about public health. The aim of the study is to see the frequency of hepatoprotective (HP) nutritional supplement consumption among patients with chronic diseases (other than chronic liver disorders) and analyzes the habits related to the consumption of nutritional supplements among these patients. A total of 954 patients, seeking medical prescriptions for chronic diseases under various payment arrangements (compensated, gratuity, or full payment) were carefully selected over a 12-month period from four private pharmaceutical facilities. We examined the frequency of HP consumption in relation with a number of prescribed medications for chronic conditions. All these patients were invited to complete a questionnaire about their supplement consumption habits and were provided the option to participate in a nutritional status assessment. One hundred ninety-five patients consented to participate in the survey, and 65 patients agreed to undergo a nutritional status evaluation. Of the 954 patients, 77.2% incorporate HP into their regimen. The most frequent consumption (83.33%) was recorded in a group with seven drugs, followed by a group with three drugs (82.84%). Women have a higher usage rate of HP (80.58%; 444 from 551) compared to men (62.60%; 293 from 383), and most of the patients (59.5%) used extracts of Silybum marianum L. In the survey, 64.61% of participants were using supplements, with most (59.52%) consuming HP. Only 32.54% of patients rely on recommendations from healthcare professionals. Of the patients who use supplements, 55.56% reported improvements in their health status. Furthermore, patients who integrate supplements into their daily routine tend to achieve better overall nutritional status.

Active compounds and potential targets of Shuganning injection in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma by network pharmacology and in vitro validation

Shuganning injection (SGNI), a TCM (traditional Chinese medicine) injection with good hepatoprotective effects, exerted therapeutic effects on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the active compounds and effects of SGNI on HCC remain unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the active compounds and potential targets of SGNI in the treatment of HCC, and explore the molecular mechanisms of main compounds. Network pharmacology was applied to predict the active compounds and targets of SGNI on cancer. The interactions between active compounds and target proteins were validated by drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS), cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA), and pull-down assay. The in vitro test of the effects and mechanism of vanillin and baicalein was elucidated by MTT, western blot, immunofluorescence, and apoptosis analysis. According to compound characteristics, targets, etc., two typical active ingredients (vanillin and baicalein) were selected as representatives to explore the effects on HCC. Vanillin (an important food additive) bound to NF-κB1 and baicalein (a bioactive flavonoid) bound to FLT3 (FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3) were confirmed in this study. Vanillin and baicalein both inhibited cell viability and promoted apoptosis of Hep3B and Huh7 cells. In addition, both vanillin and baicalein could enhance the activation of the p38/MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signaling pathway, which may partially explain the anti-apoptosis effects of the two compounds. In conclusion, two active compounds of SGNI, vanillin and baicalein, promoted apoptosis of HCC cells via binding with NF-κB1 or FLT3, and regulating the p38/MAPK pathway. Baicalein and vanillin may be good candidates for HCC treatment on drug development.

Effect of Penthorum Chinense Pursh Compound on AFB1-Induced Immune Imbalance via JAK/STAT Signaling Pathway in Spleen of Broiler Chicken

Aflatoxin B1(AFB1) is the main secondary metabolite produced by Aspergillus flavus, which is highly toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic. It can induce immune imbalance in animals or humans. Penthorum chinense Pursh (PCP) is a traditional herbal plant that has been used as a hepatoprotective drug with a long history in China. Based on the theory of traditional Chinese Medicine, we prepared Penthorum chinense Pursh Compound (PCPC) by combining four herbal medicines: 5 g Penthorum chinense Pursh, 5 g Radix bupleuri, 1 g Artemisia capillaris Thunb and 1 g Radix glycyrrhizae. The role of the Penthorum chinense Pursh Compound (PCPC) in preventing AFB1-induced immune imbalance in broiler chickens was studied. A total of 180 broiler chickens were equally distributed in six groups: controls, AFB1, YCHD and high-, medium- and low-dose PCPC treatment groups. After 28 days, broilers were anesthetized, and serum spleen and thymus samples were collected for analysis. Results show that AFB1 significantly increased and decreased the relative organ weight of the spleen and thymus, respectively. Pathological section of hematoxylin/eosin (H&E) stained spleen sections showed that AFB1 resulted in splenic tissue damage. Both the serum levels of Immunoglobulin A (IgA) and Immunoglobulin G (IgG) were suppressed in the AFB1 group. IL-6 was elevated in the AFB1 group. The balance between pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-2) and anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-4) was disturbed by AFB1. The apoptosis-related protein and JAK/STAT pathway-related gene expression indicated that AFB1-induced apoptosis via JAK/STAT pathway. PCPC has proven its immunoprotective effects by preventing AFB1-induced immune imbalance. PCPC can be applied as a novel immune-modulating medicine in broiler chickens. It can be applied as a novel immune modulator in veterinary clinical practice.

SIRT1/Nrf2/NF-κB Signaling Mediates Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Apoptotic Activities of Oleanolic Acid in a Mouse Model of Acute Hepatorenal Damage

Background and objectives: Oleanolic acid (OA) is a penta-cyclic triterpene with diverse bioactivities such as anticarcinogenic, antiviral, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, anti-atherosclerotic, hypolipidemic, and gastroprotective. However, its effects on hepatorenal damage remain unclear. The protective activity of OA, separated from Viscum schimperi (Loranthaceae), against TAA (thioacetamide)-produced acute hepatic and renal damage was explored. Materials and Methods: Mice were treated with OA for 7 days before TAA (200 mg/kg, i.p.). Serum indices of hepatorenal injury, pathological lesions, molecular biological indexes, and inflammatory/apoptotic genes were estimated. Results: The tissues of both organs were greatly affected by the TAA injection. That was evident through increased serum markers of hepato-renal injury as well as remarkable histopathological lesions. TAA-induced injury was associated with oxidative and inflammatory responses in both organs as there was an elevation of oxidative stress parameters (4-HNE (4-hydroxy-nonenal), MDA (malondialdehyde), NOx (nitric oxide)), decline of antioxidants (reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC)), and an increase in the gene expression/level of inflammatory mediators (interleukins (1β&6)). The inflammatory response was linked to a significant activation of NF-κB (nuclear-factor kappa-B)/TNF-α (tumor-necrosis factor-alpha) signaling. The inflammatory response in both organs was accompanied by apoptotic changes, including a rise in the gene expression and level of apoptotic parameters (caspase-3 and Bax) along with a decline in Bcl-2 (anti-apoptotic parameter) gene expression and level. These pathogenic events were found to be closely related to the suppression of the antioxidant signaling pathway, Nrf2 (nuclear-factor erythroid 2-related factor-2)/SIRT1 (sirtuin-1)/HO-1 (heme-oxygenase 1). On the other hand, OA significantly ameliorated TAA-induced injury in both organs. On the other hand, OA counterpoised the inflammatory response as it ameliorated NF-κB/TNF-α signaling and cytokine release. OA enhanced Nrf2/SIRT1/HO-1 signaling and counteracted apoptotic damage. Conclusions: OA showed anti-inflammation and antiapoptotic capacities that effectively suppressed TAA-induced acute hepatorenal damage.

