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Nyanyo DD, Mikamoto M, Galbiati F, Remba-Shapiro I, Bode K, Schoenfeld S, Jones PS, Swearingen B, Nachtigall LB. Autoimmune Disorders Associated With Surgical Remission of Cushing's Disease : A Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med 2024; 177:315-323. [PMID: 38373302 DOI: 10.7326/m23-2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucocorticoids suppress inflammation. Autoimmune disease may occur after remission of Cushing's disease (CD). However, the development of autoimmune disease in this context is not well described. OBJECTIVE To determine 1) the incidence of autoimmune disease in patients with CD after surgical remission compared with patients with nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) and 2) the clinical presentation of and risk factors for development of autoimmune disease in CD after remission. DESIGN Retrospective matched cohort analysis. SETTING Academic medical center/pituitary center. PATIENTS Patients with CD with surgical remission and surgically treated NFPA. MEASUREMENTS Cumulative incidence of new-onset autoimmune disease at 3 years after surgery. Assessment for hypercortisolemia included late-night salivary cortisol levels, 24-hour urine free cortisol (UFC) ratio (UFC value divided by the upper limit of the normal range for the assay), and dexamethasone suppression tests. RESULTS Cumulative incidence of new-onset autoimmune disease at 3 years after surgery was higher in patients with CD (10.4% [95% CI, 5.7% to 15.1%]) than in those with NFPAs (1.6% [CI, 0% to 4.6%]) (hazard ratio, 7.80 [CI, 2.88 to 21.10]). Patients with CD showed higher prevalence of postoperative adrenal insufficiency (93.8% vs. 16.5%) and lower postoperative nadir serum cortisol levels (63.8 vs. 282.3 nmol/L) than patients with NFPAs. Compared with patients with CD without autoimmune disease, those who developed autoimmune disease had a lower preoperative 24-hour UFC ratio (2.7 vs. 6.3) and a higher prevalence of family history of autoimmune disease (41.2% vs. 20.9%). LIMITATION The small sample of patients with autoimmune disease limited identification of independent risk factors. CONCLUSION Patients achieving surgical remission of CD have higher incidence of autoimmune disease than age- and sex-matched patients with NFPAs. Family history of autoimmune disease is a potential risk factor. Adrenal insufficiency may be a trigger. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE Recordati Rare Diseases Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Delasi Nyanyo
- The Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (D.D.N., F.G., I.R., K.B., L.B.N.)
| | - Masaaki Mikamoto
- The Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (M.M., P.S.J., B.S.)
| | - Francesca Galbiati
- The Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (D.D.N., F.G., I.R., K.B., L.B.N.)
| | - Ilan Remba-Shapiro
- The Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (D.D.N., F.G., I.R., K.B., L.B.N.)
| | - Kevin Bode
- The Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (D.D.N., F.G., I.R., K.B., L.B.N.)
| | - Sara Schoenfeld
- The Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (S.S.)
| | - Pamela S Jones
- The Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (M.M., P.S.J., B.S.)
| | - Brooke Swearingen
- The Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (M.M., P.S.J., B.S.)
| | - Lisa B Nachtigall
- The Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (D.D.N., F.G., I.R., K.B., L.B.N.)
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Vela-Patiño S, Salazar MI, Remba-Shapiro I, Peña-Martínez E, Silva-Roman G, Andoneui-Elguera S, Ordoñez-Garcia JDJ, Taniguchi-Ponciano K, Bonifaz L, Aguilar-Flores C, Marrero-Rodríguez D, Mercado M. Neuroendocrine-immune Interface: Interactions of Two Complex Systems in Health and Disease. Arch Med Res 2022; 53:240-251. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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De Luca R, Davis PJ, Lin HY, Gionfra F, Percario ZA, Affabris E, Pedersen JZ, Marchese C, Trivedi P, Anastasiadou E, Negro R, Incerpi S. Thyroid Hormones Interaction With Immune Response, Inflammation and Non-thyroidal Illness Syndrome. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:614030. [PMID: 33553149 PMCID: PMC7859329 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.614030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The interdependence between thyroid hormones (THs), namely, thyroxine and triiodothyronine, and immune system is nowadays well-recognized, although not yet fully explored. Synthesis, conversion to a bioactive form, and release of THs in the circulation are events tightly supervised by the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. Newly synthesized THs induce leukocyte proliferation, migration, release of cytokines, and antibody production, triggering an immune response against either sterile or microbial insults. However, chronic patho-physiological alterations of the immune system, such as infection and inflammation, affect HPT axis and, as a direct consequence, THs mechanism of action. Herein, we revise the bidirectional crosstalk between THs and immune cells, required for the proper immune system feedback response among diverse circumstances. Available circulating THs do traffic in two distinct ways depending on the metabolic condition. Mechanistically, internalized THs form a stable complex with their specific receptors, which, upon direct or indirect binding to DNA, triggers a genomic response by activating transcriptional factors, such as those belonging to the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Alternatively, THs engage integrin αvβ3 receptor on cell membrane and trigger a non-genomic response, which can also signal to the nucleus. In addition, we highlight THs-dependent inflammasome complex modulation and describe new crucial pathways involved in microRNA regulation by THs, in physiological and patho-physiological conditions, which modify the HPT axis and THs performances. Finally, we focus on the non-thyroidal illness syndrome in which the HPT axis is altered and, in turn, affects circulating levels of active THs as reported in viral infections, particularly in immunocompromised patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto De Luca
- Department of Neurology, Center for Life Science, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Paul J. Davis
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, United States
- Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Hung-Yun Lin
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, United States
- Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Center of Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fabio Gionfra
