1
|
Wang J, Cao X, Deng S, Wang B, Feng J, Meng F, Xu H, Wang S, Zao X, Li H, Ye Y. Effect of liver cirrhosis on erectile function in rats: A study combining bioinformatics analysis and experimental research. Andrologia 2021; 54:e14352. [PMID: 34921688 DOI: 10.1111/and.14352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the mechanism through which liver cirrhosis (LC) causes erectile dysfunction (ED). Bioinformatic analysis was used to predict the potential signalling pathways in LC-induced ED, and N-nitrosodiethylamine was used to establish a rat model of LC. H&E staining, Western blotting and RT-qPCR were used to detect pathological tissue damage and changes in mRNA and protein expression levels. In addition, the expression levels of sex hormones such as estradiol (E2), prolactin (PRL) and testosterone (T) were measured. The hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway was an important pathway in our bioinformatics prediction. Pathological damages were detected in the liver and penile tissues of the model rats. Compared with the normal group's serum hormone levels, E2 and PRL were increased in LC rats, while T was decreased (p < 0.01). The mRNA and protein expression results from penis tissues showed that endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were both downregulated, and HIF-1α was upregulated in the model group compared to the normal group (p < 0.01). These data suggest that LC hinders erectile function and causes histopathological changes in the penis by affecting the expression of HIF-1α, eNOS, iNOS, E2, PRL and T.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jisheng Wang
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Department of Andrology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Department of Cardiology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Cao
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng Deng
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Department of Andrology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Andrology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Junlong Feng
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Department of Andrology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Fanchao Meng
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Department of Andrology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hongsheng Xu
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Department of Andrology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shizhen Wang
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Department of Andrology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobin Zao
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education/Beijing Key Laboratory of Internal Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Haisong Li
- Department of Andrology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yongan Ye
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Institute of Liver Diseases, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ückert S, Richter K, Fischer KD, Tsikas D, Kuczyk MA. Re-evaluation of the immunohistochemical distribution of isoforms of nitric oxide synthase in the human prostate: A light and electron microscopical study. Andrologia 2021; 53:e14098. [PMID: 34051107 DOI: 10.1111/and.14098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Up until today, there are still uncertainties regarding the occurrence of isoforms of the nitric oxide synthase (eNOS, nNOS) in the human prostate. While nNOS was exclusively seen in slender nerve fibres branching within the transition zone, eNOS was reported in glandular structures and also in small vessels interspersing the tissue. This study aimed to re-evaluate by means of light and electron microscopy (LM, EM), the distribution of eNOS and nNOS in the transition zone of the human prostate. Tissue specimens were obtained from 16 patients who underwent surgery for pelvic malignancies. Using specific antibodies in conjunction with advanced fixation and staining procedures, the occurrence of eNOS and nNOS was investigated. nNOS was detected in nerve fibres interspersing the tissue and was also seen in glandular structures. EM revealed that in glandular epithelial cells immunoreaction for nNOS was limited to the cytoplasmic compartment. Vascular endothelial cells of small vessels transversing glandular structures significantly stained for eNOS, while epithelial layers of prostatic glandules appeared free of eNOS. The results implicate that, in the prostate, nNOS is a mediator of stromal and glandular tissue function, and counteract the assumption of eNOS activity in glandular epithelial cells as a source of NO synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Ückert
- Division of Surgery, Department of Urology & Urological Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Karin Richter
- Institute for Biochemistry & Cellular Biology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Klaus-Dieter Fischer
- Institute for Biochemistry & Cellular Biology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Tsikas
- Core Unit Proteomics, Center of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Markus Antonius Kuczyk
- Division of Surgery, Department of Urology & Urological Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Balke JE, Zhang L, Percival JM. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) splice variant function: Insights into nitric oxide signaling from skeletal muscle. Nitric Oxide 2018; 82:35-47. [PMID: 30503614 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Defects in neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) splice variant localization and signaling in skeletal muscle are a firmly established pathogenic characteristic of many neuromuscular diseases, including Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy (DMD and BMD, respectively). Therefore, substantial efforts have been made to understand and therapeutically target skeletal muscle nNOS isoform signaling. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent salient advances in understanding of the regulation, targeting, and function of nNOSμ and nNOSβ splice variants in normal and dystrophic skeletal muscle, primarily using findings from mouse models. The first focus of this review is how the differential targeting of nNOS splice variants creates spatially and functionally distinct nitric oxide (NO) signaling compartments at the sarcolemma, Golgi complex, and cytoplasm. Particular attention is given to the functions of sarcolemmal nNOSμ and limitations of current nNOS knockout models. The second major focus is to review current understanding of cGMP-mediated nNOS signaling in skeletal muscle and its emergence as a therapeutic target in DMD and BMD. Accordingly, we address the preclinical and clinical successes and setbacks with the testing of phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors to redress nNOS signaling defects in DMD and BMD. In summary, this review of nNOS function in normal and dystrophic muscle aims to advance understanding how the messenger NO is harnessed for cellular signaling from a skeletal muscle perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan E Balke
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami, Florida, 33101, USA
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami, Florida, 33101, USA
| | - Justin M Percival
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami, Florida, 33101, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chaudhury A. A Hypothesis for Examining Skeletal Muscle Biopsy-Derived Sarcolemmal nNOSμ as Surrogate for Enteric nNOSα Function. Front Med (Lausanne) 2015; 2:48. [PMID: 26284245 PMCID: PMC4517061 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2015.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of gastrointestinal motility disorders is controversial and largely unresolved. This provokes empiric approaches to patient management of these so-called functional gastrointestinal disorders. Preliminary evidence demonstrates that defects in neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) expression and function, the enzyme that synthesizes nitric oxide (NO), the key inhibitory neurotransmitter mediating mechano-electrical smooth muscle relaxation, is the major pathophysiological basis for sluggishness of oro-aboral transit of luminal contents. This opinion is an ansatz of the potential of skeletal muscle biopsy and examining sarcolemmal nNOSμ to provide complementary insights regarding nNOSα expression, localization, and function within enteric nerve terminals, the site of stimulated de novo NO synthesis. The main basis of this thesis is twofold: (a) the molecular similarity of the structures of nNOS α and μ, similar mechanisms of localizations to “active zones” of nitrergic synthesis, and same mechanisms of electron transfers during NO synthesis and (b) pragmatic difficulty to routinely obtain full-thickness biopsies of gastrointestinal tract, even in patients presenting with the most recalcitrant manifestations of stasis and delayed transit of luminal contents. This opinion attempts to provoke dialog whether this approach is feasible as a surrogate to predict catalytic potential of nNOSα and defects in nitrergic neurotransmission. This discussion makes an assumption that similar molecular mechanisms of nNOS defects shall be operant in both the enteric nerve terminals and the skeletal muscles. These overlaps of skeletal and gastrointestinal dysfunction are largely unknown, thus meriting that the thesis be validated in future by proof-of-principle experiments.
Collapse
|
5
|
Myosin Va plays a role in nitrergic smooth muscle relaxation in gastric fundus and corpora cavernosa of penis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86778. [PMID: 24516539 PMCID: PMC3916320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular motor protein myosin Va is involved in nitrergic neurotransmission possibly by trafficking of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) within the nerve terminals. In this study, we examined the role of myosin Va in the stomach and penis, proto-typical smooth muscle organs in which nitric oxide (NO) mediated relaxation is critical for function. We used confocal microscopy and co-immunoprecipitation of tissue from the gastric fundus (GF) and penile corpus cavernosum (CCP) to localize myosin Va with nNOS and demonstrate their molecular interaction. We utilized in vitro mechanical studies to test whether smooth muscle relaxations during nitrergic neuromuscular neurotransmission is altered in DBA (dilute, brown, non-agouti) mice which lack functional myosin Va. Myosin Va was localized in nNOS-positive nerve terminals and was co-immunoprecipitated with nNOS in both GF and CCP. In comparison to C57BL/6J wild type (WT) mice, electrical field stimulation (EFS) of precontracted smooth muscles of GF and CCP from DBA animals showed significant impairment of nitrergic relaxation. An NO donor, Sodium nitroprusside (SNP), caused comparable levels of relaxation in smooth muscles of WT and DBA mice. These normal postjunctional responses to SNP in DBA tissues suggest that impairment of smooth muscle relaxation resulted from inhibition of NO synthesis in prejunctional nerve terminals. Our results suggest that normal physiological processes of relaxation of gastric and cavernosal smooth muscles that facilitate food accommodation and penile erection, respectively, may be disrupted under conditions of myosin Va deficiency, resulting in complications like gastroparesis and erectile dysfunction.