Plants as the Extended Phenotype of Endophytes-The Actual Source of Bioactive Compounds

For thousands of years, plants have been used for their medicinal properties. The industrial production of plant-beneficial compounds is facing many drawbacks, such as seasonal dependence and troublesome extraction and purification processes, which have led to many species being on the edge of extinction. As the demand for compounds applicable to, e.g., cancer treatment, is still growing, there is a need to develop sustainable production processes. The industrial potential of the endophytic microorganisms residing within plant tissues is undeniable, as they are often able to produce, in vitro, similar to or even the same compounds as their hosts. The peculiar conditions of the endophytic lifestyle raise questions about the molecular background of the biosynthesis of these bioactive compounds in planta, and the actual producer, whether it is the plant itself or its residents. Extending this knowledge is crucial to overcoming the current limitations in the implementation of endophytes for larger-scale production. In this review, we focus on the possible routes of the synthesis of host-specific compounds in planta by their endophytes.

Pleiotropic effects of Salacia reticulata and Simvastatin on oxidative stress and insulin resistance in a rat model

BACKGROUND

The present study investigated the effects of Salacia reticulata and simvastatin on oxidative stress and insulin resistance in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. We compared the protective effect of a methanolic extract of Salacia reticulata (SR) with simvastatin (SVS) in rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD).

METHODS AND RESULTS

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into the following five different groups: control (C), C+SR, HFD, HFD+SR, and HFD+SVS. High-fat diet fed rats showed hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, hyperleptinemia, dyslipidemia, and hypoadiponectinemia after 90 days. Treatment of high-fat diet fed rats with SR/SVS significantly (p < 0.05) reduced high-fat diet induced increases in plasma triglycerides, total cholesterol, very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and decreased high- density lipoprotein (HDL) accompanied by an increase in lipid peroxidation (LPO) and protein oxidation. In addition, a significant decrease in the activities of antioxidant enzymes and enzymes of the polyol pathway was observed in rats fed high-fat diet. SR was found to be more effective than SVS. Moreover, infiltration of inflammatory cells and fibrosis in the liver of high-fat diet fed rats by SR/SVS were also prevented.

CONCLUSIONS

The present study confirms that SR/SVS may be a new and promising remedial approach because of its beneficial effects on the pathophysiological processes of obesity and related metabolic disorders.

Salvianolic Acid B Inhibits Ferroptosis and Apoptosis during Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury via Decreasing the Ubiquitin-Proteasome Degradation of GPX4 and the ROS-JNK/MAPK Pathways

Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MIRI) is related to ferroptosis and apoptosis elicited by reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this research, we investigated the protective effect of salvianolic acid B (SAB) as a natural antioxidant on ferroptosis and apoptosis in the MIRI process, and discussed the protective mechanism inhibiting ubiquitin-proteasome degradation of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and the c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) apoptosis signal pathway. We observed that ferroptosis and apoptosis occurred in the MIRI rat model in vivo and the H9c2 cardiomyocyte hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) damage model in vitro. SAB can alleviate tissue damage related to ROS, ferroptosis and apoptosis. Ubiquitin-proteasome degradation of GPX4 occurred in H/R models, and SAB reduced the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation of GPX4. SAB downregulates JNK phosphorylation and the expression of BCL2-Associated X (Bax)/B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and Caspase-3 to inhibit apoptosis. The role of GPX4 in the cardioprotection of SAB was further verified by the elimination effect of the GPX4 inhibitor RAS-selective lethal 3 (RSL3). This research shows that SAB may be used as a myocardial protective agent against oxidative stress, ferroptosis and apoptosis, and has potential clinical application prospects.

Role of Elevated Ozone on Development and Metabolite Contents of Lemongrass [Cymbopogon flexuosus (Steud.) (Wats.)]

The present study was conducted to assess the effect of elevated ozone stress on the development and metabolite contents of lemongrass, a medicinal plant. The experimental plant was exposed to two elevated ozone concentrations (ambient + 15 ppb, and ambient + 30 ppb) using open-top chambers. Samplings were carried out at 45 and 90 days after transplantation (DAT), for the analysis of different characteristics, while the metabolite contents of leaves and essential oils were analyzed at 110 DAT. Both the doses of elevated ozone had notable negative effects on the carbon fixation efficiency of plants, resulting in a significant reduction in plant biomass. Enzymatic antioxidant activity increased during the second sampling, which suggests that the scavenging of reactive oxygen species was more prominent in lemongrass during the later developmental stage. The results of the present study showed a stimulated diversion of resources towards the phenylpropanoid pathway, which is made evident by the increase in the number and contents of metabolites in foliar extract and essential oils of plants grown at elevated ozone doses, as compared to ambient ozone. Elevated ozone not only upregulated the contents of medicinally important components of lemongrass, it also induced the formation of some pharmaceutically active bio compounds. On the basis of this study, it is expected that increasing ozone concentrations in near future will enhance the medicinal value of lemongrass. However, more experiments are required to validate these findings.

Hepatoprotective potency of Litsea glutinosa (L.) C.B. Rob. leaf methanol extract on H2O2-induced toxicity in HepG2 cells

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Leaves of Litsea glutinosa (L.) (Lauraceae) are traditionally used to treat hepatitis and liver injury by Bangladeshi folks. However, the hepatoprotective study of leaves of L. glutinosa has not been supported by any research.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To evaluate the antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of leaves of methanol extract of L. glutinosa using the HepG2 cell line. Phytochemicals were identified with the help of a GC-MS study followed by In-silico docking of the promising compounds to justify our hepatoprotective effect.

MATERIALS & METHODS

The dried leaves of L. glutinosa (LGAO) were extracted by Soxhlet using methanol as solvent. Antioxidant effects were investigated using Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Reduced glutathione (GSH), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and Malondialdehyde (MDA) in HepG2 cells against H₂O₂ intoxicated group. The In-vitro hepatoprotective effect of LGAO (100 μg/ml) was determined in HepG2 cells as compared with the Silymarin-treated standard group (100 μg/ml) along with morphological changes of cells. Twelve numbers of phytochemicals were identified by GC-MS study. In-silico studies are performed for their inhibitory effects against Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α) and Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) using AUTODOCK Tools-1.5.6 and Discovery studio 4.0.

