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Shin BJ, Kim BJ, Paeng EJ, Rifkin JT, Moon SH, Shin SH, Ryu BY. N-Acetyl-L-cysteine attenuates titanium dioxide nanoparticle (TiO 2 NP)-induced autophagy in male germ cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 108:104466. [PMID: 38759847 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) are widely used in consumer products, raising concerns about their impact on human health. This study investigates the effects of TiO2 NPs on male germ cells while focusing on cell proliferation inhibition and underlying mechanisms. This was done by utilizing mouse GC-1 spermatogonia cells, an immortalized spermatogonia cell line. TiO2 NPs induced a concentration-dependent proliferation inhibition with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Notably, TiO2 NPs induced autophagy and decreased ERK phosphorylation. Treatment with the ROS inhibitor N-Acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) alleviated TiO2 NPs-induced autophagy, restored ERK phosphorylation, and promoted cell proliferation. These findings call attention to the reproductive risks posed by TiO2 NPs while also highlighting NAC as a possible protective agent against reproductive toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beom-Jin Shin
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-Do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Bang-Jin Kim
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Sciences, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Eun-Ji Paeng
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-Do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Jack Tyler Rifkin
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Sciences, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sung-Hwan Moon
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-Do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hee Shin
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-Do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Buom-Yong Ryu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-Do 17546, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Lei Y, Al Delbany D, Krivec N, Regin M, Couvreu de Deckersberg E, Janssens C, Ghosh M, Sermon K, Spits C. SALL3 mediates the loss of neuroectodermal differentiation potential in human embryonic stem cells with chromosome 18q loss. Stem Cell Reports 2024; 19:562-578. [PMID: 38552632 PMCID: PMC11096619 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2024.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) cultures are prone to genetic drift, because cells that have acquired specific genetic abnormalities experience a selective advantage in vitro. These abnormalities are highly recurrent in hPSC lines worldwide, but their functional consequences in differentiating cells are scarcely described. In this work, we show that the loss of chromosome 18q impairs neuroectoderm commitment and that downregulation of SALL3, a gene located in the common 18q loss region, is responsible for this failed neuroectodermal differentiation. Knockdown of SALL3 in control lines impaired differentiation in a manner similar to the loss of 18q, and transgenic overexpression of SALL3 in hESCs with 18q loss rescued the differentiation capacity of the cells. Finally, we show that loss of 18q and downregulation of SALL3 leads to changes in the expression of genes involved in pathways regulating pluripotency and differentiation, suggesting that these cells are in an altered state of pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingnan Lei
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Diana Al Delbany
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nuša Krivec
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marius Regin
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Edouard Couvreu de Deckersberg
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Janssens
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Manjusha Ghosh
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karen Sermon
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Claudia Spits
- Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
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3
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Du P, Wu J. Hallmarks of totipotent and pluripotent stem cell states. Cell Stem Cell 2024; 31:312-333. [PMID: 38382531 PMCID: PMC10939785 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2024.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Though totipotency and pluripotency are transient during early embryogenesis, they establish the foundation for the development of all mammals. Studying these in vivo has been challenging due to limited access and ethical constraints, particularly in humans. Recent progress has led to diverse culture adaptations of epiblast cells in vitro in the form of totipotent and pluripotent stem cells, which not only deepen our understanding of embryonic development but also serve as invaluable resources for animal reproduction and regenerative medicine. This review delves into the hallmarks of totipotent and pluripotent stem cells, shedding light on their key molecular and functional features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Du
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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4
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Ji J, Cao J, Chen P, Huang R, Ye SD. Inhibition of protein kinase C increases Prdm14 level to promote self-renewal of embryonic stem cells through reducing Suv39h-induced H3K9 methylation. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105714. [PMID: 38309502 PMCID: PMC10909794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) efficiently promoted the self-renewal of embryonic stem cells (ESCs). However, information about the function of PKC inhibition remains lacking. Here, RNA-sequencing showed that the addition of Go6983 significantly inhibited the expression of de novo methyltransferases (Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b) and their regulator Dnmt3l, resulting in global hypomethylation of DNA in mouse ESCs. Mechanistically, PR domain-containing 14 (Prdm14), a site-specific transcriptional activator, partially contributed to Go6983-mediated repression of Dnmt3 genes. Administration of Go6983 increased Prdm14 expression mainly through the inhibition of PKCδ. High constitutive expression of Prdm14 phenocopied the ability of Go6983 to maintain` mouse ESC stemness in the absence of self-renewal-promoting cytokines. In contrast, the knockdown of Prdm14 eliminated the response to PKC inhibition and substantially impaired the Go6983-induced resistance of mouse ESCs to differentiation. Furthermore, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry profiling and Western blotting revealed low levels of Suv39h1 and Suv39h2 in Go6983-treated mouse ESCs. Suv39h enzymes are histone methyltransferases that recognize dimethylated and trimethylated histone H3K9 specifically and usually function as transcriptional repressors. Consistently, the inhibition of Suv39h1 by RNA interference or the addition of the selective inhibitor chaetocin increased Prdm14 expression. Moreover, chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed that Go6983 treatment led to decreased enrichment of dimethylation and trimethylation of H3K9 at the Prdm14 promoter but increased RNA polymerase Ⅱ binding affinity. Together, our results provide novel insights into the pivotal association between PKC inhibition-mediated self-renewal and epigenetic changes, which will help us better understand the regulatory network of stem cell pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiang Ji
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Jianjian Cao
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Peng Chen
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Ru Huang
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Shou-Dong Ye
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China.
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Latif R, Morshed SA, McCann C, Davies TF. Thyroid Stem Cell Speciation-a Major Role for PKC. Endocrinology 2023; 164:bqad067. [PMID: 37120783 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Instructive signals that delineate the formation of thyroid follicles by thyrotropin (TSH) in stem cells are complex. Here, we have examined the role of protein kinase C (PKC) by using a unique Gαq/11 biased small molecule (MSq1) to develop thyroid progenitor cells. Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) were differentiated into anterior endoderm cells and treated with either TSH or MSq1 in the presence or absence of PKC inhibitors. The transcriptional and translational response of key thyroid markers-sodium iodide symporter (NIS), thyroglobulin (TG), and thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) as well as potential signaling molecules-were then analyzed. The data confirmed that MSq1 is a potent Gαq/11 activator with a major increase in Gαq/11 signaling when compared to TSH. MSq1 activation resulted in an increase in thyroid-specific genes, demonstrating that enhanced PKC signaling was able to induce their expression. The specificity of the PKC signals over the protein kinase A (PKA) pathway in regulating thyroid gene expression was shown by using a specific PKC enzyme inhibitor. The data revealed that TG and NIS expression were suppressed in the presence of the PKC inhibition but, in contrast, were not influenced by PKA inhibition. This indicated that PKC activation was the dominant pathway in the inductive process for thyroid hormone production. Furthermore, by examining PKC isoforms we found that PKCξ was the predominant form in the ES cells that mediated the effects. Since PKCξ can lead to activation of transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase (pTAK1), and its downstream effector nuclear factor κB (NFκB) complex, this demonstrated the involvement of the TAK1/NFκB pathway in thyroid speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rauf Latif
- Thyroid Research Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY 10468, USA
| | - Syed A Morshed
- Thyroid Research Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY 10468, USA
| | - Colin McCann
- Thyroid Research Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Terry F Davies
- Thyroid Research Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY 10468, USA
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Baral I, Shirude MB, Jothi DL, Mukherjee A, Dutta D. Characterization of a Distinct State in the Continuum of Pluripotency Facilitated by Inhibition of PKCζ in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2023; 19:1098-1115. [PMID: 36781773 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-023-10513-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of PKC (PKCi) signaling maintains pluripotency of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) across different mammalian species. However, the position of PKCi maintained ESCs in the pluripotency continuum is largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that mouse ESCs when cultured continuously, with PKCi, for 75 days are retained in naïve state of pluripotency. Gene expression analysis and proteomics studies demonstrated enhanced naïve character of PKCi maintained ESCs in comparison to classical serum/LIF (S/L) supported ESCs. Molecular analysis revealed that activation of PKCζ isoform associate with primed state of pluripotency, present in epiblast-like stem cells generated in vitro while inhibition of PKCζ phosphorylation associated with naïve state of pluripotency in vitro and in vivo. Phosphoproteomics and chromatin modification enzyme array based studies showed loss in DNA methyl transferase 3B (DNMT3B) and its phosphorylation level upon functional inhibition of PKCζ as one of the crucial components of this regulatory pathway. Unlike ground state of pluripotency maintained by MEK/GSK3 inhibitor in addition to LIF (2i/LIF), loss in DNMT3B is a reversible phenomenon in PKCi maintained ESCs. Absence of phosphorylation of c-MYC, RAF1, SPRY4 while presence of ERF, DUSP6, CIC and YAP1 phosphorylation underlined the phosphoproteomics signature of PKCi mediated maintenance of naïve pluripotency. States of pluripotency represent the developmental continuum and the existence of PKCi mediated mouse ESCs in a distinct state in the continuum of pluripotency (DiSCo) might contribute to the establishment of stages of murine embryonic development that were non-permissible till date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Baral
- Regenerative Biology Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, 695014, Kerala, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka State, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Mayur Balkrishna Shirude
- Regenerative Biology Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, 695014, Kerala, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka State, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - Dhana Lakshmi Jothi
- Regenerative Biology Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, 695014, Kerala, India
| | - Ananda Mukherjee
- Cancer Biology Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, 695014, Kerala, India
| | - Debasree Dutta
- Regenerative Biology Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB), Thiruvananthapuram, 695014, Kerala, India.