Collapse
|
6
|
Andersson KE. Mechanisms of penile erection and basis for pharmacological treatment of erectile dysfunction. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 63:811-59. [PMID: 21880989 DOI: 10.1124/pr.111.004515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Erection is basically a spinal reflex that can be initiated by recruitment of penile afferents, both autonomic and somatic, and supraspinal influences from visual, olfactory, and imaginary stimuli. Several central transmitters are involved in the erectile control. Dopamine, acetylcholine, nitric oxide (NO), and peptides, such as oxytocin and adrenocorticotropin/α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, have a facilitatory role, whereas serotonin may be either facilitatory or inhibitory, and enkephalins are inhibitory. The balance between contractant and relaxant factors controls the degree of contraction of the smooth muscle of the corpora cavernosa (CC) and determines the functional state of the penis. Noradrenaline contracts both CC and penile vessels via stimulation of α₁-adrenoceptors. Neurogenic NO is considered the most important factor for relaxation of penile vessels and CC. The role of other mediators, released from nerves or endothelium, has not been definitely established. Erectile dysfunction (ED), defined as the "inability to achieve or maintain an erection adequate for sexual satisfaction," may have multiple causes and can be classified as psychogenic, vasculogenic or organic, neurologic, and endocrinologic. Many patients with ED respond well to the pharmacological treatments that are currently available, but there are still groups of patients in whom the response is unsatisfactory. The drugs used are able to substitute, partially or completely, the malfunctioning endogenous mechanisms that control penile erection. Most drugs have a direct action on penile tissue facilitating penile smooth muscle relaxation, including oral phosphodiesterase inhibitors and intracavernosal injections of prostaglandin E₁. Irrespective of the underlying cause, these drugs are effective in the majority of cases. Drugs with a central site of action have so far not been very successful. There is a need for therapeutic alternatives. This requires identification of new therapeutic targets and design of new approaches. Research in the field is expanding, and several promising new targets for future drugs have been identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K-E Andersson
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Knowledge of NO and its function in cell signaling has rapidly developed since its biological effects were first described in 1977. It is formed from L-arginine by NOS isoforms (nNOS, iNOS and eNOS). These enzymes are products of separate genes, encoded on three different chromosomes and responsible for regulating a variety of functions within cells and tissues. NOS isoforms are currently under investigation as targets for novel therapeutics in especially neurodegenerative disorders, inflammation and pain. Many important questions regarding these messengers and signaling molecules remain to be answered. AREAS COVERED This review gives an overview of patents covering drug-like inhibitors for the NOS isoforms filed and published within the last 6 years, up to September 2010, as well as insight into recent highlights in this area. EXPERT OPINION The NOS isoforms are attractive targets in drug design for various pathological conditions and have received considerable interest over recent years. With the advances in molecular biology, modeling software, synthesis, bioassays, and our understanding of the NOS enzymes and the function of NO, novel bioavailable and highly selective drug therapies utilizing this mode of action may soon see the light.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Joubert
- School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Park K, Lee Y, Park S, Lee S, Hong Y, Kil Lee S, Hong Y. Synergistic effect of melatonin on exercise-induced neuronal reconstruction and functional recovery in a spinal cord injury animal model. J Pineal Res 2010; 48:270-281. [PMID: 20210855 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2010.00751.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) may aggravate neuronal damage after spinal cord injury (SCI). We hypothesized that NO produced by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) accelerates secondary damage to spinal tissue, which may be reversed by the neuroprotectant, melatonin. This study investigated the effects of combination therapy with melatonin (10 mg/kg) and exercise (10 m/min) on recovery from SCI caused by contusion. We examined locomotor recovery, iNOS gene expression, autophagic and apoptotic signaling, including Beclin-1, LC3, p53 and IKKalpha protein expression and histological alterations in the ventral horn of the spinal cord. Melatonin in combination with exercise resulted in significantly increased hindlimb movement (P < 0.05), a reduced level of iNOS mRNA (P < 0.05) and more motor neurons in the ventral horn, versus control SCI and SCI plus exercise alone, with no effect on the other signaling molecules examined. This study shows that combined therapy with melatonin and exercise reduces the degree of secondary damage associated with SCI in rats and supports the possible use of melatonin in combination with exercise to reduce the side effects related to exercise-induced fatigue and impairment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanghui Park
- Department of Rehabilitation Science in Interdisciplinary PhD Program, College of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
| | - Youngjeon Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Science in Interdisciplinary PhD Program, College of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
| | - Sookyoung Park
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disease Center, College of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
| | - Seunghoon Lee
- Department Physical Therapy, College of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
| | - Yunkyung Hong
- Department Physical Therapy, College of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
| | - Sang- Kil Lee
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disease Center, College of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
| | - Yonggeun Hong
- Department of Rehabilitation Science in Interdisciplinary PhD Program, College of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
- Department Physical Therapy, College of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disease Center, College of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ozbek E, Tasci AI, Ilbey YO, Simsek A, Somay A, Metin G. The effect of regular exercise on penile nitric oxide synthase expression in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 33:623-8. [PMID: 19793134 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2009.00993.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a major public health problem that seriously affects the quality of life of patients and their partners and its prevalence increases significantly with ageing. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that age-associated decrease in penile endothelial (eNOS) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) activity in aged rats may be increased by regular exercise. A total of 28 young (4 m) and aged (24 m) male rats were divided into four equal groups: group 1 - young control; group 2 - young trained; group 3 - old control and group 4 - old trained group. Groups 2 and 4 rats were trained to swim for 30 min a day and 5 days a week, which lasted 8 weeks. At the end of 8 weeks, rats were sacrificed and penile tissues evaluated for eNOS and nNOS activities. eNOS and nNOS activities were evaluated by immunohistochemistry in paraffinized penile tissues and results assessed semiquantitatively. Results also were compared with healthy age-matched and adult (4 m) controls. Serum level of testosterone (T) was determined using ELISA kits (Beckman Coulter, Fullerton, CA, USA). In penile tissues of aged control rats, eNOS and nNOS staining were weakly positive; however in trained groups, eNOS and nNOS immunoreactivity were increased. In young control group, eNOS and nNOS activities were more intense than aged control. eNOS and nNOS activities were higher in adult trained group than control. Serum T concentrations were significantly higher in young and aged trained group than in control groups. We can suggest that regular exercise upregulates eNOS and nNOS expressions in the aged and young rat penis. Regular exercise may improve penile erection by increasing penile neurotransmitter in both young and aged rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emin Ozbek
- Department of Urology, Bezm-i Alem Valide Sultan Vakif Gureba Research and Education Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Role of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the regulation of the neuroendocrine stress response in rodents: insights from mutant mice. Amino Acids 2008; 35:17-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-007-0630-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2007] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
11
|
Calabrese V, Mancuso C, Calvani M, Rizzarelli E, Butterfield DA, Stella AMG. Nitric oxide in the central nervous system: neuroprotection versus neurotoxicity. Nat Rev Neurosci 2007; 8:766-75. [PMID: 17882254 DOI: 10.1038/nrn2214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1010] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
At the end of the 1980s, it was clearly demonstrated that cells produce nitric oxide and that this gaseous molecule is involved in the regulation of the cardiovascular, immune and nervous systems, rather than simply being a toxic pollutant. In the CNS, nitric oxide has an array of functions, such as the regulation of synaptic plasticity, the sleep-wake cycle and hormone secretion. Particularly interesting is the role of nitric oxide as a Janus molecule in the cell death or survival mechanisms in brain cells. In fact, physiological amounts of this gas are neuroprotective, whereas higher concentrations are clearly neurotoxic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Calabrese
