1
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Villar SF, Möller MN, Denicola A. Biophysical tools to study the oligomerization dynamics of Prx1-class peroxiredoxins. Biophys Rev 2023; 15:601-609. [PMID: 37681093 PMCID: PMC10480382 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-023-01076-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins (Prx) are ubiquitous, highly conserved peroxidases whose activity depends on catalytic cysteine residues. The Prx1-class of the peroxiredoxin family, also called typical 2-Cys Prx, organize as head-to-tail homodimers containing two active sites. The peroxidatic cysteine CP of one monomer reacts with the peroxide substrate to form sulfenic acid that reacts with the resolving cysteine (CR) of the adjacent subunit to form an intermolecular disulfide, that is reduced back by the thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase/NADPH system. Although the minimal catalytic unit is the dimer, these Prx oligomerize into (do)decamers. In addition, these ring-shaped decamers can pile-up into high molecular weight structures. Prx not only display peroxidase activity reducing H2O2, peroxynitrous acid and lipid hydroperoxides (antioxidant enzymes), but also exhibit holdase activity protecting other proteins from unfolding (molecular chaperones). Highly relevant is their participation in redox cellular signaling that is currently under active investigation. The different activities attributed to Prx are strongly ligated to their quaternary structure. In this review, we will describe different biophysical approaches used to characterize the oligomerization dynamics of Prx that include the classical size-exclusion chromatography, analytical ultracentrifugation, calorimetry, and also fluorescence anisotropy and lifetime measurements, as well as mass photometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián F. Villar
- Laboratorio Fisicoquímica Biológica, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Matías N. Möller
- Laboratorio Fisicoquímica Biológica, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ana Denicola
- Laboratorio Fisicoquímica Biológica, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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2
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Sadowska-Bartosz I, Bartosz G. Peroxiredoxin 2: An Important Element of the Antioxidant Defense of the Erythrocyte. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12051012. [PMID: 37237878 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxiredoxin 2 (Prdx2) is the third most abundant erythrocyte protein. It was known previously as calpromotin since its binding to the membrane stimulates the calcium-dependent potassium channel. Prdx2 is present mostly in cytosol in the form of non-covalent dimers but may associate into doughnut-like decamers and other oligomers. Prdx2 reacts rapidly with hydrogen peroxide (k > 107 M-1 s-1). It is the main erythrocyte antioxidant that removes hydrogen peroxide formed endogenously by hemoglobin autoxidation. Prdx2 also reduces other peroxides including lipid, urate, amino acid, and protein hydroperoxides and peroxynitrite. Oxidized Prdx2 can be reduced at the expense of thioredoxin but also of other thiols, especially glutathione. Further reactions of Prdx2 with oxidants lead to hyperoxidation (formation of sulfinyl or sulfonyl derivatives of the peroxidative cysteine). The sulfinyl derivative can be reduced by sulfiredoxin. Circadian oscillations in the level of hyperoxidation of erythrocyte Prdx2 were reported. The protein can be subject to post-translational modifications; some of them, such as phosphorylation, nitration, and acetylation, increase its activity. Prdx2 can also act as a chaperone for hemoglobin and erythrocyte membrane proteins, especially during the maturation of erythrocyte precursors. The extent of Prdx2 oxidation is increased in various diseases and can be an index of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Sadowska-Bartosz
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 4 Zelwerowicza St., 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Bartosz
- Department of Bioenergetics, Food Analysis and Microbiology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszów, 4 Zelwerowicza St., 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
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3
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Möller M, Orrico F, Villar S, López AC, Silva N, Donzé M, Thomson L, Denicola A. Oxidants and Antioxidants in the Redox Biochemistry of Human Red Blood Cells. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:147-168. [PMID: 36643550 PMCID: PMC9835686 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBCs) are exposed to both external and internal sources of oxidants that challenge their integrity and compromise their physiological function and supply of oxygen to tissues. Autoxidation of oxyhemoglobin is the main source of endogenous RBC oxidant production, yielding superoxide radical and then hydrogen peroxide. In addition, potent oxidants from other blood cells and the surrounding endothelium can reach the RBCs. Abundant and efficient enzymatic systems and low molecular weight antioxidants prevent most of the damage to the RBCs and also position the RBCs as a sink of vascular oxidants that allow the body to maintain a healthy circulatory system. Among the antioxidant enzymes, the thiol-dependent peroxidase peroxiredoxin 2, highly abundant in RBCs, is essential to keep the redox balance. A great part of the RBC antioxidant activity is supported by an active glucose metabolism that provides reducing power in the form of NADPH via the pentose phosphate pathway. There are several RBC defects and situations that generate oxidative stress conditions where the defense mechanisms are overwhelmed, and these include glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiencies (favism), hemoglobinopathies like sickle cell disease and thalassemia, as well as packed RBCs for transfusion that suffer from storage lesions. These oxidative stress-associated pathologies of the RBCs underline the relevance of redox balance in these anucleated cells that lack a mechanism of DNA-inducible antioxidant response and rely on a complex and robust network of antioxidant systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias
N. Möller
- Laboratorio
de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Instituto de Química
Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias,
Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
- Centro
de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Florencia Orrico
- Laboratorio
de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Instituto de Química
Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias,
Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
- Centro
de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
- Laboratorio
de Enzimología, Instituto de Química Biológica,
Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la
República, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Sebastián
F. Villar
- Laboratorio
de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Instituto de Química
Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias,
Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
- Centro
de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Ana C. López
- Laboratorio
de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Instituto de Química
Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias,
Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
- Centro
de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
- Laboratorio
de Enzimología, Instituto de Química Biológica,
Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la
República, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Nicolás Silva
- Laboratorio
de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Instituto de Química
Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias,
Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
- Centro
de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
- Laboratorio
de Enzimología, Instituto de Química Biológica,
Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la
República, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
- Departamento
de Medicina Transfusional, Hospital de Clínicas, Facultad de
Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
| | - Marcel Donzé
- Laboratorio
de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Instituto de Química
Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias,
Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
- Centro
de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Leonor Thomson
- Centro
de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
- Laboratorio
de Enzimología, Instituto de Química Biológica,
Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la
República, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Ana Denicola
- Laboratorio
de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Instituto de Química
Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias,
Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
- Centro
de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
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4