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7
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Nucleosome remodeling and deacetylation complex and MBD3 influence mouse embryonic stem cell naïve pluripotency under inhibition of protein kinase C. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:344. [PMID: 35915078 PMCID: PMC9343426 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-01131-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The pluripotency of naïve mouse embryonic stem cells (mES) is regulated by multiple signaling pathways, with inhibition of protein kinase C (PKCi) playing a particularly important role in maintaining naïve mES. However, the regulatory function of nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase (NuRD) complex in mES cultured in a PKCi system is unknown. We found that, compared with 2iL-derived mES, PKCi-derived mES showed low mRNA expression of NuRD complex subunits, including MBD3, HDAC1/HDAC2, MTA1, and RbAP46/RbAP48. Western blot showed that PKCi-derived mES expressed lower protein levels of MBD3 and HDAC2 at passage 3, as well as MBD3, HDAC2, and MTA1 at passage 10, indicating that PKCi suppressed NuRD complex expression. Knockdown of MBD3 increased PKCi-derived mES pluripotency by increasing NANOG and OCT4 expression and colony formation. By contrast, overexpression of MBD3 or removal of PKC inhibitor-induced differentiation of mES, results in reduced NANOG, OCT4, and REX1 expression and colony formation, increased differentiation-related gene expression, and differentiation into flat cells. Knockdown of MBD3 in mES upon PKC inhibitor removal partially reversed cell differentiation. Our results show that the regulatory NuRD complex and its MBD3 subunit influence the naïve pluripotency of mES cultured in a PKCi system.
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8
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Sun J, He N, Wang W, Dai Y, Hou C, Du F. PKC inhibitors regulate stem cell self-renewal by regulating H3K27me3 and H3K9me3. Am J Transl Res 2022; 14:4295-4309. [PMID: 35836851 PMCID: PMC9274548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cell (ESC) research is critical to the scientific community, as their application in regenerative medicine can be widely beneficial. ESCs eventually withdraw from their self-renewal program and subsequently differentiate into specific cell lineages; however, the mechanisms regulating these processes remain unclear. PKC inhibition using 3-[1-[3-(dimethylamino) propyl]-5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl]-4-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione (PKCi) is responsible for the derivation and maintenance of human, rat, and mouse ESCs, but the mechanism by which PKCi maintains stem cell self-renewal is poorly understood. By studying the PKCi stem cell (PKCi-mESC) transcriptome and epigenetic modification, we found the transcriptome of PKCi-mESC differed from 2i stem cells (2i-mESC), with 2010 up-regulated genes and 1784 down-regulated genes. Among them, genes related to core transcription factors, naïve-specific markers, and pluripotency are differentially expressed between the two stem cell lines. We analyzed epigenetic modification of PKCi-mESC and found the distribution of H3K27me3 signal was significantly reduced at transcription start sites (TSSs) throughout the genome and at differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Likewise, the H3K9me3 signal at TSSs throughout the genome was significantly reduced in PKCi-mESC, but the distribution on DEGs is reversed. Kdm4d and Kdm6a knockdown by RNA interference (RNAi) significantly altered the expression of genes related to self-renewal in PKCi-mESC. In conclusion, we revealed PKCi-mESC and 2i-mESC differentially express numerous genes, including stem cell-related genes. Furthermore, PKCi-mESC regulated gene expression through H3K27me3 and H3K9me3 modification, which maintained stem cell self-renewal capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialei Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal UniversityNanjing 210046, China
| | - Na He
- Harbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Weiguo Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal UniversityNanjing 210046, China
| | - Yujian Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal UniversityNanjing 210046, China
| | - Chunhui Hou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Fuliang Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal UniversityNanjing 210046, China
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9
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Chen G, Guo Y, Li C, Li S, Wan X. Small Molecules that Promote Self-Renewal of Stem Cells and Somatic Cell Reprogramming. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 16:511-523. [PMID: 32185667 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-09965-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ground state of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) is closely related to the development of regenerative medicine. Particularly, long-term culture of ESCs in vitro, maintenance of their undifferentiated state, self-renewal and multi-directional differentiation ability is the premise of ESCs mechanism and application research. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) reprogrammed from mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) cells into cells with most of the ESC characteristics show promise towards solving ethical problems currently facing stem cell research. However, integration into chromosomal DNA through viral-mediated genes may activate proto oncogenes and lead to risk of cancer of iPSC. At the same time, iPS induction efficiency needs to be further improved to reduce the use of transcription factors. In this review, we discuss small molecules that promote self-renewal and reprogramming, including growth factor receptor inhibitors, GSK-3β and histone deacetylase inhibitors, metabolic regulators, pathway modulators as well as EMT/MET regulation inhibitors to enhance maintenance of ESCs and enable reprogramming. Additionally, we summarize the mechanism of action of small molecules on ESC self-renewal and iPSC reprogramming. Finally, we will report on the progress in identification of novel and potentially effective agents as well as selected strategies that show promise in regenerative medicine. On this basis, development of more small molecule combinations and efficient induction of chemically induced pluripotent stem cell (CiPSC) is vital for stem cell therapy. This will significantly improve research in pathogenesis, individualized drug screening, stem cell transplantation, tissue engineering and many other aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofang Chen
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu'e Guo
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Li
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangdi Li
- Departments of Gynecologic Oncology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Wan
- Department of Gynecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Moratilla A, Sainz de la Maza D, Cadenas Martin M, López-Iglesias P, González-Peramato P, De Miguel MP. Inhibition of PKCε induces primordial germ cell reprogramming into pluripotency by HIF1&2 upregulation and histone acetylation. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF STEM CELLS 2021; 10:1-17. [PMID: 33815934 PMCID: PMC8012778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Historically, primordial germ cells (PGCs) have been a good model to study pluripotency. Despite their low numbers and limited accessibility in the mouse embryo, they can be easily and rapidly reprogrammed at high efficiency with external physicochemical factors and do not require transcription factor transfection. Employing this model to deepen our understanding of cell reprogramming, we specifically aimed to determine the relevance of Ca2+ signal transduction pathway components in the reprogramming process. Our results showed that PGC reprogramming requires a normal extracellular [Ca2+] range, in contrast to neoplastic or transformed cells, which can continue to proliferate in Ca2+-deficient media, differentiating normal reprogramming from neoplastic transformation. Our results also showed that a spike in extracellular [Ca2+] of 1-3 mM can directly reprogram PGC. Intracellular manipulation of Ca2+ signal transduction pathway components revealed that inhibition of classical Ca2+ and diacylglycerol (DAG)-dependent PKCs, or intriguingly, of only the novel DAG-dependent PKC, PKCε, were able to induce reprogramming. PKCε inhibition changed the metabolism of PGCs toward glycolysis, increasing the proportion of inactive mitochondria. This metabolic switch from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis is mediated by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), given we found upregulation of both HIF1α and HIF2α in the first 48 hours of culturing. PKCε inhibition did not change the classical pluripotency gene expression of PGCs, Oct4, or Nanog. PKCε inhibition changed the histone acetylation of PGCs, with histones H2B, H3, and H4 becoming acetylated in PKCε-inhibited cultures (markers were H2BacK20, H3acK9, and H4acK5K8, K12, K16), suggesting that reprogramming by PKCε inhibition is mediated by histone acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Moratilla
- Cell Engineering Laboratory, La Paz University Hospital Health Research Institute IDiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Sainz de la Maza
- Cell Engineering Laboratory, La Paz University Hospital Health Research Institute IDiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Cadenas Martin
- Cell Engineering Laboratory, La Paz University Hospital Health Research Institute IDiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar López-Iglesias
- Cell Engineering Laboratory, La Paz University Hospital Health Research Institute IDiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar González-Peramato
- Cell Engineering Laboratory, La Paz University Hospital Health Research Institute IDiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria P De Miguel
- Cell Engineering Laboratory, La Paz University Hospital Health Research Institute IDiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
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11
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Dai Y, Li J, Li M, Liu Z, Liu J, An L, Du F. Methyl-CpG-binding domain 3 (Mbd3) is an important regulator for apoptosis in mouse embryonic stem cells. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:8147-8161. [PMID: 33437388 PMCID: PMC7791517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Methyl-CpG-binding domain 3 (Mbd3) is a core repressor complex component. Although Mbd3 is required for the pluripotency of embryonic stem cells (ES), the role of Mbd3 in mouse ES (mES) cell apoptosis remains undefined. In this study naïve-state mES were derived and maintained in the presence of a selective protein kinase C pathway inhibitor (PKCi; Gӧ6983) to study the function of Mbd3 during mES apoptosis. Mbd3 overexpression in mES decreased the total cell number and viability, and it also dramatically increased the rate of apoptosis. Further investigation of Mbd3 overexpression revealed a 3-fold increase in the proapoptotic/prosurvival protein ratio (Bax/Bcl-2) and elevated RNA expression levels of apoptosis-related genes, including Bim, Trail, Fasl, and caspase 3, with reduced Bcl-2 RNA expression levels. Removal of PKCi from the mES cell culture resulted in upregulated Mbd3 expression and apoptosis, similar to the effects of Mbd3 overexpression. Furthermore, specific knockdown of endogenous Mbd3 partially rescued the mES apoptosis induced by the removal of PKCi, thus increasing the total cell number and viability while decreasing the rate of apoptosis. Additionally, Bax, Bim, Trail, and caspase 3 RNA expression levels were partially reduced, and that of Bcl-2 was partially increased. Our findings support Mbd3 as a pivotal regulator of apoptosis in mES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujian Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal UniversityNanjing 210046, PR China