RESULTS

Methanol extract of L. glutinosa possesses (LGAO) significant (p < 0.0001) increase in SOD, GSH, and GPx levels and a decrease in MDA as compared with the control one. MTT assay in HepG2 cells showed a significant (p < 0.0001) increase in the percentage of cell viability in LGAO and Silymarin-treated group i.e., 71.98%, 88.59% respectively as compared with the H₂O₂ intoxicated group alone i.e., 22.74%. Restoration of cell architecture in HepG2 cells was obtained by the LGAO and Silymarin-treated group treated with H₂O₂. Further, the In-silico study of Neophytadiene compound showed the highest docking score -10.2 and -8.6 towards receptors.

CONCLUSION

Methanol extract of leaves of L. glutinosa showed potential hepatoprotective effect In-vitro which justified our traditional claim. The presence of phytochemical Neophytadiene may be responsible for the said effect. Furthermore, molecular docking scores were consistent with the In-vitro results. They targeted the substantial inhibitory effects of Litsea glutinosa against receptors to establish the correlation between experimental and theoretical results.

A Systematic Review of In Vivo Studies of the Efficacy of Herbal Medicines for Anti-Aging in the Last Five Years

Background: The world’s population is rapidly aging, and attention to and research on the increase in life expectancy and age-related diseases are needed. This study aimed to review the in vivo studies on the anti-aging effects of herbal medicines. Methods: In vivo studies of single or complex herbal medicines for anti-aging that were published in the last five years were included in this review. The following databases were used: PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science and EMBASE. Results: A total of 41 studies were considered eligible for the review. The articles were classified into body organs and functions, experimental country, herbal medicine, extraction method, administration route, dosage, duration, animal model, aging-induced method, sex, number of animals per group, and outcomes and mechanisms A single herbal extract was used in a total of 21 studies including Alpinia oxyphylla Miq., Acanthopanax senticosus and Lyceum barbarum, and a multi-compound herbal prescription was used in a total of 20 studies, including Modified Qiongyu paste, Wuzi Yanzong recipe, etc. Each herbal medicine had anti-aging effects on learning and memory, cognition, emotion, internal organs, gastrointestinal tracts, sexual functions, musculoskeletal function and so on. The common mechanisms of action were antioxidant and anti-inflammatory, and various effects and mechanisms for each organ and function were identified. Conclusions: Herbal medicine exhibited beneficial effects on anti-aging in various parts of the body and its function. Further investigation of the appropriate herbal medicine prescriptions and their components is recommended.

Sustainable Applications of Endophytic Bacteria and Their Physiological/Biochemical Roles on Medicinal and Herbal Plants: Review

Bacterial endophytes reside within the tissues of living plant species without causing any harm or disease to their hosts. These endophytes can be isolated, identified, characterized, and used as biofertilizers. Moreover, bacterial endophytes increase the plants' resistance against diseases, pests, and parasites, and are a promising source of pharmaceutically important bioactives. For instance, the production of antibiotics, auxins, biosurfactants, cytokinin's, ethylene, enzymes, gibberellins, nitric oxide organic acids, osmolytes, and siderophores is accredited to the existence of various bacterial strains. Thus, this manuscript intends to review the sustainable applications of endophytic bacteria to promote the growth, development, and chemical integrity of medicinal and herbal plants, as well as their role in plant physiology. The study of the importance of bacterial endophytes in the suppression of diseases in medicinal and herbal plants is crucial and a promising area of future investigation.

Enhanced Production of Active Photosynthetic and Biochemical Molecules in Silybum marianum L. Using Biotic and Abiotic Elicitors in Hydroponic Culture

Elicitors are stressors that activate secondary pathways that lead to the increased production of bioactive molecules in plants. Different elicitors including the fungus Aspergillus niger (0.2 g/L), methyl jasmonate (MeJA, 100 µM/L), and silver nanoparticles (1 µg/L) were added, individually and in combination, in a hydroponic medium. The application of these elicitors in hydroponic culture significantly increased the concentration of photosynthetic pigments and total phenolic contents. The treatment with MeJA (methyl jasmonate) (100 µM/L) and the co-treatment of MeJA and AgNPs (silver nanoparticles) (100 µM/L + 1 µg/L) exhibited the highest chlorophyll a (29 µg g^-1 FW) and chlorophyll b (33.6 µg g^-1 FW) contents, respectively. The elicitor MeJA (100 µM/L) gave a substantial rise in chlorophyll a and b and total chlorophyll contents. Likewise, a significant rise in carotenoid contents (9 µg/g FW) was also observed when subjected to meJA (100 µM/L). For the phenolic content, the treatment with meJA (100 µM/L) proved to be very effective. Nevertheless, the highest production (431 µg/g FW) was observed when treated with AgNPs (1 µg/L). The treatments with various elicitors in this study had a significant effect on flavonoid and lignin content. The highest concentration of flavonoids and lignin was observed when MeJA (100 mM) was used as an elicitor, following a 72-h treatment period. Hence, for different plant metabolites, the treatment with meJA (100 µM/L) and a co-treatment of MeJA and AgNPs (100 µM/L + 1 µg/L) under prolonged exposure times of 120-144 h proved to be the most promising in the accretion of valuable bioactive molecules. The study opens new insights into the use of these elicitors, individually or in combination, by using different concentrations and compositions.

Amomum subulatum: A treasure trove of anti-cancer compounds targeting TP53 protein using in vitro and in silico techniques

Cancer is a primary global health concern, and researchers seek innovative approaches to combat the disease. Clinical bioinformatics and high-throughput proteomics technologies provide powerful tools to explore cancer biology. Medicinal plants are considered effective therapeutic agents, and computer-aided drug design (CAAD) is used to identify novel drug candidates from plant extracts. The tumour suppressor protein TP53 is an attractive target for drug development, given its crucial role in cancer pathogenesis. This study used a dried extract of Amomum subulatum seeds to identify phytocompounds targeting TP53 in cancer. We apply qualitative tests to determine its phytochemicals (Alkaloid, Tannin, Saponin, Phlobatinin, and Cardic glycoside), and found that alkaloid composed of 9.4% ± 0.04% and Saponin 1.9% ± 0.05% crude chemical constituent. In the results of DPPH Analysis Amomum subulatum Seeds founded antioxidant activity, and then we verified via observing methanol extract (79.82%), BHT (81.73%), and n-hexane extract (51.31%) found to be positive. For Inhibition of oxidation, we observe BHT is 90.25%, and Methanol (83.42%) has the most significant proportion of linoleic acid oxidation suppression. We used diverse bioinformatics approaches to evaluate the effect of A. subulatum seeds and their natural components on TP53. Compound-1 had the best pharmacophore match value (53.92), with others ranging from 50.75 to 53.92. Our docking result shows the top three natural compounds had the highest binding energies (-11.10 to -10.3 kcal/mol). The highest binding energies (-10.9 to -9.2 kcal/mol) compound bonded to significant sections in the target protein's active domains with TP53. Based on virtual screening, we select top phytocompounds for targets which highly fit based on pharmacophore score and observe these compounds exhibited potent antioxidant activity and inhibited cancer cell inflammation in the TP53 pathway. Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations indicated that the ligand was bound to the protein with some significant conformational changes in the protein structure. This study provides novel insights into the development of innovative drugs for the treatment of cancer disorders.