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Hampton MB, Vick KA, Skoko JJ, Neumann CA. Peroxiredoxin Involvement in the Initiation and Progression of Human Cancer. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 28:591-608. [PMID: 29237274 PMCID: PMC9836708 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE It has been proposed that cancer cells are heavily dependent on their antioxidant defenses for survival and growth. Peroxiredoxins are a family of abundant thiol-dependent peroxidases that break down hydrogen peroxide, and they have a central role in the maintenance and response of cells to alterations in redox homeostasis. As such, they are potential targets for disrupting tumor growth. Recent Advances: Genetic disruption of peroxiredoxin expression in mice leads to an increased incidence of neoplastic disease, consistent with a role for peroxiredoxins in protecting genomic integrity. In contrast, many human tumors display increased levels of peroxiredoxin expression, suggesting that strengthened antioxidant defenses provide a survival advantage for tumor progression. Peroxiredoxin inhibitors are being developed and explored as therapeutic agents in different cancer models. CRITICAL ISSUES It is important to complement peroxiredoxin knockout and expression studies with an improved understanding of the biological function of the peroxiredoxins. Although current results can be interpreted within the context that peroxiredoxins scavenge hydroperoxides, some peroxiredoxin family members appear to have more complex roles in regulating the response of cells to oxidative stress through protein interactions with constituents of other signaling pathways. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Further mechanistic information is required for understanding the role of oxidative stress in cancer, the function of peroxiredoxins in normal versus cancer cells, and for the design and testing of specific peroxiredoxin inhibitors that display selectivity to malignant cells. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 591-608.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Hampton
- 1 Department of Pathology, Centre for Free Radical Research, University of Otago , Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Kate A Vick
- 1 Department of Pathology, Centre for Free Radical Research, University of Otago , Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - John J Skoko
- 2 Womens Cancer Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Center , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,3 Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Carola A Neumann
- 2 Womens Cancer Research Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Center , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,3 Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Morais MAB, Giuseppe PO, Souza TACB, Castro H, Honorato RV, Oliveira PSL, Netto LES, Tomas AM, Murakami MT. Calcium and magnesium ions modulate the oligomeric state and function of mitochondrial 2-Cys peroxiredoxins in Leishmania parasites. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:7023-7039. [PMID: 28292930 PMCID: PMC5409470 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.762039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania parasites have evolved a number of strategies to cope with the harsh environmental changes during mammalian infection. One of these mechanisms involves the functional gain that allows mitochondrial 2-Cys peroxiredoxins to act as molecular chaperones when forming decamers. This function is critical for parasite infectivity in mammals, and its activation has been considered to be controlled exclusively by the enzyme redox state under physiological conditions. Herein, we have revealed that magnesium and calcium ions play a major role in modulating the ability of these enzymes to act as molecular chaperones, surpassing the redox effect. These ions are directly involved in mitochondrial metabolism and participate in a novel mechanism to stabilize the decameric form of 2-Cys peroxiredoxins in Leishmania mitochondria. Moreover, we have demonstrated that a constitutively dimeric Prx1m mutant impairs the survival of Leishmania under heat stress, supporting the central role of the chaperone function of Prx1m for Leishmania parasites during the transition from insect to mammalian hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana A B Morais
- From the Biosciences National Laboratory, National Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Rua Giuseppe Maximo Scolfaro 10000, 13083-100 Campinas/SP, Brazil
| | - Priscila O Giuseppe
- From the Biosciences National Laboratory, National Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Rua Giuseppe Maximo Scolfaro 10000, 13083-100 Campinas/SP, Brazil
| | - Tatiana A C B Souza
- the Proteomics and Protein Engineering Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, Fiocruz, Rua Professor Algacyr Munhoz Mader 2135, 81310-020 Curitiba/PR, Brazil
| | - Helena Castro
- the i3S-Institute for Investigation and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- the Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo V Honorato
- From the Biosciences National Laboratory, National Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Rua Giuseppe Maximo Scolfaro 10000, 13083-100 Campinas/SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo S L Oliveira
- From the Biosciences National Laboratory, National Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Rua Giuseppe Maximo Scolfaro 10000, 13083-100 Campinas/SP, Brazil
| | - Luis E S Netto
- the Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of the State of São Paulo, Rua do Matão 14, 05508-090 São Paulo/SP, Brazil, and
| | - Ana M Tomas
- the i3S-Institute for Investigation and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- the Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- the Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mario T Murakami
- From the Biosciences National Laboratory, National Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Rua Giuseppe Maximo Scolfaro 10000, 13083-100 Campinas/SP, Brazil,
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6
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Randall L, Manta B, Nelson KJ, Santos J, Poole LB, Denicola A. Structural changes upon peroxynitrite-mediated nitration of peroxiredoxin 2; nitrated Prx2 resembles its disulfide-oxidized form. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 590:101-108. [PMID: 26612102 PMCID: PMC9123601 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins are cys-based peroxidases that function in peroxide detoxification and H2O2-induced signaling. Human Prx2 is a typical 2-Cys Prx arranged as pentamers of head-to-tail homodimers. During the catalytic mechanism, the active-site cysteine (CP) cycles between reduced, sulfenic and disulfide state involving conformational as well as oligomeric changes. Several post-translational modifications were shown to affect Prx activity, in particular CP overoxidation which leads to inactivation. We have recently reported that nitration of Prx2, a post-translational modification on non-catalytic tyrosines, unexpectedly increases its peroxidase activity and resistance to overoxidation. To elucidate the cross-talk between this post-translational modification and the enzyme catalysis, we investigated the structural changes of Prx2 after nitration. Analytical ultracentrifugation, UV absorption, circular dichroism, steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence were used to connect catalytically relevant redox changes with tyrosine nitration. Our results show that the reduced nitrated Prx2 structurally resembles the disulfide-oxidized native form of the enzyme favoring a locally unfolded conformation that facilitates disulfide formation. These results provide structural basis for the kinetic analysis previously reported, the observed increase in activity and the resistance to overoxidation of the peroxynitrite-treated enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lía Randall
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Bruno Manta
- Laboratory Redox Biology of Trypanosomes, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Uruguay; Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Kimberly J Nelson
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Javier Santos
- IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET) and Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Leslie B Poole
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Ana Denicola
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay; Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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7
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Nielsen MH, Kidmose RT, Jenner LB. Structure of TSA2 reveals novel features of the active-site loop of peroxiredoxins. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2016; 72:158-67. [DOI: 10.1107/s2059798315023815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiaeTSA2 belongs to the family of typical 2-Cys peroxiredoxins, a ubiquitously expressed family of redox-active enzymes that utilize a conserved peroxidatic cysteine to reduce peroxides. Typical 2-Cys peroxiredoxins have been shown to be involved in protection against oxidative stress and in hydrogen peroxide signalling. Furthermore, several 2-Cys peroxiredoxins, includingS. cerevisiaeTSA1 and TSA2, are able to switch to chaperone activity upon hyperoxidation of their peroxidatic cysteine. This makes the sensitivity to hyperoxidation of the peroxidatic cysteine a very important determinant for the cellular function of a peroxiredoxin under different cellular conditions. Typical 2-Cys peroxiredoxins exist as dimers, and in the course of the reaction the peroxidatic cysteine forms a disulfide with a resolving cysteine located in the C-terminus of its dimeric partner. This requires a local unfolding of the active site and the C-terminus. The balance between the fully folded and locally unfolded conformations is of key importance for the reactivity and sensitivity to hyperoxidation of the different peroxiredoxins. Here, the structure of a C48S mutant of TSA2 fromS. cerevisiaethat mimics the reduced state of the peroxidatic cysteine has been determined. The structure reveals a novel conformation for the strictly conserved Pro41, which is likely to affect the delicate balance between the fully folded and locally unfolded conformations of the active site, and therefore the reactivity and the sensitivity to hyperoxidation. Furthermore, the structure also explains the observed difference in the pKavalues of the peroxidatic cysteines ofS. cerevisiaeTSA1 and TSA2 despite their very high sequence identity.