| | - Jinshan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal UniversityNanjing 210046, PR China
| | - Mingyang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal UniversityNanjing 210046, PR China
| | - Zhihui Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal UniversityNanjing 210046, PR China
| | - Jiao Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal UniversityNanjing 210046, PR China
| | - Liyou An
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal UniversityNanjing 210046, PR China
| | - Fuliang Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal UniversityNanjing 210046, PR China
- Renova Life, Inc.College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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12
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Zhu Z, Zhang Y, Wang X, Wang X, Ye SD. Inhibition of protein kinase D by CID755673 promotes maintenance of the pluripotency of embryonic stem cells. Development 2020; 147:dev185264. [PMID: 32747433 DOI: 10.1242/dev.185264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The identification of novel mechanisms to maintain embryonic stem cell (ESC) pluripotency is of crucial importance, because the currently used culture conditions are not suitable for ESCs from all species. In this study, we show that the protein kinase D (PKD) inhibitor CID755673 (CID) is able to maintain the undifferentiated state of mouse ESCs in combination with the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor. The expression levels of PKD members, including PKD1, PKD2 and PKD3, were low in mouse ESCs but significantly increased under differentiation conditions. Therefore, depletion of three PKD genes was able to phenocopy PKD inhibition. Mechanistically, PKD inhibition activated PI3K/AKT signaling by increasing the level of AKT phosphorylation, and the addition of a PI3K/AKT signaling pathway inhibitor partially reduced the cellular response to PKD inhibition. Importantly, the self-renewal-promoting effect of CID was maintained in human ESCs. Simultaneous knockdown of the three human PKD isoforms enabled short-term self-renewal in human ESCs, whereas PI3K/AKT signaling inhibition eliminated this self-renewal ability downstream of the PKD inhibitor. These findings expand our understanding of the gene regulatory network of ESC pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Zhu
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohu Wang
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China
| | - Shou-Dong Ye
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China
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13
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Bhattacharya B, Home P, Ganguly A, Ray S, Ghosh A, Islam MR, French V, Marsh C, Gunewardena S, Okae H, Arima T, Paul S. Atypical protein kinase C iota (PKCλ/ι) ensures mammalian development by establishing the maternal-fetal exchange interface. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:14280-14291. [PMID: 32513715 PMCID: PMC7322033 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1920201117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In utero mammalian development relies on the establishment of the maternal-fetal exchange interface, which ensures transportation of nutrients and gases between the mother and the fetus. This exchange interface is established via development of multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast cells (SynTs) during placentation. In mice, SynTs develop via differentiation of the trophoblast stem cell-like progenitor cells (TSPCs) of the placenta primordium, and in humans, SynTs are developed via differentiation of villous cytotrophoblast (CTB) progenitors. Despite the critical need in pregnancy progression, conserved signaling mechanisms that ensure SynT development are poorly understood. Herein, we show that atypical protein kinase C iota (PKCλ/ι) plays an essential role in establishing the SynT differentiation program in trophoblast progenitors. Loss of PKCλ/ι in the mouse TSPCs abrogates SynT development, leading to embryonic death at approximately embryonic day 9.0 (E9.0). We also show that PKCλ/ι-mediated priming of trophoblast progenitors for SynT differentiation is a conserved event during human placentation. PKCλ/ι is selectively expressed in the first-trimester CTBs of a developing human placenta. Furthermore, loss of PKCλ/ι in CTB-derived human trophoblast stem cells (human TSCs) impairs their SynT differentiation potential both in vitro and after transplantation in immunocompromised mice. Our mechanistic analyses indicate that PKCλ/ι signaling maintains expression of GCM1, GATA2, and PPARγ, which are key transcription factors to instigate SynT differentiation programs in both mouse and human trophoblast progenitors. Our study uncovers a conserved molecular mechanism, in which PKCλ/ι signaling regulates establishment of the maternal-fetal exchange surface by promoting trophoblast progenitor-to-SynT transition during placentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaswati Bhattacharya
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Pratik Home
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
- Institute for Reproduction and Perinatal Research, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Avishek Ganguly
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Soma Ray
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Ananya Ghosh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Md Rashedul Islam
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Valerie French
- Institute for Reproduction and Perinatal Research, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Courtney Marsh
- Institute for Reproduction and Perinatal Research, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Sumedha Gunewardena
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
| | - Hiroaki Okae
- Department of Informative Genetics, Environment and Genome Research Center, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Takahiro Arima
- Department of Informative Genetics, Environment and Genome Research Center, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Soumen Paul
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160;
- Institute for Reproduction and Perinatal Research, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160
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14
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Liu J, Zhu X, Li J, Liu Z, Liu Y, Xue F, Yang L, An L, Chen CH, Presicce GA, Zheng Q, Du F. Deriving rabbit embryonic stem cells by small molecule inhibitors. Am J Transl Res 2019; 11:5122-5133. [PMID: 31497228 PMCID: PMC6731393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We previously developed pluripotent rabbit embryonic stem cells (rbES) using a culture system supplemented with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), noggin and Y-27632 (referred to as iFLY). In present work, we explored multiple approaches to enhance the chance of deriving domed pluripotent rbES cells by inhibition of MEK, GSK, and PKC signaling pathways. Domed stated rbES were derived in defined medium supplemented with 15% KOSR, 103 IU/mL mouse LIF, 10 ng/mL bFGF and three inhibitors to the MEK (PD0325901, 1 µM), GSK3 (CHIR99021, 3 µM) and PKC (Gö6983, 5 µM) (3i). Domed rbES were passaged every 3-4 days till passage 3-4 for the designated experiments. We showed that bFGF and LIF are indispensable for the derivation and maintenance of rbES; whereas the 3i medium containing inhibitors to the MEK (PD0325901), GSK3 (CHIR99021) and PKC (Gö6983) were necessary for deriving domed rbES. Domed rbES possessed naïve ES markers as Rex1 and ERAS in addition to Oct4, Klf4, Sox 2 and c-myc by RT-PCR. Domed rbES showed positive staining for Rex1, Fgf4, Klf4, Nanog and Oct4 by immunofluorescence chemistry. Further deleting either one factor in 3i medium as CHIR99021, PD0325901, Gö6983 or bFGF resulted in disappearing of domed rbES colonies. The optimal concentrations of 3i contained 0.75 µM PD0325901, 2.25 µM CHIR99021, and 4.5 µM Gö6983. Our work, in combination of different inhibitors for deriving rabbit ES, supports that the network of signal pathways plays an important role in ES self-renew, propagation and maintenance, and sheds light on deriving authentic properties of rbES in an important yet understudied model animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal UniversityNanjing 210046, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xiumei Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal UniversityNanjing 210046, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Jinshan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal UniversityNanjing 210046, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Zhihui Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal UniversityNanjing 210046, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Yanhong Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal UniversityNanjing 210046, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Fei Xue
- Renova Life, Inc.Jacksonville, Florida 32258, USA
| | - Lan Yang
- Lannuo Biotechnologies Wuxi Inc.Wuxi 214000, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Liyou An
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal UniversityNanjing 210046, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | | | | | - Qiping Zheng
- Department of Hematological Laboratory Science, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Fuliang Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal UniversityNanjing 210046, Jiangsu, P. R. China
- Renova Life, Inc.Jacksonville, Florida 32258, USA
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15
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Hassani SN, Moradi S, Taleahmad S, Braun T, Baharvand H. Transition of inner cell mass to embryonic stem cells: mechanisms, facts, and hypotheses. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:873-892. [PMID: 30420999 PMCID: PMC11105545 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2965-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are immortal stem cells that own multi-lineage differentiation potential. ESCs are commonly derived from the inner cell mass (ICM) of pre-implantation embryos. Due to their tremendous developmental capacity and unlimited self-renewal, ESCs have diverse biomedical applications. Different culture media have been developed to procure and maintain ESCs in a state of naïve pluripotency, and to preserve a stable genome and epigenome during serial passaging. Chromatin modifications such as DNA methylation and histone modifications along with microRNA activity and different signaling pathways dynamically contribute to the regulation of the ESC gene regulatory network (GRN). Such modifications undergo remarkable changes in different ESC media and determine the quality and developmental potential of ESCs. In this review, we discuss the current approaches for derivation and maintenance of ESCs, and examine how differences in culture media impact on the characteristics of pluripotency via modulation of GRN during the course of ICM outgrowth into ESCs. We also summarize the current hypotheses concerning the origin of ESCs and provide a perspective about the relationship of these cells to their in vivo counterparts (early embryonic cells around the time of implantation). Finally, we discuss generation of ESCs from human embryos and domesticated animals, and offer suggestions to further advance this fascinating field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh-Nafiseh Hassani
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sharif Moradi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Taleahmad
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Thomas Braun
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodelling, Max-Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran.