- Department of Sciences, University “Roma Tre,” Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Jens Z. Pedersen
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Marchese
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University “La Sapienza,” Rome, Italy
| | - Pankaj Trivedi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University “La Sapienza,” Rome, Italy
| | - Eleni Anastasiadou
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University “La Sapienza,” Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Negro
- National Institute of Gastroenterology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - Sandra Incerpi
- Department of Sciences, University “Roma Tre,” Rome, Italy
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4
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Klein JR. Dynamic Interactions Between the Immune System and the Neuroendocrine System in Health and Disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:655982. [PMID: 33828532 PMCID: PMC8020567 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.655982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system and the neuroendocrine system share many common features. Both consist of diverse components consisting of receptors and networks that are widely distributed throughout the body, and both sense and react to external stimuli which, on the one hand control mechanisms of immunity, and on the other hand control and regulate growth, development, and metabolism. It is thus not surprising, therefore, that the immune system and the neuroendocrine system communicate extensively. This article will focus on bi-directional immune-endocrine interactions with particular emphasis on the hormones of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. New findings will be discussed demonstrating the direct process through which the immune system-derived thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) controls thyroid hormone synthesis and bone metamorphosis, particularly in the context of a novel splice variant of TSHβ made by peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL). Also presented are the ways whereby the TSHβ splice variant may be a contributing factor in the development and/or perpetuation of autoimmune thyroid disease (AIT), and how systemic infection may elicit immune-endocrine responses. The relationship between non-HPT hormones, in particular adipose hormones, and immunity is discussed.
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5
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He Q, Zhang Y, Qiu W, Fan J, Zhang C, Kwak-Kim J. Does thyroid autoimmunity affect the reproductive outcome in women with thyroid autoimmunity undergoing assisted reproductive technology? Am J Reprod Immunol 2020; 84:e13321. [PMID: 33119203 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Our study aims to investigate whether the anti-thyroperoxidase antibody (TPO-Ab) and TSH level in euthyroid women have any association with reproductive outcomes after the ART cycle. METHODS OF STUDY A total of 1107 patients who were enrolled in the study were divided into four groups based on serum TSH level and TPO-Ab status: group A, 0.3 ≤ TSH < 2.5 mIU/L and TPO-Ab- ; group B, 0.3 ≤ TSH < 2.5 mIU/L and TPO-Ab+ ; group C, 2.5 ≤ TSH < 4.2 mIU/L, and TPO-Ab- ; and group D, 2.5 ≤ TSH < 4.2 mIU/L, TPO-Ab+ . The differences in ART cycles and pregnancy outcomes were analyzed between study groups. RESULTS The fertilization rate in group D (73%) was significantly lower than that in groups A (83% P < .001), B (84% P = .001), and C (82% P = .002). The biochemical pregnancy rates of groups B (7%) and D (12%) were significantly higher than those of group A (2%) (P = .028 and P = .017, respectively). TPO-Ab was related to a higher biochemical pregnancy rate (P = .002, OR = 5.311, 95% CI 1.859-15.169) and TSH over 2.5 mIU/L was related to higher ICSI rate (P = .001, OR = 1.759, 95% CI 1.250-2.476) by logistic regression analysis. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) also verified the results. CONCLUSION The impacts of TSH ≥ 2.5 mIU/L on the intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) rate, TSH ≥ 2.5 mIU/L and TPO-Ab+ on the fertilization rate, and TPO-Ab+ on the biochemical pregnancy rate, rather than the effect on abortion, clinical pregnancy, and live birth, were emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaohua He
- Reproductive Medicine Center of People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University,Reproductive Medicine Center of Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, China.,Reproductive Medicine and Immunology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Sciences Department, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Vernon Hills, IL, USA
| | - Yujing Zhang
- Reproductive Medicine Center of People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University,Reproductive Medicine Center of Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wenyi Qiu
- Reproductive Medicine Center of People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University,Reproductive Medicine Center of Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Fan
- Reproductive Medicine Center of People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University,Reproductive Medicine Center of Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Cuilian Zhang
- Reproductive Medicine Center of People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University,Reproductive Medicine Center of Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan Provincial People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Joanne Kwak-Kim
- Reproductive Medicine and Immunology, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Sciences Department, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Vernon Hills, IL, USA.,Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology and Infection Diseases, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Vernon Hills, IL, USA
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6