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8
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Morais MAB, Giuseppe PO, Souza TACB, Alegria TGP, Oliveira MA, Netto LES, Murakami MT. How pH modulates the dimer-decamer interconversion of 2-Cys peroxiredoxins from the Prx1 subfamily. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:8582-90. [PMID: 25666622 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.619205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
2-Cys peroxiredoxins belonging to the Prx1 subfamily are Cys-based peroxidases that control the intracellular levels of H2O2 and seem to assume a chaperone function under oxidative stress conditions. The regulation of their peroxidase activity as well as the observed functional switch from peroxidase to chaperone involves changes in their quaternary structure. Multiple factors can modulate the oligomeric transitions of 2-Cys peroxiredoxins such as redox state, post-translational modifications, and pH. However, the molecular basis for the pH influence on the oligomeric state of these enzymes is still elusive. Herein, we solved the crystal structure of a typical 2-Cys peroxiredoxin from Leishmania in the dimeric (pH 8.5) and decameric (pH 4.4) forms, showing that conformational changes in the catalytic loop are associated with the pH-induced decamerization. Mutagenesis and biophysical studies revealed that a highly conserved histidine (His(113)) functions as a pH sensor that, at acidic conditions, becomes protonated and forms an electrostatic pair with Asp(76) from the catalytic loop, triggering the decamerization. In these 2-Cys peroxiredoxins, decamer formation is important for the catalytic efficiency and has been associated with an enhanced sensitivity to oxidative inactivation by overoxidation of the peroxidatic cysteine. In eukaryotic cells, exposure to high levels of H2O2 can trigger intracellular pH variations, suggesting that pH changes might act cooperatively with H2O2 and other oligomerization-modulator factors to regulate the structure and function of typical 2-Cys peroxiredoxins in response to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana A B Morais
- From the Laboratório Nacional de Biociências, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas/SP, 13083-970
| | - Priscila O Giuseppe
- From the Laboratório Nacional de Biociências, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas/SP, 13083-970
| | - Tatiana A C B Souza
- the Laboratório de Proteômica e Engenharia de Proteínas, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fiocruz, Curitiba/PR, 81350-010
| | - Thiago G P Alegria
- the Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, 05508-900, and
| | - Marcos A Oliveira
- the Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Campus do Litoral Paulista, São Vicente/SP 11330-900, Brazil
| | - Luis E S Netto
- the Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, 05508-900, and
| | - Mario T Murakami
- From the Laboratório Nacional de Biociências, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas/SP, 13083-970,
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9
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Phillips AJ, Littlejohn J, Yewdall NA, Zhu T, Valéry C, Pearce FG, Mitra AK, Radjainia M, Gerrard JA. Peroxiredoxin is a Versatile Self-Assembling Tecton for Protein Nanotechnology. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:1871-81. [DOI: 10.1021/bm500261u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy J. Phillips
- Biomolecular
Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid
Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jacob Littlejohn
- Biomolecular
Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - N. Amy Yewdall
- Biomolecular
Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Tong Zhu
- Biomolecular
Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Céline Valéry
- Biomolecular
Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - F. Grant Pearce
- Biomolecular
Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Alok K. Mitra
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mazdak Radjainia
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Juliet A. Gerrard
- Biomolecular
Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid
Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Callaghan
Innovation
Research Limited, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
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10
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An expanded genetic code in Candida albicans to study protein-protein interactions in vivo. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2013; 12:816-27. [PMID: 23543672 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00075-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
For novel insights into the pathogenicity of Candida albicans, studies on molecular interactions of central virulence factors are crucial. Since methods for the analysis of direct molecular interactions of proteins in vivo are scarce, we expanded the genetic code of C. albicans with the synthetic photo-cross-linking amino acid p-azido-L-phenylalanine (AzF). Interacting molecules in close proximity of this unnatural amino acid can be covalently linked by UV-induced photo-cross-link, which makes unknown interacting molecules available for downstream identification. Therefore, we applied an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase and a suppressor tRNA pair (EcTyrtRNA(CUA)) derived from Escherichia coli, which was previously reported to be orthogonal in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We further optimized the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase for AzF (AzF-RS) and EcTyrtRNA(CUA) for C. albicans and identified one AzF-RS with highest charging efficiency. Accordingly, incorporation of AzF into selected model proteins such as Tsa1p or Tup1p could be considerably enhanced. Immunologic detection of C-terminally tagged Tsa1p and Tup1p upon UV irradiation in a strain background containing suppressor tRNA and optimized AzF-RS revealed not only the mutant monomeric forms of these proteins but also higher-molecular-weight complexes, strictly depending on the specific position of incorporated AzF and UV excitation. By Western blotting and tandem mass spectrometry, we could identify these higher-molecular-weight complexes as homodimers consisting of one mutant monomer and a differently tagged, wild-type version of Tsa1p or Tup1p, respectively, demonstrating that expanding the genetic code of C. albicans with the unnatural photo-cross-linker amino acid AzF and applying it for in vivo binary protein interaction analyses is feasible.