Pharmacological and Clinical Efficacy of Picrorhiza kurroa and Its Secondary Metabolites: A Comprehensive Review

Traditional remedies for the treatment of various ailments are gaining popularity. Traditionally, one of the most valuable therapeutic herbs has been Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth. Traditional and folk uses of P. kurroa include chronic constipation, skin-related problems, burning sensation, chronic reoccurring fever, jaundice, heart problems, breathing, digestion, allergy, tuberculosis, blood-related problems, prediabetes and obesity, laxative, cholagogue, and liver stimulatory. Phytoconstituents such as glycosides, alkaloids, cucurbitacins, iridoids, phenolics, and terpenes in P. kurroa have shown promising pharmacological potential. In order to uncover novel compounds that may cure chronic illnesses, such as cardiovascular, diabetes, cancer, respiratory, and hepatoprotective diseases, the screening of P. kurroa is essential. This study comprehensively evaluated the ethnopharmacological efficacy, phytochemistry, pharmacological activity, dose, and toxicity of P. kurroa. This review provides comprehensive insights into this traditional medication for future research and therapeutic application. The purpose of this review article was to determine the pharmacological effects of P. kurroa on a variety of disorders. P. kurroa may be a natural alternative to the standard treatment for eradicating newly evolving diseases. This study is intended as a resource for future fundamental and clinical investigations.

An optimized herbal combination for the treatment of liver fibrosis: Hub genes, bioactive ingredients, and molecular mechanisms

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Liver fibrosis is a chronic liver disease that can lead to cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma, and it is associated with long-term adverse outcomes and mortality. As a primary resource for complementary and alternative medicine, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has accumulated a large number of effective formulas for the treatment of liver fibrosis in clinical practice. However, studies on how to systematically optimize TCM formulas are still lacking.

AIM OF THE REVIEW

To provide a methodological reference for the systematic optimization of TCM formulae against liver fibrosis and explored the underlying molecular mechanisms; To provide an efficient method for searching for lead compounds from natural sources and developing from herbal medicines; To enable clinicians and patients to make more reasonable choices and promote the effective treatment toward those patients with liver fibrosis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

TCM formulas related to treating liver fibrosis were collected from the Web of Science, PubMed, the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wan Fang, and the Chinese Scientific Journals Database (VIP). Furthermore, the TCM compatibility patterns were mined using association analysis. The core TCM combinations were found by designing an optimized formulas algorithm. Finally, the hub target proteins, potential molecular mechanisms, and active compounds were explored through integrative pharmacology and docking-based inverse virtual screening (IVS) approaches.

RESULTS

We found that the herbs for reinforcing deficiency, activating blood, removing blood stasis, and clearing heat were the basis of TCM formulae patterns. Furthermore, the combination of Salviae Miltiorrhizae (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge; Chinese salvia/Danshen), Astragali Radix (Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge; Astragalus/Huangqi), and Radix Bupleuri (Bupleurum chinense DC.; Bupleurum/Chaihu) was identified as core groups. A total of six targets (TNF, STAT3, EGFR, IL2, ICAM1, PTGS2) play a pivotal role in TCM-mediated liver fibrosis inhibition. (-)-Cryptotanshinone, Tanshinaldehyde, Ononin, Thymol, Daidzein, and Formononetin were identified as active compounds in TCM. And mechanistically, TCM could affect the development of liver fibrosis by regulating inflammation, immunity, angiogenesis, antioxidants, and involvement in TNF, MicroRNAs, Jak-STAT, NF-kappa B, and C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) signaling pathways. Molecular docking results showed that key components had good potential to bind to the target genes.

CONCLUSION

In summary, this study provides a methodological reference for the systematic optimization of TCM formulae and exploration of underlying molecular mechanisms.

Rhizophora mucronata Lam. (Mangrove) Bark Extract Reduces Ethanol-Induced Liver Cell Death and Oxidative Stress in Swiss Albino Mice: In Vivo and In Silico Studies

The bark extract of Rhizophora mucronata (BERM) was recently reported for its prominent in vitro protective effects against liver cell line toxicity caused by various toxicants, including ethanol. Here, we aimed to verify the in vivo hepatoprotective effects of BERM against ethanol intoxication with the prediction of potential targets employing in silico studies. An oral administration of different concentrations (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight) of BERM before high-dose ethanol via intraperitoneal injection was performed in mice. On day 7, liver sections were dissected for histopathological examination. The ethanol intoxication caused liver injury and large areas of necrosis. The pre-BERM administration decreased the ethanol-induced liver damage marker tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) expression, reduced hepatotoxicity revealed by nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fragmentation and decreased oxidative stress indicated by malondialdehyde and glutathione contents. Our in silico studies have identified BERM-derived metabolites exhibiting the highest predicted antioxidant and free radical scavenger activities. Molecular docking studies showed that most of the metabolites were predicted to be enzyme inhibitors such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, which were reported to stimulate the antioxidant defense system. The metabolites predominantly presented acceptable pharmacokinetics and safety profiles, suggesting them as promising new antioxidant agents. Altogether, the BERM extract exerts antioxidative activities and shows promising hepatoprotective effects against ethanol intoxication. Identification of related bioactive compounds will be of interest for future use at physiological concentrations in ethanol-intoxicated individuals.

Mangiferin prevents hepatocyte epithelial-mesenchymal transition in liver fibrosis via targeting HSP27-mediated JAK2/STAT3 and TGF-β1/Smad pathway

Hepatocytes has been confirmed to undergo EMT and can be converted into myofibroblasts during hepatic fibrogenesis. However, the mechanism of hepatocyte EMT regulation in hepatic fibrosis, particularly through HSP27 (human homologue of rodent HSP25), remains unclear. Mangiferin (MAN), a compound extracted from Mangifera indica L, has been reported to attenuate liver injury. This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying HSP27 inhibition and the anti-fibrotic effect of MAN in liver fibrosis. Our results revealed that the expression of HSP27 was remarkably increased in the liver tissues of patients with liver cirrhosis and CCl₄ -induced fibrotic rats. However, HSP27 shRNA treatment significantly alleviated fibrosis. Furthermore, MAN was found to inhibit CCl₄ - and TGF-β1-induced liver fibrosis and reduced hepatocyte EMT. More importantly, MAN decreased HSP27 expression to suppress the JAK2/STAT3 pathway, and subsequently blocked TGF-β1/Smad signaling, which were consistent with its protection against CCl₄ -induced EMT and liver fibrosis. Together, these results suggest that HSP27 may play a crucial role in hepatocyte EMT and liver fibrosis by activating JAK2/STAT3 signaling and TGF-β1/Smad pathway. The suppression of HSP27 expression by MAN may be a novel strategy for attenuating the hepatocyte EMT in liver fibrosis.

