1
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Mirseyed PS, Arjmand S, Rahmandoust M, Kheirabadi S, Anbarteh R. Green synthesis of yeast cell wall-derived carbon quantum dots with multiple biological activities. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29440. [PMID: 38699041 PMCID: PMC11064072 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypothesis Yeast cell walls are a sustainable biomass source containing carbon and other elements like phosphorus. Converting cell walls into valuable nanomaterials like carbon quantum dots (CQDs) is of interest. Experiments Cell walls from Saccharomyces cerevisiae were hydrothermally treated in 0.5 M H2SO4 to produce CQDs. Multiple analytical techniques were utilized to confirm phosphorus-doping (P-CQDs), characterize the fluorescence properties, determine quantum yield, and evaluate the sensing, antimicrobial, photocatalytic, and antioxidant capacities. Findings A successful synthesis of P-CQDs was achieved with strong blue fluorescence under UV excitation, 19 % quantum yield, and excellent stability. The P-CQDs showed sensitive fluorescence quenching in response to ferric ions with a 201 nM detection limit. Antibacterial effects against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were demonstrated. P-CQDs also exhibited dye degradation under sunlight and antioxidant activity. So, the prepared P-CQDs displayed promising multifunctional capabilities for metal ion detection, disinfection, and environmental remediation. Further research is required to fully realize and implement the multifunctional potential of P-CQDs in real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sareh Arjmand
- Protein Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Shahpour Kheirabadi
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Alborz, Iran
| | - Rojin Anbarteh
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Alrouji M, Alhumaydhi FA, Venkatesan K, Sharaf SE, Shahwan M, Shamsi A. Evaluation of binding mechanism of dietary phytochemical, capsaicin, with human transferrin: targeting neurodegenerative diseases therapeutics. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1348128. [PMID: 38495092 PMCID: PMC10943693 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1348128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Human transferrin (htf) plays a crucial role in regulating the balance of iron within brain cells; any disruption directly contributes to the development of Neurodegenerative Diseases (NDs) and other related pathologies, especially Alzheimer's Disease (AD). In recent times, a transition towards natural compounds is evident to treat diseases and this shift is mainly attributed to their broad therapeutic potential along with minimal side effects. Capsaicin, a natural compound abundantly found in red and chili peppers, possess neuroprotective potential. The current work targets to decipher the interaction mechanism of capsaicin with htf using experimental and computational approaches. Molecular docking analysis revealed that capsaicin occupies the iron binding pocket of htf, with good binding affinity. Further, the binding mechanism was investigated atomistically using Molecular dynamic (MD) simulation approach. The results revealed no significant alterations in the structure of htf implying the stability of the complex. In silico observations were validated by fluorescence binding assay. Capsaicin binds to htf with a binding constant (K) of 3.99 × 106 M-1, implying the stability of the htf-capsaicin complex. This study lays a platform for potential applications of capsaicin in treatment of NDs in terms of iron homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alrouji
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad A. Alhumaydhi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kumar Venkatesan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sharaf E. Sharaf
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moyad Shahwan
- Centre of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Anas Shamsi
- Centre of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
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3
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Pan S, Hale AT, Lemieux ME, Raval DK, Garton TP, Sadler B, Mahaney KB, Strahle JM. Iron homeostasis and post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus: a review. Front Neurol 2024; 14:1287559. [PMID: 38283681 PMCID: PMC10811254 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1287559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Iron physiology is regulated by a complex interplay of extracellular transport systems, coordinated transcriptional responses, and iron efflux mechanisms. Dysregulation of iron metabolism can result in defects in myelination, neurotransmitter synthesis, and neuronal maturation. In neonates, germinal matrix-intraventricular hemorrhage (GMH-IVH) causes iron overload as a result of blood breakdown in the ventricles and brain parenchyma which can lead to post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH). However, the precise mechanisms by which GMH-IVH results in PHH remain elusive. Understanding the molecular determinants of iron homeostasis in the developing brain may lead to improved therapies. This manuscript reviews the various roles iron has in brain development, characterizes our understanding of iron transport in the developing brain, and describes potential mechanisms by which iron overload may cause PHH and brain injury. We also review novel preclinical treatments for IVH that specifically target iron. Understanding iron handling within the brain and central nervous system may provide a basis for preventative, targeted treatments for iron-mediated pathogenesis of GMH-IVH and PHH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelei Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Andrew T. Hale
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Mackenzie E. Lemieux
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Dhvanii K. Raval
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Thomas P. Garton
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Brooke Sadler
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Kelly B. Mahaney
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer M. Strahle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
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4
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Khan MS, Furkan M, Shahwan M, Yadav DK, Anwar S, Khan RH, Shamsi A. Investigating molecular interactions between human transferrin and resveratrol through a unified experimental and computational approach: Role of natural compounds in Alzheimer's disease therapeutics. Amino Acids 2023; 55:1923-1935. [PMID: 37926707 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-023-03355-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Disruptions to iron metabolism and iron homeostasis have emerged as significant contributors to the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Human transferrin plays a key part in maintaining iron equilibrium throughout the body, highlighting its importance in AD. Many plant-derived compounds and dietary constituents show promise for preventing AD. Polyphenols that are abundant in fruits, vegetables, teas, coffee, and herbs possess neuroprotective attributes. Resveratrol is a natural polyphenol present in various plant sources like grapes, berries, peanuts, and red wine that has garnered research interest due to its wide range of biological activities. Notably, resveratrol exhibits neuroprotective effects that may help prevent or treat AD through multiple mechanisms. In the present study, we employed a combination of molecular docking and all-atom molecular dynamic simulations (MD) along with experimental approaches to unravel the intricate interactions between transferrin and resveratrol deciphering the binding mechanism. Through molecular docking analysis, it was determined that resveratrol occupies the iron binding pocket of transferrin. Furthermore, MD simulations provided a more profound insight into the stability and conformational dynamics of the complex suggesting that the binding of resveratrol introduced localized flexibility, while maintaining overall stability. The spectroscopic observations yielded clear evidence of substantial binding between resveratrol and transferrin, confirming the computational findings. The identified binding mechanism and conformational stability hold potential for advancing the development of innovative therapeutic approaches targeting AD through resveratrol, particularly concerning iron homeostasis. These insights serve as a platform for considering the natural compounds in the realm of AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Shahnawaz Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Furkan
- Department of Biochemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Moyad Shahwan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
- Center for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Yadav
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Saleha Anwar
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Rizwan Hasan Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Anas Shamsi
- Center for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.
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5
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Miranda JLA, Mesquita RBR, Leite A, Silva AMN, Rangel M, Rangel AOSS. Non-transferrin-bound iron determination in blood serum using microsequential injection solid phase spectrometry- proof of concept. Talanta 2023; 257:124345. [PMID: 36791595 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Non-transferrin-bound iron (NTBI) is a group of circulating toxic iron forms, which occur in iron overload or health conditions with dysregulation of iron metabolism. NTBI is responsible for increased oxidative stress and tissue iron loading. Despite its relevance as a biochemical marker in several diseases, a standardized assay is still lacking. Several methods were developed to quantify NTBI, but results show high inter-method and even inter-laboratory variability. Thus, the development of a consistent NTBI assay is a major goal in the management of iron overload and related clinical conditions. In this work, a micro sequential injection lab-on-valve (μSI-LOV) method in a solid phase spectrophotometry (SPS) mode was developed for the quantification of NTBI, using a bidentate 3,4-hydroxypyridinone (3,4-HPO) ligand anchored to sepharose beads as a chromogenic reagent. To attain SPS, the functionalized beads were packed into a column in the flow cell, and the analyte, NTBI retained as iron (III), formed a colored complex at the beads while eliminating the sample matrix. The dynamic concentration range was 1.62-7.16 μmol L-1 of iron (III), with a limit of detection of 0.49 μmol L-1 and a limit of quantification of 1.62 μmol L-1. The proposed μSI-LOV-SPS method is a contribution to the development of an automatic method for the quantification of the NTBI in serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana L A Miranda
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho, 1327, 4169-005, Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel B R Mesquita
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho, 1327, 4169-005, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Andreia Leite
- REQUIMTE - LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - André M N Silva
- REQUIMTE - LAQV, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal; REQUIMTE - LAQV, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Rangel
- REQUIMTE - LAQV, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - António O S S Rangel
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho, 1327, 4169-005, Porto, Portugal.
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6
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Garbowski MW, Cabantchik I, Hershko C, Hider R, Porter JB. The clinical relevance of detectable plasma iron species in iron overload states and subsequent to intravenous iron-carbohydrate administration. Am J Hematol 2023; 98:533-540. [PMID: 36565452 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.26819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Many disorders of iron homeostasis (e.g., iron overload) are associated with the dynamic kinetic profiles of multiple non-transferrin bound iron (NTBI) species, chronic exposure to which is associated with deleterious end-organ effects. Here we discuss the chemical nature of NTBI species, challenges with measuring NTBI in plasma, and the clinical relevance of NTBI exposure based on source (iron overload disorder vs. intravenous iron-carbohydrate complex administration). NTBI is not a single entity but consists of multiple, often poorly characterized species, some of which are kinetically non-exchangeable while others are relatively exchangeable. Prolonged presence of plasma NTBI is associated with excessive tissue iron accumulation in susceptible tissues, with consequences, such as endocrinopathy and heart failure. In contrast, intravenous iron-carbohydrate nanomedicines administration leads only to transient NTBI appearance and lacks evidence for association with adverse clinical outcomes. Assays to measure plasma NTBI are typically technically complex and remain chiefly a research tool. There have been two general approaches to estimating NTBI: capture assays and redox-activity assays. Early assays could not avoid capturing some iron from transferrin, thus overestimating NTBI. By contrast, some later assays may have promoted the donation of NTBI species to transferrin during the assay procedure, potentially underestimating NTBI levels. The levels of transferrin saturation at which NTBI species have been detectable have varied between different methodologies and between patient populations studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej W Garbowski
- Cancer Institute Haematology Department, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,London Metallomics Consortium, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ioav Cabantchik
- Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Chaim Hershko
- Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Robert Hider
- London Metallomics Consortium, London, United Kingdom.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John B Porter
- Cancer Institute Haematology Department, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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7
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Wu Q, Sacomboio E, Valente de Souza L, Martins R, Kitoko J, Cardoso S, Ademolue TW, Paixão T, Lehtimäki J, Figueiredo A, Norden C, Tharaux PL, Weiss G, Wang F, Ramos S, Soares MP. Renal control of life-threatening malarial anemia. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112057. [PMID: 36735532 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron recycling prevents the development of anemia under homeostatic conditions. Whether iron recycling was co-opted as a defense strategy to prevent the development of anemia in response to infection is unclear. We find that in severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria, the onset of life-threatening anemia is associated with acute kidney injury (AKI), irrespective of parasite load. Using a well-established experimental rodent model of malaria anemia, we identify a transcriptional response that endows renal proximal tubule epithelial cells (RPTECs) with the capacity to store and recycle iron during P. chabaudi chabaudi (Pcc) infection. This response encompasses the induction of ferroportin 1/SLC40A1, which exports iron from RPTECs and counteracts AKI while supporting compensatory erythropoiesis and preventing the onset of life-threatening malarial anemia. Iron recycling by myeloid cells is dispensable to this protective response, suggesting that RPTECs provide an iron-recycling salvage pathway that prevents the pathogenesis of life-threatening malarial anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | - Lara Valente de Souza
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Rui Martins
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Jamil Kitoko
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | | | - Tiago Paixão
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | | | - Caren Norden
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Pierre-Louis Tharaux
- Paris Cardiovascular Center (PARCC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Guenter Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Infectious Diseases, Immunology, Rheumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Iron Metabolism and Anemia Research, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Fudi Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Susana Ramos
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.