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11
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An BC, Lee SS, Lee JT, Hong SH, Wi SG, Chung BY. Engineering of 2-Cys peroxiredoxin for enhanced stress-tolerance. Mol Cells 2011; 32:257-64. [PMID: 21773675 PMCID: PMC3887637 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-011-1047-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A typical 2-cysteine peroxiredoxin (2-Cys Prx)-like protein (PpPrx) that alternatively acts as a peroxidase or a molecular chaperone in Pseudomonas putida KT2440 was previously characterized. The dual functions of PpPrx are regulated by the existence of an additional Cys(112) between the active Cys(51) and Cys(171) residues. In the present study, additional Cys residues (Cys(31), Cys(112), and Cys(192)) were added to PpPrx variants to improve their enzymatic function. The optimal position of the additional Cys residues for the dual functionality was assessed. The peroxidase activities of the S31C and Y192C mutants were increased 3- to 4-fold compared to the wild-type, while the chaperone activity was maintained at > 66% of PpPrx. To investigate whether optimization of the dual functions could enhance stress-tolerance in vivo, a complementation study was performed. The S31C and Y192C mutants showed a much greater tolerance than other variants under a complex condition of heat and oxidative stresses. The optimized dual functions of PpPrx could be adapted for use in bioengineering systems and industries, such as to develop organisms that are more resistant to extreme environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Seung Gon Wi
- Bio-Energy Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea
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12
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Rinalducci S, D'Amici GM, Blasi B, Vaglio S, Grazzini G, Zolla L. Peroxiredoxin-2 as a candidate biomarker to test oxidative stress levels of stored red blood cells under blood bank conditions. Transfusion 2011; 51:1439-49. [PMID: 21276001 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2010.03032.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several researches on aging red blood cells (RBCs)--performed both in vivo and under blood bank conditions--revealed that RBC membrane proteins undergo a number of irreversible alterations, mainly due to oxidative stress. The individuation of proteins to be used as indicators of irreversible RBC injury and to be proposed as candidate biomarkers of oxidative damage or aging status during blood storage is therefore of great interest. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Based on this purpose we performed proteomic analysis of the membranes of RBCs during various storage periods under blood bank conditions. Changes in protein composition of RBC membranes were monitored as a function of the storage period by means of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis coupled with immunoblotting and mass spectrometry analyses. RESULTS During storage, a progressive linkage of typical cytosolic proteins to the membrane was detected, including both antioxidant and metabolic enzymes (such as catalase, peroxiredoxin-2 [Prx2], and 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-mutase), as well as nonreducible cross-linkings of probably oxidized or denatured hemoglobin. This phenomenon was unequivocally related to oxidative stress, since storage of RBCs under anaerobic conditions showed a suppression of these protein recruitments to the membrane. CONCLUSION The detailed analysis of these protein associations to the membrane of aged RBCs allowed Prx2 to be suggested as a potential RBC oxidative stress marker for the sake of developing new approaches in quality assurance of blood components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rinalducci
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
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13
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An BC, Lee SS, Lee EM, Lee JT, Wi SG, Jung HS, Park W, Lee SY, Chung BY. Functional switching of a novel prokaryotic 2-Cys peroxiredoxin (PpPrx) under oxidative stress. Cell Stress Chaperones 2011; 16:317-28. [PMID: 21104173 PMCID: PMC3077232 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-010-0243-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Revised: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Many proteins have been isolated from eukaryotes as redox-sensitive proteins, but whether these proteins are present in prokaryotes is not clear. Redox-sensitive proteins contain disulfide bonds, and their enzymatic activity is modulated by redox in vivo. In the present study, we used thiol affinity purification and mass spectrometry to isolate and identify 19 disulfide-bond-containing proteins in Pseudomonas putida exposed to potential oxidative damages. Among these proteins, we found that a typical 2-Cys Prx-like protein (designated PpPrx) displays diversity in structure and apparent molecular weight (MW) and can act as both a peroxidase and a molecular chaperone. We also identified a regulatory factor involved in this structural and functional switching. Exposure of pseudomonads to hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) caused the protein structures of PpPrx to convert from high MW complexes to low MW forms, triggering a chaperone-to-peroxidase functional switch. This structural switching was primarily guided by the thioredoxin system. Thus, the peroxidase efficiency of PpPrx is clearly associated with its ability to form distinct protein structures in response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Chull An
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, 1266 Sinjeong-dong, Jeongeup, Jeollabuk-do 580-185 South Korea
| | - Seung Sik Lee
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, 1266 Sinjeong-dong, Jeongeup, Jeollabuk-do 580-185 South Korea
| | - Eun Mi Lee
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, 1266 Sinjeong-dong, Jeongeup, Jeollabuk-do 580-185 South Korea
| | - Jae Taek Lee
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, 1266 Sinjeong-dong, Jeongeup, Jeollabuk-do 580-185 South Korea
| | - Seung Gon Wi
- Bio-Energy Research Institute, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 500-757 South Korea
| | - Hyun Suk Jung
- Division of Electron Microscopic Research, Korea Basic Science Institute, Eoeun-dong, Daejeon, 305-333 South Korea
| | - Woojun Park
- Division of Environmental Sciences and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Anam dong, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul, 136-701 South Korea
| | - Sang Yeol Lee
- Environmental Biotechnology National Core Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701 South Korea
| | - Byung Yeoup Chung
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, 1266 Sinjeong-dong, Jeongeup, Jeollabuk-do 580-185 South Korea
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14
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Aran M, Ferrero D, Wolosiuk A, Mora-García S, Wolosiuk RA. ATP and Mg2+ promote the reversible oligomerization and aggregation of chloroplast 2-Cys peroxiredoxin. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:23441-51. [PMID: 21525006 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.239434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
2-Cys peroxiredoxins (2-Cys Prxs) are ubiquitous peroxidases with important roles in cellular antioxidant defense and hydrogen peroxide-mediated signaling. Post-translational modifications of conserved cysteines cause the transition from low to high molecular weight oligomers, triggering the functional change from peroxidase to molecular chaperone. However, it remains unclear how non-covalent interactions of 2-Cys Prx with metabolites modulate the quaternary structure. Here, we disclose that ATP and Mg(2+) (ATP/Mg) promote the self-polymerization of chloroplast 2-Cys Prx (polypeptide 23.5 kDa) into soluble higher order assemblies (>2 MDa) that proceed to insoluble aggregates beyond 5 mM ATP. Remarkably, the withdrawal of ATP or Mg(2+) brings soluble oligomers and insoluble aggregates back to the native conformation without compromising the associated functions. As confirmed by transmission electron microscopy, ATP/Mg drive the toroid-like decamers (diameter 13 nm) to the formation of large sphere-like particles (diameter ∼30 nm). Circular dichroism studies on ATP-labeled 2-Cys Prx reveal that ATP/Mg enhance the proportion of β-sheets with the concurrent decrease in the content of α-helices. In line with this observation, the formation of insoluble aggregates is strongly prevented by 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol, a cosolvent employed to induce α-helical conformations. We further find that the response of self-polymerization to ATP/Mg departs abruptly from that of the associated peroxidase and chaperone activities when two highly conserved residues, Arg(129) and Arg(152), are mutated. Collectively, our data uncover that non-covalent interactions of ATP/Mg with 2-Cys Prx modulate dynamically the quaternary structure, thereby coupling the non-redox chemistry of cell energy with redox transformations at cysteine residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín Aran
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas-Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Depto. Química Biológica-Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Patricias Argentinas 435, C1405BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
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15
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Matte A, Low PS, Turrini F, Bertoldi M, Campanella ME, Spano D, Pantaleo A, Siciliano A, De Franceschi L. Peroxiredoxin-2 expression is increased in beta-thalassemic mouse red cells but is displaced from the membrane as a marker of oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 49:457-66. [PMID: 20488244 PMCID: PMC3395234 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxin 2 (Prx2), the third most abundant cytoplasmic protein in red blood cells (RBCs), is involved in the defense against oxidative stress. Although much is known about Prx2 in healthy RBCs, its role in pathological RBCs remains largely unexplored. Here, we show that the expression and net content of Prx2 are markedly increased in RBCs from two mouse models of beta-thalassemia (beta-thal; Hbb(th/th) and Hbb(th3/+) strains). We also demonstrate that the increased expression of Prx2 correlates with the severity of the disease and that the amount of Prx2 bound to the membrane is markedly reduced in beta-thal mouse RBCs. To explore the impact of oxidative stress on Prx2 membrane association, we examined Prx2 dimerization and membrane translocation in murine RBCs exposed to various oxidants (phenylhydrazine, PHZ; diamide; H(2)O(2)). PHZ-treated RBCs, which mimic the membrane damage in beta-thal RBCs, exhibited a kinetic correlation among Prx2 membrane displacement, intracellular methemoglobin levels, and hemichrome membrane association, suggesting the possible masking of Prx2 docking sites by membrane-bound hemichromes, providing a possible mechanism for the accumulation of oxidized/dimerized Prx2 in the cytoplasm and the increased membrane damage in beta-thal RBCs. Thus, reduced access of Prx2 to the membrane in beta-thal RBCs represents a new factor that could contribute to the oxidative damage characterizing the pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Matte
- Section of Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Philip S. Low
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Franco Turrini
- Section of Medical Chemistry, Department of Genetic, Biology, and Medical Chemistry, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Mariarita Bertoldi
- Section of Biochemistry, Department of Morphological–Biomedical Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Spano
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Biotechnologies, University Federico II, Naples, and CEINGE–Advanced Biotechnologies, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Pantaleo
- Section of Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
- Nurex srl, Sassari, Italy
| | - Angela Siciliano
- Section of Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Lucia De Franceschi
- Section of Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
- Corresponding author. Fax: +390458027473. (L. De Franceschi)
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16
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Rocha S, Costa E, Coimbra S, Nascimento H, Catarino C, Rocha-Pereira P, Quintanilha A, Belo L, Santos-Silva A. Linkage of cytosolic peroxiredoxin 2 to erythrocyte membrane imposed by hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2009; 43:68-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2009.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2009] [Accepted: 03/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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Barranco-Medina S, Lázaro JJ, Dietz KJ. The oligomeric conformation of peroxiredoxins links redox state to function. FEBS Lett 2009; 583:1809-16. [PMID: 19464293 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2009] [Revised: 05/08/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein associations, i.e. formation of permanent or transient protein complexes, are essential for protein functionality and regulation within the cellular context. Peroxiredoxins (Prx) undergo major redox-dependent conformational changes and the dynamics are linked to functional switches. While a large number of investigations have addressed the principles and functions of Prx oligomerization, understanding of the diverse in vivo roles of this conserved redox-dependent feature of Prx is slowly emerging. The review summarizes studies on Prx oligomerization, its tight connection to the redox state, and the knowledge and hypotheses on its physiological function in the cell as peroxidase, chaperone, binding partner, enzyme activator and/or redox sensor.