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Weber A, Pawar HN, Klein JR. Thyroid stimulating hormone β-subunit splice variant is expressed in all fractional subsets of bone marrow hematopoietic cells and peripheral blood leukocytes and is modulated during bacterial infection. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 294:113495. [PMID: 32360559 PMCID: PMC7309478 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), a hormone produced in the anterior pituitary, is used to regulate thyroid hormone secretion. It has been known for over three decades that TSH is made by the cells of the immune system; however, the functional role of immune system TSH is unclear. We previously demonstrated that an alternatively-spliced isoform of TSHβ, referred to as the TSHβ splice variant (TSHβv), is the primary form of TSHβ made by hematopoietic cells in mice and humans. Most studies have linked TSHβv expression to myeloid cells of the immune system; however, it has recently been demonstrated that plasma cells in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis may be a source of immune system TSHβv. Here, we demonstrate that TSHβv is expressed in bone marrow precursors of lymphoid cells, monocytes, and granulocytes, as well as in mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cells. Plasma cells generated by in vitro culture with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and MLN cells from mice infected with L. monocytogenes expressed TSHβv. There was an increase in the intensity of intracellular TSHβv expression in MLN cells following exposure to LPS, and in the proportion of TSHβv+ CD138+ MLN cells following L. monocytogenes infection. The number of TSHβv+ cells increased in MLN cells, particularly among CD138+ cells, following bacterial infection. This was confirmed by an increase in gene expression of BLIMP-1, the transcription factor for CD138, following infection. Levels of circulating thyroxine dropped significantly in mice 24 hrs post-infection. These findings suggest that immune system TSHβv may contribute to the host immune response during bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Weber
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hitesh N Pawar
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John R Klein
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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7
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Adamczewski Z, Stasiołek M, Zygmunt A, Śliwka PW, Wieczorek-Szukała K, Lewiński A. Recombinant Human Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Increases the Percentages of Natural Killer T Cells and B Lymphocytes in Human Peripheral Blood In Vivo. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:543845. [PMID: 33329378 PMCID: PMC7715015 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.543845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple cellular and humoral components of the immune system play a significant role in the physiology and pathophysiology of various organs including the thyroid. On the other hand, both thyroid hormones and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) have been shown to exert immunoregulatory activities, which are difficult to assess independently in vivo. In our study we employed a unique clinical model for the assessment of TSH biological function in humans. The structure of peripheral blood mononuclear cell populations was investigated, using flow cytometry, in athyroid patients (n = 109) after treatment because of the differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) at two time-points: directly before and five days after recombinant human TSH (rhTSH) administration. The analysis revealed significant increase in the percentage of natural killer T cells and B lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of rhTSH treated patients, whereas, we did not observe any effects on investigated subpopulations of dendritic cells and monocytes, T cells and natural killer cells. The findings of the study indicate the immune regulatory role of TSH, directed specifically on selected cell subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Adamczewski
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Arkadiusz Zygmunt
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Przemysław W. Śliwka
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Andrzej Lewiński
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- *Correspondence: Andrzej Lewiński,
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8
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Klein JR. Novel Splicing of Immune System Thyroid Stimulating Hormone β-Subunit-Genetic Regulation and Biological Importance. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:44. [PMID: 30804891 PMCID: PMC6371030 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), a glycoprotein hormone produced by the anterior pituitary, controls the production of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) in the thyroid. TSH is also known to be produced by the cells of the immune system; however, the physiological importance of that to the organism is unclear. We identified an alternatively-spliced form of TSHβ that is present in both humans and mice. The TSHβ splice variant (TSHβv), although produced at low levels by the pituitary, is the primary form made by hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow, and by peripheral leukocytes. Recent studies have linked TSHβv functionally to a number of health-related conditions, including enhanced host responses to infection and protection against osteoporosis. However, TSHβv also has been associated with autoimmune thyroiditis in humans. Yet to be identified is the process by which the TSHβv isoform is produced. Here, a set of genetic steps is laid out through which human TSHβv is generated using splicing events that result in a novel transcript in which exon 2 is deleted, exon 3 is retained, and the 3' end of intron 2 codes for a signal peptide of the TSHβv polypeptide.
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9
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Zwollo P. The humoral immune system of anadromous fish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 80:24-33. [PMID: 28057508 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The immune system of anadromous fish is extremely complex, a direct consequence of their diadromous nature. Hormone levels fluctuate widely throughout their life cycle, as fish move between fresh and salt water. This poses major challenges to the physiology of anadromous fish, including adaptation to very different saline environments, distinct pathogen fingerprints, and different environmental stressors. Elevated cortisol and sex hormone levels inhibit B lymphopoiesis and IgM+ antibody responses, while catecholamines, growth hormones and thyroid hormones are generally stimulatory and enhance the humoral immune response. Immunological memory in the form of long-lived plasma cells likely plays important roles in health and survival during the life cycle of anadromous fishes. This review discusses some of the complex immune-endocrine pathways in anadromous fish, focusing on essential roles for B lineage cells in the successful completion of their life cycle. A discussion is included on potential differences in immuno-competence between wild and hatchery-raised fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patty Zwollo
- Department of Biology, The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, 23185, United States.