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8
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Angoro B, Motshakeri M, Hemmaway C, Svirskis D, Sharma M. Non-transferrin bound iron. Clin Chim Acta 2022; 531:157-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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9
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The (Bio)Chemistry of Non-Transferrin-Bound Iron. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27061784. [PMID: 35335148 PMCID: PMC8951307 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In healthy individuals, virtually all blood plasma iron is bound by transferrin. However, in several diseases and clinical conditions, hazardous non-transferrin-bound iron (NTBI) species occur. NTBI represents a potentially toxic iron form, being a direct cause of oxidative stress in the circulating compartment and tissue iron loading. The accumulation of these species can cause cellular damage in several organs, namely, the liver, spleen, and heart. Despite its pathophysiological relevance, the chemical nature of NTBI remains elusive. This has precluded its use as a clinical biochemical marker and the development of targeted therapies. Herein, we make a critical assessment of the current knowledge of NTBI speciation. The currently accepted hypotheses suggest that NTBI is mostly iron bound to citric acid and iron bound to serum albumin, but the chemistry of this system remains fuzzy. We explore the complex chemistry of iron complexation by citric acid and its implications towards NTBI reactivity. Further, the ability of albumin to bind iron is revised and the role of protein post-translational modifications on iron binding is discussed. The characterization of the NTBI species structure may be the starting point for the development of a standardized analytical assay, the better understanding of these species’ reactivity or the identification of NTBI uptake mechanisms by different cell types, and finally, to the development of new therapies.
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10
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Cabantchik IZ, Hershko C. Plasma nontransferrin bound iron-nontransferrin bound iron revisited: Implications for systemic iron overload and in iv iron supplementation. Am J Hematol 2022; 97:7-9. [PMID: 34637551 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.26374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ioav Z Cabantchik
- Institute of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Chaim Hershko
- Institute of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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11
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Vinchi F. Non-Transferrin-Bound Iron in the Spotlight: Novel Mechanistic Insights into the Vasculotoxic and Atherosclerotic Effect of Iron. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:387-414. [PMID: 33554718 PMCID: PMC8328045 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Significance: While atherosclerosis is an almost inevitable consequence of aging, food preferences, lack of exercise, and other aspects of the lifestyle in many countries, the identification of new risk factors is of increasing importance to tackle a disease, which has become a major health burden for billions of people. Iron has long been suspected to promote the development of atherosclerosis, but data have been conflicting, and the contribution of iron is still debated controversially. Recent Advances: Several experimental and clinical studies have been recently published about this longstanding controversial problem, highlighting the critical need to unravel the complexity behind this topic. Critical Issues: The aim of the current review is to provide an overview of the current knowledge about the proatherosclerotic impact of iron, and discuss the emerging role of non-transferrin-bound iron (NTBI) as driver of vasculotoxicity and atherosclerosis. Finally, I will provide detailed mechanistic insights on the cellular processes and molecular pathways underlying iron-exacerbated atherosclerosis. Overall, this review highlights a complex framework where NTBI acts at multiple levels in atherosclerosis by altering the serum and vascular microenvironment in a proatherogenic and proinflammatory manner, affecting the functionality and survival of vascular cells, promoting foam cell formation and inducing angiogenesis, calcification, and plaque destabilization. Future Directions: The use of additional iron markers (e.g., NTBI) may help adequately predict predisposition to cardiovascular disease. Clinical studies are needed in the aging population to address the atherogenic role of iron fluctuations within physiological limits and the therapeutic value of iron restriction approaches. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 387-414.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Vinchi
- Iron Research Program, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute (LFKRI), New York Blood Center (NYBC), New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
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12
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Jouini N, Saied Z, Ben Sassi S, Nebli F, Messaoud T, Hentati F, Belal S. Impacts of Iron Metabolism Dysregulation on Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 80:1439-1450. [PMID: 33682709 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron plays an important role in maintaining cell survival, with normal iron trafficking known to be regulated by the ceruloplasmin-transferrin (Cp-Tf) antioxidant system. Disruption to this system is thought to be detrimental to normal brain function. OBJECTIVE To determine whether an imbalance of iron and the proteins involved in its metabolism (ceruloplasmin and transferrin) are linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD) and to the expression of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide 1-42 (Aβ1-42), which is a major species of Aβ, and the most toxic. METHODS We evaluated the concentrations of iron, calcium, magnesium, and Aβ1-42 in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with AD and cognitively normal controls. Correlations between the components of the Cp-Tf antioxidant system in plasma were studied to determine the role of peripheral blood in the onset and/or development of AD. We used commercial ELISA immunoassays to measure Aβ1-42, immunoturbidimetry to quantify ceruloplasmin and transferrin, and colorimetry to quantify iron, calcium, and magnesium. RESULTS We found that the AD group had lower CSF concentrations of Aβ1-42 (p < 0.001) and calcium (p < 0.001), but a higher CSF concentration of iron (p < 0.001). Significantly lower plasma concentrations of ceruloplasmin (p = 0.003), transferrin (mean, p < 0.001), and iron (p < 0.001) were observed in the AD group than in cognitively normal adults. Moreover, we found a strong interdependence between most of these components. CONCLUSION Iron dyshomeostasis has a crucial role in the onset of AD and/or its development. Correcting metal misdistribution is an appealing therapeutic strategy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najla Jouini
- Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Neurosciences Department, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Biology Laboratory, Children's Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia.,Neurology Department, National Institute of Neurology, Tunis, Tunisia.,Current address: Institute of Technology, Tralee, Co. Kerry, Ireland
| | - Zakaria Saied
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Neurosciences Department, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Neurology Department, National Institute of Neurology, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Samia Ben Sassi
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Neurosciences Department, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Neurology Department, National Institute of Neurology, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Fatma Nebli
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Neurosciences Department, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Neurology Department, National Institute of Neurology, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | - Faycel Hentati
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Neurosciences Department, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Neurology Department, National Institute of Neurology, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Samir Belal
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Neurosciences Department, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Neurology Department, National Institute of Neurology, Tunis, Tunisia
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13
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Brandis JEP, Kihn KC, Taraban MB, Schnorr J, Confer AM, Batelu S, Sun D, Rodriguez JD, Jiang W, Goldberg DP, Langguth P, Stemmler TL, Yu YB, Kane MA, Polli JE, Michel SLJ. Evaluation of the Physicochemical Properties of the Iron Nanoparticle Drug Products: Brand and Generic Sodium Ferric Gluconate. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:1544-1557. [PMID: 33621099 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Complex iron nanoparticle-based drugs are one of the oldest and most frequently administered classes of nanomedicines. In the US, there are seven FDA-approved iron nanoparticle reference drug products, of which one also has an approved generic drug product (i.e., sodium ferric gluconate (SFG)). These products are indicated for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia and are administered intravenously. On the molecular level, iron nanomedicines are colloids composed of an iron oxide core with a carbohydrate coating. This formulation makes nanomedicines more complex than conventional small molecule drugs. As such, these products are often referred to as nonbiological complex drugs (e.g., by the nonbiological complex drugs (NBCD) working group) or complex drug products (e.g., by the FDA). Herein, we report a comprehensive study of the physiochemical properties of the iron nanoparticle product SFG. SFG is the single drug for which both an innovator (Ferrlecit) and generic product are available in the US, allowing for comparative studies to be performed. Measurements focused on the iron core of SFG included optical spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, and X-ray absorbance spectroscopy (XAS). The analysis revealed similar ferric-iron-oxide structures. Measurements focused on the carbohydrate shell comprised of the gluconate ligands included forced acid degradation, dynamic light scattering (DLS), analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Such analysis revealed differences in composition for the innovator versus the generic SFG. These studies have the potential to contribute to future quality assessment of iron complex products and will inform on a pharmacokinetic study of two therapeutically equivalent iron gluconate products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel E P Brandis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Kyle C Kihn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Marc B Taraban
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Julia Schnorr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Alex M Confer
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Sharon Batelu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Dajun Sun
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Jason D Rodriguez
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, St. Louis, MO 20903, United States
| | - Wenlei Jiang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - David P Goldberg
- Department of Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Peter Langguth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Timothy L Stemmler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Yihua Bruce Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Maureen A Kane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - James E Polli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Sarah L J Michel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
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14
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Yu Y, Jiang L, Wang H, Shen Z, Cheng Q, Zhang P, Wang J, Wu Q, Fang X, Duan L, Wang S, Wang K, An P, Shao T, Chung RT, Zheng S, Min J, Wang F. Hepatic transferrin plays a role in systemic iron homeostasis and liver ferroptosis. Blood 2020; 136:726-739. [PMID: 32374849 PMCID: PMC7414596 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019002907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the serum-abundant metal-binding protein transferrin (encoded by the Trf gene) is synthesized primarily in the liver, its function in the liver is largely unknown. Here, we generated hepatocyte-specific Trf knockout mice (Trf-LKO), which are viable and fertile but have impaired erythropoiesis and altered iron metabolism. Moreover, feeding Trf-LKO mice a high-iron diet increased their susceptibility to developing ferroptosis-induced liver fibrosis. Importantly, we found that treating Trf-LKO mice with the ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1 potently rescued liver fibrosis induced by either high dietary iron or carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) injections. In addition, deleting hepatic Slc39a14 expression in Trf-LKO mice significantly reduced hepatic iron accumulation, thereby reducing ferroptosis-mediated liver fibrosis induced by either a high-iron diet or CCl4 injections. Finally, we found that patients with liver cirrhosis have significantly lower levels of serum transferrin and hepatic transferrin, as well as higher levels of hepatic iron and lipid peroxidation, compared with healthy control subjects. Taken together, these data indicate that hepatic transferrin plays a protective role in maintaining liver function, providing a possible therapeutic target for preventing ferroptosis-induced liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Yu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Precision Nutrition Innovation Center, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; and
| | - Li Jiang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Precision Nutrition Innovation Center, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; and
| | - Zhe Shen
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Cheng
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pan Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaming Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qian Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuexian Fang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingyan Duan