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18
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Barranco-Medina S, Kakorin S, Lázaro JJ, Dietz KJ. Thermodynamics of the dimer-decamer transition of reduced human and plant 2-cys peroxiredoxin. Biochemistry 2008; 47:7196-204. [PMID: 18553980 DOI: 10.1021/bi8002956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) is a powerful technique for investigating self-association processes of protein complexes and was expected to reveal quantitative data on peroxiredoxin oligomerization by directly measuring the thermodynamic parameters of dimer-dimer interaction. Recombinant classical 2-cysteine peroxoredoxins from Homo sapiens, Arabidopsis thaliana, and Pisum sativum as well as a carboxy-terminally truncated variant were subjected to ITC analysis by stepwise injection into the reaction vessel under various redox conditions. The direct measurement of the decamer-dimer equilibrium of reduced peroxiredoxin revealed a critical concentration in the very low micromolar range. The data suggest a cooperative assembly above this critical transition concentration where a nucleus facilitates assembly. The rather abrupt transition indicates that assembly processes do not occur below the critical transition concentration while oligomerization is efficiently triggered above it. The magnitude of the measured enthalpy confirmed the endothermic nature of the peroxiredoxin oligomerization. Heterocomplexes between peroxiredoxin polypeptides from different species were not formed. We conclude that a functional constraint conserved the dimer-decamer transition with highly similar critical transition concentrations despite emerging sequence variation during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Barranco-Medina
- Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology-W5, Bielefeld University, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
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19
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Rocha S, Vitorino RM, Lemos-Amado FM, Castro EB, Rocha-Pereira P, Barbot J, Cleto E, Ferreira F, Quintanilha A, Belo L, Santos-Silva A. Presence of cytosolic peroxiredoxin 2 in the erythrocyte membrane of patients with hereditary spherocytosis. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2008; 41:5-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2008.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2008] [Revised: 02/14/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Schröder E, Brennan JP, Eaton P. Cardiac peroxiredoxins undergo complex modifications during cardiac oxidant stress. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008; 295:H425-33. [PMID: 18502910 PMCID: PMC2494773 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00017.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins (Prdxs), a family of antioxidant and redox-signaling proteins, are plentiful within the heart; however, their cardiac functions are poorly understood. These studies were designed to characterize the complex changes in Prdxs induced by oxidant stress in rat myocardium. Hydrogen peroxide, a Prdx substrate, was used as the model oxidant pertinent to redox signaling during health and to injury at higher concentrations. Rat hearts were aerobically perfused with a broad concentration range of hydrogen peroxide by the Langendorff method, homogenized, and analyzed by immunoblotting. Heart extracts were also analyzed by size-exclusion chromatography under nondenaturing conditions. Hydrogen peroxide-induced changes in disulfide bond formation, nonreversible oxidation of cysteine (hyperoxidation), and subcellular localization were determined. Hydrogen peroxide induced an array of changes in the myocardium, including formation of disulfide bonds that were intermolecular for Prdx1, Prdx2, and Prdx3 but intramolecular within Prdx5. For Prdx1, Prdx2, and Prdx5, disulfide bond formation can be approximated to an EC50 of 10–100, 1–10, and 100–1,000 μM peroxide, respectively. Hydrogen peroxide induced hyperoxidation, not just within monomeric Prdx (by SDS-PAGE), but also within Prdx disulfide dimers, and reflects a flexibility within the dimeric unit. Prdx oxidation was also associated with movement from the cytosolic to the membrane and myofilament-enriched fractions. In summary, Prdxs undergo a complex series of redox-dependent structural changes in the heart in response to oxidant challenge with its substrate hydrogen peroxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewald Schröder
- Dept. of Cardiology, St. Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
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21
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Boulos S, Meloni BP, Arthur PG, Bojarski C, Knuckey NW. Peroxiredoxin 2 overexpression protects cortical neuronal cultures from ischemic and oxidative injury but not glutamate excitotoxicity, whereas Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase 1 overexpression protects only against oxidative injury. J Neurosci Res 2008; 85:3089-97. [PMID: 17663478 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that peroxiredoxin 2 (PRDX2) and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) proteins are up-regulated in rat primary neuronal cultures following erythropoietin (EPO) preconditioning. In the present study, we have demonstrated that adenovirally mediated overexpression of PRDX2 in cortical neuronal cultures can protect neurons from in vitro ischemia (oxygen-glucose deprivation) and an oxidative insult (cumene hydroperoxide) but not glutamate excitotoxicity. We have also demonstrated that adenovirally mediated overexpression of SOD1 in cortical neuronal cultures protected neurons only against the oxidative insult. Interestingly, we did not detect up-regulation of PRDX2 or SOD1 protein in the rat hippocampus following exposure to either 3 min or 8 min of global cerebral ischemia. Further characterization of PRDX2's neuroprotective mechanisms may aid in the development of a neuroprotective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif Boulos
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Australian Neuromuscular Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.