Hepatoprotective Efficacy and Interventional Mechanism of Qijia Rougan Decoction in Liver Fibrosis

Liver fibrosis is a leading contributor to chronic liver diseases such as cirrhosis and liver cancer, which pose a serious health threat worldwide, and there are no effective drugs to treat it. Qijia Rougan decoction was modified from Sanjiasan, a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) described in the “Wenyilun” manuscript. Qijia Rougan decoction possesses hepatoprotective and antifibrotic effects for clinical applications. However, its underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, fibrotic rats induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) were treated with two doses of Qijia Rougan decoction. Histopathological and serum biochemical analyses were carried out to assess liver structure and function, respectively. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) was performed to identify bioactive compositions in Qijia Rougan decoction. Transcriptome analysis using mRNA-sequencing (mRNA-Seq) was used to explore the underlying mechanisms and verified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting. Qijia Rougan decoction significantly attenuated CCl₄-induced hepatic fibrotic injury, supported by promoted liver function and improved liver fibrosis. Eight main representative components originating from raw materials in the Qijia Rougan decoction were found to possess an antifibrotic role. Mechanistically, Qijia Rougan decoction regulated biological processes such as oxidation–reduction, fatty acid metabolism, cell adhesion, and transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling. We determined that Qijia Rougan decoction reversed the expression of inflammatory cytokines and inhibited the activation of fibrosis-related TGFβ signaling. It also reversed the deterioration of liver structure and function in rats induced by CCl₄. Overall, Qijia Rougan decoction significantly mediated metabolism-associated processes, inhibited inflammatory reactions, and repressed fibrosis-related TGFβ signaling, which prevented liver fibrosis deterioration. Our study deepens our understanding of TCM in the diagnosis and treatment of liver fibrosis.

Evaluation of processing mechanism in Astragali Radix by low-field nuclear magnetic resonance and magnetic resonance imaging

Astragali Radix (Huangqi) is an important herb medicine that is always processed into pieces for clinical use. Many operations need to be performed before use, among which drying of Astragali Radix (AR) pieces is a key step. Unfortunately, research on its drying mechanism is still limited. Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques were applied to study the moisture state and distribution during drying. The content of bioactive components and texture changes were measured by HPLC and texture analyzer, respectively. The moisture content of the AR pieces decreased significantly during drying, and the time to reach the drying equilibrium were different at different temperatures. The time when at 70°C, 80°C, and 90°C reach complete drying are 180 min, 150 min and 120 min, respectively. 80°C was determined as the optimum drying temperature, and it was observed that the four flavonoids and astragaloside IV have some thermal stability in AR pieces. When dried at 80°C, although the total water content decreased, the free water content decreased from 99.38% to 15.49%, in contrast to the increase in bound water content from 0.62% to 84.51%. The texture parameters such as hardness changed to some extent, with the hardness rising most significantly from 686.23 g to 2656.67 g. Correlation analysis revealed some connection between moisture content and LF-NMR and texture analyzer parameters, but the springiness did not show a clear correlation with most parameters. This study shows that HPLC, LF-NMR, MRI, and texture analyzers provide a scientific basis for elucidating the drying principles of AR pieces. The method is useful and shows potential for extension and application; therefore, it can be easily extended to other natural herb medicines.

A Comprehensive Review of the Main Lignan Components of Schisandra chinensis (North Wu Wei Zi) and Schisandra sphenanthera (South Wu Wei Zi) and the Lignan-Induced Drug-Drug Interactions Based on the Inhibition of Cytochrome P450 and P-Glycoprotein Activities

Wu Wei Zi is the dried fruit of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. or Schisandra sphenanthera Rehd. et Wils. (family Magnoliaceae). As a homology of medicine and food, it has been widely used in China for thousands of years, to tonify the kidney, and ameliorate neurological, cardiovascular, liver, and gastrointestinal disorders. As its increasing health benefits and pharmacological value, many literatures have reported that the combination of Wu Wei Zi in patients has led to fluctuations in the blood level of the combined drug. Therefore, it is extremely important to evaluate its safety concern such as drug-drug interactions (DDIs) when patients are under the poly-therapeutic conditions. This review summarized the effects of Wu Wei Zi extract and its major lignan components on cytochrome P450 and P-glycoprotein activities, the change of which could induce metabolic DDIs. Our review also elaborated on the differences of the major lignan components of the two Schisandra species, as well as the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of the major lignans. In conclusion, these results would enhance our understanding of the DDI mechanisms involving Wu Wei Zi, and may potentially untangle some differing and conflicting results in the future.

Hepatoprotective Effect of the Penthorum Chinense Pursh Extract against the CCl4-Induced Acute Liver Injury via NF-κB and p38-MAPK PATHWAYS in Dogs

Acute liver injury (ALI), manifested by acute hepatocellular damages and necrosis, is a life-threatening clinical syndrome and Penthorum Chinense Pursh (PCP) is a well-known folk medicine practiced for liver-related diseases. This study aimed to investigate the ameliorative effects of PCP extract (PCPE) on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced ALI in dogs via mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Healthy dogs were induced by CCl4 and treated with different dosage regimes of PCPE for 7 days. CCl4 produced acute liver injury and induced both oxidative stress and an inflammatory response in dogs. The PCPE significantly ameliorated and improved vacuolar inflammatory lesions in liver tissues during ALI, enhanced activity of superoxide dismutase, and restored glutathione peroxidase, further significantly reducing the indices of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide in serum. Inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) were declined and anti-inflammatory factors (IL-10) were increased by the application of PCPE. PCPE treatment, down-regulated the MEKK4, MKK3, p38MAPK, MSK1, and NF-κB, and upregulated the IkB mRNA levels (p < 0.01) in ALI affected dogs. In conclusion, PCPE repaired acute liver injury by improving antioxidant enzymes and by reducing oxidation products. Furthermore, the PCPE inhibited the MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway, which resulted in anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects on ALI-induced dogs. In the future, PCPE could be a useful ethnomedicine in veterinary clinical practices for the treatment of liver injuries or failures.