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16
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Jiang T, Liu J, Ouyang Y, Wu H, Zheng L, Zhao J, Zhang X. Intra-hydrogel culture prevents transformation of mesenchymal stem cells induced by monolayer expansion. Biomater Sci 2018; 6:1168-1176. [PMID: 29564424 DOI: 10.1039/c8bm00007g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we report that the intra-hydrogel culture system mitigates the transformation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) induced by two-dimensional (2D) expansion. MSCs expanded in monolayer culture prior to encapsulation in collagen hydrogels (group eMSCs-CH) featured impaired stemness in chondrogenesis, comparing with the freshly isolated bone marrow mononuclear cells seeded directly in collagen hydrogels (group fMSCs-CH). The molecular mechanism of the in vitro expansion-triggered damage to MSCs was detected through genome-wide microarray analysis. Results indicated that pathways such as proteoglycans in cancer and pathways in cancer expansion were highly enriched in eMSCs-CH. And multiple up-regulated oncoma-associated genes were verified in eMSCs-CH compared with fMSCs-CH, indicating that expansion in vitro triggered cellular transformation was associated with signaling pathways related to tumorigenicity. Besides, focal adhesion (FA) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways were also involved in in vitro expansion, indicating restructuring of the cell architecture. Thus, monolayer expansion in vitro may contribute to vulnerability of MSCs through the regulation of FA and MAPK. This study indicates that intra-hydrogel culture can mitigate the monolayer expansion induced transformation of MSCs and maintain the uniformity of the stem cells, which is a viable in vitro culture system for stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongmeng Jiang
- Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Materials for Tissue and Organ Regeneration, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 530021, Nanning, China. and Department of Orthopaedics Trauma and Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China and Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 530021, Nanning, China
| | - Junting Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics Trauma and Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yiqiang Ouyang
- Center for Animal Experiment, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 530021, Nanning, China
| | - Huayu Wu
- Department of Cell Biology & Genetics, School of Premedical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, 530021, Nanning, China
| | - Li Zheng
- Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Materials for Tissue and Organ Regeneration, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 530021, Nanning, China. and Department of Orthopaedics Trauma and Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China and Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 530021, Nanning, China
| | - Jinmin Zhao
- Guangxi Engineering Center in Biomedical Materials for Tissue and Organ Regeneration, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomedicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 530021, Nanning, China. and Department of Orthopaedics Trauma and Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China and Guangxi Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, 530021, Nanning, China
| | - Xingdong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 610064, Chengdu, China
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17
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Wang Y, Lei T, Dai Q, Ding P, Qiu T, Fang Y. Identification of Potential Molecular Determinants of Murine Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation by a Transposon-Based Approach. Mol Biotechnol 2018; 60:791-798. [PMID: 30171517 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-018-0110-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are self-renewing pluripotent cells, capable of differentiating into all somatic cell types. The molecular control of self-renewal is relatively well-characterized, whereas how ESCs exit pluripotent state to differentiate is poorly understood. Here we identify two genes are required for differentiation and dozens of intergenic regions that potentially regulate ESC differentiation. We used PiggyBac (PB) transposon-based approach to randomly mutate the genome of ESCs, and generated hundreds of clones that resisted differentiation signals. Each clone was sequenced to determine genomic regions mutated by PB insertion. Intriguingly, many mutations were localized among intergenic regions and we identified two genes are required for differentiation. This study should facilitate further exploration of novel molecular determinants of embryonic stem cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Tingjun Lei
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.,Center of Growth, Metabolism, and Aging, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Qian Dai
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Ping Ding
- Sichuan Cunde Therapeutics, Chengdu, 610093, China
| | - Tong Qiu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China. .,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yin Fang
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China. .,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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18
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Mor N, Rais Y, Sheban D, Peles S, Aguilera-Castrejon A, Zviran A, Elinger D, Viukov S, Geula S, Krupalnik V, Zerbib M, Chomsky E, Lasman L, Shani T, Bayerl J, Gafni O, Hanna S, Buenrostro JD, Hagai T, Masika H, Vainorius G, Bergman Y, Greenleaf WJ, Esteban MA, Elling U, Levin Y, Massarwa R, Merbl Y, Novershtern N, Hanna JH. Neutralizing Gatad2a-Chd4-Mbd3/NuRD Complex Facilitates Deterministic Induction of Naive Pluripotency. Cell Stem Cell 2018; 23:412-425.e10. [PMID: 30122475 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mbd3, a member of nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase (NuRD) co-repressor complex, was previously identified as an inhibitor for deterministic induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) reprogramming, where up to 100% of donor cells successfully complete the process. NuRD can assume multiple mutually exclusive conformations, and it remains unclear whether this deterministic phenotype can be attributed to a specific Mbd3/NuRD subcomplex. Moreover, since complete ablation of Mbd3 blocks somatic cell proliferation, we aimed to explore functionally relevant alternative ways to neutralize Mbd3-dependent NuRD activity. We identify Gatad2a, a NuRD-specific subunit, whose complete deletion specifically disrupts Mbd3/NuRD repressive activity on the pluripotency circuitry during iPSC differentiation and reprogramming without ablating somatic cell proliferation. Inhibition of Gatad2a facilitates deterministic murine iPSC reprogramming within 8 days. We validate a distinct molecular axis, Gatad2a-Chd4-Mbd3, within Mbd3/NuRD as being critical for blocking reestablishment of naive pluripotency and further highlight signaling-dependent and post-translational modifications of Mbd3/NuRD that influence its interactions and assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nofar Mor
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yoach Rais
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - Daoud Sheban
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl, Rehovot 76100, Israel; Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shani Peles
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | - Asaf Zviran
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl, Rehovot 76100, Israel; New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dalia Elinger
- The Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sergey Viukov
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Shay Geula
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Vladislav Krupalnik
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Mirie Zerbib
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Elad Chomsky
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lior Lasman
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Tom Shani
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Jonathan Bayerl
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ohad Gafni
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Suhair Hanna
- Department of Pediatrics, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Jason D Buenrostro
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard Society of Fellows, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Tzachi Hagai
- EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hagit Masika
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Yehudit Bergman
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - William J Greenleaf
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Miguel A Esteban
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ulrich Elling
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Yishai Levin
- The Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rada Massarwa
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yifat Merbl
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Noa Novershtern
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - Jacob H Hanna
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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19
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Wang G, Spassieva SD, Bieberich E. Ceramide and S1P Signaling in Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1697:153-171. [PMID: 28540559 PMCID: PMC5815858 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2017_43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive sphingolipids are important regulators for stem cell survival and differentiation. Most recently, we have coined the term "morphogenetic lipids" for sphingolipids that regulate stem cells during embryonic and postnatal development. The sphingolipid ceramide and its derivative, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), can act synergistically as well as antagonistically on embryonic stem (ES) cell differentiation. We show here simple as well as state-of-the-art methods to analyze sphingolipids in differentiating ES cells and discuss new protocols to use ceramide and S1P analogs for the guided differentiation of mouse ES cells toward neuronal and glial lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghu Wang
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Stefka D Spassieva
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Medical Health Sciences Center, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Erhard Bieberich
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street Room CA4012, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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20
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Shahbazi MN, Scialdone A, Skorupska N, Weberling A, Recher G, Zhu M, Jedrusik A, Devito LG, Noli L, Macaulay IC, Buecker C, Khalaf Y, Ilic D, Voet T, Marioni JC, Zernicka-Goetz M. Pluripotent state transitions coordinate morphogenesis in mouse and human embryos. Nature 2017; 552:239-243. [PMID: 29186120 PMCID: PMC5768241 DOI: 10.1038/nature24675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The foundations of mammalian development lie in a cluster of embryonic epiblast stem cells. In response to extracellular matrix signalling, these cells undergo epithelialization and create an apical surface in contact with a cavity, a fundamental event for all subsequent development. Concomitantly, epiblast cells transit through distinct pluripotent states, before lineage commitment at gastrulation. These pluripotent states have been characterized at the molecular level, but their biological importance remains unclear. Here we show that exit from an unrestricted naive pluripotent state is required for epiblast epithelialization and generation of the pro-amniotic cavity in mouse embryos. Embryonic stem cells locked in the naive state are able to initiate polarization but fail to undergo lumenogenesis. Mechanistically, exit from naive pluripotency activates an Oct4-governed transcriptional program that results in expression of glycosylated sialomucin proteins and the vesicle tethering and fusion events of lumenogenesis. Similarly, exit of epiblasts from naive pluripotency in cultured human post-implantation embryos triggers amniotic cavity formation and developmental progression. Our results add tissue-level architecture as a new criterion for the characterization of different pluripotent states, and show the relevance of transitions between these states during development of the mammalian embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta N Shahbazi
- Mammalian Embryo and Stem Cell Group, University of Cambridge, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Antonio Scialdone
- EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Natalia Skorupska
- Mammalian Embryo and Stem Cell Group, University of Cambridge, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Antonia Weberling
- Mammalian Embryo and Stem Cell Group, University of Cambridge, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Gaelle Recher
- Mammalian Embryo and Stem Cell Group, University of Cambridge, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Meng Zhu
- Mammalian Embryo and Stem Cell Group, University of Cambridge, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Agnieszka Jedrusik
- Mammalian Embryo and Stem Cell Group, University of Cambridge, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Liani G Devito
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Women's Health Academic Centre, Assisted Conception Unit, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Laila Noli
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Women's Health Academic Centre, Assisted Conception Unit, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Iain C Macaulay
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Christa Buecker
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Yakoub Khalaf
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Women's Health Academic Centre, Assisted Conception Unit, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Dusko Ilic
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Women's Health Academic Centre, Assisted Conception Unit, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Thierry Voet
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
- Laboratory of Reproductive Genomics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - John C Marioni
- EMBL-European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Magdalena Zernicka-Goetz
- Mammalian Embryo and Stem Cell Group, University of Cambridge, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
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21
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Miura T, Kume M, Kawamura T, Yamamoto K, Hamakubo T, Nishihara S. O-GlcNAc on PKCζ Inhibits the FGF4-PKCζ-MEK-ERK1/2 Pathway via Inhibition of PKCζ Phosphorylation in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 10:272-286. [PMID: 29249667 PMCID: PMC5768893 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) differentiate into multiple cell types during organismal development. Fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF4) signaling induces differentiation from ESCs via the phosphorylation of downstream molecules such as mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-related kinase (MEK) and extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). The FGF4-MEK-ERK1/2 pathway is inhibited to maintain ESCs in the undifferentiated state. However, the inhibitory mechanism of the FGF4-MEK-ERK1/2 pathway in ESCs is uncharacterized. O-linked β-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) is a post-translational modification characterized by the attachment of a single N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) to the serine and threonine residues of nuclear or cytoplasmic proteins. Here, we showed that the O-GlcNAc on the phosphorylation site of PKCζ inhibits PKCζ phosphorylation (activation) and, consequently, the FGF4-PKCζ-MEK-ERK1/2 pathway in ESCs. Our results demonstrate the mechanism for the maintenance of the undifferentiated state of ESCs via the inhibition of the FGF4-PKCζ-MEK-ERK1/2 pathway by O-GlcNAcylation on PKCζ. PKCζ activates the MEK-ERK1/2 pathway by FGF4 stimulation O-GlcNAc on the phosphorylation site of PKCζ inhibits PKCζ activation in ESCs FGF4-PKCζ-MEK-ERK1/2 pathway is inhibited by O-GlcNAc on PKCζ in ESCs
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Miura
- Department of Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Engineering, Soka University, 1-236 Tangi-cho, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan; National Institute of Radiological Sciences (NIRS), National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Masahiko Kume
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawamura
- Department of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Komaba 4-6-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yamamoto
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Takao Hamakubo
- Department of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Komaba 4-6-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - Shoko Nishihara
- Department of Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Engineering, Soka University, 1-236 Tangi-cho, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan.
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22
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Abstract
The system-level identification and analysis of molecular networks in mammals can be accelerated by 'next-generation' genetics, defined as genetics that does not require crossing of multiple generations of animals in order to achieve the desired genetic makeup. We have established a highly efficient procedure for producing knock-in (KI) mice within a single generation, by optimizing the genome-editing protocol for KI embryonic stem (ES) cells and the protocol for the generation of fully ES-cell-derived mice (ES mice). Using this protocol, the production of chimeric mice is eliminated, and, therefore, there is no requirement for the crossing of chimeric mice to produce mice that carry the KI gene in all cells of the body. Our procedure thus shortens the time required to produce KI ES mice from about a year to ∼3 months. Various kinds of KI ES mice can be produced with a minimized amount of work, facilitating the elucidation of organism-level phenomena using a systems biology approach. In this report, we describe the basic technologies and protocols for this procedure, and discuss the current challenges for next-generation mammalian genetics in organism-level systems biology studies.