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, Faculty of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yang JY, Kim HS, Lee JK. Changes in nitric oxide synthase expression in young and adult rats after spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2007; 45:731-8. [PMID: 17353913 DOI: 10.1038/sj.sc.3102036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the clinical meaning of the changes in nitric oxide synthase (NOS) expression and activity after spinal cord injury (SCI) according to the age of the experiment animal. MATERIAL AND METHOD Ten 5- and 16-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were laminectomized at T10 and SCI induced at this level using a New York impactor. Outcome measures to assess SCI utilized the Basso-Beatti-Bresnahan scale to quantitate hind limb motor dysfunction as a functional outcome measure. NOS isoforms (nNOS, neuronal NOS; iNOS, inducible NOS; and eNOS, endothelial NOS) were also immunolocalized in sections of control and spinal cord injury in the two sample groups using specific monoclonal antibodies. Student's t-test evaluated the difference between the young and adult rats, and P<0.05 was considered as significant value. RESULT As the expression of nNOS on the spinal gray matter of the adult rat decreased, eNOS activity increased. Different from the adult rat, expression of the nNOS in the young rat was maintained until 1 day after SCI, and compared with the adult rat; eNOS activity was increased in the vessels from the damaged gray matter area after 7 days of SCI. iNOS expression was maintained until the 7th day of SCI on the adult rat, but iNOS expression after 7 days of SCI on young rat decreased. The young rat showed relatively less motor disability on the hind limb when compared with the adult rat, and had a rapid recovery. CONCLUSION Neural protective eNOS activity increased after SCI in the young rat, and neural destructive iNOS expression was more remarkable in the adult rat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J-Y Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Dae Jeon, Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lorenz M, Hewing B, Hui J, Zepp A, Baumann G, Bindereif A, Stangl V, Stangl K. Alternative splicing in intron 13 of the human eNOS gene: a potential mechanism for regulating eNOS activity. FASEB J 2007; 21:1556-64. [PMID: 17264164 DOI: 10.1096/fj.06-7434com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
NO, the product of endothelial NOS (eNOS), is a major regulator of vascular homeostasis and a critical factor in preventing cardiovascular diseases. We previously established a positive correlation between the number of variable CA repeats in intron 13 of human eNOS and the risk of coronary artery disease, and demonstrated that these polymorphic CA repeats function as a length-dependent splicing enhancer. By 5'-RACE polymerase chain reaction (PCR), we detected three splice variants containing novel 3' splice sites within intron 13--termed eNOS13A, eNOS13B, and eNOS13C--which share the first 13 exons of human eNOS and the same polyadenylation site at the end of the novel exon. When translated, all these splice variants would result in truncated proteins lacking eNOS activity. Coexpression of full-length eNOS with eNOS13A diminished eNOS enzyme activity in COS-7 cells by formation of heterodimers. The splice variants were expressed in endothelial cells and various human tissues. Finally, we demonstrate, using minigene transfection, that the expression of the eNOS13A splice variant is increased with high CA repeat numbers in intron 13. These data suggest a new mechanism for the regulation of eNOS activity and NO production in the cardiovascular system by truncated, dominant-negative splice variants of human eNOS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Lorenz
- Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Kardiologie und Angiologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, CCM, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lau DHW, Kommu SS, Siddiqui EJ, Thompson CS, Morgan RJ, Mikhailidis DP, Mumtaz FH. Gene therapy and erectile dysfunction: the current status. Asian J Androl 2007; 9:8-15. [PMID: 16888683 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7262.2007.00224.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Current available treatment options for erectile dysfunction (ED) are effective but not without failure and/or side effects. Although the development of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors (i.e. sildenafil, tadalafil and vardenafil) has revolutionized the treatment of ED, these oral medications require on-demand access and are not as effective in treating ED related to diabetic, post-prostatectomy and severe veno-occlusive disease states. Improvement in the treatment of ED is dependent on understanding the regulation of human corporal smooth muscle tone and on the identification of relevant molecular targets. Future ED therapies might consider the application of molecular technologies such as gene therapy. As a potential therapeutic tool, gene therapy might provide an effective and specific means for altering intracavernous pressure "on demand" without affecting resting penile function. However, the safety of gene therapy remains a major hurdle to overcome before being accepted as a mainstream treatment for ED. Gene therapy aims to cure the underlying conditions in ED, including fibrosis. Furthermore, gene therapy might help prolong the efficacy of the PDE5 inhibitors by improving penile nitric oxide bioactivity. It is feasible to apply gene therapy to the penis because of its location and accessibility, low penile circulatory flow in the flaccid state and the presence of endothelial lined (lacunar) spaces. This review provides a brief insight of the current role of gene therapy in the management of ED.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David H W Lau
- Department of Urology, Royal Free Hospital and University College Medical School, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2QG, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hallén K, Wiklund NP, Gustafsson LE. Inhibitors of phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE 5) inhibit the nerve-induced release of nitric oxide from the rabbit corpus cavernosum. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 150:353-60. [PMID: 17179943 PMCID: PMC2013895 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Nitrergic neurons are important for erectile responses in the corpus cavernosum and impaired signalling results in erectile dysfunction, today treated successfully by oral administration of the selective phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE 5) inhibitors sildenafil, tadalafil and vardenafil. Although the importance of nitrergic neurons in urogenital function has become evident, it has not been investigated if the PDE 5 inhibitors affect the nerve-induced release of nitric oxide (NO). In a previous study we found that the soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC)/cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) pathway might modulate nerve-induced release of NO in isolated cavernous tissue. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Electrical field stimulation (EFS 5 Hz, 40 V, 0.3 ms pulse duration, 25 pulses at intervals of 2 min) of rabbit isolated cavernous tissue elicited reproducible, nerve-mediated relaxations in the presence of scopolamine (10(-5) M), guanethidine (10(-5) M) and phenylephrine (3 x 10(-6) M). In superfusion experiments, nerve stimulation (20 Hz, 40 V, 1 ms) of the cavernous tissue evoked release of NO/NO2-, measured by chemiluminescence. KEY RESULTS Sildenafil, tadalafil and vardenafil decreased the muscular tone and prolonged the relaxations to nerve stimulation. The evoked release of NO decreased to 72+/-11%, 55+/-16% and 61+/-14% of control, respectively after addition of sildenafil, tadalafil or vardenafil (all 10(-4) M, n=6-8, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Selective PDE 5 inhibitors influence the nerve-induced release of NO, probably via cGMP-mediated negative feedback. This negative feedback might explain why priapism is not seen during monotherapy with the PDE inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Hallén
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Section of Urology, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kendirci M, Teloken PE, Champion HC, Hellstrom WJG, Bivalacqua TJ. Gene Therapy for Erectile Dysfunction: Fact or Fiction? Eur Urol 2006; 50:1208-22. [PMID: 16950560 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2006.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2006] [Accepted: 08/02/2006] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a major health problem that seriously affects the quality of life of patients and their partners. Although all three selective phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5-Is) are effective in the majority of ED cases, PDE5-I therapy is less efficacious in some hard-to-treat populations (diabetics, men after radical prostatectomy), prompting the development of new approaches, including gene therapy strategies for ED. METHODS Gene therapy approaches are discussed in terms of the possible role of gene therapy for the treatment of ED, potential targets for gene transfer, vectors to carry targeted genes, and gene strategies for ED in certain disease states, such as diabetes, ageing, arterial and venogenic insufficiency, and cavernous nerve injury. RESULTS The penis is a convenient tissue target for gene therapy because of its external location and accessibility, the ubiquity of endothelial-lined spaces, and low level of blood flow, especially in the flaccid state. Gene therapy approaches have focused on a number of signaling pathways that are crucial for penile erection, such as nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate, RhoA/Rho-kinase, growth factors, ion channels, peptides, and control of oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS The need for effective ED therapies in difficult-to-treat patients has encouraged investigators to seek novel modalities for the treatment of ED. Recent preclinical and clinical trials have demonstrated that gene therapy strategies may be feasible for these purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muammer Kendirci
- Department of Urology, Sisli Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Perimenis P, Giannitsas K. Existing and future pharmacotherapy for erectile dysfunction. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2006. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.16.9.1215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
18
|