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shufen Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kai Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peng An
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tuo Shao
- Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Raymond T Chung
- Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Shusen Zheng
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junxia Min
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fudi Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Precision Nutrition Innovation Center, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China; and
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15
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Bnaya A, Shavit L, Malyszko JS, Malyszko J, Slotki I. Labile plasma iron levels in chronic hemodialysis patients treated by intravenous iron supplementation. Ther Apher Dial 2019; 24:416-422. [PMID: 31762187 DOI: 10.1111/1744-9987.13458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The increased usage of intravenous iron in hemodialysis patients during recent years has led to increasing concern over the potential development of iron overload. Current methods for detecting iron overload, transferrin saturation, and serum ferritin are neither sensitive nor specific. Labile plasma iron (LPI) represents a component of nontransferrin-bound iron and may be a more accurate indicator of impending iron overload. We studied whether LPI measured can serve as an early indicator of impending iron overload and mortality in hemodialysis patients. Chronic hemodialysis patients from two medical centers in Israel and Poland who received intravenous iron were included. Baseline clinical and laboratory parameters were recorded. LPI was measured before and 48 hours after a single IV administration. Correlation of positive LPI with laboratory parameters and 2-year mortality was evaluated. One hundred and one hemodialysis patients were included in the study. LPI became positive post-administration in 18 (17.8%) patients. Ferritin levels >526 ng/mL and monthly iron doses >250 mg were associated with positive LPI after intravenous iron. At a 2-year follow-up, higher mortality was observed in the positive LPI group (61.1% compared to 25.3%, P ≤ .05), although this effect was not statistically significant after multivariate adjustment. A substantial number of hemodialysis patients have positive LPI after intravenous iron administration. LPI positively correlates with laboratory parameters that are currently in routine clinical use for detecting iron overload and with higher intravenous iron dose. Further studies should be conducted to establish the clinical implications of LPI monitoring in hemodialysis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Bnaya
- Institute of Nephrology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Linda Shavit
- Institute of Nephrology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jacek S Malyszko
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantology, Medical University, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Jolanta Malyszko
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Internal Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Itzchak Slotki
- Institute of Nephrology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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16
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Dziuba N, Hardy J, Lindahl PA. Low-molecular-mass iron complexes in blood plasma of iron-deficient pigs do not originate directly from nutrient iron. Metallomics 2019; 11:1900-1911. [PMID: 31603444 PMCID: PMC6854301 DOI: 10.1039/c9mt00152b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient iron entering the blood binds transferrin (TFN)d, which delivers iron to cells in the body. In healthy individuals, ∼30% of TFN is iron-bound while the remainder is unbound (apo-TFN). TFN saturates the plasma of individuals with iron-overload diseases such as hereditary hemochromatosis, prompting release of a poorly-defined low-molecular-mass (LMM) iron species called non-transferrin-bound iron (NTBI). An experiment was devised to directly detect NTBI in plasma of iron-deficient pigs and to assess the role of the liver which is known to bind NTBI. Catheters were surgically installed in the portal vein (PV) and either the caudal vena cava or the cranial vena cava. After the animals recovered, 57Fe II ascorbate was injected into the stomach via a feeding tube. Blood was removed through the catheters before and after injection; plasma became 57Fe-enriched after injection. 57Fe-enriched plasma was passed through a 10 kDa cutoff membrane and the flow-through solution (FTS) was subjected to size-exclusion liquid chromatography (LC). The eluent flowed into an ICP-MS where 56Fe and 57Fe were detected. Low-intensity iron peaks with masses of 400-1600 Da were observed, but none became enriched in 57Fe after injection. Rather, the injected 57Fe bound to apo-TFN. Viewed naively, this implies that nutrient-derived 57Fe in healthy mammals passes from the intestines to apo-TFN without first entering the blood as a LMM intermediate. In this case, nutrient iron exported from intestinal enterocytes of healthy individuals may quickly bind apo-TFN such that LMM iron species do not accumulate in blood plasma. Some 57Fe from the FTS may have adsorbed onto the column. In any event, the LMM iron species in plasma that eluted from the column must have originated from iron stored within the body, perhaps in macrophages - not directly from nutrient iron absorption. The liver absorbed and released LMM iron species, but the effect was modest, consistent with its role as a dynamic iron buffer. Passage through the liver also altered the distribution of different forms of TFN present in the PV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Dziuba
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Joanne Hardy
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, College Station, TX 77843-4475, USA
| | - Paul A Lindahl
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA and Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3255, USA.
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17
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Saito T, Ikuta K, Hatayama M, Shibusa K, Matsui K, Tanaka R, Toki Y, Kato D, Iizuka N, Okumura T. Novel automated measuring system for evaluating labile plasma iron in serum. Ann Clin Biochem 2019; 56:654-661. [PMID: 31237766 DOI: 10.1177/0004563219861413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundAs the saturation of transferrin by iron in the serum is approximately 30%, iron loaded to the blood can bind to transferrin not bearing iron. Nevertheless, prolonged iron influx finally results in full transferrin saturation, and iron not bound to transferrin will appear in the serum; this iron is known as non-transferrin-bound iron (NTBI). NTBI damages organs through the production of free radicals. Previously, we established an automated quantification system for NTBI; however, measuring labile plasma iron, which is considered as a highly redox-active component of NTBI, should be a better prognostic factor in iron-overloaded patients.MethodsWe designed and developed a novel system for evaluating labile plasma iron utilizing the Trinder reaction. Automated system was utilized because the previously reported methods for labile plasma iron are intricate and the introduction to the clinical stage has been challenging. Validations such as the contribution of serum proteins and metal ions for this system were evaluated using human serum samples.ResultsWe confirmed that our novel system can evaluate labile plasma iron utilizing Trinder reaction and the oxidative potential of ceruloplasmin in the serum. This system was also confirmed to be clinically practical. Metals other than iron did not influence this system. We observed that samples with high NTBI did not always exhibit high labile plasma iron and vice versa, highlighting the necessity of labile plasma iron quantification in evaluating the toxicity of NTBI.ConclusionsOur novel system should contribute to fundamental and clinical research because it can measure labile plasma iron using the high-throughput automated analyser.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Saito
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Katsuya Ikuta
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Mayumi Hatayama
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kotoe Shibusa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kozo Matsui
- Research and Development Department, Shino-Test Corporation, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Riki Tanaka
- Research and Development Department, Shino-Test Corporation, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yasumichi Toki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kato
- Research and Development Department, Shino-Test Corporation, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naomi Iizuka
- Research and Development Department, Shino-Test Corporation, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toshikatsu Okumura
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
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18
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Dziuba N, Hardy J, Lindahl PA. Low-molecular-mass iron in healthy blood plasma is not predominately ferric citrate. Metallomics 2019; 10:802-817. [PMID: 29808889 DOI: 10.1039/c8mt00055g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Blood contains a poorly characterized pool of labile iron called non-transferrin-bound iron (NTBI). In patients with iron-overload diseases such as hemochromatosis, NTBI accumulates in the liver, heart, and other organs. This material is probably nonproteinaceous and low molecular mass (LMM). However, the number, concentration, mass, and chemical composition of NTBI species remain unknown despite decades of effort. Here, solutions of plasma from humans, pigs, horses, and mice were passed through a 10 kDa cutoff membrane, affording flow-through solutions (FTSs) containing ∼1 μM iron. The FTSs were subjected to size-exclusion liquid chromatography at pH 8.5, 6.5, and 4.5. Iron was detected by an online inductively-coupled-plasma mass spectrometer. LC-ICP-MS chromatograms of the FTSs exhibited 2-6 iron-containing species with apparent masses between 400 and 2500 Da. Their approximate concentrations in plasma were 10-8-10-7 M. Not every FTS sample contained every LMM iron species, indicating individual variations. The most reproducible iron species had apparent masses of 400 and 500 Da. Chromatograms of the FTSs from established hemochromatosis patients exhibited no significant differences relative to controls. The peak positions and intensities depended on column pH. Some FTS iron adsorbed onto the column, especially at higher pH. Column-adsorbing-iron coordinated apo-transferrin whereas the more tightly coordinated iron species did not. Ferric citrate standards exhibited LMM iron peaks that were similar to but not the same as those obtained in FTSs. The results indicate that the LMM iron species in healthy blood plasma is not primarily ferric citrate; however, this may be one of many contributing complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Dziuba
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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19
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Neu HM, Alexishin SA, Brandis JEP, Williams AMC, Li W, Sun D, Zheng N, Jiang W, Zimrin A, Fink JC, Polli JE, Kane MA, Michel SLJ. Snapshots of Iron Speciation: Tracking the Fate of Iron Nanoparticle Drugs via a Liquid Chromatography-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometric Approach. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:1272-1281. [PMID: 30676753 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanomedicines are nanoparticle-based therapeutic or diagnostic agents designed for targeted delivery or enhanced stability. Nanotechnology has been successfully employed to develop various drug formulations with improved pharmacokinetic characteristics, and current research efforts are focused on the development of new innovator and generic nanomedicines. Nanomedicines, which are often denoted as complex or nonbiological complex drugs, have inherently different physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties than conventional small molecule drugs. The tools necessary to fully evaluate nanomedicines in clinical settings are limited, which can hamper their development. One of the most successful families of nanomedicines are iron-carbohydrate nanoparticles, which are administered intravenously (IV) to treat iron-deficiency anemia. In the U.S., the FDA has approved six distinct iron-carbohydrate nanoparticles but only one generic version (sodium ferric gluconate for Ferrlecit). There is significant interest in approving additional generic iron-carbohydrate drugs; however, the lack of a direct method to monitor the fate of the iron nanoparticles in clinical samples has impeded this approval. Herein we report a novel liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LC-ICP-MS) method that allows for the direct quantification of the iron-carbohydrate drugs in clinical samples, while simultaneously measuring the speciation of the iron released from the nanoparticles in biological samples. To our knowledge, this is the first time that iron nanoparticles have been observed in clinical samples, opening the door for direct pharmacokinetic studies of this family of drugs. This method has potential applications not only for iron-nanoparticle drugs but also for any nanomedicine with an inorganic component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Neu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Maryland School of Pharmacy , Baltimore , Maryland 21201 , United States
| | - Sergei A Alexishin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Maryland School of Pharmacy , Baltimore , Maryland 21201 , United States
| | - Joel E P Brandis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Maryland School of Pharmacy , Baltimore , Maryland 21201 , United States
| | - Anne M C Williams
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Maryland School of Pharmacy , Baltimore , Maryland 21201 , United States
| | - Wenjing Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Maryland School of Pharmacy , Baltimore , Maryland 21201 , United States
| | - Dajun Sun
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research , U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring , Maryland 20993 , United States