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23
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Naive-like ESRRB + iPSCs with the Capacity for Rapid Neural Differentiation. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 9:1825-1838. [PMID: 29129686 PMCID: PMC5785673 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Several groups have reported the existence of a form of pluripotency that resembles that of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), i.e., a naive state, in human pluripotent stem cells; however, the characteristics vary between reports. The nuclear receptor ESRRB is expressed in mESCs and plays a significant role in their self-renewal, but its expression has not been observed in most naive-like human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). In this study, we modified several methods for converting hiPSCs into a naive state through the transgenic expression of several reprogramming factors. The resulting cells express the components of the core transcriptional network of mESCs, including ESRRB, at high levels, which suggests the existence of naive-state hiPSCs that are similar to mESCs. We also demonstrate that these cells differentiate more readily into neural cells than do conventional hiPSCs. These features may be beneficial for their use in disease modeling and regenerative medicine.
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24
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Choi J, Huebner AJ, Clement K, Walsh RM, Savol A, Lin K, Gu H, Di Stefano B, Brumbaugh J, Kim SY, Sharif J, Rose CM, Mohammad A, Odajima J, Charron J, Shioda T, Gnirke A, Gygi S, Koseki H, Sadreyev RI, Xiao A, Meissner A, Hochedlinger K. Prolonged Mek1/2 suppression impairs the developmental potential of embryonic stem cells. Nature 2017; 548:219-223. [PMID: 28746311 DOI: 10.1038/nature23274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Concomitant activation of the Wnt pathway and suppression of Mapk signalling by two small molecule inhibitors (2i) in the presence of leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) (hereafter termed 2i/L) induces a naive state in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells that resembles the inner cell mass (ICM) of the pre-implantation embryo. Since the ICM exists only transiently in vivo, it remains unclear how sustained propagation of naive ES cells in vitro affects their stability and functionality. Here we show that prolonged culture of male mouse ES cells in 2i/L results in irreversible epigenetic and genomic changes that impair their developmental potential. Furthermore, we find that female ES cells cultured in conventional serum plus LIF medium phenocopy male ES cells cultured in 2i/L. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that the inhibition of Mek1/2 is predominantly responsible for these effects, in part through the downregulation of DNA methyltransferases and their cofactors. Finally, we show that replacement of the Mek1/2 inhibitor with a Src inhibitor preserves the epigenetic and genomic integrity as well as the developmental potential of ES cells. Taken together, our data suggest that, although short-term suppression of Mek1/2 in ES cells helps to maintain an ICM-like epigenetic state, prolonged suppression results in irreversible changes that compromise their developmental potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiho Choi
- Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Molecular Biology, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 1350 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Aaron J Huebner
- Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Molecular Biology, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 1350 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Kendell Clement
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 1350 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Ryan M Walsh
- Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Molecular Biology, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 1350 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Andrej Savol
- Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Molecular Biology, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Kaixuan Lin
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, 10 Amistad Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06519, USA
| | - Hongcang Gu
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Bruno Di Stefano
- Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Molecular Biology, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 1350 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Justin Brumbaugh
- Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Molecular Biology, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 1350 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Sang-Yong Kim
- New York University Langone Medical Center, New York 10016, USA
| | - Jafar Sharif
- Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN National Research and Development Agency, 1-7-22 Suehiuro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa-ken 230-0045, Japan
| | - Christopher M Rose
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Arman Mohammad
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Junko Odajima
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Jean Charron
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer de l'Université Laval, CRCHU de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, 9, rue McMahon, Quebec G1R 2J6, Canada
| | - Toshi Shioda
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Andreas Gnirke
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Steven Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Haruhiko Koseki
- Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN National Research and Development Agency, 1-7-22 Suehiuro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa-ken 230-0045, Japan
| | - Ruslan I Sadreyev
- Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Molecular Biology, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Andrew Xiao
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, 10 Amistad Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06519, USA
| | - Alexander Meissner
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 1350 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Konrad Hochedlinger
- Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Molecular Biology, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Center for Regenerative Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 1350 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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25
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Baranek M, Belter A, Naskręt-Barciszewska MZ, Stobiecki M, Markiewicz WT, Barciszewski J. Effect of small molecules on cell reprogramming. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2017; 13:277-313. [PMID: 27918060 DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00595k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The essential idea of regenerative medicine is to fix or replace tissues or organs with alive and patient-specific implants. Pluripotent stem cells are able to indefinitely self-renew and differentiate into all cell types of the body which makes them a potent substantial player in regenerative medicine. The easily accessible source of induced pluripotent stem cells may allow obtaining and cultivating tissues in vitro. Reprogramming refers to regression of mature cells to its initial pluripotent state. One of the approaches affecting pluripotency is the usage of low molecular mass compounds that can modulate enzymes and receptors leading to the formation of pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). It would be great to assess the general character of such compounds and reveal their new derivatives or modifications to increase the cell reprogramming efficiency. Many improvements in the methods of pluripotency induction have been made by various groups in order to limit the immunogenicity and tumorigenesis, increase the efficiency and accelerate the kinetics. Understanding the epigenetic changes during the cellular reprogramming process will extend the comprehension of stem cell biology and lead to potential therapeutic approaches. There are compounds which have been already proven to be or for now only putative inducers of the pluripotent state that may substitute for the classic reprogramming factors (Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc) in order to improve the time and efficiency of pluripotency induction. The effect of small molecules on gene expression is dosage-dependent and their application concentration needs to be strictly determined. In this review we analysed the role of small molecules in modulations leading to pluripotency induction, thereby contributing to our understanding of stem cell biology and uncovering the major mechanisms involved in that process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Baranek
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego str. 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland.
| | - A Belter
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego str. 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland.
| | - M Z Naskręt-Barciszewska
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego str. 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland.
| | - M Stobiecki
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego str. 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland.
| | - W T Markiewicz
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego str. 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland.
| | - J Barciszewski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego str. 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland.
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26
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Morgani S, Nichols J, Hadjantonakis AK. The many faces of Pluripotency: in vitro adaptations of a continuum of in vivo states. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2017; 17:7. [PMID: 28610558 PMCID: PMC5470286 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-017-0150-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotency defines the propensity of a cell to differentiate into, and generate, all somatic, as well as germ cells. The epiblast of the early mammalian embryo is the founder population of all germ layer derivatives and thus represents the bona fide in vivo pluripotent cell population. The so-called pluripotent state spans several days of development and is lost during gastrulation as epiblast cells make fate decisions towards a mesoderm, endoderm or ectoderm identity. It is now widely recognized that the features of the pluripotent population evolve as development proceeds from the pre- to post-implantation period, marked by distinct transcriptional and epigenetic signatures. During this period of time epiblast cells mature through a continuum of pluripotent states with unique properties. Aspects of this pluripotent continuum can be captured in vitro in the form of stable pluripotent stem cell types. In this review we discuss the continuum of pluripotency existing within the mammalian embryo, using the mouse as a model, and the cognate stem cell types that can be derived and propagated in vitro. Furthermore, we speculate on embryonic stage-specific characteristics that could be utilized to identify novel, developmentally relevant, pluripotent states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Morgani
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Jennifer Nichols
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Centre for Stem Cell Research, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Anna-Katerina Hadjantonakis
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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27
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Abstract
Organism-level systems biology in mammals aims to identify, analyze, control, and design molecular and cellular networks executing various biological functions in mammals. In particular, system-level identification and analysis of molecular and cellular networks can be accelerated by next-generation mammalian genetics. Mammalian genetics without crossing, where all production and phenotyping studies of genome-edited animals are completed within a single generation drastically reduce the time, space, and effort of conducting the systems research. Next-generation mammalian genetics is based on recent technological advancements in genome editing and developmental engineering. The process begins with introduction of double-strand breaks into genomic DNA by using site-specific endonucleases, which results in highly efficient genome editing in mammalian zygotes or embryonic stem cells. By using nuclease-mediated genome editing in zygotes, or ~100% embryonic stem cell-derived mouse technology, whole-body knock-out and knock-in mice can be produced within a single generation. These emerging technologies allow us to produce multiple knock-out or knock-in strains in high-throughput manner. In this review, we discuss the basic concepts and related technologies as well as current challenges and future opportunities for next-generation mammalian genetics in organism-level systems biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuo A Susaki
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan.,Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center, 1-3 Yamadaoka, , Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan.,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, , Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012 Japan
| | - Hideki Ukai
- Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center, 1-3 Yamadaoka, , Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Hiroki R Ueda
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 Japan.,Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center, 1-3 Yamadaoka, , Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
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28
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Abad M, Hashimoto H, Zhou H, Morales MG, Chen B, Bassel-Duby R, Olson EN. Notch Inhibition Enhances Cardiac Reprogramming by Increasing MEF2C Transcriptional Activity. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 8:548-560. [PMID: 28262548 PMCID: PMC5355682 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Conversion of fibroblasts into functional cardiomyocytes represents a potential means of restoring cardiac function after myocardial infarction, but so far this process remains inefficient and little is known about its molecular mechanisms. Here we show that DAPT, a classical Notch inhibitor, enhances the conversion of mouse fibroblasts into induced cardiac-like myocytes by the transcription factors GATA4, HAND2, MEF2C, and TBX5. DAPT cooperates with AKT kinase to further augment this process, resulting in up to 70% conversion efficiency. Moreover, DAPT promotes the acquisition of specific cardiomyocyte features, substantially increasing calcium flux, sarcomere structure, and the number of spontaneously beating cells. Transcriptome analysis shows that DAPT induces genetic programs related to muscle development, differentiation, and excitation-contraction coupling. Mechanistically, DAPT increases binding of the transcription factor MEF2C to the promoter regions of cardiac structural genes. These findings provide mechanistic insights into the reprogramming process and may have important implications for cardiac regeneration therapies. Notch activation is a barrier for GHMT-induced cardiac cell reprogramming Notch blockade by DAPT improves GHMT-induced cardiac reprogramming DAPT increases sarcomere organization, calcium flux, and beating in GHMT reprogramming DAPT enhances transcriptional activity of MEF2C in GHMT reprogramming
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Abad
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Cell Plasticity and Cancer Group, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), c/Natzaret, 115-117, Barcelona 08035, Spain.