Ihara H, Kuwamura M, Atsuta M, Nihonmatsu I, Okada T, Mukamoto M, Kozaki S. Expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase variant, nNOS-μ, in rat brain. Nitric Oxide 2006; 15:13-9. [PMID: 16412669 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2005.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2005] [Revised: 11/09/2005] [Accepted: 11/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is alternatively spliced. An nNOS splice variant form, nNOS-mu, was first found to be selectively expressed in rat skeletal muscle and heart. To date, the expression of nNOS-mu in the brain has not been well characterized. The aim of this study was to determine whether nNOS-mu is expressed in rat brain, and whether nNOS-mu exhibits a specific expression pattern. To analyze the expression of nNOS-mu, we generated a monoclonal antibody that is specific for nNOS-mu. An immunoblot analysis using this antibody showed that nNOS-mu is expressed in the rat brain at a measurable level, which was 10.3% of total nNOSs. In rat brain, the nNOS-mu expression was high in the mesencephalon and the cerebellum. nNOS-mu was immunohistochemically localized in neurites and perikarya of large neurons. In the cerebellum, granule cells showed marked staining, while weak staining was detected in basket and stellate cells. This expression pattern is different from that described for nNOS and suggests that nNOS-mu plays unique roles in different neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideshi Ihara
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Guix FX, Uribesalgo I, Coma M, Muñoz FJ. The physiology and pathophysiology of nitric oxide in the brain. Prog Neurobiol 2005; 76:126-52. [PMID: 16115721 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2005.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 474] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2005] [Revised: 06/10/2005] [Accepted: 06/14/2005] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a molecule with pleiotropic effects in different tissues. NO is synthesized by NO synthases (NOS), a family with four major types: endothelial, neuronal, inducible and mitochondrial. They can be found in almost all the tissues and they can even co-exist in the same tissue. NO is a well-known vasorelaxant agent, but it works as a neurotransmitter when produced by neurons and is also involved in defense functions when it is produced by immune and glial cells. NO is thermodynamically unstable and tends to react with other molecules, resulting in the oxidation, nitrosylation or nitration of proteins, with the concomitant effects on many cellular mechanisms. NO intracellular signaling involves the activation of guanylate cyclase but it also interacts with MAPKs, apoptosis-related proteins, and mitochondrial respiratory chain or anti-proliferative molecules. It also plays a role in post-translational modification of proteins and protein degradation by the proteasome. However, under pathophysiological conditions NO has damaging effects. In disorders involving oxidative stress, such as Alzheimer's disease, stroke and Parkinson's disease, NO increases cell damage through the formation of highly reactive peroxynitrite. The paradox of beneficial and damaging effects of NO will be discussed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F X Guix
- Laboratori de Fisiologia Molecular, Unitat de Senyalització Cellular, Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Carrer Dr. Aiguader, 80, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Häuser W, Sassmann A, Qadri F, Jöhren O, Dominiak P. Expression of nitric oxide synthase isoforms in hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal axis during the development of spontaneous hypertension in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 138:198-204. [PMID: 15913838 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbrainres.2005.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2004] [Revised: 03/22/2005] [Accepted: 04/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study was performed to investigate the expression of the major isoforms of nitric oxide synthase mRNA and protein in the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) at two different postnatal ages corresponding to the development of genetic hypertension. Using RT-PCR and Western blot techniques, the mRNA and protein levels of neuronal (nNOS), endothelial (eNOS) and inducible (iNOS) isoforms were measured in 3- to 4-week-old (prehypertensive phase) and 12- to 13-week-old (established hypertension phase) SHR and age-matched normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats. nNOS but not eNOS mRNA levels were increased at prehypertensive and hypertensive phases in SHR HPA axis. Compared to age-matched WKY rats, significantly higher levels of nNOS protein were found in the hypothalamus, lower levels in the adrenal glands and no changes were observed in the pituitary gland. At both ages tested, there was no significant change in eNOS protein expression in SHR HPA axis. The expression of iNOS mRNA and protein was under detection limit. In the HPA axis, the expression of nNOS isoform appears to be differentially controlled at the transcriptional and translational levels in SHR. Increased mRNA levels and differential nNOS protein expression from birth in SHR HPA axis may contribute in the pathogenesis of genetic hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walter Häuser
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Clinic Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gonzalez-Cadavid NF, Rajfer J. Molecular pathophysiology and gene therapy of aging-related erectile dysfunction. Exp Gerontol 2005; 39:1705-12. [PMID: 15582286 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2004.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2004] [Accepted: 06/12/2004] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a major public health problem that seriously affects the quality of life of patients and their partners. ED is mainly associated with vascular disease, diabetes, smoking, and radical prostatectomy, and its prevalence increases significantly with aging. Vasculogenic ED, specifically corporal veno-occlusive dysfunction (CVOD), is caused by the impairment of the relaxation of the smooth muscle in the penile corpora cavernosa and occurs in 2/3 of cases, whereas the less common neurogenic ED is due to a defective nitrergic neurotransmission triggered by the sexual stimulus, either at the central hypothalamic and spinal levels or at the penile nerves. Based on animal and cell studies, neurogenic ED is assumed to be caused mainly by: (a) an insufficient synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) due to a decrease in the levels of the penile neuronal nitric oxide synthase (PnNOS) or the impairment of its regulation by protein effectors (NMDA receptor, protein inhibitor of nNOS: PIN), occurring in the neuronal bodies or nerve terminals, or (b) a loss of the cells themselves by apoptosis caused by the induction of inducible NOS (iNOS) and the production of peroxynitrite. In contrast vasculogenic ED, although may involve endothelial damage and down-regulation of endothelial NOS (eNOS), appears to be mainly caused by the relative loss of smooth muscle cells and replacement by collagen fibers (fibrosis) that impairs tissue compliance. In this case, iNOS induction may not be deleterious, but a defense mechanism preventing excessive collagen deposition. Gene therapy to the penile corpora cavernosa of cDNAs expressing PnNOS or eNOS, or counteracting PIN, has been effective in ameliorating ED in the aging rat model that exhibits both neurogenic ED and CVOD. cDNA constructs for other genes involved in the control of penile erection have also been successfully tested. Gene transfer into the penis may soon translate to the clinic as a therapy aimed to cure the underlying conditions in ED, including fibrosis, as opposed to the facilitation of erection on demand offered by the current oral therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N F Gonzalez-Cadavid
- Harbor-UCLA Research and Education Institute, Urology, Bldg. F-6, 1124 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90502, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bémeur C, Ste-Marie L, Desjardins P, Butterworth RF, Vachon L, Montgomery J, Hazell AS. Expression of superoxide dismutase in hyperglycemic focal cerebral ischemia in the rat. Neurochem Int 2004; 45:1167-74. [PMID: 15380626 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2004.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2004] [Revised: 06/21/2004] [Accepted: 06/22/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the possibility that hyperglycemia induces early expression of various superoxide dismutases (SOD) and nitric oxide synthases (NOS) following focal cerebral ischemia in the rat. MnSOD, CuZnSOD, nNOS and eNOS mRNA and protein expression were examined 3 h after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion under acute hyperglycemic or normoglycemic conditions. 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) treatment post-mortem revealed a significant area at risk of infarction following ischemia in hyperglycemic compared to normoglycemic rats. Although no changes in MnSOD, CuZnSOD, nNOS and eNOS mRNA expression were detected, Western blots of ischemic cortex revealed an increase in MnSOD and CuZnSOD protein expression in hyperglycemic compared to normoglycemic rats. Pre-treatment of hyperglycemic rats with the NOS inhibitors L-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and 7-nitroindazole (7-NI) or dehydroascorbic acid (DHA), a superoxide scavenger, significantly reduced the TTC delineated zone. The hyperglycemia-induced post-transcriptional upregulation of MnSOD and CuZnSOD levels suggest a response to increased superoxide production which, in the presence of increased nitric oxide production, may play a major role in the increased risk of damage following hyperglycemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Bémeur