Green Synthesis of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Using Different Plants’ Parts for Antimicrobial Activity and Anticancer Activity: A Review Article

Nanotechnology emerged as a scientific innovation in the 21st century. Metallic nanoparticles (metal or metal oxide nanoparticles) have attained remarkable popularity due to their interesting biological, physical, chemical, magnetic, and optical properties. Metal-based nanoparticles can be prepared by utilizing different biological, physical, and chemical methods. The biological method is preferred as it provides a green, simple, facile, ecofriendly, rapid, and cost-effective route for the green synthesis of nanoparticles. Plants have complex phytochemical constituents such as carbohydrates, amino acids, phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids, and proteins, which can behave as reducing and stabilizing agents. However, the mechanism of green synthesis by using plants is still highly debatable. In this report, we summarized basic principles or mechanisms of green synthesis especially for metal or metal oxide (i.e., ZnO, Au, Ag, and TiO2, Fe, Fe2O3, Cu, CuO, Co) nanoparticles. Finally, we explored the medical applications of plant-based nanoparticles in terms of antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer activity.

Identification of plant-based multitargeted leads for Alzheimer's disease: In-vitro and in-vivo validation of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz

BACKGROUND

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease with no availability of disease-modifying therapeutics. The complex etiology and recent failures in clinical trials indicate the need for multitargeted agents.

PURPOSE

The present study aims to discover new plant-based multitargeted anti-AD leads.

METHODS

A library of plant extracts was screened for inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE-1). The secondary metabolites of active extracts were also tested, followed by enzyme-kinetics and molecular modeling to understand the mechanism of inhibition. The most active extract was investigated for in-vivo anti-dementia activity in behavioral mice models.

RESULTS

Among the library of 105 extracts, Woodfordia fruticosa (SBE-80) and Bergenia ciliata (SBE-65) extracts displayed significant inhibition of all three enzymes. Gallic acid, one of the constituents of both plants, shows moderate inhibition of AChE and BACE-1. Catechin-3-O-gallate (CG), another constituent of SBE-65, inhibits EeAChE, rHuAChE, and eqBChE with IC₅₀'s of 29.9, 1.77, and 8.4 µM, respectively; along with a mild-inhibition of BACE-1. Ellagic acid, the constituent of SBE-80, inhibits BACE-1 with an IC₅₀ value of 16 µM. The W. fruticosa extract SBE-80 at the dose of 25 mg/kg QD × 9 (PO) displayed memory-enhancing activity in Morris Water Maze and Passive Avoidance Test in Swiss albino mice. Treatment with SBE-80 also inhibits AChE in-vivo; whereas, a non-significant decrease in the serum TBARS was observed.

CONCLUSION

W. fruticosa is identified for the first time as an anti-AD lead candidate. The in-vitro and in-vivo data presented herein and the documented safety profile of W. fruticosa indicate its strong potential for preclinical development as a botanical drug for dementia/AD.

In vitro cytotoxic potential of Solanum nigrum against human cancer cell lines

Plants have natural products which use to possess antiproliferative potential against many cancers. In the present study, six isolated fractions (ethyl acetate, petroleum ether, chloroform, n-butanol, ethanol and aqueous) from Solanum nigrum were evaluated for their cytotoxic effect on different cell lines. Hepatic carcinoma cell line (HepG2), cervical cancer cell line (HeLa) and baby hamster kidney (BHK) used as normal non-cancerous cells were evaluated for cytotoxicity against isolated fractions. Cell viability assay was performed to evaluate the cytotoxicity of all fractions on different cell lines followed by the lactate dehydrogenase and vascular endothelial growth factor assays of most active fraction among all screened for cytotoxic analysis. HPLC analysis of most active fractions against cytotoxicity was performed to check the biological activity of compounds. Results displayed the potent cytotoxic activity of ethyl acetate fraction of S. nigrum against HepG2 cells with IC50 value of 7.89 μg/ml. Other fractions exhibited potent anticancer activity against HepG2 cells followed by HeLa cells. Fractions in our study showed no cytotoxicity in BHK cells. Cytotoxic activity observed in our current study exposed high antiproliferative potential and activity of ethyl acetate fraction against HepG2 cells. The results demonstrated that S. nigrum fractions exhibited anticancer activity against hepatic and cervical cancer cell lines with non-toxic effect in normal cells. These results reveal significant potential of S. nigrum for the therapeutic of cancers across the globe in future.

Immune activities of polysaccharides isolated from Lycium barbarum L. What do we know so far?

Lycium barbarum is widely used as a functional food and medicinal herb to promote health and longevity in China and in some other Asian countries. In modern pharmacological and chemical studies, the most valuable and well-researched component of L. barbarum is a group of unique water-soluble glycoconjugates that are collectively termed Lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBPs). Numerous modern pharmacological studies have revealed that LBPs possess antiaging, antidiabetic, antifibrotic, neuroprotective, and immunomodulation properties, while the immunomodulatory effect is primary and is involved in other activities. However, due to their structural heterogeneity and lack of chromophores, it has long been unclear how LBPs work on the immune system. A few studies have recently provided some insights into the proposed mode of action of LBPs, such as structure-activity relationships, receptor recognition, and gut microbiota modulation of LBPs. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the immunoregulating properties of LBPs and their related mechanisms of action.

Astragalus (Astragalus membranaceus Bunge): botanical, geographical, and historical aspects to pharmaceutical components and beneficial role

Medicinal plants always are part of folk medicine and are nowadays receiving worldwide attention for prophylaxis, management, and treatment of several diseases, as an alternative to chemical drugs. The current work provided a comprehensive overview and analysis of the Astragalus and health relationship in literature. The analysis of their therapeutic potential is thus instrumental to understand their bioactivity. Among these, the flowering medicinal plant Astragalus membranaceus has raised interest due to several beneficial health effects. This perspective review discussed the botanical, geographical, historical, and the therapeutic properties of A. membranaceus, with a special focus on its health improving effects and medicinal applications both in vitro and in vivo.

Graphic abstract

Development of a compound oral liquid containing herbal extracts and its effect on immunity and gastric mucosa

Nowadays, consumers have an increasing demand for health products. In this study, an oral liquid was developed using a compound extract consisting of three herbal extracts (Dendrobium nobile Lindl., Lycium barbarum, and Puerariae lobatae Radix) because the compound extract (a combination of all three extracts) was superior to every single extract in promoting the phagocytic capacity of RAW264.7 macrophages and the proliferation ability of GES-1 cells. In this oral liquid, the dosage of the stabilizer and the sweetener was selected using a stability test and sensory quality evaluation. When 0.30% (m/v) xanthan gum and 0.20% (m/v) mogroside were added, the oral liquid had not only a good stability but also the highest sensory score for overall acceptability. The chemical composition analysis showed that the oral liquid had various functional ingredients including polysaccharides, phenols, alkaloids, and so forth. The immune-enhancing efficacy of the oral liquid was evaluated in BALB/c mice by measuring the levels of different immune indicators. The results indicated that the oral liquid obviously enhanced nonspecific and specific immunity. A rat model with ethanol-induced gastric ulcer was used to examine the protective effect of the oral liquid on the gastric mucosa and to explore the related mechanisms. The oral administration of the oral liquid for days significantly prevented the formation of gastric ulcer. This study provided an effective oral liquid that could enhance immunity and protect gastric mucosa.