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10
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Bilal MY, Dambaeva S, Kwak-Kim J, Gilman-Sachs A, Beaman KD. A Role for Iodide and Thyroglobulin in Modulating the Function of Human Immune Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1573. [PMID: 29187856 PMCID: PMC5694785 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Iodine is an essential element required for the function of all organ systems. Although the importance of iodine in thyroid hormone synthesis and reproduction is well known, its direct effects on the immune system are elusive. Human leukocytes expressed mRNA of iodide transporters (NIS and PENDRIN) and thyroid-related proteins [thyroglobulin (TG) and thyroid peroxidase (TPO)]. The mRNA levels of PENDRIN and TPO were increased whereas TG transcripts were decreased post leukocyte activation. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that both PENDRIN and NIS were expressed on the surface of leukocyte subsets with the highest expression occurring on monocytes and granulocytes. Treatment of leukocytes with sodium iodide (NaI) resulted in significant changes in immunity-related transcriptome with an emphasis on increased chemokine expression as probed with targeted RNASeq. Similarly, treatment of leukocytes with NaI or Lugol’s iodine induced increased protein production of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. These alterations were not attributed to iodide-induced de novo thyroid hormone synthesis. However, upon incubation with thyroid-derived TG, primary human leukocytes but not Jurkat T cells released thyroxine and triiodothyronine indicating that immune cells could potentially influence thyroid hormone balance. Overall, our studies reveal the novel network between human immune cells and thyroid-related molecules and highlight the importance of iodine in regulating the function of human immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Y Bilal
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Svetlana Dambaeva
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Joanne Kwak-Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rosalind Franklin University Health System, Vernon Hills, IL, United States
| | - Alice Gilman-Sachs
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Kenneth D Beaman
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States
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11
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Jara EL, Muñoz-Durango N, Llanos C, Fardella C, González PA, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM, Riedel CA. Modulating the function of the immune system by thyroid hormones and thyrotropin. Immunol Lett 2017; 184:76-83. [PMID: 28216261 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests a close bidirectional communication and regulation between the neuroendocrine and immune systems. Thyroid hormones (THs) can exert responses in various immune cells, e.g., monocytes, macrophages, natural killer cells, and lymphocytes, affecting several inflammation-related processes (such as, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, reactive oxygen species generation, and cytokines production). The interactions between the endocrine and immune systems have been shown to contribute to pathophysiological conditions, including sepsis, inflammation, autoimmune diseases and viral infections. Under these conditions, TH therapy could contribute to restoring normal physiological functions. Here we discuss the effects of THs and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) on the immune system and the contribution to inflammation and pathogen clearance, as well as the consequences of thyroid pathologies over the function of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn L Jara
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Portugal 49, Santiago, Chile
| | - Natalia Muñoz-Durango
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Portugal 49, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Llanos
- Departamento de Inmunología Clínica y Reumatología, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 350, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Fardella
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Endocrinología, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 350, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Portugal 49, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Portugal 49, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Portugal 49, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Endocrinología, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 350, Santiago, Chile; INSERM U1064, Nantes, France.
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, Chile.
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12
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Yen PM. TSHβv-A New Bone to Pick. Endocrinology 2016; 157:3402-4. [PMID: 27580809 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Yen
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169016, Singapore
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Liu CR, Miao J, Zhao ZK, Li LY, Liu YM, Zhang YL, Li XH, Liu YQ, Gu YJ, Zhao Y, Luo JW. Functional human TSHβ splice variant produced by plasma cell may be involved in the immunologic injury of thyroid in the patient with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 414:132-42. [PMID: 26170068 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis (HT) is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in areas of the world where iodine levels are sufficient. However, the pathogenesis of HT has not been completely elucidated. The first functional human TSHβ splice variant was supposed to be involved in the pathology of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. The question remains as to which kind of intrathyroid cells expresses functional TSHβ splice variant and whether there are expression variations of functional TSHβ splice variant in the injured thyroid of patient with HT. For the answer to this question, immune-injured thyroids were obtained from 30 patients with HT. Localization study of functional TSHβ splice variant in injured thyroid was done by immunofluorescence double staining. Transcription and translation level of functional TSHβ splice variant were detected by using qRT-PCR and semi-quantitative immunohistochemistry method, respectively. The correlation between expression level of functional TSHβ splice variant and degree of thyroid follicles damage was assessed. It was firstly identified that functional TSHβ splice variant was predominately expressed by plasma cells infiltrated around follicles and germinal center in injured thyroid of patient with HT. Of particular interest, the TSHβ splice variant was expressed at significantly higher levels in the thyroid tissues of patients with HT than that in the normal thyroid tissues, furthermore, expression level of TSHβ splice variant was positive related with the degree of follicles damage in thyroid of patient with HT. These findings defined the immune-derived functional TSHβ splice variant that resided in the thyroid of patient with HT, which exerted the unique effects on the pathogenesis of HT, meanwhile, we considered these findings to have significant implications for understanding immune-endocrine interactions in a number of ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-rong Liu
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, China.