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie, Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Hôpital St-Luc, A-466, 1058 St-Denis St, Montréal, Québec, Canada H2X 3J4.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous free radical that serves cell signaling, cellular energetics, host defense, and inflammatory functions in virtually all cells. In the kidney and vasculature, NO plays fundamental roles in the control of systemic and intrarenal hemodynamics, the tubuloglomerular feedback response, pressure natriuresis, release of sympathetic neurotransmitters and renin, and tubular solute and water transport. NO is synthesized from L-arginine by NO synthases (NOS). Because of its high chemical reactivity and high diffusibility, NO production by each of the 3 major NOS isoforms is regulated tightly at multiple levels from gene transcription to spatial proximity near intended targets to covalent modification and allosteric regulation of the enzyme itself. Many of these regulatory mechanisms have yet to be tested in renal cells. The NOS isoforms are distributed differentially and regulated in the kidney, and there remains some controversy over the specific expression of functional protein for the NOS isoforms in specific renal cell populations. Mice with targeted deletion of each of the NOS isoforms have been generated, and these each have unique phenotypes. Studies of the renal and vascular phenotypes of these mice have yielded important insights into certain vascular diseases, ischemic acute renal failure, the tubuloglomerular feedback response, and some mechanisms of tubular fluid and electrolyte transport, but thus far have been underexploited. This review explores the collective knowledge regarding the structure, regulation, and function of the NOS isoforms gleaned from various tissues, and highlights the progress and gaps in understanding in applying this information to renal and vascular physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce C Kone
- University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Grant MKO, El-Fakahany EE. Therapeutic interventions targeting the nitric oxide system: current and potential uses in obstetrics, bone disease and erectile dysfunction. Life Sci 2004; 74:1701-21. [PMID: 14741730 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2003.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide is involved in a countless number of physiological processes and is known to have cytoprotective as well as cytotoxic effects. Increased knowledge about the multifaceted role of nitric oxide in a variety of disease states has led to the design of multiple treatment strategies involving the nitric oxide system. The current review focuses on recent research advances in the fields of obstetrics, bone disease and erectile dysfunction that have led to current or potential future therapies involving nitric oxide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne K O Grant
- Neuroscience Research in Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Mayo Mail Code 392, 420 Delaware Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Mastrangelo D, Baertschi AJ, Roatti A, Amherdt M, Iselin CE. Nitric Oxide Production Within Rat Urothelial Cells. J Urol 2003; 170:1409-14. [PMID: 14501779 DOI: 10.1097/01.ju.0000083492.80217.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent studies have suggested that nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS) may be localized in the urothelium of the proximal part of the mammalian ureter. We investigated endogenous NO production in the proximal half of the rat ureter, localized its cellular source, characterized the NOS isoforms involved and assessed the impact of NO on ureteral motility. MATERIALS AND METHODS Direct detection of NO production was performed on primary cultures of living rat ureteral cells with the fluorescent indicator diaminofluorescein. Cultures were incubated with the NO precursor L-arginine or the NOS inhibitors L-NAME (N-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester) and 1400W. NOS expression was determined by immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis. The functional effects of NO donors were assessed on isolated ureters. RESULTS Significant basal NO production was demonstrated by the high fluorescence level detected in diaminofluorescein treated cell cultures. NO production was strictly limited to urothelial cells since no fluorescence was seen in smooth muscle cells. Pretreatment with L-NAME or 1400W resulted in a significant decrease in fluorescence. Constitutive and inducible NOS isoforms were detected in urothelial cultured cells and in lysates of the urothelial layer. NO donors inhibited in a concentration dependent manner the agonist induced contractile activity of isolated ureters. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that NO production stems from the urothelium and the NO pathway inhibits contractile activity in the proximal half of the rat ureter. Hence, the nitrergic pathway may be an important target for drugs producing relaxation of the mammalian ureter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Mastrangelo
- Urology Clinic, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospital, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Uckert S, Stanarius A, Stief CG, Wolf G, Jonas U, Machtens S. Immunocytochemical distribution of nitric oxide synthase in the human seminal vesicle: a light and electron microscopical study. UROLOGICAL RESEARCH 2003; 31:262-6. [PMID: 12802542 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-003-0322-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2002] [Accepted: 03/19/2003] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although nitric oxide (NO) has been proven to be one of the most important non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic mediators in the control of human reproductive tract organs, to date information on the significance of NO-mediated signal transduction in the control of human seminal vesicle (SV) function is still sparse.()Recent investigations have underlined the significance of NO in the maintenance of sperm capacitation and viscosity of the seminal plasma as well as in the control of mammalian seminal vesicle smooth muscle tone. In order to further investigate the functional impact of NO on the regulation of normal SV function, we examined the distribution of NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the cellular anatomy of human SV by means of light and electron microscopical immunocytochemistry (LM, EM) in combination with the tyramide signal amplification technique. Human SV were obtained from 15 patients who had undergone surgery for pelvic malignancies (carcinoma of the prostate or urinary bladder). SV specimens were fixed, sectioned and examined by LM and EM for the presence of NAPDH-d, eNOS and nNOS using specific antibodies and advanced staining procedures. LM revealed a dense NADPH-d reaction in glandular epithelial structures, whereas no substantial labeling was detected in the fibromuscular stroma. EM showed that the NADPH-d reaction product was abundantly detectable attached to membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and the nuclei of glandular epithelial cells. nNOS staining was found in nerve fibers branching within the SV tissue. eNOS staining was present in small vessels but was only observed to a minor degree in glandular and subglandular structures and the smooth muscle stroma. Our results support the hypothesis that human SV is a site of NO production. The distribution of NADPH-d may give rise to the speculation that NO is mainly involved in the regulation of SV secretory activity. The sparse correlation between NADPH-d-, eNOS- and nNOS-staining might hint at the existence of a previously unidentified NOS isoform in human SV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Uckert
- Hannover Medical School, Department of Urology, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Toda N, Okamura T. The pharmacology of nitric oxide in the peripheral nervous system of blood vessels. Pharmacol Rev 2003; 55:271-324. [PMID: 12773630 DOI: 10.1124/pr.55.2.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Unanticipated, novel hypothesis on nitric oxide (NO) radical, an inorganic, labile, gaseous molecule, as a neurotransmitter first appeared in late 1989 and into the early 1990s, and solid evidences supporting this idea have been accumulated during the last decade of the 20th century. The discovery of nitrergic innervation of vascular smooth muscle has led to a new understanding of the neurogenic control of vascular function. Physiological roles of the nitrergic nerve in vascular smooth muscle include the dominant vasodilator control of cerebral and ocular arteries, the reciprocal regulation with the adrenergic vasoconstrictor nerve in other arteries and veins, and in the initiation and maintenance of penile erection in association with smooth muscle relaxation of the corpus cavernosum. The discovery of autonomic efferent nerves in which NO plays key roles as a neurotransmitter in blood vessels, the physiological roles of this nerve in the control of smooth muscle tone of the artery, vein, and corpus cavernosum, and pharmacological and pathological implications of neurogenic NO have been reviewed. This nerve is a postganglionic parasympathetic nerve. Mechanical responses to stimulation of the nerve, mainly mediated by NO, clearly differ from those to cholinergic nerve stimulation. The naming "nitrergic or nitroxidergic" is therefore proposed to avoid confusion of the term "cholinergic nerve", from which acetylcholine is released as a major neurotransmitter. By establishing functional roles of nitrergic, cholinergic, adrenergic, and other autonomic efferent nerves in the regulation of vascular tone and the interactions of these nerves in vivo, especially in humans, progress in the understanding of cardiovascular dysfunctions and the development of pharmacotherapeutic strategies would be expected in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Toda