Toxicological Evaluation and Hepatoprotective Efficacy of Rosmarinic Acid-Rich Extract from Ocimum basilicum L

Exposure to carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induces acute and chronic liver injuries as well as oxidative stress in rats. The present study was designed to evaluate the in vivo toxicity of rosmarinic acid-rich extract from Ocimum basilicum (RAE). The acute and subchronic oral toxicity of RAE was evaluated in Albinos mice. Hepatotoxicity was induced by the administration of CCl4-induced hepatic injury in rats. The hepatoprotective effect of RAE on aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, bilirubin, total protein, albumin, triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, plasmatic glucose, urea, creatinine, and malondialdehyde was determined in CCl4-intoxicated rat. The extract did not produce treatment-related signs of toxicity or mortality in any of the animals tested during acute as well as subchronic toxicity studies. The administration of CCl4 resulted in marked increase in plasma hepatic enzymes (p < 0.001) and significant decrease of total protein (p < 0.001) and albumin (p < 0.001) when compared to normal. The RAE at 200 mg/kg body weight lowered significantly (p < 0.001) plasma enzyme activities of liver, which is designation of hepatoprotective action of extract. The phenolic extract exerts a significant increase in total protein (p < 0.001), and albumin (p < 0.001), accompanied with a marked reduction in the levels of malondialdehyde (p < 0.001), as compared to CCl4-treated group. Our study suggests that RAE may be used as a hepatoprotective agent against toxic effects caused by CCl4 and other chemical agents in the liver.

Role of Nutraceuticals in COVID-19 Mediated Liver Dysfunction

COVID-19 is known as one of the deadliest pandemics of the century. The rapid spread of this deadly virus at incredible speed has stunned the planet and poses a challenge to global scientific and medical communities. Patients with COVID-19 are at an increased risk of co-morbidities associated with liver dysfunction and injury. Moreover, hepatotoxicity induced by antiviral therapy is gaining importance and is an area of great concern. Currently, alternatives therapies are being sought to mitigate hepatic damage, and there has been growing interest in the research on bioactive phytochemical agents (nutraceuticals) due to their versatility in health benefits reported in various epidemiological studies. Therefore, this review provides information and summarizes the juncture of antiviral, immunomodulatory, and hepatoprotective nutraceuticals that can be useful during the management of COVID-19.

Modern Trends in the In Vitro Production and Use of Callus, Suspension Cells and Root Cultures of Medicinal Plants

This paper studies modern methods of producing and using callus, suspension cells and root cultures of medicinal plants in vitro. A new solution for natural product production is the use of an alternative source of renewable, environmentally friendly raw materials: callus, suspension and root cultures of higher plants in vitro. The possibility of using hairy root cultures as producers of various biologically active substances is studied. It is proven that the application of the genetic engineering achievements that combine in vitro tissue culture and molecular biology methods was groundbreaking in terms of the intensification of the extraction process of compounds significant for the medical industry. It is established that of all the callus processing methods, suspension and root cultures in vitro, the Agrobacterium method is the most widely used in practice. The use of agrobacteria has advantages over the biolistic method since it increases the proportion of stable transformation events, can deliver large DNA segments and does not require special ballistic devices. As a result of the research, the most effective strains of agrobacteria are identified.

Hawthorn Herbal Preparation from Crataegus oxyacantha Attenuates In Vivo Carbon Tetrachloride -Induced Hepatic Fibrosis via Modulating Oxidative Stress and Inflammation

Hawthorn (HAW) is a herbal preparation extracted from Crataegus oxyacantha. HAW has cardioprotective, antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, and anti-hypotensive effects. HAW’s effect on hepatic fibrosis remains, however, unknown. This study evaluated the impact of HAW on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats and elucidated its mechanisms. HAW reduced liver index and the serum liver enzyme markers and reduced liver damage, and fibrosis as confirmed by histopathological scoring of hematoxylin-eosin staining. Collagen deposition was reduced in HAW group compared to CCl4 group as confirmed by Masson staining, hydroxyproline content, and both mRNA and protein levels of alpha-smooth muscle actin, collagen 1 and 3. HAW also down regulated the gene expressions of inflammatory markers including interleukin-IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, transforming growth factor-β 1, nuclear factor kappa-B, and cyclooxygenase-2 and decreased the myeloperoxidase activity. The effects of HAW was also associated with decreased levels of hepatic oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde and P.Carbonyl) and with increased activity of superoxide dismutase. Those effects are possibly mediated by blocking the pro-oxidant machinery and down regulating the inflammatory and profibrotic responses. Finally, chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, rutin, vitexin quercetin, and iso quercetin were identified as the major species of polyphenols of the HAW herbal preparation used here. Therefore, HAW’s potent protecting effects against liver fibrosis predicts a significant beneficial application.

Brain Drug Delivery: Overcoming the Blood-brain Barrier to Treat Tauopathies

Tauopathies are neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the deposition of abnormal tau protein in the brain. The application of potentially effective therapeutics for their successful treatment is hampered by the presence of a naturally occurring brain protection layer called the blood-brain barrier (BBB). BBB represents one of the biggest challenges in the development of therapeutics for central nervous system (CNS) disorders, where sufficient BBB penetration is inevitable. BBB is a heavily restricting barrier regulating the movement of molecules, ions, and cells between the blood and the CNS to secure proper neuronal function and protect the CNS from dangerous substances and processes. Yet, these natural functions possessed by BBB represent a great hurdle for brain drug delivery. This review is concentrated on summarizing the available methods and approaches for effective therapeutics' delivery through the BBB to treat neurodegenerative disorders with a focus on tauopathies. It describes the traditional approaches but also new nanotechnology strategies emerging with advanced medical techniques. Their limitations and benefits are discussed.