| | - Jun Miao
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, China
| | - Zhan-kao Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, China
| | - Lan-ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Ministry of Health, Metabolic Diseases Hospital, Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, China
| | - Ya-min Liu
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, China
| | - Yong-liang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, China
| | - Xue-hua Li
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, China
| | - Yan-qing Liu
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, China
| | - Yan-jun Gu
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, China
| | - Jian-wen Luo
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, China
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Jung HY, Cho JH, Jang HM, Kim YS, Kang SW, Yang CW, Kim NH, Choi JY, Park SH, Kim CD, Kim YL. Free thyroxine level as an independent predictor of infection-related mortality in patients on peritoneal dialysis: a prospective multicenter cohort study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112760. [PMID: 25436457 PMCID: PMC4249823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have reported the relationship between thyroid hormone levels and mortality in dialysis patients. However, little is known about the association of free thyroxine (fT4) and mortality in patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD). This study investigated the association between basal and annual variation in fT4 level and mortality in PD patients. METHODS Patients on maintenance PD were enrolled from a prospective multicenter cohort study in Korea; their serum triiodothyronine, fT4, and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels were measured 12 months apart. Patients with overt thyroid disease and those receiving thyroid hormone replacement therapy were excluded from the analysis. Patients were divided into two groups based on the median levels of fT4. The differences of all-cause, infection-related, and cardiovascular mortalities were analyzed between the two groups. The association of basal levels and annual variation with mortality was investigated with Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS Among 235 PD patients, 31 (13.2%) deaths occurred during the mean follow-up period of 24 months. Infection (38.7%) was the most common cause of death. Lower basal fT4 levels were an independent predictor of all-cause and infection-related death (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.74, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27-5.90, P = 0.01, and HR = 6.33, 95% CI 1.16-34.64, P = 0.03, respectively). Longitudinally, patients with persistently lower fT4 levels during the 12-month period had significantly higher all-cause mortality than those with persistently higher levels (HR = 3.30, 95% CI 1.15-9.41, P = 0.03). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of fT4 for predicting all-cause and infection-related mortality was 0.60 and 0.68, respectively. CONCLUSIONS fT4 level is an independent predictor of mortality and is especially attributable to infection in PD patients. This predictor was consistent when considering both baseline measurements and annual variation patterns. Close attention to infection in PD patients with relatively lower fT4 levels should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Yeon Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
- Clinical Research Center for End Stage Renal Disease, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jang-Hee Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
- Clinical Research Center for End Stage Renal Disease, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hye Min Jang
- Department of Statistics, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
- Clinical Research Center for End Stage Renal Disease, Daegu, Korea
| | - Yon Su Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Clinical Research Center for End Stage Renal Disease, Daegu, Korea
| | - Shin-Wook Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Clinical Research Center for End Stage Renal Disease, Daegu, Korea
| | - Chul Woo Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Clinical Research Center for End Stage Renal Disease, Daegu, Korea
| | - Nam-Ho Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
- Clinical Research Center for End Stage Renal Disease, Daegu, Korea
| | - Ji-Young Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
- Clinical Research Center for End Stage Renal Disease, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sun-Hee Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
- Clinical Research Center for End Stage Renal Disease, Daegu, Korea
| | - Chan-Duck Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
- Clinical Research Center for End Stage Renal Disease, Daegu, Korea
| | - Yong-Lim Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
- Clinical Research Center for End Stage Renal Disease, Daegu, Korea
- Bk21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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15
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Klein JR. Biological Impact of the TSHβ Splice Variant in Health and Disease. Front Immunol 2014; 5:155. [PMID: 24778635 PMCID: PMC3985016 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), a glycoprotein hormone composed of α and β chains, is produced by thyrotrope cells of the anterior pituitary. Within the conventional endocrine loop, pituitary-derived TSH binds to receptors in the thyroid, resulting in the release of the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). T4 and T3 in turn regulate nearly every aspect of mammalian physiology, including basal metabolism, growth and development, and mood and cognition. Although TSHβ has been known for years to be produced by cells of the immune system, the significance of that has remained largely unclear. Recently, a splice variant of TSHβ (TSHβv), which consists of a truncated but biologically functional portion of the native form of TSHβ, was shown to be produced by bone marrow cells and peripheral blood leukocytes, particularly cells of the myeloid/monocyte lineage. In contrast, full-length native TSHβ is minimally produced by cells of the immune system. The present article will describe the discovery of the TSHβv and will discuss its potential role in immunity and autoimmunity, inflammation, and bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Klein
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston , Houston, TX , USA
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16
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Stasiołek M, Adamczewski Z, Puła B, Krawczyk-Rusiecka K, Zygmunt A, Borowiecka M, Dzięgiel P, Lewiński A. Distribution of subpopulations of dendritic cells in peripheral blood of patients treated with exogenous thyrotropin. Thyroid Res 2012. [PMID: 23199104 PMCID: PMC3537577 DOI: 10.1186/1756-6614-5-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dendritic cells (DCs) play a major role as regulators of inflammatory events associated with thyroid pathology. The immunoregulatory function of DCs depends strongly on their subtype, as well as maturation and activation status. Numerous hormonal factors modulate the immune properties of DCs, however, little is known about effects exerted by the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid-axis. Recently, we have shown a direct regulatory influence of thyroid hormones (TH) on human DCs function. The aim of the present study was to analyze the effect of systemically administered thyrotropin (TSH) on human blood DCs ex vivo. Methods Blood samples for the cytometric analysis of peripheral blood plasmacytoid and myeloid DCs subtypes were collected from patients subjected to total thyroidectomy because of differentiated thyroid carcinoma at 2 time points: (i) directly before the commencement of TSH administration and (ii) 5 days after first TSH injection. The whole blood quantitative and phenotypic analysis of plasmacytoid and myeloid DCs subtypes was performed by flow cytometry. Results Administration of TSH did not influence the percentage of plasmacytoid DCs in peripheral blood of study participants. Also the percentage of the two main myeloid DCs subpopulations – CD1c/BDCA1+ DCs and CD141/BDCA3+ DCs did not change significantly. TSH administration had no effect on the surface expression of CD86 – one of the major costimulatory molecules – neither in the whole peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) fraction nor in particular DCs subtypes. Conclusions In the present study, we demonstrated no influence of systemic TSH administration on human peripheral blood DCs subtypes. These results are in accordance with our previous work suggesting the direct effect of TH on human DCs ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Stasiołek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital - Research Institute, Rzgowska Str, 281/289, 93-338, Lodz, Poland.