| | - Hisayuki Hashimoto
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Huanyu Zhou
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Maria Gabriela Morales
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Beibei Chen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Rhonda Bassel-Duby
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Eric N Olson
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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29
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30
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Betschinger J. Charting Developmental Dissolution of Pluripotency. J Mol Biol 2016; 429:1441-1458. [PMID: 28013029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The formation of tissues and organs during metazoan development begs fundamental questions of cellular plasticity: How can the very same genome program have diverse cell types? How do cell identity programs unfold during development in space and time? How can defects in these mechanisms cause disease and also provide opportunities for therapeutic intervention? And ultimately, can developmental programs be exploited for bioengineering tissues and organs? Understanding principle designs of cellular identity and developmental progression is crucial for providing answers. Here, I will discuss how the capture of embryonic pluripotency in murine embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in vitro has allowed fundamental insights into the molecular underpinnings of a developmental cell state and how its ordered disassembly during differentiation prepares for lineage specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Betschinger
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
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31
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Syed KM, Joseph S, Mukherjee A, Majumder A, Teixeira JM, Dutta D, Pillai MR. Histone chaperone APLF regulates induction of pluripotency in murine fibroblasts. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:4576-4591. [PMID: 27875275 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.194035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of pluripotency in differentiated cells through the exogenous expression of the transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and cellular Myc involves reprogramming at the epigenetic level. Histones and their metabolism governed by histone chaperones constitute an important regulator of epigenetic control. We hypothesized that histone chaperones facilitate or inhibit the course of reprogramming. For the first time, we report here that the downregulation of histone chaperone Aprataxin PNK-like factor (APLF) promotes reprogramming by augmenting the expression of E-cadherin (Cdh1), which is implicated in the mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) involved in the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). Downregulation of APLF in MEFs expedites the loss of the repressive MacroH2A.1 (encoded by H2afy) histone variant from the Cdh1 promoter and enhances the incorporation of active histone H3me2K4 marks at the promoters of the pluripotency genes Nanog and Klf4, thereby accelerating the process of cellular reprogramming and increasing the efficiency of iPSC generation. We demonstrate a new histone chaperone (APLF)-MET-histone modification cohort that functions in the induction of pluripotency in fibroblasts. This regulatory axis might provide new mechanistic insights into perspectives of epigenetic regulation involved in cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaja Mohieddin Syed
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, India
| | - Sunu Joseph
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, India
| | - Ananda Mukherjee
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, MSU, 333 Bostwick Ave, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Aditi Majumder
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, India
| | - Jose M Teixeira
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, MSU, 333 Bostwick Ave, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Debasree Dutta
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, India
| | - Madhavan Radhakrishna Pillai
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, India
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Ware CB. Concise Review: Lessons from Naïve Human Pluripotent Cells. Stem Cells 2016; 35:35-41. [PMID: 27663171 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The naïve state of pluripotency is actively being explored by a number of labs. There is some controversy in the field as to the true identity of naïve human pluripotent cells as they are not exact mirrors of the mouse. The various reports published, although in basic agreement, present discrepancies in the characterization of the various lines, which likely reflect the etiology of these lines. The primary lesson learned from these contributions is that a human naïve state reflecting the preimplantation human is likely to exist. The essential factors that will universally maintain the naïve state in human cells in vitro are not yet fully understood. These first need to be identified in order to describe the definitive characteristics of this state. Comparisons of naïve and primed human pluripotent cells have also highlighted consistencies between states and broadened our understanding of embryonic metabolism, epigenetic change required for development, embryonic DNA repair strategies and embryonic expression dynamics. Stem Cells 2017;35:35-41.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol B Ware
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Inhibition of IKK/NF-κB Signaling Enhances Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 6:456-465. [PMID: 26972683 PMCID: PMC4834039 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cell-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs; also known as mesenchymal stem cells) represent a promising source for bone regenerative medicine. Despite remarkable advances in stem cell biology, the molecular mechanism regulating differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into MSCs remains poorly understood. Here, we report that inhibition of IκB kinase (IKK)/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling enhances differentiation of hESCs into MSCs by expediting the loss of pluripotent markers and increasing the expression of MSC surface markers. In addition, a significantly higher quantity of MSCs was produced from hESCs with IKK/NF-κB suppression. These isolated MSCs displayed evident multipotency with capacity to terminally differentiate into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and adipocytes in vitro and to form bone in vivo. Collectively, our data provide important insights into the role of NF-κB in mesenchymal lineage specification during hESC differentiation, suggesting that IKK inhibitors could be utilized as an adjuvant in generating MSCs for cell-mediated therapies. NF-κB signaling inhibits differentiation of hESCs Inhibition of NF-κB signaling enhances mesenchymal lineage specification of hESCs Small-molecule IKK inhibitors help to enrich functional MSCs from hESCs
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Guo G, von Meyenn F, Santos F, Chen Y, Reik W, Bertone P, Smith A, Nichols J. Naive Pluripotent Stem Cells Derived Directly from Isolated Cells of the Human Inner Cell Mass. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 6:437-446. [PMID: 26947977 PMCID: PMC4834040 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional generation of stem cells from human blastocysts produces a developmentally advanced, or primed, stage of pluripotency. In vitro resetting to a more naive phenotype has been reported. However, whether the reset culture conditions of selective kinase inhibition can enable capture of naive epiblast cells directly from the embryo has not been determined. Here, we show that in these specific conditions individual inner cell mass cells grow into colonies that may then be expanded over multiple passages while retaining a diploid karyotype and naive properties. The cells express hallmark naive pluripotency factors and additionally display features of mitochondrial respiration, global gene expression, and genome-wide hypomethylation distinct from primed cells. They transition through primed pluripotency into somatic lineage differentiation. Collectively these attributes suggest classification as human naive embryonic stem cells. Human counterparts of canonical mouse embryonic stem cells would argue for conservation in the phased progression of pluripotency in mammals. Karyotypically normal pluripotent stem cells derived from single human ICM cells Expanded lines retain anticipated molecular features of naive embryonic stem cells Consistency between ICM-derived and in vitro reset naive human pluripotent stem cells Presence of KLF17 protein in human ICM and naive stem cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Guo
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | | | - Fatima Santos
- Epigenetics Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Yaoyao Chen
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Wolf Reik
- Epigenetics Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Paul Bertone
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Austin Smith
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK.
| | - Jennifer Nichols
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 4BG, UK.
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35
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Dynamic stem cell states: naive to primed pluripotency in rodents and humans. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2016; 17:155-69. [PMID: 26860365 DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2015.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms and signalling pathways that regulate the in vitro preservation of distinct pluripotent stem cell configurations, and their induction in somatic cells by direct reprogramming, constitute a highly exciting area of research. In this Review, we integrate recent discoveries related to isolating unique naive and primed pluripotent stem cell states with altered functional and molecular characteristics, and from different species. We provide an overview of the pathways underlying pluripotent state transitions and interconversion in vitro and in vivo. We conclude by highlighting unresolved key questions, future directions and potential novel applications of such dynamic pluripotent cell states.
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Mah IK, Soloff R, Hedrick SM, Mariani FV. Atypical PKC-iota Controls Stem Cell Expansion via Regulation of the Notch Pathway. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 5:866-880. [PMID: 26527382 PMCID: PMC4649379 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of stem/progenitor cells available can profoundly impact tissue homeostasis and the response to injury or disease. Here, we propose that an atypical PKC, Prkci, is a key player in regulating the switch from an expansion to a differentiation/maintenance phase via regulation of Notch, thus linking the polarity pathway with the control of stem cell self-renewal. Prkci is known to influence symmetric cell division in invertebrates; however a definitive role in mammals has not yet emerged. Using a genetic approach, we find that loss of Prkci results in a marked increase in the number of various stem/progenitor cells. The mechanism used likely involves inactivation and symmetric localization of NUMB, leading to the activation of NOTCH1 and its downstream effectors. Inhibition of atypical PKCs may be useful for boosting the production of pluripotent stem cells, multipotent stem cells, or possibly even primordial germ cells by promoting the stem cell/progenitor fate. PRKCi, a polarity protein, regulates expansion of various stem/progenitor cells PRKCi acts in this capacity via a Notch-dependent pathway Thus, PRKCi acts as a link between polarity and stem cell self-renewal Inhibition of aPKCs may be generally useful for expanding progenitor populations
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Affiliation(s)
- In Kyoung Mah
- Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1425 San Pablo St., Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Rachel Soloff
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Stephen M Hedrick
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Francesca V Mariani
- Broad CIRM Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1425 San Pablo St., Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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Grigor’eva EV, Shevchenko AI, Medvedev SP, Mazurok NA, Zhelezova AI, Zakian SM. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells of Microtus levis x Microtus arvalis Vole Hybrids: Conditions Necessary for Their Generation and Self-Renewal. Acta Naturae 2015; 7:56-69. [PMID: 26798492 PMCID: PMC4717250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Every year, the list of mammalian species for which cultures of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are generated increases. PSCs are a unique tool for extending the limits of experimental studies and modeling different biological processes. In this work, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from the hybrids of common voles Microtus levis and Microtus arvalis, which are used as model objects to study genome organization on the molecular-genetic level and the mechanisms of X-chromosome inactivation, have been generated. Vole iPSCs were isolated and cultured in a medium containing cytokine LIF, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), ascorbic acid, and fetal bovine serum. Undifferentiated state of vole iPSCs is maintained by activation of their endogenous pluripotency genes - Nanog, Oct4, Sox2, Sall4, and Esrrb. The cells were able to maintain undifferentiated state for at least 28 passages without change in their morphology and give rise to three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm) upon differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. V. Grigor’eva
- Federal Research Center, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev Ave., 10, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev Ave., 8, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- State Research Institute of Circulation Pathology, Ministry of Healthcare of the, Rechkunovskaya Str., 15, 630055, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A. I. Shevchenko
- Federal Research Center, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev Ave., 10, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev Ave., 8, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- State Research Institute of Circulation Pathology, Ministry of Healthcare of the, Rechkunovskaya Str., 15, 630055, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - S. P. Medvedev
- Federal Research Center, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev Ave., 10, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev Ave., 8, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- State Research Institute of Circulation Pathology, Ministry of Healthcare of the, Rechkunovskaya Str., 15, 630055, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Str., 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - N. A. Mazurok