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22
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Matsumura T, Okamoto K, Iwahara SI, Hori H, Takahashi Y, Nishino T, Abe Y. Dimer-oligomer interconversion of wild-type and mutant rat 2-Cys peroxiredoxin: disulfide formation at dimer-dimer interfaces is not essential for decamerization. J Biol Chem 2007; 283:284-293. [PMID: 17974571 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m705753200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Rat heme-binding protein 23 (HBP23)/peroxiredoxin (Prx I) belongs to the 2-Cys peroxiredoxin type I family and exhibits peroxidase activity coupled with reduced thioredoxin (Trx) as an electron donor. We analyzed the dimer-oligomer interconversion of wild-type and mutant HBP23/Prx I by gel filtration and found that the C52S and C173S mutants existed mostly as decamers, whereas the wild type was a mixture of various forms, favoring the decamer at higher protein concentration and lower ionic salt concentration and in the presence of dithiothreitol. The C83S mutant was predominantly dimeric, in agreement with a previous crystallographic analysis (Hirotsu, S., Abe, Y., Okada, K., Nagahara, N., Hori, H., Nishino, T., and Hakoshima, T. (1999) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 96, 12333-12338). X-ray diffraction analysis of the decameric C52S mutant revealed a toroidal structure (diameter, approximately 130A; inside diameter, approximately 55A; thickness, approximately 45A). In contrast to human Prx I, which was recently reported to exist predominantly as the decamer with Cys(83)-Cys(83) disulfide bonds at all dimer-dimer interfaces, rat HBP23/Prx I has a Cys(83)-Cys(83) disulfide bond at only one dimer-dimer interface (S-S separation of approximately 2.1A), whereas the interactions at the other interfaces (mean S-S separation of 3.6A) appear to involve hydrophobic and van der Waals forces. This finding is consistent with gel filtration analyses showing that the protein readily interconverts between dimer and oligomeric forms. The C83S mutant exhibited similar peroxidase activity to the wild type, which is exclusively dimeric, in the Trx/Trx reductase system. At higher concentrations, where the protein was mostly decameric, less efficient attack of reduced Trx was observed in a [(14)C]iodoacetamide incorporation experiment. We suggest that the dimerdecamer interconversion may have a regulatory role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Matsumura
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Ken Okamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Iwahara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hori
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Yuriko Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nishino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Yasuko Abe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan.
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23
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Cao Z, Bhella D, Lindsay JG. Reconstitution of the mitochondrial PrxIII antioxidant defence pathway: general properties and factors affecting PrxIII activity and oligomeric state. J Mol Biol 2007; 372:1022-1033. [PMID: 17707404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2006] [Revised: 07/04/2007] [Accepted: 07/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial 2-Cys peroxiredoxin PrxIII serves as a thioredoxin-dependent peroxidase operating in tandem with its cognate partners, an organelle-specific thioredoxin (Trx2) and NADP-linked thioredoxin reductase (TRR2). This PrxIII pathway is emerging as a primary regulator of intracellular H(2)O(2) levels with dual roles in antioxidant defence and H(2)O(2)-mediated signalling. Here we describe the reconstitution of the mammalian PrxIII pathway in vitro from its purified recombinant components and investigate some of its overall properties. Employing the site-directed PrxIII mutants C47S, C66S and C168S, the putative N and C-terminal catalytic cysteine residues are shown to be essential for function whereas the C66S mutant retains full activity. The pathway attains maximal capacity at low H(2)O(2) concentrations (<10 microM) and is progressively inhibited in the range 0.1 mM to 1.0 mM peroxide. Damage to PrxIII caused by over-oxidation is confirmed by the appearance of abnormal oxidised species of PrxIII on SDS-PAGE at elevated H(2)O(2) levels. The presence of an N-terminal His-tag on PrxIII markedly enhances dodecamer stability, particularly apparent in its oxidised state. Its removal promotes oxidised PrxIII dissociation into dimers and leads to a 3.0-3.5-fold stimulation in peroxidase activity. The unusual concatenated crystal structure of PrxIII consisting of two-interlocked dodecameric rings is also evident in dilute solution employing transmission electron microscopy; however, it represents only 3-5% of the population with most molecules present as single toroids. Moreover, concatenated PrxIII C168S reverts to single toroids on crystal dissolution indicating that these higher-order structures are produced dynamically during the crystallisation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbo Cao
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
| | - David Bhella
- Medical Research Council Virology Unit, Church Street, Glasgow G11 5JR, Scotland, UK
| | - J Gordon Lindsay
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK.
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24
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Meissner U, Schröder E, Scheffler D, Martin AG, Harris JR. Formation, TEM study and 3D reconstruction of the human erythrocyte peroxiredoxin-2 dodecahedral higher-order assembly. Micron 2007; 38:29-39. [PMID: 16839769 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2006.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2004] [Revised: 04/11/2006] [Accepted: 04/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The production of a higher-order assembly of peroxiredoxin-2 (Prx-2) from human erythrocytes has been achieved during specimen preparation on holey carbon support films, in the presence of ammonium molybdate and polyethylene glycol. TEM study suggested that this assembly is a regular dodecahedron, containing 12 Prx-2 decamers (Mr 2.62 MDa, external diameter approximately 20 nm). This interpretation has been supported by production of a approximately 1.6 nm 3D reconstruction from the negative stain TEM data, with automated docking of the available X-ray data of the Prx-2 decamer. Comparison with other known protein dodecahedral and viral icosahedral structures indicates that this arrangement of protein molecules is one of the fundamental macromolecular higher-order assemblies found in biology. Widespread biotechnological interest in macromolecular "cage" structures is relevant to the production of the Prx-2 dodecahedron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Meissner
- Institute of Zoology, University of Mainz, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
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25
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Abstract
Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are ubiquitous proteins that use an active site Cys residue to reduce hydroperoxides. Structural studies since the first Prx structure was determined in 1998 have produced 35 crystal structures of wild type and mutant Prxs with at least one representative structure from each of the five major evolutionary subfamilies of Prxs. These structures have yielded a great deal of knowledge about Prx structure and structure-function relations, revealing fascinating variations in quaternary structure and details of the fully-folded and locally-unfolded conformations that are involved in the catalytic cycle of all Prxs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Andrew Karplus
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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26
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Abstract
Peroxiredoxins carry out the efficient reduction of a typically broad range of peroxide substrates through an absolutely conserved, activated cysteine residue within a highly conserved active site pocket structure. Though details of reductive recycling after cysteine sulfenic acid formation at the active site vary among members of different Prx classes, local unfolding around the active site cysteine is likely generally required in these proteins for disulfide bond formation with a second resolving cysteine and/or for access of the reductant to the oxidized active site. The conformational change associated with the catalytic cycle and the redox-dependent decamer formation occurring in at least some typical 2-Cys Prxs have interesting implications in the interplay between active site loop dynamics, oligomerization state, catalytic efficiency and propensity toward inactivation during turnover in these important antioxidant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie B Poole