| | - Nan Zheng
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research , U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring , Maryland 20993 , United States
| | - Wenlei Jiang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research , U.S. Food and Drug Administration , Silver Spring , Maryland 20993 , United States
| | - Ann Zimrin
- Oncology Program , University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore , Maryland 21201 , United States
| | - Jeffrey C Fink
- Department of Medicine , University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore , Maryland 21201 , United States
| | - James E Polli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Maryland School of Pharmacy , Baltimore , Maryland 21201 , United States
| | - Maureen A Kane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Maryland School of Pharmacy , Baltimore , Maryland 21201 , United States
| | - Sarah L J Michel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Maryland School of Pharmacy , Baltimore , Maryland 21201 , United States
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20
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Wozniak MJ, Sullo N, Qureshi S, Dott W, Cardigan R, Wiltshire M, Morris T, Nath M, Bittar N, Bhudia SK, Kumar T, Goodall AH, Murphy GJ. Randomized trial of red cell washing for the prevention of transfusion-associated organ injury in cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth 2018; 118:689-698. [PMID: 28475670 PMCID: PMC5430295 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aex083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Experimental studies suggest that mechanical cell washing to remove pro-inflammatory components that accumulate in the supernatant of stored donor red blood cells (RBCs) might reduce inflammation and organ injury in transfused patients. Methods. Cardiac surgery patients at increased risk of large-volume RBC transfusion were eligible. Participants were randomized to receive either mechanically washed allogenic RBCs or standard care RBCs. The primary outcome was serum interleukin-8 measured at baseline and at four postsurgery time points. A mechanism substudy evaluated the effects of washing on stored RBCs in vitro and on markers of platelet, leucocyte, and endothelial activation in trial subjects. Results. Sixty adult cardiac surgery patients at three UK cardiac centres were enrolled between September 2013 and March 2015. Subjects received a median of 3.5 (interquartile range 2–5.5) RBC units, stored for a mean of 21 (sd 5.2) days, within 48 h of surgery. Mechanical washing reduced concentrations of RBC-derived microvesicles but increased cell-free haemoglobin concentrations in RBC supernatant relative to standard care RBC supernatant. There was no difference between groups with respect to perioperative serum interleukin-8 values [adjusted mean difference 0.239 (95% confidence intervals −0.231, 0.709), P=0.318] or concentrations of plasma RBC microvesicles, platelet and leucocyte activation, plasma cell-free haemoglobin, endothelial activation, or biomarkers of heart, lung, or kidney injury. Conclusions. These results do not support a hypothesis that allogenic red blood cell washing has clinical benefits in cardiac surgery. Clinical trial registration. ISRCTN 27076315.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Wozniak
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
| | - N Sullo
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
| | - S Qureshi
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
| | - W Dott
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
| | - R Cardigan
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK
| | - M Wiltshire
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK
| | - T Morris
- Leicester Clinical Trials Unit, Leicester Diabetes Centre, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK
| | - M Nath
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
| | - N Bittar
- Blackpool Victoria Hospital NHS Trust, Blackpool, Lancashire FY3 8NR, UK
| | - S K Bhudia
- University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Clifford Bridge Road, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK
| | - T Kumar
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
| | - A H Goodall
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
| | - G J Murphy
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
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21
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Siri-Angkul N, Chattipakorn SC, Chattipakorn N. Diagnosis and treatment of cardiac iron overload in transfusion-dependent thalassemia patients. Expert Rev Hematol 2018; 11:471-479. [DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2018.1476134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natthaphat Siri-Angkul
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Siriporn C Chattipakorn
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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22
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Wagener BM, Hu PJ, Oh JY, Evans CA, Richter JR, Honavar J, Brandon AP, Creighton J, Stephens SW, Morgan C, Dull RO, Marques MB, Kerby JD, Pittet JF, Patel RP. Role of heme in lung bacterial infection after trauma hemorrhage and stored red blood cell transfusion: A preclinical experimental study. PLoS Med 2018; 15:e1002522. [PMID: 29522519 PMCID: PMC5844517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trauma is the leading cause of death and disability in patients aged 1-46 y. Severely injured patients experience considerable blood loss and hemorrhagic shock requiring treatment with massive transfusion of red blood cells (RBCs). Preclinical and retrospective human studies in trauma patients have suggested that poorer therapeutic efficacy, increased severity of organ injury, and increased bacterial infection are associated with transfusion of large volumes of stored RBCs, although the mechanisms are not fully understood. METHODS AND FINDINGS We developed a murine model of trauma hemorrhage (TH) followed by resuscitation with plasma and leukoreduced RBCs (in a 1:1 ratio) that were banked for 0 (fresh) or 14 (stored) days. Two days later, lungs were infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa K-strain (PAK). Resuscitation with stored RBCs significantly increased the severity of lung injury caused by P. aeruginosa, as demonstrated by higher mortality (median survival 35 h for fresh RBC group and 8 h for stored RBC group; p < 0.001), increased pulmonary edema (mean [95% CI] 106.4 μl [88.5-124.3] for fresh RBCs and 192.5 μl [140.9-244.0] for stored RBCs; p = 0.003), and higher bacterial numbers in the lung (mean [95% CI] 1.2 × 10(7) [-1.0 × 10(7) to 2.5 × 10(7)] for fresh RBCs and 3.6 × 10(7) [2.5 × 10(7) to 4.7 × 10(7)] for stored RBCs; p = 0.014). The mechanism underlying this increased infection susceptibility and severity was free-heme-dependent, as recombinant hemopexin or pharmacological inhibition or genetic deletion of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) during TH and resuscitation completely prevented P. aeruginosa-induced mortality after stored RBC transfusion (p < 0.001 for all groups relative to stored RBC group). Evidence from studies transfusing fresh and stored RBCs mixed with stored and fresh RBC supernatants, respectively, indicated that heme arising both during storage and from RBC hemolysis post-resuscitation plays a role in increased mortality after PAK (p < 0.001). Heme also increased endothelial permeability and inhibited macrophage-dependent phagocytosis in cultured cells. Stored RBCs also increased circulating high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1; mean [95% CI] 15.4 ng/ml [6.7-24.0] for fresh RBCs and 50.3 ng/ml [12.3-88.2] for stored RBCs), and anti-HMGB1 blocking antibody protected against PAK-induced mortality in vivo (p = 0.001) and restored macrophage-dependent phagocytosis of P. aeruginosa in vitro. Finally, we showed that TH patients, admitted to the University of Alabama at Birmingham ER between 1 January 2015 and 30 April 2016 (n = 50), received high micromolar-millimolar levels of heme proportional to the number of units transfused, sufficient to overwhelm endogenous hemopexin levels early after TH and resuscitation. Limitations of the study include lack of assessment of temporal changes in different products of hemolysis after resuscitation and the small sample size precluding testing of associations between heme levels and adverse outcomes in resuscitated TH patients. CONCLUSIONS We provide evidence that large volume resuscitation with stored blood, compared to fresh blood, in mice increases mortality from subsequent pneumonia, which occurs via mechanisms sensitive to hemopexin and TLR4 and HMGB1 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brant M. Wagener
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Parker J. Hu
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Joo-Yeun Oh
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Cilina A. Evans
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Jillian R. Richter
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Jaideep Honavar
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Angela P. Brandon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Judy Creighton
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Shannon W. Stephens
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Charity Morgan
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Randal O. Dull
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Marisa B. Marques
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Kerby
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Jean-Francois Pittet
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail: (J-FP); (RPP)
| | - Rakesh P. Patel
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail: (J-FP); (RPP)
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23
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Garbowski MW, Evans P, Vlachodimitropoulou E, Hider R, Porter JB. Residual erythropoiesis protects against myocardial hemosiderosis in transfusion-dependent thalassemia by lowering labile plasma iron via transient generation of apotransferrin. Haematologica 2017. [PMID: 28642302 PMCID: PMC5622848 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2017.170605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiosiderosis is a leading cause of mortality in transfusion-dependent thalassemias. Plasma non-transferrin-bound iron and its redox-active component, labile plasma iron, are key sources of iron loading in cardiosiderosis. Risk factors were identified in 73 patients with or without cardiosiderosis. Soluble transferrin receptor-1 levels were significantly lower in patients with cardiosiderosis (odds ratio 21). This risk increased when transfusion-iron loading rates exceeded the erythroid transferrin uptake rate (derived from soluble transferrin receptor-1) by >0.21 mg/kg/day (odds ratio 48). Labile plasma iron was >3-fold higher when this uptake rate threshold was exceeded, but non-transferrin-bound iron and transferrin saturation were comparable. The risk of cardiosiderosis was decreased in patients with low liver iron, ferritin and labile plasma iron, or high bilirubin, reticulocyte counts or hepcidin. We hypothesized that high erythroid transferrin uptake rate decreases cardiosiderosis through increased erythroid re-generation of apotransferrin. To test this, iron uptake and intracellular reactive oxygen species were examined in HL-1 cardiomyocytes under conditions modeling transferrin effects on non-transferrin-bound iron speciation with ferric citrate. Intracellular iron and reactive oxygen species increased with ferric citrate concentrations especially when iron-to-citrate ratios exceeded 1:100, i.e. conditions favoring kinetically labile monoferric rather than oligomer species. Excess iron-binding equivalents of apotransferrin inhibited iron uptake and decreased both intracellular reactive oxygen species and labile plasma iron under conditions favoring monoferric species. In conclusion, high transferrin iron utilization, relative to the transfusion-iron load rate, decreases the risk of cardiosiderosis. A putative mechanism is the transient re-generation of apotransferrin by an active erythron, rapidly binding labile plasma iron-detectable ferric monocitrate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej W Garbowski
- Research Haematology Department, Cancer Institute, University College London, UK .,University College London Hospitals and
| | - Patricia Evans
- Research Haematology Department, Cancer Institute, University College London, UK
| | | | - Robert Hider
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, UK
| | - John B Porter
- Research Haematology Department, Cancer Institute, University College London, UK.,University College London Hospitals and
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24
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Ryu MS, Zhang D, Protchenko O, Shakoury-Elizeh M, Philpott CC. PCBP1 and NCOA4 regulate erythroid iron storage and heme biosynthesis. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:1786-1797. [PMID: 28375153 DOI: 10.1172/jci90519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing erythrocytes take up exceptionally large amounts of iron, which must be transferred to mitochondria for incorporation into heme. This massive iron flux must be precisely controlled to permit the coordinated synthesis of heme and hemoglobin while avoiding the toxic effects of chemically reactive iron. In cultured animal cells, iron chaperones poly rC-binding protein 1 (PCBP1) and PCBP2 deliver iron to ferritin, the sole cytosolic iron storage protein, and nuclear receptor coactivator 4 (NCOA4) mediates the autophagic turnover of ferritin. The roles of PCBP, ferritin, and NCOA4 in erythroid development remain unclear. Here, we show that PCBP1, NCOA4, and ferritin are critical for murine red cell development. Using a cultured cell model of erythroid differentiation, depletion of PCBP1 or NCOA4 impaired iron trafficking through ferritin, which resulted in reduced heme synthesis, reduced hemoglobin formation, and perturbation of erythroid regulatory systems. Mice lacking Pcbp1 exhibited microcytic anemia and activation of compensatory erythropoiesis via the regulators erythropoietin and erythroferrone. Ex vivo differentiation of erythroid precursors from Pcbp1-deficient mice confirmed defects in ferritin iron flux and heme synthesis. These studies demonstrate the importance of ferritin for the vectorial transfer of imported iron to mitochondria in developing red cells and of PCBP1 and NCOA4 in mediating iron flux through ferritin.