- Toyama Institute for Cardiovascular Pharmacology Research, Toyama Bldg., 7-13, 1-Chome, Azuchi-machi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0052, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ferrini MG, Magee TR, Vernet D, Rajfer J, González-Cadavid NF. Penile neuronal nitric oxide synthase and its regulatory proteins are present in hypothalamic and spinal cord regions involved in the control of penile erection. J Comp Neurol 2003; 458:46-61. [PMID: 12577322 DOI: 10.1002/cne.10543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Control of penile erection requires the coordination of the hypothalamus and the L6-S1 region of the spinal cord. Erection requires the activation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), which is tightly regulated. Because variants of nNOS (penile nNOS: PnNOS) and the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (truncated NMDAR subunit 1: NMDAR1-T) as well as protein inhibitor of NOS (PIN) have all been located in the pelvic ganglia and penile nerves, this work aims to determine whether these proteins are also present in the hypothalamus. It was found that PnNOS, the brain-type nNOS, and PIN, were expressed in the hypothalamus. In contrast, NMDAR1-T was expressed only in the penis, whereas the brain-type NMDAR1 was present in the brain and sacral spinal cord and not in the penis. PnNOS was found in the media preoptic area, posterior magnocellular, and the parvocellular regions of the paraventricular nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, septohypothalamic nucleus, medial septum, cortex, and in some of the nNOS staining neurons throughout the brain. It was absent in the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis. PIN staining was present in neurons of the medial preoptic area, paraventricular nucleus, medial septum, and cortex, but not in the supraoptic nucleus, septohypothalamic nucleus, or organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis. Colocalization between PnNOS and PIN was found in the medial preoptic area, medial septum, and cortex, and less in the paraventricular nucleus. PnNOS and oxytocin were colocalized in the paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus. In hypothalamic extracts, recombinant PIN-GST protein bound to PnNOS in the extracts and partially inhibited NOS activity. These results indicate that both nNOS variants, and their respective regulatory proteins are present and colocalize in the hypothalamic and spinal cord regions involved in penile erection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica G Ferrini
- Research and Education Institute, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California 90502, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Magee TR, Ferrini MG, Davila HH, Zeller CB, Vernet D, Sun J, Lalani R, Burnett AL, Rajfer J, González-Cadavid NF. Protein inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor are expressed in the rat and mouse penile nerves and colocalize with penile neuronal NOS. Biol Reprod 2003; 68:478-88. [PMID: 12533411 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.102.007310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrergic neurotransmission triggering penile erection is mediated by nitric oxide (NO) synthesized in the cavernosal nerves of the penis by penile neuronal NO synthase (PnNOS). In the central nervous system, nNOS is activated by the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) and, presumably, is inhibited by the protein inhibitor of NOS (PIN). The PnNOS and NMDAR are expressed in the penis, and PnNOS has been localized in penile nerves. Both proteins colocalize with PIN in the hypothalamus and the spinal cord involved in the control of erection. The present study aimed to elucidate the relationship between PnNOS, PIN, and NMDAR in the penis. It was found that in the rat, PIN was expressed in the pelvic ganglion and the cavernosal nerve, and penile PIN cDNA was cloned, sequenced, and expressed. Immunohistochemistry localized PIN to the cavernosal and dorsal nerve of the penis, whereas NMDAR was not detected in the latter. Dual-fluorescence labeling showed that PnNOS colocalized with PIN in both nerves but with NMDAR only in the cavernosal nerve. Aging did not affect the mRNA levels of PnNOS, nNOS, NMDAR, and PIN. Both PIN and NMDAR were detected in penile nerves of the wild-type and nNOS(-/-) mouse. The PIN protein did not inhibit or bind NOS in penile extracts, and in vivo, PIN cDNA reduced the erectile response to electrical field stimulation. In conclusion, PIN and NMDAR colocalize with PnNOS in penile nerves, but the functional significance of these protein interactions for penile erection remains to be elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T R Magee
- Department of Urology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Dorff G, Meyer G, Krone D, Pozzilli P, Zühlke H. Neuronal NO synthase and its inhibitor PIN are present and influenced by glucose in the human beta-cell line CM and in rat INS-1 cells. Biol Chem 2002; 383:1357-61. [PMID: 12437128 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2002.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is synthesised by different nitric oxide synthases (NOS) from L-arginine and acts as a signal transducer in a variety of cells. The neuronal isoenzyme of NOS (nNOS) was recently found in rodent beta-cells and beta-cell lines. We provide evidence that nNOS is also present in the human beta-cell line CM and that the specific inhibitor of nNOS PIN is expressed in CM and INS-1 cells. Furthermore, we investigated the influence of glucose on the activity of nNOS and the expression of PIN and are able to show that both are increased by glucose stimulation in the beta-cell lines but not in the mouse fibroblastic cell line LTK. This indicates that nNOS and PIN play a role in the specific function of beta-cells, not only in rodents but also in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Dorff
- Department of Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
The mammalian prostate is densely innervated by hypogastric and pelvic nerves that play an important role in regulating the growth and function of the gland. While there has been much interest in the role of the noradrenergic innervation and adrenoceptors in prostate function, the role of cholinergic neurones in prostate physiology and pathophysiology is not well understood. This review focuses on the role of acetylcholine and cholinoceptors in prostate function. Nitric oxide, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, and/or neuropeptide Y are co-localised with cholinesterase and/or acetylcholine transporter in some of the nerve fibres supplying the prostate. Their roles are also briefly discussed in this review. A dense network of cholinesterase-staining fibres supplies both prostate epithelium and stroma, suggesting a role of acetylcholine and/or co-localised neuropeptides in the modulation of prostatic secretions, as well as smooth muscle tone. A predominantly epithelial location for prostate muscarinic receptors indicated a major secretomotor role for acetylcholine. The muscarinic receptor subtype mediating muscarinic agonist-induced smooth muscle contraction or enhancement of contractions evoked by nerve stimulation differs in different species. In the human, there is evidence for M(1) receptors on the epithelium, M(2) receptors on the stroma, and both M(1) and M(3) receptors in some prostate cancer cell lines. Several recent investigations indicate that muscarinic receptors may also mediate or modulate normal, benign, and malignant prostate growth. The role of muscarinic agonists and their receptors and the influences of age, testicular, and other steroids in regulating the effects are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Ventura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Pharmacology, Victorian College of Pharmacy, Monash University, Royal Parade, Victoria 3052, Parkville, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Lin CS, Lue TF. Application of molecular biology to impotence research. MOLECULAR UROLOGY 2002; 5:91-8. [PMID: 11690555 DOI: 10.1089/10915360152559567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
To encourage further application of molecular biology in impotence research, we have compiled a list of techniques that have been or can be used in such endeavors. While by no means complete or perfect, the list encompasses both some of the most commonly used (such as RT-PCR) and some of the most promising (such as gene chip) methods. All three levels of the gene expression hierarchy, namely, DNA, RNA, and protein, are represented in the discussion. Whenever possible, each technique is discussed with references relevant to impotence research. Interested readers therefore can trace the original or the most recent research protocols for more detailed information.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- 3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases/genetics
- 3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases/metabolism
- Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 5
- DNA Footprinting
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional
- Erectile Dysfunction/physiopathology
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- In Situ Hybridization
- Male
- Molecular Biology/methods
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Penis/physiology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Single-Strand Specific DNA and RNA Endonucleases/metabolism
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
Collapse
|
33
|
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin T. McVARY
- From the Departments of Urology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, and McGill University Medical School, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - SERGE CARRIER
- From the Departments of Urology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, and McGill University Medical School, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - HUNTER WESSELLS
- From the Departments of Urology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, and McGill University Medical School, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
|
35
|
Abstract
This review concentrates on advances in nitric oxide synthase (NOS) structure, function and inhibition made in the last seven years, during which time substantial advances have been made in our understanding of this enzyme family. There is now information on the enzyme structure at all levels from primary (amino acid sequence) to quaternary (dimerization, association with other proteins) structure. The crystal structures of the oxygenase domains of inducible NOS (iNOS) and vascular endothelial NOS (eNOS) allow us to interpret other information in the context of this important part of the enzyme, with its binding sites for iron protoporphyrin IX (haem), biopterin, L-arginine, and the many inhibitors which interact with them. The exact nature of the NOS reaction, its mechanism and its products continue to be sources of controversy. The role of the biopterin cofactor is now becoming clearer, with emerging data implicating one-electron redox cycling as well as the multiple allosteric effects on enzyme activity. Regulation of the NOSs has been described at all levels from gene transcription to covalent modification and allosteric regulation of the enzyme itself. A wide range of NOS inhibitors have been discussed, interacting with the enzyme in diverse ways in terms of site and mechanism of inhibition, time-dependence and selectivity for individual isoforms, although there are many pitfalls and misunderstandings of these aspects. Highly selective inhibitors of iNOS versus eNOS and neuronal NOS have been identified and some of these have potential in the treatment of a range of inflammatory and other conditions in which iNOS has been implicated.