Panax ginseng callus, suspension, and root cultures: extraction and qualitative analysis

Introduction. In recent years, scientists have been actively searching for medicinal plants containing biologically active substances with geroprotective properties to treat diseases of old age, in particular cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and others. Ginseng (Panax ginseng L.) is a promising source of geroprotective compounds. We aimed to select optimal parameters for extracting organic compounds from ginseng callus, suspension, and root cultures and analyze their qualitative composition. Study objects and methods. We studied ginseng callus, suspension, and root cultures, as well as their extracts. Biologically active substances were extracted with 30 to 70% ethanol. Organic compounds were determined by thin-layer chromatography. The results for each plant were archived and analyzed for the presence of quercetin, mangiferin, luteolin, rutin, quercetin-2-D-glucoside, malvidin, as well as caffeic, cinnamic, ferulic, and sinapinic acids. Results and discussion. We developed a procedure for screening solvents and performed a fractional qualitative analysis of biologically active substances extracted from ginseng. As a result, we established the optimal parameters for extracting biologically active substances from the dried biomass of ginseng cultures. In all cases, temperature and the ratio of solvent to biomass were the same (50°C, 1:5). However, the extraction time and ethanol concentration differed, amounting to 60 min and 50% for callus cultures, 30 min and 60% for suspension cultures, and 60 min and 70% for root cultures. The qualitative analysis of organic compounds showed the presence of rutin (0.25), quercetin (0.75), and mangiferin (0.57), as well as caffeic and sinapinic acids in the extracts. Conclusion. Our set of experiments to isolate biologically active substances from ginseng callus, suspension, and root cultures resulted in selecting the optimal extraction parameters and analyzing the extracts for the presence of organic compounds.

Medicinal plants utilized for hepatic disorders in Ethiopian traditional medical practices: a review

Background

Ethiopia is among the top floral biodiversity rich countries in the world. More than 7000 species of plants, 15% of they are endemic, are reported in the country. Accessibility, cultural enrichment, and cheapness make 80% of the Ethiopian people used indigenous plants for various health ailments and diseases in their traditional medical practices. Therefore, the current review examined the use patterns of medicinal plants utilized for hepatic disorders in Ethiopian traditional medical practices for further scientific investigations.

Methods

Ethnobotanical and related studies on medicinal plants utilized for hepatic disorders in Ethiopia were reviewed. Ethiopian university websites, Google, Google Scholar, PubMed, Medline, and other online internet search engines were used to access literature articles. The number of plant species and families, used parts, used conditions, modes of preparation, and routes of administration were tabulated and summarized using Excel spreadsheet and descriptive statistics, respectively.

Results

The current review showed that 276 plant species belonging to 89 families were used for hepatic disorders in Ethiopian traditional medical practices. The commonly utilized plant families were Asteraceae (10.14%), Fabaceae (9.08%), Euphorbiaceae (7.61%), Laminaceae (4.35%), Solanaceae (3.99%), and Aloaceae (2.90%). Justicia schimperiana (34.34%), Croton macrostachyus, and Phytolacca dodecandra (each 20.20%), Cordia africana, Cucumis ficifolius, and Rumex abyssinica (each 10.10%) were among the most utilized plant species. They were mainly distributed in Oromo (58%), southern (36%), and Amhara (35.5%) regions. Herbs (47.10%), shrubs (26.09%) and trees (20.65%) were their primary growth forms, while leaves (34.30%) and roots (33.06%) were their commonly utilized parts. Pounding (24.59%), decoction (19.67%), powdering (9.84%), and concoction (9.13%) were their major modes of preparations. Water was the most utilized solvent (48.26%) for the remedy preparations, which were mainly administered orally (76.35%).

Conclusions

This review showed that many claimed medicinal plants were utilized for the treatment of hepatic disorders in Ethiopian traditional medical practices. Hence, further experimental investigation is recommended to standardize their quality and phytochemistry and validate their safety and efficacy. Documentation and conservation of indigenous herbal knowledge have also been strengthened.

Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Capped with Procyanidins from Leucosidea sericea as Potential Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Agents

In this study, procyanidins fractions of dimers and trimers (F1-F2) from the Leucosidea sericea total extract (LSTE) were investigated for their chemical constituents. The total extract and the procyanidins were employed in the synthesis of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) and fully characterized. Au NPs of 6, 24 and 21 nm were obtained using LSTE, F1 and F2 respectively. Zeta potential and in vitro stability studies confirmed the stability of the particles. The enzymatic activity of LSTE, F1, F2 and their corresponding Au NPs showed strong inhibitory alpha-amylase activity where F1 Au NPs demonstrated the highest with IC₅₀ of 1.88 µg/mL. On the other hand, F2 Au NPs displayed the strongest alpha-glucosidase activity at 4.5 µg/mL. F2 and F2 Au NPs also demonstrated the highest antioxidant activity, 1834.0 ± 4.7 μM AAE/g and 1521.9 ± 3.0 μM TE/g respectively. The study revealed not only the ability of procyanidins dimers (F1 and F2) in forming biostable and bioactive Au NPs but also, a significant enhancement of the natural products activities, which could improve the smart delivery in future biomedical applications.

Study on the Antihypertensive Mechanism of Astragalus membranaceus and Salvia miltiorrhiza Based on Intestinal Flora-Host Metabolism

Our previous studies have shown that the combination of Astragalus membranaceus and Salvia miltiorrhiza (HD) had a good antihypertensive effect, but its potential mechanism remained unclear. This study aimed to investigate the role of intestinal flora and serum metabolism induced by HD against hypertension. 16 spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHRs) were divided into HD group (5.9 g/kg) and model group (M) (normal saline), with eight Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats as control group (W) (normal saline). Rats were fed by gavage once a day for 28 days. The changes of intestinal flora and serum metabolism were analyzed by 16S rDNA sequencing and LC-MS/MS assay. HD decreased blood pressure steadily, improved the structure and composition of imbalance flora in SHRs, increased the abundance and diversity of flora, and decreased flora Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio. Rumen bacterium NK4A214, Clostridium sp. MC 40 increased remarkably in M group. Akkermansia, Akkermansia muciniphila, and Lactobacillus intestinalis increased significantly in HD group, which were functionally related to the significant increase of Lachnoclostridium, Faecalibaculum, and Lactobacillus reuteri in W group, which were all probiotics producing butyric acid, lactic acid, and regulating inflammation and other antihypertensive related factors. HD also changed the serum metabolic pattern of SHRs. 16 potential biomarkers related to inflammation, vasodilation, steroid hormones, oxidative stress, and etc. changed significantly, mainly enriched in arachidonic acid metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, steroid hormone biosynthesis, and glutathione metabolism. The correlation analysis demonstrated that the dominant genius and species in three groups were highly correlated with steroid hormone biosynthesis, arachidonic acid metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, and vitamin B6 metabolism. Our research indicated that HD had a good antihypertensive effect, which may be driven by the protective intestinal flora and beneficial metabolites induced by it, and the metabolites were closely related to the changes of intestinal flora. It provided new insights for the antihypertensive mechanism of HD.