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Structural Biology, BGTC, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Noguera-Mazon V, Krimm I, Walker O, Lancelin JM. Protein-protein interactions within peroxiredoxin systems. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2006; 89:277-90. [PMID: 17089212 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-006-9106-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2006] [Accepted: 09/11/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxin systems in plants were demonstrated involved in crucial roles related to reactive oxygenated species (ROS) metabolism and the linked cell signalling to ROS. Peroxiredoxins function as peroxidasic systems that combine at least a reactivating reductant agent like thioredoxins, and sometimes glutaredoxins and glutathion. In the past three years a number of peroxiredoxin structures were solved by crystallography in different experimental crystallisation conditions. The structures have revealed a significant propensity of peroxiredoxins for oligomerism that was confirmed by biophysical studies in solution using NMR and other methods as analytical ultra-centrifugation. These studies showed that quaternary structures of peroxiredoxins involve specific protein-protein interaction interfaces that rely upon the peroxiredoxin types and/or their redox conditions. The protein-protein interactions with the reactivating redoxins essentially lead to transient unstable complexes. We review herein the different protein-protein interactions characterized or deduced from those reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Noguera-Mazon
- Sciences Analytiques, ANABIO - RMN et Spectrométrie de Masse Biomoléculaires, CNRS UMR 5180, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon 1, Domaine Scientifique de La Doua, Ecole Supérieure de Chimie Physique Electronique de Lyon, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
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Papinutto E, Windle HJ, Cendron L, Battistutta R, Kelleher D, Zanotti G. Crystal structure of alkyl hydroperoxide-reductase (AhpC) from Helicobacter pylori. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2005; 1753:240-6. [PMID: 16213196 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2005.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2005] [Revised: 09/01/2005] [Accepted: 09/02/2005] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The AhpC protein from H. pylori, a thioredoxin (Trx)-dependent alkyl hydroperoxide-reductase, is a member of the ubiquitous 2-Cys peroxiredoxins family (2-Cys Prxs), a group of thiol-specific antioxidant enzymes. Prxs exert the protective antioxidant role in cells through their peroxidase activity, whereby hydrogen peroxide, peroxynitrite and a wide range of organic hydroperoxides (ROOH) are reduced and detoxified (ROOH + 2e(-)-->ROH + H2O). In this study AhpC has been cloned and overexpressed in E. coli. After purification to homogeneity, crystals of the recombinant protein were grown. They diffract to 2.95 A resolution using synchrotron radiation. The crystal structure of AhpC has been determined using the molecular replacement method (R = 23.6%, R(free) = 25.9%). The model, similar in the overall to other members of the 2-Cys Prx family crystallized as toroide-shaped complexes, consists of a pentameric arrangement of homodimers [(alpha2)5 decamer]. The model of AhpC from H. pylori presents significant differences with respect to other members of the family: apart from some loop regions, alpha5-helix and the C-terminus is shifted, preventing the C-terminal tail of the second subunit from extending toward this region of the molecule. Oligomerization properties of AhpC have been also characterized by gel filtration chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Papinutto
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, and ICTB, Via Marzolo 1, and Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Via Orus 2, Padua, Italy
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Woo HA, Jeong W, Chang TS, Park KJ, Park SJ, Yang JS, Rhee SG. Reduction of cysteine sulfinic acid by sulfiredoxin is specific to 2-cys peroxiredoxins. J Biol Chem 2004; 280:3125-8. [PMID: 15590625 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c400496200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine residues of certain peroxiredoxins (Prxs) undergo reversible oxidation to sulfinic acid (Cys-SO2H) and the reduction reaction is catalyzed by sulfiredoxin (Srx). Specific Cys residues of various other proteins are also oxidized to sulfinic acid, suggesting that formation of Cys-SO2H might be a novel posttranslational modification that contributes to regulation of protein function. To examine the susceptibility of sulfinic forms of proteins to reduction by Srx, we prepared such forms of all six mammalian Prx isoforms and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Purified sulfiredoxin reduced the sulfinic forms of the four 2-Cys members (Prx I to Prx IV) of the Prx family in vitro, but it did not affect those of Prx V, Prx VI, or GAPDH. Furthermore, Srx bound specifically to the four 2-Cys Prxs in vitro and in cells. Sulfinic forms of Prx I and Prx II, but not of Prx VI or GAPDH, present in H2O2-treated A549 cells were gradually reduced after removal of H2O2; overexpression of Srx increased the rate of the reduction of Prx I and Prx II but did not induce that of Prx VI or GAPDH. These results suggest that reduction of Cys-SO2H by Srx is specific to 2-Cys Prx isoforms. For proteins such as Prx VI and GAPDH, sulfinic acid formation might be an irreversible process that causes protein damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ae Woo
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Hoffman JF, Joiner W, Nehrke K, Potapova O, Foye K, Wickrema A. The hSK4 (KCNN4) isoform is the Ca2+-activated K+ channel (Gardos channel) in human red blood cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:7366-71. [PMID: 12773623 PMCID: PMC165881 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1232342100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The question is, does the isoform hSK4, also designated KCNN4, represent the small conductance, Ca2+-activated K+ channel (Gardos channel) in human red blood cells? We have analyzed human reticulocyte RNA by RT-PCR, and, of the four isoforms of SK channels known, only SK4 was found. Northern blot analysis of purified and synchronously growing human erythroid progenitor cells, differentiating from erythroblasts to reticulocytes, again showed only the presence of SK4. Western blot analysis, with an anti-SK4 antibody, showed that human erythroid progenitor cells and, importantly, mature human red blood cell ghost membranes, both expressed the SK4 protein. The Gardos channel is known to turn on, given inside Ca2+, in the presence but not the absence of external Ko+ and remains refractory to Ko+ added after exposure to inside Ca2+. Heterologously expressed SK4, but not SK3, also shows this behavior. In inside-out patches of red cell membranes, the open probability (Po) of the Gardos channel is markedly reduced when the temperature is raised from 27 to 37 degrees C. Net K+ efflux of intact red cells is also reduced by increasing temperature, as are the Po values of inside-out patches of Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing SK4 (but not SK3). Thus the envelope of evidence indicates that SK4 is the gene that codes for the Gardos channel in human red blood cells. This channel is important pathophysiologically, because it represents the major pathway for cell shrinkage via KCl and water loss that occurs in sickle cell disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph F Hoffman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Kim SJ, Woo JR, Hwang YS, Jeong DG, Shin DH, Kim K, Ryu SE. The tetrameric structure of Haemophilus influenza hybrid Prx5 reveals interactions between electron donor and acceptor proteins. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:10790-8. [PMID: 12529327 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m209553200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular redox control is often mediated by oxidation and reduction of cysteine residues in the redox-sensitive proteins, where thioredoxin and glutaredoxin (Grx) play as electron donors for the oxidized proteins. Despite the importance of protein-protein interactions between the electron donor and acceptor proteins, there has been no structural information for the interaction of thioredoxin or Grx with natural target proteins. Here, we present the crystal structure of a novel Haemophilus influenza peroxiredoxin (Prx) hybrid Prx5 determined at 2.8-A resolution. The structure reveals that hybrid Prx5 forms a tightly associated tetramer where active sites of Prx and Grx domains of different monomers interact with each other. The Prx-Grx interface comprises specific charge interactions surrounded by weak interactions, providing insight into the target recognition mechanism of Grx. The tetrameric structure also exhibits a flexible active site and alternative Prx-Grx interactions, which appear to facilitate the electron transfer from Grx to Prx domain. Differences of electron donor binding surfaces in Prx proteins revealed by an analysis based on the structural information explain the electron donor specificities of various Prx proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Jun Kim