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25
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Michels KR, Zhang Z, Bettina AM, Cagnina RE, Stefanova D, Burdick MD, Vaulont S, Nemeth E, Ganz T, Mehrad B. Hepcidin-mediated iron sequestration protects against bacterial dissemination during pneumonia. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e92002. [PMID: 28352667 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.92002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative pneumonia is a dangerous illness, and bacterial dissemination to the bloodstream during the infection is strongly associated with death. Antibiotic resistance among the causative pathogens has resulted in diminishing treatment options against this infection. Hepcidin is the master regulator of extracellular iron availability in vertebrates, but its role in the context of host defense is undefined. We hypothesized that hepcidin-mediated depletion of extracellular iron during Gram-negative pneumonia protects the host by limiting dissemination of bacteria to the bloodstream. During experimental pneumonia, hepcidin was induced in the liver in an IL-6-dependent manner and mediated a rapid decline in plasma iron. In contrast, hepcidin-deficient mice developed a paradoxical increase in plasma iron during infection associated with profound susceptibility to bacteremia. Incubation of bacteria with iron-supplemented plasma enhanced bacterial growth in vitro, and systemic administration of iron to WT mice similarly promoted increased susceptibility to bloodstream infection. Finally, treatment with a hepcidin analogue restored hypoferremia in hepcidin-deficient hosts, mediated bacterial control, and improved outcomes. These data show hepcidin induction during pneumonia to be essential to preventing bacterial dissemination by limiting extracellular iron availability. Hepcidin agonists may represent an effective therapy for Gram-negative infections in patients with impaired hepcidin production or signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhimin Zhang
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | | | - R Elaine Cagnina
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Debora Stefanova
- Departments of Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Marie D Burdick
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Sophie Vaulont
- INSERM U1016, Cochin Institute, Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Elizabeta Nemeth
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Tomas Ganz
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Borna Mehrad
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology.,Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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26
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Matias C, Belnap DW, Smith MT, Stewart MG, Torres IF, Gross AJ, Watt RK. Citrate and albumin facilitate transferrin iron loading in the presence of phosphate. J Inorg Biochem 2016; 168:107-113. [PMID: 28110161 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Labile plasma iron (LPI) is redox active, exchangeable iron that catalyzes the formation of reactive oxygen species. Serum transferrin binds iron in a non-exchangeable form and delivers iron to cells. In several inflammatory diseases serum LPI increases but the reason LPI forms is unknown. This work evaluates possible pathways leading to LPI and examines potential mediators of apo transferrin iron loading to prevent LPI. Previously phosphate was shown to inhibit iron loading into apo transferrin by competitively binding free Fe3+. The reaction of Fe3+ with phosphate produced a soluble ferric phosphate complex. In this study we evaluate iron loading into transferrin under physiologically relevant phosphate conditions to evaluate the roles of citrate and albumin in mediating iron delivery into apo transferrin. We report that preformed Fe3+-citrate was loaded into apo transferrin and was not inhibited by phosphate. A competition study evaluated reactions when Fe3+ was added to a solution with citrate, phosphate and apo transferrin. The results showed citrate marginally improved the delivery of Fe3+ to apo transferrin. Studies adding Fe3+ to a solution with phosphate, albumin and apo transferrin showed that albumin improved Fe3+ loading into apo transferrin. The most efficient Fe3+ loading into apo transferrin in a phosphate solution occurred when both citrate and albumin were present at physiological concentrations. Citrate and albumin overcame phosphate inhibition and loaded apo transferrin equal to the control of Fe3+ added to apo transferrin. Our results suggest a physiologically important role for albumin and citrate for apo transferrin iron loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Matias
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States; College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT 84095, United States
| | - Devin W Belnap
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States; College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT 84095, United States
| | - Michael T Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States; College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT 84095, United States
| | - Michael G Stewart
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States; College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT 84095, United States
| | - Isaac F Torres
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States; College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT 84095, United States
| | - Andrew J Gross
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States; College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT 84095, United States.
| | - Richard K Watt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, United States; College of Dental Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, South Jordan, UT 84095, United States.
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27
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Lunova M, Schwarz P, Nuraldeen R, Levada K, Kuscuoglu D, Stützle M, Vujić Spasić M, Haybaeck J, Ruchala P, Jirsa M, Deschemin JC, Vaulont S, Trautwein C, Strnad P. Hepcidin knockout mice spontaneously develop chronic pancreatitis owing to cytoplasmic iron overload in acinar cells. J Pathol 2016; 241:104-114. [PMID: 27741349 DOI: 10.1002/path.4822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Iron is both an essential and a potentially toxic element, and its systemic homeostasis is controlled by the iron hormone hepcidin. Hepcidin binds to the cellular iron exporter ferroportin, causes its degradation, and thereby diminishes iron uptake from the intestine and the release of iron from macrophages. Given that hepcidin-resistant ferroportin mutant mice show exocrine pancreas dysfunction, we analysed pancreata of aging hepcidin knockout (KO) mice. Hepcidin and Hfe KO mice were compared with wild-type (WT) mice kept on standard or iron-rich diets. Twelve-month-old hepcidin KO mice were subjected to daily minihepcidin PR73 treatment for 1 week. Six-month-old hepcidin KO mice showed cytoplasmic acinar iron overload and mild pancreatitis, together with elevated expression of the iron uptake mediators DMT1 and Zip14. Acinar atrophy, massive macrophage infiltration, fatty changes and pancreas fibrosis were noted in 1-year-old hepcidin KO mice. As an underlying mechanism, 6-month-old hepcidin KO mice showed increased pancreatic oxidative stress, with elevated DNA damage, apoptosis and activated nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signalling. Neither iron overload nor pancreatic damage was observed in WT mice fed iron-rich diet or in Hfe KO mice. Minihepcidin application to hepcidin KO mice led to an improvement in general health status and to iron redistribution from acinar cells to macrophages. It also resulted in decreased NF-κB activation and reduced DNA damage. In conclusion, loss of hepcidin signalling in mice leads to iron overload-induced chronic pancreatitis that is not seen in situations with less severe iron accumulation. The observed tissue injury can be reversed by hepcidin supplementation. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Lunova
- Department of Medicine III and IZKF, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKEM), Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Peggy Schwarz
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Renwar Nuraldeen
- Department of Medicine III and IZKF, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kateryna Levada
- Department of Medicine III and IZKF, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Deniz Kuscuoglu
- Department of Medicine III and IZKF, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Stützle
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Maja Vujić Spasić
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Piotr Ruchala
- Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Milan Jirsa
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKEM), Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Christian Trautwein
- Department of Medicine III and IZKF, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Pavel Strnad
- Department of Medicine III and IZKF, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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28
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Garbowski MW, Ma Y, Fucharoen S, Srichairatanakool S, Hider R, Porter JB. Clinical and methodological factors affecting non-transferrin-bound iron values using a novel fluorescent bead assay. Transl Res 2016; 177:19-30.e5. [PMID: 27344508 PMCID: PMC5110642 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Nontransferrin-bound iron (NTBI) is a heterogeneously speciated plasma iron, typically detectable when transferrin saturation (TfSat) exceeds 75%. Here, we examine factors affecting NTBI levels by a recently discovered direct chelator-based (CP851) fluorescent bead-linked flow-cytometric assay (bead-NTBI), compared with the established indirect nitrilotriacetate (NTA) assay in 122 iron-overloaded patients, including 64 on recent iron chelation therapy and 13 healthy volunteers. Both methods correlated (r = 0.57, P < 0.0001) but with low agreement, attributable to 2 major factors: (1) the NTA method, unlike the bead method, is highly dependent on TfSat, with NTBI under-estimation at low TfSat and over-estimation once Tf is saturated, (2) the bead method detects <3-fold higher values than the NTA assay in patients on recent deferiprone-containing chelation due to greater detection of chelate complexes but lower values for patients on deferasirox. The optimal timing of sample collection relative to chelation dosing requires further study. Patients with splenectomy, high-storage iron, and increased erythropoiesis had greater discrepancy between assays, consistent with differential access by both methods to the NTBI pools associated with these clinical variables. The bead-NTBI assay has advantages over the NTA assay, being less dependent on TfSat, hence of less tendency for false-negative or false-positive values at low and high TfSat, respectively.