- Federal Research Center, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev Ave., 10, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev Ave., 8, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- State Research Institute of Circulation Pathology, Ministry of Healthcare of the, Rechkunovskaya Str., 15, 630055, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - A. I. Zhelezova
- Federal Research Center, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev Ave., 10, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - S. M. Zakian
- Federal Research Center, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev Ave., 10, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lavrentiev Ave., 8, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- State Research Institute of Circulation Pathology, Ministry of Healthcare of the, Rechkunovskaya Str., 15, 630055, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Str., 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Mahato B, Home P, Rajendran G, Paul A, Saha B, Ganguly A, Ray S, Roy N, Swerdlow RH, Paul S. Regulation of mitochondrial function and cellular energy metabolism by protein kinase C-λ/ι: a novel mode of balancing pluripotency. Stem Cells 2015; 32:2880-92. [PMID: 25142417 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) contain functionally immature mitochondria and rely upon high rates of glycolysis for their energy requirements. Thus, altered mitochondrial function and promotion of aerobic glycolysis are key to maintain and induce pluripotency. However, signaling mechanisms that regulate mitochondrial function and reprogram metabolic preferences in self-renewing versus differentiated PSC populations are poorly understood. Here, using murine embryonic stem cells (ESCs) as a model system, we demonstrate that atypical protein kinase C isoform, PKC lambda/iota (PKCλ/ι), is a key regulator of mitochondrial function in ESCs. Depletion of PKCλ/ι in ESCs maintains their pluripotent state as evident from germline offsprings. Interestingly, loss of PKCλ/ι in ESCs leads to impairment in mitochondrial maturation, organization, and a metabolic shift toward glycolysis under differentiating condition. Our mechanistic analyses indicate that a PKCλ/ι-hypoxia-inducible factor 1α-PGC1α axis regulates mitochondrial respiration and balances pluripotency in ESCs. We propose that PKCλ/ι could be a crucial regulator of mitochondrial function and energy metabolism in stem cells and other cellular contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biraj Mahato
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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Manor YS, Massarwa R, Hanna JH. Establishing the human naïve pluripotent state. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2015; 34:35-45. [PMID: 26291026 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pluripotency is first assembled within the inner-cell-mass of developing pre-implantation blastocysts, and is gradually reconfigured and dismantled during early post-implantation development, before overt differentiation into somatic lineages ensues. This transition from pre-implantation to post-implantation pluripotent states, respectively referred to as naïve and primed, is accompanied by dramatic changes in molecular and functional characteristics. Remarkably, pluripotent states can be artificially preserved in a self-renewing state in vitro by continuous supplementation of a variety of exogenous cytokines and small molecule inhibitors. Different exogenous factors endow the cells with distinct configurations of pluripotency that have direct influence on stem cell characteristics both in mice and humans. Here we overview pluripotent states captured from rodents and humans under different growth conditions, and provide a conceptual framework for classifying pluripotent cell states on the basis of a combination of multiple characteristics that a pluripotent cell can simultaneously retain. We further highlight the complexity and dynamic nature of these artificially isolated in vitro pluripotent states in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yair S Manor
- The Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Rada Massarwa
- The Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| | - Jacob H Hanna
- The Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
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40
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Mohamed W, Ray S, Brazill D, Baskar R. Absence of catalytic domain in a putative protein kinase C (PkcA) suppresses tip dominance in Dictyostelium discoideum. Dev Biol 2015; 405:10-20. [PMID: 26183108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A number of organisms possess several isoforms of protein kinase C but little is known about the significance of any specific isoform during embryogenesis and development. To address this we characterized a PKC ortholog (PkcA; DDB_G0288147) in Dictyostelium discoideum. pkcA expression switches from prestalk in mound to prespore in slug, indicating a dynamic expression pattern. Mutants lacking the catalytic domain of PkcA (pkcA(-)) did not exhibit tip dominance. A striking phenotype of pkcA- was the formation of an aggregate with a central hollow, and aggregates later fragmented to form small mounds, each becoming a fruiting body. Optical density wave patterns of cAMP in the late aggregates showed several cAMP wave generation centers. We attribute these defects in pkcA(-) to impaired cAMP signaling, altered cell motility and decreased expression of the cell adhesion molecules - CadA and CsaA. pkcA(-) slugs showed ectopic expression of ecmA in the prespore region. Further, the use of a PKC-specific inhibitor, GF109203X that inhibits the activity of catalytic domain phenocopied pkcA(-).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasima Mohamed
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Sibnath Ray
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Translational and Basic Research, Hunter College and The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Derrick Brazill
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Translational and Basic Research, Hunter College and The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ramamurthy Baskar
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India.
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41
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Müller M, Schröer J, Azoitei N, Eiseler T, Bergmann W, Köhntop R, Lin Q, Costa IG, Zenke M, Genze F, Weidgang C, Seufferlein T, Liebau S, Kleger A. A time frame permissive for Protein Kinase D2 activity to direct angiogenesis in mouse embryonic stem cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11742. [PMID: 26148697 PMCID: PMC4493579 DOI: 10.1038/srep11742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The protein kinase D isoenzymes PKD1/2/3 are prominent downstream targets of PKCs (Protein Kinase Cs) and phospholipase D in various biological systems. Recently, we identified PKD isoforms as novel mediators of tumour cell-endothelial cell communication, tumour cell motility and metastasis. Although PKD isoforms have been implicated in physiological/tumour angiogenesis, a role of PKDs during embryonic development, vasculogenesis and angiogenesis still remains elusive. We investigated the role of PKDs in germ layer segregation and subsequent vasculogenesis and angiogenesis using mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs). We show that mouse ESCs predominantly express PKD2 followed by PKD3 while PKD1 displays negligible levels. Furthermore, we demonstrate that PKD2 is specifically phosphorylated/activated at the time of germ layer segregation. Time-restricted PKD2-activation limits mesendoderm formation and subsequent cardiovasculogenesis during early differentiation while leading to branching angiogenesis during late differentiation. In line, PKD2 loss-of-function analyses showed induction of mesendodermal differentiation in expense of the neuroectodermal germ layer. Our in vivo findings demonstrate that embryoid bodies transplanted on chicken chorioallantoic membrane induced an angiogenic response indicating that timed overexpression of PKD2 from day 4 onwards leads to augmented angiogenesis in differentiating ESCs. Taken together, our results describe novel and time-dependent facets of PKD2 during early cell fate determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Müller
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jana Schröer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ninel Azoitei
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tim Eiseler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Wendy Bergmann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ralf Köhntop
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Qiong Lin
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ivan G Costa
- IZKF Computational Biology Research Group, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Zenke
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Clair Weidgang
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Liebau
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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42
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Abstract
Mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells perpetuate in vitro the broad developmental potential of naïve founder cells in the preimplantation embryo. ES cells self-renew relentlessly in culture but can reenter embryonic development seamlessly, differentiating on schedule to form all elements of the fetus. Here we review the properties of these remarkable cells. Arising from the stability, homogeneity, and equipotency of ES cells, we consider the concept of a pluripotent ground state. We evaluate the authenticity of ES cells in relation to cells in the embryo and examine their utility for dissecting mechanisms that confer pluripotency and that execute fate choice. We summarize current knowledge of the transcription factor circuitry that governs the ES cell state and discuss the opportunity to expose molecular logic further through iterative computational modeling and experimentation. Finally, we present a perspective on unresolved questions, including the challenge of deriving ground state pluripotent stem cells from non-rodent species.
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43
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Majumder A, Syed KM, Joseph S, Scambler PJ, Dutta D. Histone Chaperone HIRA in Regulation of Transcription Factor RUNX1. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:13053-63. [PMID: 25847244 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.615492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
RUNX1 (Runt-related transcription factor 1) is indispensable for the generation of hemogenic endothelium. However, the regulation of RUNX1 during this developmental process is poorly understood. We investigated the role of the histone chaperone HIRA (histone cell cycle regulation-defective homolog A) from this perspective and report that HIRA significantly contributes toward the regulation of RUNX1 in the transition of differentiating mouse embryonic stem cells from hemogenic to hematopoietic stage. Direct interaction of HIRA and RUNX1 activates the downstream targets of RUNX1 implicated in generation of hematopoietic stem cells. At the molecular level, HIRA-mediated incorporation of histone H3.3 variant within the Runx1 +24 mouse conserved noncoding element is essential for the expression of Runx1 during endothelial to hematopoietic transition. An inactive chromatin at the intronic enhancer of Runx1 in absence of HIRA significantly repressed the transition of cells from hemogenic to hematopoietic fate. We expect that the HIRA-RUNX1 axis might open up a novel approach in understanding leukemogenesis in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Majumder
- From the Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 014 Kerala, India and
| | - Khaja Mohieddin Syed
- From the Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 014 Kerala, India and
| | - Sunu Joseph
- From the Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 014 Kerala, India and
| | - Peter J Scambler
- the Institute of Child Health, University College of London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Debasree Dutta
- From the Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thycaud PO, Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram, 695 014 Kerala, India and
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Paul A, Paul S. PKCλ/ι signaling-a common node for normal cellular development and breast oncogenesis. Mol Cell Oncol 2015; 2:e975076. [PMID: 27308429 PMCID: PMC4905021 DOI: 10.4161/23723556.2014.975076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that PKCλ/ι signaling is an important contributor to breast cancer development. Strikingly, PKCλ/ι signaling is also important to balance self-renewal versus differentiation in pluripotent stem cells and is essential for embryonic development. This commentary highlights some key functions of PKCλ/ι signaling that are integral to both normal development and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Paul
- The University of Kansas Cancer Center; University of Kansas Medical Center; Kansas City, KS USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of Kansas Medical Center; Kansas City, KS USA
| | - Soumen Paul
- The University of Kansas Cancer Center; University of Kansas Medical Center; Kansas City, KS USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of Kansas Medical Center; Kansas City, KS USA
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45
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Shoni M, Lui KO, Vavvas DG, Muto MG, Berkowitz RS, Vlahos N, Ng SW. Protein kinases and associated pathways in pluripotent state and lineage differentiation. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 9:366-87. [PMID: 24998240 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x09666140616130217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Revised: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinases (PKs) mediate the reversible conversion of substrate proteins to phosphorylated forms, a key process in controlling intracellular signaling transduction cascades. Pluripotency is, among others, characterized by specifically expressed PKs forming a highly interconnected regulatory network that culminates in a finely-balanced molecular switch. Current high-throughput phosphoproteomic approaches have shed light on the specific regulatory PKs and their function in controlling pluripotent states. Pluripotent cell-derived endothelial and hematopoietic developments represent an example of the importance of pluripotency in cancer therapeutics and organ regeneration. This review attempts to provide the hitherto known kinome profile and the individual characterization of PK-related pathways that regulate pluripotency. Elucidating the underlying intrinsic and extrinsic signals may improve our understanding of the different pluripotent states, the maintenance or induction of pluripotency, and the ability to tailor lineage differentiation, with a particular focus on endothelial cell differentiation for anti-cancer treatment, cell-based tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shu-Wing Ng
- 221 Longwood Avenue, BLI- 449A, Boston MA 02115, USA.