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
This review concentrates on advances in nitric oxide synthase (NOS) structure, function and inhibition made in the last seven years, during which time substantial advances have been made in our understanding of this enzyme family. There is now information on the enzyme structure at all levels from primary (amino acid sequence) to quaternary (dimerization, association with other proteins) structure. The crystal structures of the oxygenase domains of inducible NOS (iNOS) and vascular endothelial NOS (eNOS) allow us to interpret other information in the context of this important part of the enzyme, with its binding sites for iron protoporphyrin IX (haem), biopterin, L-arginine, and the many inhibitors which interact with them. The exact nature of the NOS reaction, its mechanism and its products continue to be sources of controversy. The role of the biopterin cofactor is now becoming clearer, with emerging data implicating one-electron redox cycling as well as the multiple allosteric effects on enzyme activity. Regulation of the NOSs has been described at all levels from gene transcription to covalent modification and allosteric regulation of the enzyme itself. A wide range of NOS inhibitors have been discussed, interacting with the enzyme in diverse ways in terms of site and mechanism of inhibition, time-dependence and selectivity for individual isoforms, although there are many pitfalls and misunderstandings of these aspects. Highly selective inhibitors of iNOS versus eNOS and neuronal NOS have been identified and some of these have potential in the treatment of a range of inflammatory and other conditions in which iNOS has been implicated.
Collapse
|
37
|
|
38
|
Alderton WK, Cooper CE, Knowles RG. Nitric oxide synthases: structure, function and inhibition. Biochem J 2001; 357:593-615. [PMID: 11463332 PMCID: PMC1221991 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3570593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1580] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review concentrates on advances in nitric oxide synthase (NOS) structure, function and inhibition made in the last seven years, during which time substantial advances have been made in our understanding of this enzyme family. There is now information on the enzyme structure at all levels from primary (amino acid sequence) to quaternary (dimerization, association with other proteins) structure. The crystal structures of the oxygenase domains of inducible NOS (iNOS) and vascular endothelial NOS (eNOS) allow us to interpret other information in the context of this important part of the enzyme, with its binding sites for iron protoporphyrin IX (haem), biopterin, L-arginine, and the many inhibitors which interact with them. The exact nature of the NOS reaction, its mechanism and its products continue to be sources of controversy. The role of the biopterin cofactor is now becoming clearer, with emerging data implicating one-electron redox cycling as well as the multiple allosteric effects on enzyme activity. Regulation of the NOSs has been described at all levels from gene transcription to covalent modification and allosteric regulation of the enzyme itself. A wide range of NOS inhibitors have been discussed, interacting with the enzyme in diverse ways in terms of site and mechanism of inhibition, time-dependence and selectivity for individual isoforms, although there are many pitfalls and misunderstandings of these aspects. Highly selective inhibitors of iNOS versus eNOS and neuronal NOS have been identified and some of these have potential in the treatment of a range of inflammatory and other conditions in which iNOS has been implicated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W K Alderton
- In Vitro Pharmacology Department, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Central regulation of the erectile process involves several transmitters, including dopamine, serotonin, noradrenaline, and nitric oxide, and peptides, such as oxytocin and ACTH/alpha-MSH. These systems may be targets for future drugs designed to treat erectile dysfunction. Peripherally, the different steps involved in neurotransmission, impulse propagation, and intracellular transduction of neural signals in penile smooth muscles need further investigation. Continued studies of the interactions between different transmitters/modulators may reveal new combination therapies. Increased knowledge of the changes in penile tissues associated with erectile dysfunction may explain the pathogenetic mechanisms and help to prevent the disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K E Andersson
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
VESICOURETHRAL SPHINCTER DYSFUNCTION IN NCX DEFICIENT MICE WITH AN INCREASED NEURONAL CELL NUMBER IN VESICAL GANGLIA. J Urol 2001. [DOI: 10.1097/00005392-200103000-00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
41
|
JUSUF AHMADAULIA, KOJIMA SATOKO, MATSUO MASAFUMI, TOKUHISA TAKESHI, HATANO MASAHIKO. VESICOURETHRAL SPHINCTER DYSFUNCTION IN NCX DEFICIENT MICE WITH AN INCREASED NEURONAL CELL NUMBER IN VESICAL GANGLIA. J Urol 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(05)66590-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- AHMAD AULIA JUSUF
- From the Department of Developmental Genetics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Urology, Chiba University School of Medicine, Chiba and International Center for Medical Research, Kobe University School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - SATOKO KOJIMA
- From the Department of Developmental Genetics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Urology, Chiba University School of Medicine, Chiba and International Center for Medical Research, Kobe University School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - MASAFUMI MATSUO
- From the Department of Developmental Genetics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Urology, Chiba University School of Medicine, Chiba and International Center for Medical Research, Kobe University School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - TAKESHI TOKUHISA
- From the Department of Developmental Genetics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Urology, Chiba University School of Medicine, Chiba and International Center for Medical Research, Kobe University School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - MASAHIKO HATANO
- From the Department of Developmental Genetics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Urology, Chiba University School of Medicine, Chiba and International Center for Medical Research, Kobe University School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Persson K, Pandita RK, Aszòdi A, Ahmad M, Pfeifer A, Fässler R, Andersson KE. Functional characteristics of urinary tract smooth muscles in mice lacking cGMP protein kinase type I. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2000; 279:R1112-20. [PMID: 10956273 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.2000.279.3.r1112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO)-mediated smooth muscle relaxation is mediated by cGMP through activation of cGMP-dependent protein kinase I (cGKI). We studied the importance of cGKI for lower urinary tract function in mice lacking the gene for cGKI (cGKI-/-) and in litter-matched wild-type mice (cGKI+/+) in vitro and in vivo. cGKI deficiency did not result in any changes in bladder gross morphology or weight. Urethral strips from cGKI-/- mice showed an impaired relaxant response to nerve-derived NO. The cGMP analog 8-bromo-cGMP (8-BrcGMP) and the NO-donor SIN-1 relaxed the wild-type urethra (50-60%) but had only marginal effects in the cGKI-deficient urethra. Bladder strips from cGKI-/- mice responded normally to electrical field stimulation and to carbachol but not to 8-BrcGMP. In vivo, the cGKI-deficient mice showed bladder hyperactivity characterized by decreased intercontraction intervals and nonvoiding bladder contractions. Loss of cGKI abolishes NO-cGMP-dependent relaxations of urethral smooth muscle and results in hyperactive voiding. These data suggest that certain voiding disturbances may be associated with impaired NO-cGKI signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Persson
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Lund, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Persson AE, Bachmann S. Constitutive nitric oxide synthesis in the kidney--functions at the juxtaglomerular apparatus. ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 2000; 169:317-24. [PMID: 10951123 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-201x.2000.00750.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Tubulo-vascular information transfer at the renal juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) serves to adjust the biosynthesis and release of renin, the key enzyme of the renin angiotensin system, and to regulate glomerular arteriolar muscle tone. The macula densa serves as a sensor of tubular NaCl. Concentration-dependent salt uptake through the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter located in the apical membrane of macula densa cells triggers a signal transduction cascade that involves the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) through a type 1 NO synthase (NOS1) which is described with respect to its complex mRNA structure and regulatory aspects. The anatomical and functional targets of the NO-soluble guanylyl cyclase-cGMP pathway at the JGA are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A E Persson
- Department of Anatomy, Charité, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Vanhatalo S, Parkkisenniemi U, Steinbusch HW, de Vente J, Klinge E. No colocalization of immunoreactivities for VIP and neuronal NOS, and a differential relation to cGMP-immunoreactivity in bovine penile smooth muscle. J Chem Neuroanat 2000; 19:81-91. [PMID: 10936744 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-0618(00)00053-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of immunoreactivity (IR) for the neuropeptide vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the bovine retractor penis muscle (RP) and penile artery (PA) was studied by using two different methods. The distribution of these immunoreactivities was also compared with that of the immunoreactivity for cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). In both tissues the nerve fibers and terminals immunoreactive for VIP had a distribution that was completely different from that of the nerve fibers and terminals immunoreactive for nNOS. This contrasts with the previous observations in penile smooth muscle of other species. In the RP, as well as in the PA, many of the VIP-IR fibers were also immunoreactive for neurofilaments (NF), whereas the nNOS-IR fibers were consistently devoid of NF-IR. Stimulation with sodium nitroprusside, a nitric oxide donor, considerably increased cGMP-IR in the smooth muscle cells in both RP and PA, and in several nerve fibers in PA. Many of these cGMP-IR nerve fibers exhibited nNOS-IR, whereas none of them was immunoreactive for VIP. Our results suggest that the degree of coexistence of VIP-IR and nNOS-IR in the nerve fibers and terminals innervating penile smooth muscle show wide species differences. They also suggest that the mechanisms by which VIP could be involved in neurogenic penile erection may vary between species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Vanhatalo