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Key Words
- aas, atomic absorption standard
- alat, alanine-aminotransferase
- cfbs, control fluorescent beads
- ci, confidence interval
- cic, cardiac iron content
- csa, congenital sideroblastic anemia
- dba, diamodn-blackfan anemia
- dci, directly chelatable iron
- dfo, deferoxamine
- dfp, deferiprone
- dfx, deferasirox
- elisa, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- f.c., final concentration
- fbc, full blood count
- iqr, interquartile range
- lic, liver iron content
- lpi, labile plasma iron
- mds, myelodysplastic syndrome
- mops, 3-(n-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid
- nrbc, nucleated red blood cells
- nta, nitrilotriacetic acid
- ntbi, nontransferrin-bound iron
- sd, standard deviation
- sf, serum ferritin
- stfr, soluble transferrin receptors
- tf, transferrin
- tfsat, transferrin saturation
- uln, upper limit of normal
- uv, ultraviolet
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej W Garbowski
- Research Haematology Department, Cancer Institute, University College London, UK; University College London Hospitals, Haematology Department, London, UK.
| | - Yongmin Ma
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK; College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Suthat Fucharoen
- Thalassemia Research Centre, Institute of Science and Technology for Research and Development, Mahidol University Hospital, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Somdet Srichairatanakool
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang-Mai University Hospital, Chiangmai, Thailand
| | - Robert Hider
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - John B Porter
- Research Haematology Department, Cancer Institute, University College London, UK; University College London Hospitals, Haematology Department, London, UK
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29
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Ferro E, Visalli G, La Rosa MA, Civa R, Papa GR, D’Ascola DG, Roccamo G, Piraino B, Salpietro C, Di Pietro A. The role of anaemia in oxidative and genotoxic damage in transfused β-thalassaemic patients. Hematology 2016; 22:183-191. [DOI: 10.1080/10245332.2016.1244034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Ferro
- Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Developmental Age ‘Gaetano Barresi’, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Visalli
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Angela La Rosa
- Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Developmental Age ‘Gaetano Barresi’, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Rosa Civa
- Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Developmental Age ‘Gaetano Barresi’, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Basilia Piraino
- Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Developmental Age ‘Gaetano Barresi’, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Carmelo Salpietro
- Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Developmental Age ‘Gaetano Barresi’, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Angela Di Pietro
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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30
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Pratt RD, Swinkels DW, Ikizler TA, Gupta A. Pharmacokinetics of Ferric Pyrophosphate Citrate, a Novel Iron Salt, Administered Intravenously to Healthy Volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 57:312-320. [PMID: 27557937 PMCID: PMC5324677 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ferric pyrophosphate citrate (Triferic) is a water-soluble iron salt that is administered via dialysate to maintain iron balance and hemoglobin in hemodialysis patients. This double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, single-, ascending-dose study was conducted to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and safety of intravenous ferric pyrophosphate citrate in 48 healthy iron-replete subjects (drug, n = 36; placebo, n = 12). Single doses of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, or 10 mg of ferric pyrophosphate citrate or placebo were administered over 4 hours, and single doses of 15 or 20 mg of ferric pyrophosphate citrate or placebo were administered over 12 hours via intravenous infusion. Serum total iron (sFetot ), transferrin-bound iron (TBI), hepcidin-25, and biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation were determined using validated assays. Marked diurnal variation in sFetot was observed in placebo-treated subjects. Concentrations of sFetot and TBI increased rapidly after drug administration, with maximum serum concentrations (Cmax ) reached at the end of infusion. Increases in baseline-corrected Cmax and area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to the time of the last quantifiable concentration (AUC0-t ) were dose proportional up to 100% transferrin saturation. Iron was rapidly cleared (apparent terminal phase half-life 1.2-2 hours). No significant changes from baseline in serum hepcidin-25 concentration were observed at end of infusion for any dose. Biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation were unaffected. Intravenous doses of ferric pyrophosphate citrate were well tolerated. These results demonstrate that intravenous ferric pyrophosphate citrate is rapidly bound to transferrin and cleared from the circulation without increasing serum hepcidin levels or biomarkers of oxidative stress or inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dorine W Swinkels
- Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - T Alp Ikizler
- Division of Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ajay Gupta
- Rockwell Medical, Inc, Wixom, MI, USA.,Division of Nephrology, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
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31
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Li J, Wu L, Jin Y, Su P, Yang B, Yang Y. A universal SI-traceable isotope dilution mass spectrometry method for protein quantitation in a matrix by tandem mass tag technology. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:3485-93. [PMID: 26942737 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9424-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS), an important metrological method, is widely used for absolute quantification of peptides and proteins. IDMS employs an isotope-labeled peptide or protein as an internal standard although the use of a protein provides improved accuracy. Generally, the isotope-labeled protein is obtained by stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) technology. However, SILAC is expensive, laborious, and time-consuming. To overcome these drawbacks, a novel universal SI-traceable IDMS method for absolute quantification of proteins in a matrix is described with human transferrin (hTRF). The hTRF and a human serum sample were labeled with different tandem mass tags (TMTs). After mixing the TMT-labeled hTRF and serum sample together followed by digestion, the peptides were separated by nano-liquid chromatography and analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). Using the signature peptides, we calculated the ratios of reporter ions from the TMT-labeled peptides which, in turn, allowed determination of the mass fraction of hTRF. The recovery ranged from 97% to 105% with a CV of 3.9%. The LOD and LOQ were 1.71 × 10(-5) g/g and 5.69 × 10(-5) g/g of hTRF in human serum, respectively, and the relative expanded uncertainty was 4.7% with a mass fraction of 2.08 mg/g. For comparison, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method for hTRF yielded a mass fraction of 2.03 mg/g. This method provides a starting point for establishing IDMS technology to accurately determine the mass fractions of protein biomarkers in a matrix with traceability to SI units. This technology should support the development of a metrological method useful for quantification of a wide variety of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Li
- College of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, No.15, Beisanhuan East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Liqing Wu
- Division of Medical and Biological Measurements, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
| | - Youxun Jin
- Division of Medical and Biological Measurements, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Su
- College of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, No.15, Beisanhuan East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Division of Medical and Biological Measurements, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Yang
- College of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, No.15, Beisanhuan East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China.
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Roghi A, Poggiali E, Duca L, Mafrici A, Pedrotti P, Paccagnini S, Brenna S, Galli A, Consonni D, Cappellini MD. Role of Non-Transferrin-Bound Iron in the pathogenesis of cardiotoxicity in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction assessed by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Int J Cardiol 2015; 199:326-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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de Swart L, Hendriks JCM, van der Vorm LN, Cabantchik ZI, Evans PJ, Hod EA, Brittenham GM, Furman Y, Wojczyk B, Janssen MCH, Porter JB, Mattijssen VEJM, Biemond BJ, MacKenzie MA, Origa R, Galanello R, Hider RC, Swinkels DW. Second international round robin for the quantification of serum non-transferrin-bound iron and labile plasma iron in patients with iron-overload disorders. Haematologica 2015; 101:38-45. [PMID: 26385212 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2015.133983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-transferrin-bound iron and its labile (redox active) plasma iron component are thought to be potentially toxic forms of iron originally identified in the serum of patients with iron overload. We compared ten worldwide leading assays (6 for non-transferrin-bound iron and 4 for labile plasma iron) as part of an international inter-laboratory study. Serum samples from 60 patients with four different iron-overload disorders in various treatment phases were coded and sent in duplicate for analysis to five different laboratories worldwide. Some laboratories provided multiple assays. Overall, highest assay levels were observed for patients with untreated hereditary hemochromatosis and β-thalassemia intermedia, patients with transfusion-dependent myelodysplastic syndromes and patients with transfusion-dependent and chelated β-thalassemia major. Absolute levels differed considerably between assays and were lower for labile plasma iron than for non-transferrin-bound iron. Four assays also reported negative values. Assays were reproducible with high between-sample and low within-sample variation. Assays correlated and correlations were highest within the group of non-transferrin-bound iron assays and within that of labile plasma iron assays. Increased transferrin saturation, but not ferritin, was a good indicator of the presence of forms of circulating non-transferrin-bound iron. The possibility of using non-transferrin-bound iron and labile plasma iron measures as clinical indicators of overt iron overload and/or of treatment efficacy would largely depend on the rigorous validation and standardization of assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise de Swart
- Departments of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C M Hendriks
- Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa N van der Vorm
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Z Ioav Cabantchik
- Department of Biochemical Chemistry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Eldad A Hod
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gary M Brittenham
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Boguslaw Wojczyk
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mirian C H Janssen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - John B Porter
- Department of Haematology, University College London, UK
| | | | - Bart J Biemond
- Department of Hematology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marius A MacKenzie
- Departments of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Raffaella Origa
- Department of Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, Regional Microcythemia Hospital, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Renzo Galanello
- Department of Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, Regional Microcythemia Hospital, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Robert C Hider
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, UK
| | - Dorine W Swinkels
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Valko M, Jomova K, Rhodes CJ, Kuča K, Musílek K. Redox- and non-redox-metal-induced formation of free radicals and their role in human disease. Arch Toxicol 2015; 90:1-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1579-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 535] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Jenkitkasemwong S, Wang CY, Coffey R, Zhang W, Chan A, Biel T, Kim JS, Hojyo S, Fukada T, Knutson MD. SLC39A14 Is Required for the Development of Hepatocellular Iron Overload in Murine Models of Hereditary Hemochromatosis. Cell Metab 2015; 22:138-50. [PMID: 26028554 PMCID: PMC4497937 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Nearly all forms of hereditary hemochromatosis are characterized by pathological iron accumulation in the liver, pancreas, and heart. These tissues preferentially load iron because they take up non-transferrin-bound iron (NTBI), which appears in the plasma during iron overload. Yet, how tissues take up NTBI is largely unknown. We report that ablation of Slc39a14, the gene coding for solute carrier SLC39A14 (also called ZIP14), in mice markedly reduced the uptake of plasma NTBI by the liver and pancreas. To test the role of SLC39A14 in tissue iron loading, we crossed Slc39a14(-/-) mice with Hfe(-/-) and Hfe2(-/-) mice, animal models of type 1 and type 2 (juvenile) hemochromatosis, respectively. Slc39a14 deficiency in hemochromatotic mice greatly diminished iron loading of the liver and prevented iron deposition in hepatocytes and pancreatic acinar cells. The data suggest that inhibition of SLC39A14 may mitigate hepatic and pancreatic iron loading and associated pathologies in iron overload disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supak Jenkitkasemwong