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17
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Harvey S, Arámburo C, Sanders EJ. Extrapituitary production of anterior pituitary hormones: an overview. Endocrine 2012; 41:19-30. [PMID: 22169962 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-011-9557-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Protein hormones from the anterior pituitary gland have well-established endocrine roles in their peripheral target glands. It is, however, now known that these proteins are also produced within many of their target tissues, in which they act as local autocrine or paracrine factors, with physiological and/or pathophysiological significance. This emerging concept is the focus of this brief review.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Harvey
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H7, Canada,
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18
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Twig G, Shina A, Amital H, Shoenfeld Y. Pathogenesis of infertility and recurrent pregnancy loss in thyroid autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2012; 38:J275-81. [PMID: 22218218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2011.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid autoimmunity is the most prevalent autoimmune state that affects up to 4% of women during the age of fertility. A growing body of clinical studies links thyroid autoimmunity as a cause of infertility and adverse pregnancy outcomes that includes miscarriage or preterm deliveries. Importantly, these adverse effects are persistent in euthyroid women. In the current review we elaborate on the pathogenesis that underlies infertility and increased pregnancy loss among women with autoimmune thyroid disease. Such mechanisms include thyroid autoantibodies that exert their effect in a TSH-dependent but also in a TSH-independent manner. The later includes quantitative and qualitative changes in the profile of endometrial T cells with reduced secretion of IL-4 and IL-10 along with hypersecretion of interferon-γ. Polyclonal B cells activation is 2-3 time more frequent in thyroid autoimmunity and is associated with increased titers of non-organ specific autoantibodies. Hyperactivity and Increased migration of cytotoxic natural killer cells that alter the immune and hormonal response of the uterus is up to 40% more common in women with thyroid autoimmunity. Lack of vitamin D was suggested as a predisposing factor to autoimmune diseases, and was shown to be reduced in patients with thyroid autoimmunity. In turn, its deficiency is also linked to infertility and pregnancy loss, suggesting a potential interplay with thyroid autoimmunity in the context of infertility. In addition, thyroid autoantibodies were also suggested to alter fertility by targeting zona pellucida, human chorionic gonadotropin receptors and other placental antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilad Twig
- Department of Medicine B, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
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19
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Schaefer JS, Klein JR. Immunological regulation of metabolism--a novel quintessential role for the immune system in health and disease. FASEB J 2010; 25:29-34. [PMID: 20826543 DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-168203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis is an integrated hormone network that is essential for maintaining metabolic homeostasis. It has long been known that thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), a central component of the HPT axis, can be made by cells of the immune system; however, the role of immune system TSH remains enigmatic and most studies have viewed it as a cytokine used to regulate immune function. Recent studies now indicate that immune system-derived TSH, in particular, a splice variant of TSHβ that is preferentially made by cells of the immune system, is produced by a subset of hematopoietic cells that traffic to the thyroid. On the basis of these and other findings, we propose the novel hypothesis that the immune system is an active participant in the regulation of basal metabolism. We further speculate that this process plays a critical role during acute and chronic infections and that it contributes to a wide range of chronic inflammatory conditions with links to thyroid dysregulation. This hypothesis, which is amenable to empirical analysis, defines a previously unknown role for the immune system in health and disease, and it provides a dynamic connection between immune-endocrine interactions at the organismic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy S Schaefer
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Dental Branch, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
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20
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The Role of NK Cells in the Autoimmune Thyroid Disease-associated Pregnancy Loss. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2010; 39:176-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-010-8201-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Klein JR. Physiological Relevance of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone and Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor in Tissues other than the Thyroid. Autoimmunity 2009; 36:417-21. [PMID: 14669950 DOI: 10.1080/08916930310001603019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Decades of research have provided strong evidence for a reciprocal relationship between the immune system and hormones of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), in particular, has been shown to have a variety of immune-regulating cytokine-like activities that can influence the outcome of T cell development in the thymus and intestine, and can affect the magnitude of antibody and cell-mediated responses of peripheral lymphocytes. Production of TSH and the expression of the TSH receptor are widely but selectively distributed across many different types of hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow, as well as among subsets of dendritic cells, monocytes and lymphocytes in the spleen and lymph nodes. In addition to their role in immunity, the involvement of TSH-producing hematopoietic cells in the microregulation of thyroid hormone activity represents a novel and potentially important aspect of the TSH-mediated immune-endocrine circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Klein