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 9, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Schwarz PM, Kleinert H, Förstermann U. Potential functional significance of brain-type and muscle-type nitric oxide synthase I expressed in adventitia and media of rat aorta. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999; 19:2584-90. [PMID: 10558999 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.19.11.2584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle and myocardium express microNOS I, an elongated splice variant of neuronal-type nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS I), and NOS III, endothelial-type NO synthase, respectively. This study was designed to elucidate whether vascular smooth muscle also contains a constitutively expressed NO synthase isoform. In the rat, microNOS I contains an insert of 102 nucleotides after nucleotide 2865 of the cDNA, yielding a protein of 164 kd. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction with primers flanking this insert and with insert-specific primers indicated that endothelium-denuded rat aorta expresses both brain-type NOS I and microNOS I. RNase protection analyses with an antisense RNA probe overlapping the microNOS I insert detected significant amounts of NOS I mRNA and lesser amounts of microNOS I mRNA in endothelium-denuded aorta. Western blots using a specific polyclonal antibody recognizing NOS I and microNOS I showed a major band of the 160-kd NOS I and a lesser band of a slightly larger protein in endothelium-denuded aorta. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated low levels of NOS I/microNOS I immunoreactivity in the medial layer of rat aorta, whereas the endothelium expressed only NOS III immunoreactivity. When the adventitia also was removed, NOS I and microNOS I mRNA decreased markedly but remained detectable in the medial layer. In functional experiments with endothelium-denuded rat aortic rings (that contained no NOS III), contractions induced by KCl were markedly increased in the presence of the NOS inhibitor N(G)-nitro-L-arginine. These data demonstrate that 2 subforms of NOS I are expressed in nonendothelial components of rat aorta: NOS I and lesser amounts of microNOS I. Under certain conditions, this NOS I/microNOS I expression could serve as a backup system to the functionally predominant NOS III.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antisense Elements (Genetics)
- Aorta, Abdominal/enzymology
- Aorta, Thoracic/enzymology
- Blotting, Western
- Brain/enzymology
- Calcium/pharmacology
- DNA, Complementary
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Membrane Potentials/physiology
- Muscle, Skeletal/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/analysis
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/genetics
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III
- Nitroarginine/pharmacology
- Norepinephrine/pharmacology
- Potassium Chloride
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Tunica Media/enzymology
- Vasoconstriction/drug effects
- Vasoconstriction/physiology
- Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P M Schwarz
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Gradini R, Realacci M, Ginepri A, Naso G, Santangelo C, Cela O, Sale P, Berardi A, Petrangeli E, Gallucci M, Di Silverio F, Russo MA. Nitric oxide synthases in normal and benign hyperplastic human prostate: immunohistochemistry and molecular biology. J Pathol 1999; 189:224-9. [PMID: 10547579 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9896(199910)189:2<224::aid-path422>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms has been investigated in normal (three subjects) and benign hyperplastic prostate (ten patients) by immunohistochemistry and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The inducible NOS (iNOS or NOS-2) is not detected in normal prostate, while it is expressed in the prostate of all benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) patients, even in the absence of prostatitis or systemic signs of an inflammatory condition. This suggests that sex hormones may be involved in iNOS induction and that there may be a role for NO in the pathogenesis of BPH. Constitutive NOSs (nNOS and eNOS) are expressed in both normal and hyperplastic prostate and are co-expressed in epithelial cells. eNOS, however, is present mainly in the basal layer cells; nNOS seems abundantly expressed in the more superficial cells of the affected prostate. This indicates that the switching between the two constitutive isoforms may be part of the usual process of cell differentiation from the basal to the secretory layer of the epithelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Gradini
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Pathology, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
THE IMPACT OF CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE ON NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE ISOFORMS GENE EXPRESSION IN THE PENIS AND PELVIC GANGLIA OF RATS. J Urol 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(05)68343-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
48
|
THE IMPACT OF CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE ON NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE ISOFORMS GENE EXPRESSION IN THE PENIS AND PELVIC GANGLIA OF RATS. J Urol 1999. [DOI: 10.1097/00005392-199910000-00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
49
|
Qu XW, Wang H, Rozenfeld RA, Huang W, Hsueh W. Type I nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is the predominant NOS in rat small intestine. Regulation by platelet-activating factor. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1451:211-7. [PMID: 10446403 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4889(99)00076-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Constitutive nitric oxide synthase (cNOS) may play an important protective role in the intestine, since our previous study has shown that the degree of bowel injury induced by platelet-activating factor (PAF), a potent inflammatory mediator, is inversely related to the cNOS content of the intestine. This study aims to examine the composition of the cNOS system in rat small intestine, and its regulation by PAF. We found that an approximately 120 kDa NOS I (neuronal NOS) is the predominant NOS in rat intestine, as evidenced by the following: (a) immunoblotting with specific antibodies detected a NOS I of approximately 120 kDa, but little NOS III; (b) the Ca(2+)-dependent, constitutive NOS (cNOS) activity of the rat intestine was removed by immunoprecipitation with the anti-NOS I, but not anti-NOS II or anti-NOS III antibodies; (c) RT-PCR revealed constitutive expression of NOS I in the intestinal tissue, but only a minute amount of NOS III. Immunofluorescent staining with anti-NOS I located NOS in the Auerbach plexus and nerve fibers in the muscle layer. We also found that this 120 kDa NOS I is rapidly (within 1 h) down-regulated in response to PAF administration. The protein level, enzyme activity as well as mRNA of nNOS were all decreased in the intestine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X W Qu
- Department of Pathology, Children's Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60614, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Ahmed B, Van Den Oord JJ. Expression of the neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and its inhibitor, protein inhibitor of nNOS, in pigment cell lesions of the skin. Br J Dermatol 1999; 141:12-9. [PMID: 10417510 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.1999.02915.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is involved in many physiological processes. In cancer, low levels of NO are thought to enhance tumour progression and metastasis. NO is generated from arginine by NO synthase (NOS); the Ca2+-dependent neuronal isoform or nNOS (expressed by neurones and inhibited by the protein inhibitor of nNOS, PIN), is also expressed by cultured normal melanocytes and by all malignant melanoma (MM) cell lines. We studied the expression of nNOS and PIN in paraffin sections of 177 and 58 pigment cell lesions, respectively, using immunohistochemistry; the activity of the necessary cofactor NADPH was studied in 26 frozen cases. Normal melanocytes in situ lacked nNOS and PIN expression, but were NADPH +. Almost half of common acquired benign naevi expressed nNOS; however, halo naevi and congenital naevi expressed nNOS very frequently. Dysplastic naevi and MM showed variable nNOS immunoreactivity in 72% and 83% of cases, respectively. Early (Clark I and Clark II) MM displayed nNOS staining most frequently, and all MM with an invasive radial growth phase expressed nNOS in the papillary dermis. In contrast, only 67% of metastatic MM were nNOS +. PIN was coexpressed with nNOS in 40 of 58 lesions. NADPH activity was present in all nNOS + naevi, but in two malignant cases, NADPH activity was not accompanied by nNOS expression. We conclude that nNOS expression is induced de novo in benign and malignant pigment cell lesions which have all the requirements (NADPH, PIN) necessary for the production and modulation of NO. We postulate that the frequent expression of nNOS in the junctional part of dysplastic naevi may be responsible for their particular histological features. NO generated by the neoplastic dermal cells in the invasive radial growth phase may contribute to the increased number of blood vessels in the papillary dermis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Ahmed
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, University Hospital St Rafael, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 12, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|