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Chia-Yu Wang
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Richard Coffey
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Alan Chan
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Thomas Biel
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jae-Sung Kim
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Shintaro Hojyo
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, Osteoimmunology, Charitéplatz, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Toshiyuki Fukada
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; Division of Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, Showa University, Shinagawa 142-8666, Japan; Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima 770-8055, Japan
| | - Mitchell D Knutson
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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Abstract
Iron overload is becoming an increasing problem as haemoglobinopathy patients gain greater access to good medical care and as therapies for myelodysplastic syndromes improve. Therapeutic options for iron chelation therapy have increased and many patients now receive combination therapies. However, optimal utilization of iron chelation therapy requires knowledge not only of the total body iron burden but the relative iron distribution among the different organs. The physiological basis for extrahepatic iron deposition is presented in order to help identify patients at highest risk for cardiac and endocrine complications. This manuscript reviews the current state of the art for monitoring global iron overload status as well as its compartmentalization. Plasma markers, computerized tomography, liver biopsy, magnetic susceptibility devices and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques are all discussed but MRI has come to dominate clinical practice. The potential impact of recent pancreatic and pituitary MRI studies on clinical practice are discussed as well as other works-in-progress. Clinical protocols are derived from experience in haemoglobinopathies but may provide useful guiding principles for other iron overload disorders, such as myelodysplastic syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Wood
- Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Association between Plasma Endothelin-1, Transforming Growth Factor-β, Fibroblast Growth Factor, and Nitric Oxide Levels and Liver Injury in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Recipients with Persistent Iron Overload after Transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2015; 21:948-53. [PMID: 25681034 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease, iron overload, and infections are the major causes of liver dysfunction in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) recipients. We investigated the relationship between serum iron parameters and the levels of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), endothelin-1 (ET-1), and nitric oxide (NO) as predictors of chronic liver injury in 54 AHSCT recipients who survived at least a year after transplantation. Serum samples from patients were obtained for the evaluation of ET-1, TGF-β, FGF, NO, and nontransferrin bound iron at the first year follow-up visit using commercially available ELISA kits. Patients were categorized depending on serum ferritin and transferrin saturation levels. The parameters were compared between the groups, and survival analysis was also performed. Most of the AHSCT recipients (81.5%) were in complete remission during the study. After a median follow-up time of 73 months (range, 13 to 109 months), 72.2% of the patients were alive. Mean serum levels of ET-1, NO, TGF-β, and FGF were 81.54 ± 21.62 μmol/mL, 31.82 ± 26.42 μmol/mL, 2.56 ± 0.77 ng/mL, and 50.31 ± 32.69 pg/mL, respectively. Nineteen patients (35.2% of the cohort) had serum ferritin levels higher than 1000 ng/mL. Mean serum levels of ET-1, NO, TGF-β, and FGF were similar in patients with serum ferritin levels below or above 1000 ng/mL (P > .05). Serum ferritin levels were positively correlated with serum alanine aminotransferase (r = .284, P = .042) and γ-glutamyl transferase (r = .271, P = .05) levels and were negatively correlated with serum albumin levels (r = .295, P = .034). There was a significant positive correlation between serum transferrin saturation and alanine aminotransferase levels (r = .305, P = .03). Serum ET-1 level was positively correlated with alkaline phosphatase levels (r = .304, P = .026). In univariate Cox regression analysis serum levels of iron parameters, ET-1, NO, TGF-β, and FGF did not have an impact on overall survival (P > .05). The probability of progression-free survival was also similar in patients with ferritin levels above or below 1000 ng/mL (P = .275). The probability of survival was similar in patients with transferrin saturation ≥70% and <70% (P > .05). Serum iron parameters showed a positive correlation with liver injury. However, there was no correlation between fibrogenic cytokines and liver transaminases. Our results suggest that iron overload at least with the current levels of ferritin might have a relatively benign course. Prospective randomized trials will guide the actual role of iron chelation in the post-transplantation setting.
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Tandem measurements of iron and creatinine by cross injection analysis with application to urine from thalassemic patients. Talanta 2015; 133:52-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.04.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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A novel method for non-transferrin-bound iron quantification by chelatable fluorescent beads based on flow cytometry. Biochem J 2014; 463:351-62. [PMID: 25093426 DOI: 10.1042/bj20140795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The reliable measurement of non-transferrin-bound iron (NTBI) in serum has proved to be difficult and generally time consuming. We have sought a simple and fast method for such a determination. We adopted a fluorescence assay and designed a fluorescent dye with a chelating agent attached to sense iron. To avoid autofluorescence from serum samples, the iron probes were linked to beads and the autofluorescence could be separated and excluded from the measurement by flow cytometry due to the size difference between beads and serum proteins. Fluorescent beads containing both fluorescent and chelating moieties have been synthesized. The nature of the chelating function has been systematically investigated using four different chelators: bidentate hydroxypyranone, bidentate hydroxypyridinone, hexadentate hydroxypyranone and hexadentate hydroxypyridinone, each with different iron affinity constants. Competition studies demonstrate that the hexadentate hydroxypyridinone-based beads are capable of scavenging most of low molecular mass and albumin-bound iron but negligible amounts of iron from transferrin and ferritin. Serum samples from 30 patients with different types of disease and normal volunteers were measured. The concentrations of NTBI fall in the range -0.41 to +6.5 μM. The data have been compared with those obtained from the traditional 'NTA' method.
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Brittenham GM, Andersson M, Egli I, Foman JT, Zeder C, Westerman ME, Hurrell RF. Circulating non-transferrin-bound iron after oral administration of supplemental and fortification doses of iron to healthy women: a randomized study. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 100:813-20. [PMID: 25057155 PMCID: PMC4135492 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.081505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND After the oral administration of iron, the production of circulating non-transferrin-bound iron may contribute to an increased risk of illness in malaria-endemic areas that lack effective medical services. OBJECTIVE In healthy women with a range of body iron stores, we aimed to determine effects on the production of circulating non-transferrin-bound iron resulting from the oral administration of 1) a supplemental dose of iron (60 mg) with water, 2) a supplemental dose of iron (60 mg) with a standard test meal, and 3) a fortification dose of iron (6 mg) with a standard test meal. DESIGN With the use of serum ferritin as the indicator, healthy women with replete iron stores (ferritin concentration >25 μg/L; n = 16) and reduced iron stores (ferritin concentration ≤25 μg/L; n = 16) were enrolled in a prospective, randomized, crossover study. After the oral administration of aqueous solutions of ferrous sulfate isotopically labeled with ⁵⁴Fe, ⁵⁷Fe, or ⁵⁸Fe, blood samples were collected for 8 h, and iron absorption was estimated by erythrocyte incorporation at 14 d. RESULTS At 4 h, serum non-transferrin-bound iron reached peaks with geometric mean (95% CI) concentrations of 0.81 μmol/L (0.56, 1.1 μmol/L) for 60 mg Fe with water and 0.26 μmol/L (0.15, 0.38 μmol/L) for 60 mg Fe with food but was at assay limits of detection (0.1 μmol Fe/L) for 6 mg Fe with food. For the 60 mg Fe without food, the area under the curve over 8 h for serum non-transferrin-bound iron was positively correlated with the amount of iron absorbed (R = 0.49, P < 0.01) and negatively correlated with serum ferritin (R = -0.39, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In healthy women, the production of circulating non-transferrin-bound iron is determined by the rate and amount of iron absorbed. The highest concentrations of non-transferrin-bound iron resulted from the administration of supplemental doses of iron without food. Little or no circulating non-transferrin-bound iron resulted from the consumption of a meal with a fortification dose of iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary M Brittenham
- From the Human Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (IE, JTF, CZ, MA, and RFH); the Intrinsic LifeSciences LLC, La Jolla, CA (MEW); and the Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY (GMB)
| | - Maria Andersson
- From the Human Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (IE, JTF, CZ, MA, and RFH); the Intrinsic LifeSciences LLC, La Jolla, CA (MEW); and the Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY (GMB)
| | - Ines Egli
- From the Human Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (IE, JTF, CZ, MA, and RFH); the Intrinsic LifeSciences LLC, La Jolla, CA (MEW); and the Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY (GMB)
| | - Jasmin Tajeri Foman
- From the Human Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (IE, JTF, CZ, MA, and RFH); the Intrinsic LifeSciences LLC, La Jolla, CA (MEW); and the Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY (GMB)
| | - Christophe Zeder
- From the Human Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (IE, JTF, CZ, MA, and RFH); the Intrinsic LifeSciences LLC, La Jolla, CA (MEW); and the Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY (GMB)
| | - Mark E Westerman
- From the Human Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (IE, JTF, CZ, MA, and RFH); the Intrinsic LifeSciences LLC, La Jolla, CA (MEW); and the Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY (GMB)
| | - Richard F Hurrell
- From the Human Nutrition Laboratory, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (IE, JTF, CZ, MA, and RFH); the Intrinsic LifeSciences LLC, La Jolla, CA (MEW); and the Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY (GMB)
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Ito S, Ikuta K, Kato D, Shibusa K, Niizeki N, Tanaka H, Addo L, Toki Y, Hatayama M, Inamura J, Shindo M, Sasaki K, Iizuka N, Fujiya M, Torimoto Y, Kohgo Y. Non-transferrin-bound iron assay system utilizing a conventional automated analyzer. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 437:129-35. [PMID: 25072389 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron is an essential metal in the body, but its excessive accumulation causes damage in various organs through free radical production. Iron homeostasis is therefore tightly regulated. However, when iron balance collapses, such as in prolonged transfusion, transferrin (Tf) is fully saturated and non-Tf-bound iron (NTBI) appears in the serum. Monitoring serum NTBI levels is therefore crucial in the assessment of the clinical status of patients with iron overload, since NTBI is associated with cellular and organ damage. Several methods for NTBI determination have been reported, but these are extremely complicated and very few laboratories can quantify NTBI at present. METHODS We established a novel assay system utilizing automated analyzers that are widely used in clinical laboratories for diagnostic testing. In this assay, NTBI is chelated by nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), after which the iron is reduced and transferred to nitroso-PSAP, a chromogen. RESULTS The assay shows excellent linearity, reproducibility, and compatibility with HPLC, one of the most reliable conventional methods for NTBI quantification. CONCLUSIONS Our novel method for NTBI measurement is high-throughput and may be a useful and powerful tool in the study of the physiological and clinical importance of NTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ito
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Katsuya Ikuta
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Kato
- Research and Development Department, Shino-Test Corporation, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kotoe Shibusa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Noriyasu Niizeki
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Blood Center, Asahikawa Medical University Hospital, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tanaka