- Dental Branch, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Room 4.133, 6516 M.D. Anderson Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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22
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Vincent BH, Montufar-Solis D, Teng BB, Amendt BA, Schaefer J, Klein JR. Bone marrow cells produce a novel TSHbeta splice variant that is upregulated in the thyroid following systemic virus infection. Genes Immun 2008; 10:18-26. [PMID: 18754015 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2008.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although cells of the immune system can produce thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), the significance of that remains unclear. Using 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE), we show that mouse bone marrow (BM) cells produce a novel in-frame TSHbeta splice variant generated from a portion of intron 4 with all of the coding region of exon 5, but none of exon 4. The TSHbeta splice variant gene was expressed at low levels in the pituitary, but at high levels in the BM and the thyroid, and the protein was secreted from transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Immunoprecipitation identified an 8 kDa product in lysates of CHO cells transfected with the novel TSHbeta construct, and a 17 kDa product in lysates of CHO cells transfected with the native TSHbeta construct. The splice variant TSHbeta protein elicited a cAMP response from FRTL-5 thyroid follicular cells and a mouse alveolar macrophage (AM) cell line. Expression of the TSHbeta splice variant, but not the native form of TSHbeta, was significantly upregulated in the thyroid during systemic virus infection. These studies characterize the first functional splice variant of TSHbeta, which may contribute to the metabolic regulation during immunological stress, and may offer a new perspective for understanding autoimmune thyroiditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Vincent
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Dental Branch, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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23
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Yao C, Zhang J, Wang L, Guo Y, Tian Z. Inhibitory effects of thyroxine on cytokine production by T cells in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2007; 7:1747-54. [PMID: 17996685 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2007.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2007] [Revised: 08/19/2007] [Accepted: 09/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
As a sensitive factor of endocrine system, thyroxine exerts regulatory activities on a variety of cell types in immune system including T lymphocytes. Cytokines secreted by T lymphocytes are widely involved in numerous mechanisms, which are crucial for homeostasis at various statuses. Here we investigated the effects of thyroxine on the cytokine production of T lymphocytes in vivo and in vitro, using BALB/c mice with thyroxine treatment. We examined the IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-10 of T-cell type cytokines transcriptions and the proportions of IFN-gamma, IL-4 and IL-10-secreting CD4(+)/CD8(+) T cells. The results showed that the administration of high-level thyroxine induced weakly expression of T-cell type cytokine in transcriptional level together with impaired responsibility to mitogen (Con A) stimulation. Along with the severe suppression on T-cell type cytokine transcription, the proportions of IFN-gamma, IL-4 and IL-10-producing T lymphocytes were markedly attenuated and the productions of serum IFN-gamma and IL-10 were significantly decreased synchronously. The repressive effects of thyroxine on T-cell type cytokine were seen both in mRNA and protein level. The results suggested that T lymphocytes under normal condition appear to be sensitive to suppression of high-level thyroxine administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengfang Yao
- Institute of Immunopharmacology & Immunotherapy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, 44 Wenhua Western Road, Jinan 250012, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
It has been known for decades that the neuroendocrine system can both directly and indirectly influence the developmental and functional activity of the immune system. In contrast, far less is known about the extent to which the immune system collaborates in the regulation of endocrine activity. This is particularly true for immune-endocrine interactions of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis. Although thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) can be produced by many types of extra-pituitary cells--including T cells, B cells, splenic dendritic cells, bone marrow hematopoietic cells, intestinal epithelial cells, and lymphocytes--the functional significance of those TSH pathways remains elusive and historically has been largely ignored from a research perspective. There is now, however, evidence linking cells of the immune system to the regulation of thyroid hormone activity in normal physiological conditions as well as during times of immunological stress. Although the mechanisms behind this are poorly understood, they appear to reflect a process of local intrathyroidal synthesis of TSH mediated by a population of bone marrow cells that traffic to the thyroid. This hitherto undescribed cell population has the potential to microregulate thyroid hormone secretion leading to critical alterations in metabolic activity independent of pituitary TSH output, and it has expansive implications for understanding mechanisms by which the immune system may act to modulate neuroendocrine function during times of host stress. In this article, the basic underpinnings of the hematopoietic-thyroid connection are described, and a model is presented in which the immune system participates in the regulation of thyroid hormone activity during acute infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Klein
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Room 3.094F, Dental Branch, 6516 MD Anderson Boulevard, 77030, USA.