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Sabherwal N, Thuret R, Lea R, Stanley P, Papalopulu N. aPKC phosphorylates p27Xic1, providing a mechanistic link between apicobasal polarity and cell-cycle control. Dev Cell 2015; 31:559-71. [PMID: 25490266 PMCID: PMC4262734 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
During the development of the nervous system, apicobasally polarized stem cells are characterized by a shorter cell cycle than nonpolar progenitors, leading to a lower differentiation potential of these cells. However, how polarization might be directly linked to the kinetics of the cell cycle is not understood. Here, we report that apicobasally polarized neuroepithelial cells in Xenopus laevis have a shorter cell cycle than nonpolar progenitors, consistent with mammalian systems. We show that the apically localized serine/threonine kinase aPKC directly phosphorylates an N-terminal site of the cell-cycle inhibitor p27Xic1 and reduces its ability to inhibit the cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (Cdk2), leading to shortening of G1 and S phases. Overexpression of activated aPKC blocks the neuronal differentiation-promoting activity of p27Xic1. These findings provide a direct mechanistic link between apicobasal polarity and the cell cycle, which may explain how proliferation is favored over differentiation in polarized neural stem cells. aPKC shortens G1 and S phases of cell cycle by phosphorylating p27Xic1 Phosphorylated p27Xic1 exhibits weaker binding to and inhibition of Cdk2 p27Xic1 promotes neuronal differentiation and elongates cell cycle via G1 phase Effects of p27Xic1 on neuronal differentiation are rescued by activated aPKC
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Sabherwal
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
| | - Raphael Thuret
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Robert Lea
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Peter Stanley
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Nancy Papalopulu
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
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Huang G, Ye S, Zhou X, Liu D, Ying QL. Molecular basis of embryonic stem cell self-renewal: from signaling pathways to pluripotency network. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:1741-57. [PMID: 25595304 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1833-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can be maintained in culture indefinitely while retaining the capacity to generate any type of cell in the body, and therefore not only hold great promise for tissue repair and regeneration, but also provide a powerful tool for modeling human disease and understanding biological development. In order to fulfill the full potential of ESCs, it is critical to understand how ESC fate, whether to self-renew or to differentiate into specialized cells, is regulated. On the molecular level, ESC fate is controlled by the intracellular transcriptional regulatory networks that respond to various extrinsic signaling stimuli. In this review, we discuss and compare important signaling pathways in the self-renewal and differentiation of mouse, rat, and human ESCs with an emphasis on how these pathways integrate into ESC-specific transcription circuitries. This will be beneficial for understanding the common and conserved mechanisms that govern self-renewal, and for developing novel culture conditions that support ESC derivation and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyi Huang
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, PR China
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48
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Takashima Y, Guo G, Loos R, Nichols J, Ficz G, Krueger F, Oxley D, Santos F, Clarke J, Mansfield W, Reik W, Bertone P, Smith A. Resetting transcription factor control circuitry toward ground-state pluripotency in human. Cell 2014; 158:1254-1269. [PMID: 25215486 PMCID: PMC4162745 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 661] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Current human pluripotent stem cells lack the transcription factor circuitry that governs the ground state of mouse embryonic stem cells (ESC). Here, we report that short-term expression of two components, NANOG and KLF2, is sufficient to ignite other elements of the network and reset the human pluripotent state. Inhibition of ERK and protein kinase C sustains a transgene-independent rewired state. Reset cells self-renew continuously without ERK signaling, are phenotypically stable, and are karyotypically intact. They differentiate in vitro and form teratomas in vivo. Metabolism is reprogrammed with activation of mitochondrial respiration as in ESC. DNA methylation is dramatically reduced and transcriptome state is globally realigned across multiple cell lines. Depletion of ground-state transcription factors, TFCP2L1 or KLF4, has marginal impact on conventional human pluripotent stem cells but collapses the reset state. These findings demonstrate feasibility of installing and propagating functional control circuitry for ground-state pluripotency in human cells. Transcription factor circuitry is rewired in human pluripotent stem cells Transcriptome and metabolism are similar to mouse ground-state embryonic stem cells Genome-wide hypomethylation in reset cells indicates global epigenetic erasure Reset human cells can incorporate into mouse preimplantation epiblast
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Takashima
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Ge Guo
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Remco Loos
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Jennifer Nichols
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - Gabriella Ficz
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | | | | | | | - James Clarke
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - William Mansfield
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Wolf Reik
- Babraham Institute, Babraham, CB22 3AT, UK; Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Paul Bertone
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SD, UK; Genome Biology and Developmental Biology Units, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstraβe 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Austin Smith
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QR, UK; Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, UK.
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49
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Chen G, Xu X, Zhang L, Fu Y, Wang M, Gu H, Xie X. Blocking autocrine VEGF signaling by sunitinib, an anti-cancer drug, promotes embryonic stem cell self-renewal and somatic cell reprogramming. Cell Res 2014; 24:1121-36. [PMID: 25145356 PMCID: PMC4152737 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2014.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining the self-renewal of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) could be achieved by activating the extrinsic signaling, i.e., the use of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), or blocking the intrinsic differentiation pathways, i.e., the use of GSK3 and MEK inhibitors (2i). Here we found that even in medium supplemented with LIF, mESCs still tend to differentiate toward meso-endoderm lineages after long-term culture and the culture spontaneously secretes vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs). Blocking VEGF signaling with sunitinib, an anti-cancer drug and a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor mainly targeting VEGF receptors (VEGFRs), is capable of maintaining the mESCs in the undifferentiated state without the need for feeder cells or LIF. Sunitinib facilitates the derivation of mESCs from blastocysts, and the mESCs maintained in sunitinib-containing medium remain pluripotent and are able to contribute to chimeric mice. Sunitinib also promotes iPSC generation from MEFs with only Oct4. Knocking down VEGFR2 or blocking it with neutralizing antibody mimicks the effect of sunitinib, indicating that blocking VEGF/VEGFR signaling is indeed beneficial to the self-renewal of mESCs. We also found that hypoxia-inducible factor alpha (HIF1α) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress are involved in the production of VEGF in mESCs. Blocking both pathways inhibits the expression of VEGF and prevents spontaneous differentiation of mESCs. Interestingly, LIF may also exert its effect by downregulating HIF1α and ER stress pathways and subsequent VEGF expression. These results indicate the existence of an intrinsic differentiation pathway in mESCs by activating the autocrine VEGF signaling. Blocking VEGF signaling with sunitinib or other small molecules help to maintain the mESCs in the ground state of pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, the National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Guo Shou Jing Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xinxiu Xu
- 1] CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, the National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Guo Shou Jing Road, Shanghai 201203, China [2] Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Laboratory of Receptor-based Bio-medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lihong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, the National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Guo Shou Jing Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yanbin Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Laboratory of Receptor-based Bio-medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Min Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, the National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Guo Shou Jing Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Haifeng Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, the National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Guo Shou Jing Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xin Xie
- 1] CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, the National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 189 Guo Shou Jing Road, Shanghai 201203, China [2] Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Laboratory of Receptor-based Bio-medicine, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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50
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Paul A, Gunewardena S, Stecklein SR, Saha B, Parelkar N, Danley M, Rajendran G, Home P, Ray S, Jokar I, Vielhauer GA, Jensen RA, Tawfik O, Paul S. PKCλ/ι signaling promotes triple-negative breast cancer growth and metastasis. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:1469-81. [PMID: 24786829 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a distinct breast cancer subtype defined by the absence of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/neu), and the patients with TNBC are often diagnosed with higher rates of recurrence and metastasis. Because of the absence of ER, PR and HER2/neu expressions, TNBC patients are insensitive to HER2-directed and endocrine therapies available for breast cancer treatment. Here, we report that expression of atypical protein kinase C isoform, PKCλ/ι, significantly increased and activated in all invasive breast cancer (invasive ductal carcinoma or IDC) subtypes including the TNBC subtype. Because of the lack of targeted therapies for TNBC, we choose to study PKCλ/ι signaling as a potential therapeutic target for TNBC. Our observations indicated that PKCλ/ι signaling is highly active during breast cancer invasive progression, and metastatic breast cancers, the advanced stages of breast cancer disease that developed more frequently in TNBC patients, are also characterized with high levels of PKCλ/ι expression and activation. Functional analysis in experimental mouse models revealed that depletion of PKCλ/ι significantly reduces TNBC growth as well as lung metastatic colonization. Furthermore, we have identified a PKCλ/ι-regulated gene signature consisting of 110 genes, which are significantly associated with indolent to invasive progression of human breast cancer and poor prognosis. Mechanistically, cytokines such as TGFβ and IL1β could activate PKCλ/ι signaling in TNBC cells and depletion of PKCλ/ι impairs NF-κB p65 (RelA) nuclear localization. We observed that cytokine-PKCλ/ι-RelA signaling axis, at least in part, involved in modulating gene expression to regulate invasion of TNBC cells. Overall, our results indicate that induction and activation of PKCλ/ι promote TNBC growth, invasion and metastasis. Thus, targeting PKCλ/ι signaling could be a therapeutic option for breast cancer, including the TNBC subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Paul
- 1] The University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA [2] Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - S Gunewardena
- Department of Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - S R Stecklein
- 1] The University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA [2] Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - B Saha
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - N Parelkar
- The University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - M Danley
- 1] The University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA [2] Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - G Rajendran
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - P Home
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - S Ray
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - I Jokar
- The University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - G A Vielhauer
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - R A Jensen
- 1] The University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA [2] Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - O Tawfik
- 1] The University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA [2] Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - S Paul
- 1] The University of Kansas Cancer Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA [2] Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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