- Department of Gastrointestinal Immunology and Regenerative Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Lynda Addo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yasumichi Toki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Mayumi Hatayama
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Junki Inamura
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Motohiro Shindo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Katsunori Sasaki
- Department of Gastrointestinal Immunology and Regenerative Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Naomi Iizuka
- Research and Development Department, Shino-Test Corporation, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mikihiro Fujiya
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Torimoto
- Oncology Center, Asahikawa Medical University Hospital, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kohgo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan
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Loréal O, Cavey T, Bardou-Jacquet E, Guggenbuhl P, Ropert M, Brissot P. Iron, hepcidin, and the metal connection. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:128. [PMID: 24926268 PMCID: PMC4045255 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of new players in iron metabolism, such as hepcidin, which regulates ferroportin and divalent metal transporter 1 expression, has improved our knowledge of iron metabolism and iron-related diseases. However, from both experimental data and clinical findings, "iron-related proteins" appear to also be involved in the metabolism of other metals, especially divalent cations. Reports have demonstrated that some metals may affect, directly or indirectly, the expression of proteins involved in iron metabolism. Throughout their lives, individuals are exposed to various metals during personal and/or occupational activities. Therefore, better knowledge of the connections between iron and other metals could improve our understanding of iron-related diseases, especially the variability in phenotypic expression, as well as a variety of diseases in which iron metabolism is secondarily affected. Controlling the metabolism of other metals could represent a promising innovative therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Loréal
- INSERM UMR 991, Iron and the Liver Team Rennes, France ; Faculty of Medicine, University of Rennes1 Rennes, France ; CHU Pontchaillou, French Reference Centre for Rare Iron Overload Diseases of Genetic Origin, University Hospital-Rennes Rennes, France
| | - Thibault Cavey
- INSERM UMR 991, Iron and the Liver Team Rennes, France ; Faculty of Medicine, University of Rennes1 Rennes, France ; Biochemistry and Enzymology Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rennes, France
| | - Edouard Bardou-Jacquet
- INSERM UMR 991, Iron and the Liver Team Rennes, France ; Faculty of Medicine, University of Rennes1 Rennes, France ; CHU Pontchaillou, French Reference Centre for Rare Iron Overload Diseases of Genetic Origin, University Hospital-Rennes Rennes, France
| | - Pascal Guggenbuhl
- INSERM UMR 991, Iron and the Liver Team Rennes, France ; Faculty of Medicine, University of Rennes1 Rennes, France ; Department of Rheumatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rennes, France
| | - Martine Ropert
- INSERM UMR 991, Iron and the Liver Team Rennes, France ; CHU Pontchaillou, French Reference Centre for Rare Iron Overload Diseases of Genetic Origin, University Hospital-Rennes Rennes, France ; Biochemistry and Enzymology Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rennes, France
| | - Pierre Brissot
- INSERM UMR 991, Iron and the Liver Team Rennes, France ; Faculty of Medicine, University of Rennes1 Rennes, France ; CHU Pontchaillou, French Reference Centre for Rare Iron Overload Diseases of Genetic Origin, University Hospital-Rennes Rennes, France
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Cabantchik ZI. Labile iron in cells and body fluids: physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:45. [PMID: 24659969 PMCID: PMC3952030 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In living systems iron appears predominantly associated with proteins, but can also be detected in forms referred as labile iron, which denotes the combined redox properties of iron and its amenability to exchange between ligands, including chelators. The labile cell iron (LCI) composition varies with metal concentration and substances with chelating groups but also with pH and the medium redox potential. Although physiologically in the lower μM range, LCI plays a key role in cell iron economy as cross-roads of metabolic pathways. LCI levels are continually regulated by an iron-responsive machinery that balances iron uptake versus deposition into ferritin. However, LCI rises aberrantly in some cell types due to faulty cell utilization pathways or infiltration by pathological iron forms that are found in hemosiderotic plasma. As LCI attains pathological levels, it can catalyze reactive O species (ROS) formation that, at particular threshold, can surpass cellular anti-oxidant capacities and seriously damage its constituents. While in normal plasma and interstitial fluids, virtually all iron is securely carried by circulating transferrin (Tf; that renders iron essentially non-labile), in systemic iron overload (IO), the total plasma iron binding capacity is often surpassed by a massive iron influx from hyperabsorptive gut or from erythrocyte overburdened spleen and/or liver. As plasma Tf approaches iron saturation, labile plasma iron (LPI) emerges in forms that can infiltrate cells by unregulated routes and raise LCI to toxic levels. Despite the limited knowledge available on LPI speciation in different types and degrees of IO, LPI measurements can be and are in fact used for identifying systemic IO and for initiating/adjusting chelation regimens to attain full-day LPI protection. A recent application of labile iron assay is the detection of labile components in intravenous iron formulations per se as well as in plasma (LPI) following parenteral iron administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zvi Ioav Cabantchik
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem, Israel
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Potential problems in the determination of serum non-transferrin-bound iron using nitrilotriacetic acid and ultrafiltration. Clin Chim Acta 2013; 429:12-3. [PMID: 24211262 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Role of curcuminoids in ameliorating oxidative modification in β-thalassemia/Hb E plasma proteome. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24:578-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Koba M, Słomka A, Bączek T, Marszałł MP, Żekanowska E. Ability to determine the desferrioxamine-chelatable iron fractions of nontransferrin-bound iron using HPLC. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:665-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Koba
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy; Collegium Medicum of Nicolaus Copernicus University; Bydgoszcz Poland
| | - Artur Słomka
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy; Collegium Medicum of Nicolaus Copernicus University; Bydgoszcz Poland
| | - Tomasz Bączek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; Medical University of Gdańsk; Gdańsk Poland
| | - Michał P. Marszałł
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy; Collegium Medicum of Nicolaus Copernicus University; Bydgoszcz Poland
| | - Ewa Żekanowska
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy; Collegium Medicum of Nicolaus Copernicus University; Bydgoszcz Poland
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Goto T, Ikuta K, Inamoto Y, Kamoshita S, Yokohata E, Koyama D, Onodera K, Seto A, Watanabe K, Imahashi N, Tsukamoto S, Ozawa Y, Sasaki K, Ito M, Kohgo Y, Miyamura K. Hyperferritinemia after adult allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation: quantification of iron burden by determining non-transferrin-bound iron. Int J Hematol 2012; 97:125-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s12185-012-1252-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Differential plasma proteome profiles of mild versus severe β-thalassemia/Hb E. Ann Hematol 2012; 92:365-77. [PMID: 23161390 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-012-1629-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The severity of thalassemia is currently classified based on clinical manifestations and multiple tests. In the present study, we performed a plasma proteome analysis to identify differentially expressed proteins compared between normal subjects and patients with mild and severe forms of β-thalassemia/hemoglobin E (Hb E). Plasma samples were collected from patients with mild (n = 8) and severe (n = 12) forms as well as healthy normal individuals (n = 12). Clinical chemistry revealed that several parameters, i.e., hematological indices, oxidative stress markers, antioxidant enzymes, and erythropoietic activity, had significant differences among these three groups. After removal of seven major abundant proteins, the plasma proteome profiles were compared using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Spot matching, quantitative intensity analysis, and statistics revealed differential levels of 32 and 9 proteins when comparing normal vs. patients and mild vs. severe forms, respectively. These proteins were successfully identified by quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and/or tandem mass spectrometry. The decreased level of ADP-ribosylation factor guanine nucleotide-exchange factor 2 in β-thalassemia/Hb E patients compared to healthy individuals and the decreased level of endothelin-converting enzyme 2 in severe form compared to the mild form of the disease were validated by Western blot analysis. Our data provide a number of proteins that may lead to better understanding of the pathophysiology of thalassemia or for novel biomarkers which can be used to simply differentiate mild and severe forms of β-thalassemia/Hb E without any need for multiple tests.
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Patel M, Ramavataram DVSS. Non transferrin bound iron: nature, manifestations and analytical approaches for estimation. Indian J Clin Biochem 2012; 27:322-32. [PMID: 24082455 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-012-0250-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an essential trace element and plays a number of vital roles in biological system. It also leads the chains of pathological actions if present in excess and/or present in free form. Major portion of iron in circulation is associated with transferrin, a classical iron transporter, which prevent the existence of free iron. The fraction of iron which is free of transferrin is known as "non transferrin bound iron". Along with the incidence in iron over loaded patient non transferrin bound iron has been indicated in patients without iron overload. It has been suggested as cause as well as consequence in a number of pathological conditions. The major organs influenced by iron toxicity are heart, pancreas, kidney, organs involved in hematopoiesis etc. The most commonly suggested way for iron mediated pathogenesis is through increased oxidative stress and their secondary effects. Generation of free oxygen radicals by iron has been well documented in Fenton chemistry and Haber-Weiss reaction. Non transferrin bound iron has obvious chance to generate the free reactive radicals as it is not been shielded by the protective carrier protein apo transferrin. The nature of non transferrin bound iron is not clear at present time but it is definitely a group of heterogenous iron forms free from transferrin and ferritin. A variety of analytical approaches like colorimetry, chromatography, fluorimetry etc. have been experimented in different research laboratories for estimation of non transferrin bound iron. However the universally accepted gold standard method which can be operated in pathological laboratories is still to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghna Patel
- Institute of Medical Technology, 173-B New Industrial Estate, Road No. 6G, Udyognagar, Udhana, Surat, Gujarat India
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Okazaki Y, Kono I, Kuriki T, Funahashi S, Fushimi S, Iqbal M, Okada S, Toyokuni S. Bovine lactoferrin ameliorates ferric nitrilotriacetate-induced renal oxidative damage in rats. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2012; 51:84-90. [PMID: 22962523 PMCID: PMC3432831 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.11-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk provides a well-balanced source of amino acids and other ingredients. One of the functional ingredients in milk is lactoferrin (LF). LF presents a wide variety of bioactivities and functions as a radical scavenger in models using iron-ascorbate complexes and asbestos. Human clinical trials of oral LF administration for the prevention of colon polyps have been successful and demonstrated that dietary compounds exhibit direct interactions. However, antioxidative properties of LF in distant organs require further investigation. To study the antioxidant property of LF, we employed bovine lactoferrin (bLF) using the rat model of ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA)-induced renal tubular oxidative injury. We fed rats with bLF (0.05%, w/w) in basal chow for 4 weeks and sacrificed them after Fe-NTA treatment. After intraperitoneal administration of 9.0 mg iron/kg Fe-NTA for 4 and 24 h, bLF pretreatment suppressed elevation of serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels. In addition, we observed protective effects against renal oxidative tubular damage and maintenance of antioxidant enzyme activities in the bLF-pretreated group. We thus demonstrated the antioxidative effect of bLF against Fe-NTA-induced renal oxidative injury. These results suggest that LF intake is useful for the prevention of renal tubular oxidative damage mediated by iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasumasa Okazaki
- Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
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