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25
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Csaba G, Kovács P, Pállinger E. Effect of the inhibition of triiodothyronine (T3) production by thiamazole on the T3 and serotonin content of immune cells. Life Sci 2005; 76:2043-52. [PMID: 15826872 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2004.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2004] [Accepted: 07/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Triiodothyronine (T3) and serotonin are present in the cells of immune system (blood, peritoneal and thymic lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes of the blood and peritoneal fluid, mast cells). In the present experiments the effect of thiamazole, an antithyroid drug was studied on the content of these two hormones in immune cells after one and two weeks of continuous treatment (by drinking water, containing 30 mg/100 ml thiamazole, ad libitum) in adult male rats, using flow cytometric and confocal microscopic analysis. In thymic lymphocytes both hormone contents significantly increased in both time points. A significant decrease of T3 was observed in peritoneal monocytes and granulocytes also in both time points, in peritoneal mast cells after one week and in blood lymphocytes after two weeks. Serotonin content in addition to the elevated thymic values (in both measurements) was significantly reduced in blood lymphocytes after two weeks. Confocal microscopy demonstrated heterogeneous cell populations with disparate hormone content and mostly diffuse localization The experiments call attention to the presence of T3 in the immune cells and to its variable concentration under the effect of a thyrostatic drug as well, as to the T3-serotonin relationship in the cells of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Csaba
- Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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26
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Klein JR, Wang HC. Characterization of a novel set of resident intrathyroidal bone marrow-derived hematopoietic cells: potential for immune-endocrine interactions in thyroid homeostasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 207:55-65. [PMID: 14638833 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Immunofluorescent staining of thyroid tissues was done using monoclonal antibodies to dendritic cell (DC), lymphocyte, macrophage and granulocyte markers. Despite the presence of occasional CD11c+ cells, CD11b+ cells, morphologically characteristic of DCs, were abundant in thyroid of normal mice, at a density of approximately 2.0 cells per thyroid follicle, and were >tenfold more frequent than CD11c+ cells. Thyroid tissues were non-reactive with antibodies to F4/80, CD8alpha, CD40, CD80, Gr-1, CD3, or CD19, indicating that the CD11b+ cells were not macrophages, activated DCs, granulocytes, plasmacytoid DCs, T cells or B cells. Following systemic immune activation, DCs in secondary lymphoid tissues but not in the thyroid, upregulated CD80 expression. Using radiation chimeras made from bone marrow from enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) transgenic mice, EGFP+ DC-like cells were present in the thyroid from 1-20 weeks after bone marrow transfer, but were rare in the kidney and liver, although EGFP+ cells were present in secondary lymphoid tissues. Additionally, DCs generated from EGFP+ bone marrow cells localized in the thyroid of EGFP- mice following adoptive transfer. Double staining of thyroid tissue sections with antibodies to the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)-beta molecule and to CD11b revealed co-expression of TSHbeta and CD11b among intrathyroidal DCs. Moreover, RT-PCR analyses indicated expression of the TSHbeta gene in thyroid tissues. These findings define a novel bone marrow-derived hematopoietic cell population that resides in the thyroid of normal mice, which may have a unique role in the microregulation of thyroid physiology and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Klein
- Department of Basic Sciences, Dental Branch, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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27
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Wang HC, Dragoo J, Zhou Q, Klein JR. An intrinsic thyrotropin-mediated pathway of TNF-alpha production by bone marrow cells. Blood 2003; 101:119-23. [PMID: 12393601 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-02-0544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have identified a role for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH; ie, thyrotropin) as an inductive signal for tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) secretion by bone marrow (BM) cells, although the features of that activation pathway have not been defined. Using intracellular TSH staining and enzyme-linked immunoassay for detection of secreted TSH, we demonstrate that TSH synthesis in BM cells occurs within CD45(+) (leukocyte common antigen) hematopoietic cells and that the majority of that activity resides in a component of CD11b(+) BM cells that are not mature T cells, B cells, or Thy-1(+) cells in the BM. Conversely, TSH-responsive BM cells defined by expression of TSH receptor (TSHR) using flow cytometry were selectively associated with a nonerythroid CD11b(-) lymphocyte precursor population. In vitro culture of magnetic-activated cell sorted CD11b(-) and CD11b(+) cells with titrated amounts of purified TSH resulted in significantly higher levels of TNF-alpha secretion from CD11b(-) BM cells compared to non-TSH-treated cells, with no appreciable change in TNF-alpha production from CD11b(+) cells. These findings are the first to demonstrate TSH production by BM hematopoietic cells, and they demonstrate that TSH may be involved in the regulation of TNF-alpha by CD11b(-) BM cells. They also indicate that TSH-mediated regulation of TNF-alpha secretion within the BM most likely operates through an intrinsic network of TSH production and use between different types of BM cells, and they suggest that local TSH may be an important homeostatic regulator of hematopoiesis mediated by TNF-alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heuy-Ching Wang
- Department of Basic Sciences, Dental Branch, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 77030, USA
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