- Center for Cellular Switch Protein Structure, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 52 Euh-eun-dong, Yusong-gu, Daejon 305-806, South Korea
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Abstract
Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are a ubiquitous family of antioxidant enzymes that also control cytokine-induced peroxide levels which mediate signal transduction in mammalian cells. Prxs can be regulated by changes to phosphorylation, redox and possibly oligomerization states. Prxs are divided into three classes: typical 2-Cys Prxs; atypical 2-Cys Prxs; and 1-Cys Prxs. All Prxs share the same basic catalytic mechanism, in which an active-site cysteine (the peroxidatic cysteine) is oxidized to a sulfenic acid by the peroxide substrate. The recycling of the sulfenic acid back to a thiol is what distinguishes the three enzyme classes. Using crystal structures, a detailed catalytic cycle has been derived for typical 2-Cys Prxs, including a model for the redox-regulated oligomeric state proposed to control enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Wood
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
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Harris JR, Schröder E, Isupov MN, Scheffler D, Kristensen P, Littlechild JA, Vagin AA, Meissner U. Comparison of the decameric structure of peroxiredoxin-II by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1547:221-34. [PMID: 11410278 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(01)00184-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The decameric human erythrocyte protein torin is identical to the thiol-specific antioxidant protein-II (TSA-II), also termed peroxiredoxin-II (Prx-II). Single particle analysis from electron micrographs of Prx-II molecules homogeneously orientated across holes in the presence of a thin film of ammonium molybdate and trehalose has facilitated the production of a >/=20 A 3-D reconstruction by angular reconstitution that emphasises the D5 symmetry of the ring-like decamer. The X-ray structure for Prx-II was fitted into the transmission electron microscopic reconstruction by molecular replacement. The surface-rendered transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reconstruction correlates well with the solvent-excluded surface of the X-ray structure of the Prx-II molecule. This provides confirmation that transmission electron microscopy of negatively stained specimens, despite limited resolution, has the potential to reveal a valid representation of surface features of protein molecules. 2-D crystallisation of the Prx-II protein on mica as part of a TEM study resulted in the formation of a p2 crystal form with parallel linear arrays of stacked rings. This latter 2-D form correlates well with that observed from the 2.7 A X-ray structure of Prx-II solved from a new orthorhombic 3-D crystal form.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Harris
- Institute of Zoology, University of Mainz, Germany.
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Schröder E, Littlechild JA, Lebedev AA, Errington N, Vagin AA, Isupov MN. Crystal structure of decameric 2-Cys peroxiredoxin from human erythrocytes at 1.7 A resolution. Structure 2000; 8:605-15. [PMID: 10873855 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-2126(00)00147-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are an emerging family of multifunctional enzymes that exhibit peroxidase activity in vitro, and in vivo participate in a range of cellular processes known to be sensitive to reactive oxygen species. Thioredoxin peroxidase B (TPx-B), a 2-Cys type II Prx from erythrocytes, promotes potassium efflux and down-regulates apoptosis and the recruitment of monocytes by endothelial tissue. RESULTS The crystal structure of human decameric TPx-B purified from erythrocytes has been determined to 1.7 [corrected)] A resolution. The structure is a toroid comprising five dimers linked end-on through predominantly hydrophobic interactions, and is proposed to represent an intermediate in the in vivo reaction cycle. In the crystal structure, Cys51, the site of peroxide reduction, is oxidised to cysteine sulphinic acid. The residue Cys172, lies approximately 10 A away from Cys51 [corrected]. CONCLUSIONS The oxidation of Cys51 appears to have trapped the structure into a stable decamer, as confirmed by sedimentation analysis. A comparison with two previously reported dimeric Prx structures reveals that the catalytic cycle of 2-Cys Prx requires significant conformational changes that include the unwinding of the active-site helix and the movement of four loops. It is proposed that the stable decamer forms in vivo under conditions of oxidative stress. Similar decameric structures of TPx-B have been observed by electron microscopy, which show the protein associated with the erythrocyte membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Schröder
- Schools of Chemistry and Biological Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.
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Shau H, Merino A, Chen L, Shih CC, Colquhoun SD. Induction of peroxiredoxins in transplanted livers and demonstration of their in vitro cytoprotection activity. Antioxid Redox Signal 2000; 2:347-54. [PMID: 11229538 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2000.2.2-347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxin (Prx)-I and -II belong to a new class of antioxidants. Here, we report that they are induced by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in transplanted livers. Hypothesizing that Prxs are induced to protect liver from oxidative damage, we transduced these human genes into murine NIH-3T3 cells. The overexpressed Prxs made the cells more resistant to t-butylhydroperoxide-induced apoptosis. These results indicate that Prx-I and Prx-II are induced by the transplantation process and can protect cells against oxidant damage in tissue culture. Thus, proper genetic manipulations of Prxs may be useful in increasing the success rate of organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Shau
- Division of Surgical Oncology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1782, USA.
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Butterfield LH, Merino A, Golub SH, Shau H. From cytoprotection to tumor suppression: the multifactorial role of peroxiredoxins. Antioxid Redox Signal 1999; 1:385-402. [PMID: 11233141 DOI: 10.1089/ars.1999.1.4-385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, a new family of highly conserved antioxidant enzymes, Peroxiredoxins (Prxs), have been discovered and defined. There are two major Prx subfamilies: one subfamily uses two conserved cysteines (2-Cys) and the other uses 1-Cys to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS). This review focuses on the four mammalian 2-Cys members (Prx I-IV) that utilize thioredoxin as the electron donor for antioxidation. The array of biological activities of these proteins suggests that they may be evolutionarily important for cell function. For example, Prxs are capable of protecting cells from ROS insult and regulating the signal transduction pathways that utilize c-Abl, caspases, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) to influence cell growth and apoptosis. Prxs are also essential for red blood cell (RBC) differentiation and are capable of inhibiting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and organ transplant rejection. Distribution patterns indicate that Prxs are highly expressed in the tissues and cells at risk for diseases related to ROS toxicity, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases and atherosclerosis. This interesting correlation suggests that Prxs are protective against ROS toxicity, yet overwhelmed by oxidative stress in some cells. Prxs tend to form large aggregates at high concentrations, a feature that may interfere with their normal protective function or may even render them cytotoxic. Imbalance in the expression of subtypes can also potentially increase their susceptibility to oxidative stress. Understanding the function and biological role of Prxs may lead to important discoveries about the cellular dysfunction of ROS-related diseases ranging from atherosclerosis to cancer to neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Butterfield
- Division of Surgical Oncology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1782, USA
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