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Małaczewska J, Wróbel M, Kaczorek-Łukowska E, Rękawek W. Enterovirus E infects bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Implications for pathogenesis? J Vet Res 2023; 67:517-527. [PMID: 38130447 PMCID: PMC10730555 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2023-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Enterovirus E (EV-E) is a common viral pathogen endemic in cattle worldwide. Little is known, however, about its potential interactions with bovine immune cells. Material and Methods The EV-E-permissiveness of bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was evaluated. The infectious titres of extracellular virus were measured and the intracellular viral RNA levels were determined by reverse transcription quantitative PCR after cell inoculation. The effects of EV-E on cell viability and proliferative response were investigated with a methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium bromide reduction assay, the percentages of main lymphocyte subsets and oxidative burst activity of blood phagocytes were determined with flow cytometry, and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion was measured with an ELISA. Results Enterovirus E productively infected bovine PBMCs. The highest infectious dose of EV-E decreased cell viability and T-cell proliferation. All of the tested doses of virus inhibited the proliferation of high responding to lipopolysaccharide B cells and stimulated the secretion of interleukin 1β, interleukin 6 and tumour necrosis factor α pro-inflammatory cytokines. Conclusion Interactions of EV-E with bovine immune cells may indicate potential evasion mechanisms of the virus. There is also a risk that an infection with this virus can predispose the organism to secondary infections, especially bacterial ones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wojciech Rękawek
- Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10–719Olsztyn, Poland
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2
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Palmu T, Lehtonen J, Korhonen L, Virtanen SM, Niemelä O, Toppari J, Ilonen J, Veijola R, Knip M, Laitinen OH, Lönnrot M, Hyöty H. Association of different enteroviruses with atopy and allergic diseases in early childhood. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2021; 32:1629-1636. [PMID: 34219290 DOI: 10.1111/pai.13577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterovirus (EV) infections, being among the most prevalent viruses worldwide, have been associated with reduced risk of allergic diseases. We sought to determine the association between EVs and allergic sensitization and disease in early childhood. METHODS The study was carried out in a nested case-control setting within a prospective birth cohort in Finland. We included 138 case children who had specific IgE (s-IgE) sensitization at the age of 5 years and 138 control children without s-IgE sensitization. Allergic disease was recorded at study visits and identified with the ISAAC questionnaire. We screened for the presence of serotype-specific antibodies against 41 EVs at 1-5 years of age and assessed their association with allergic sensitization and disease. RESULTS The overall number of EV infections did not differ between s-IgE-sensitized children and non-sensitized control children. However, there was a tendency of case children with an allergic disease having less EV infections than their controls. This observation was statistically significant for species A EVs in case children with atopic dermatitis vs. control children: OR 0.6 (95% CI 0.36-0.99), p = .048. CONCLUSION This study supports the evidence that EV exposure and development of allergic disease are inversely associated. Interestingly, the inverse association was not observed for bare atopic IgE sensitization, but for IgE sensitization coupled with clinical atopic disease. This suggests that environmental factors influencing IgE sensitization may differ from those influencing progression to clinical allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Palmu
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Dermatology and Allergology, The Hospital District of South Ostrobothnia, Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - Jussi Lehtonen
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Laura Korhonen
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Dermatology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Suvi M Virtanen
- Health and Well-Being Promotion Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Unit of Health Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Tampere University Hospital, Research, Development and Innovation Center, Tampere, Finland.,Center for Child Health Research, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Onni Niemelä
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Research Unit, Seinäjoki Central Hospital and Tampere University, Seinäjoki/Tampere, Finland
| | - Jorma Toppari
- Institute of Biomedicine, Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, and Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jorma Ilonen
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Riitta Veijola
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mikael Knip
- Pediatric Research Center, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli H Laitinen
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Maria Lönnrot
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Dermatology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
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3
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Blanter M, Sork H, Tuomela S, Flodström-Tullberg M. Genetic and Environmental Interaction in Type 1 Diabetes: a Relationship Between Genetic Risk Alleles and Molecular Traits of Enterovirus Infection? Curr Diab Rep 2019; 19:82. [PMID: 31401790 PMCID: PMC6689284 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-019-1192-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We provide an overview of the current knowledge regarding the natural history of human type 1 diabetes (T1D) and the documented associations between virus infections (in particular the enteroviruses) and disease development. We review studies that examine whether T1D-specific risk alleles in genes involved in the function of the immune system can alter susceptibility to virus infections or affect the magnitude of the host antiviral response. We also highlight where the major gaps in our knowledge exist and consider possible implications that new insights gained from the discussed gene-environment interaction studies may bring. RECENT FINDINGS A commonality between several of the studied T1D risk variants studied is their role in modulating the host immune response to viral infection. Generally, little support exists indicating that the risk variants increase susceptibility to infection and moreover, they usually appear to predispose the immune system towards a hyper-reactive state, decrease the risk of infection, and/or favor the establishment of viral persistence. In conclusion, although the current number of studies is limited, this type of research can provide important insights into the mechanisms that are central to disease pathogenesis and further describe how genetic and environmental factors jointly influence the risk of T1D development. The latter may provide genetic markers that could be used for patient stratification and for the selection of method(s) for disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marfa Blanter
- 0000 0000 9241 5705grid.24381.3cCenter for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- 0000 0001 0668 7884grid.5596.fLaboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, EU Belgium
| | - Helena Sork
- 0000 0000 9241 5705grid.24381.3cCenter for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Soile Tuomela
- 0000 0000 9241 5705grid.24381.3cCenter for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malin Flodström-Tullberg
- 0000 0000 9241 5705grid.24381.3cCenter for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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4
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Mohanty MC, Madkaikar MR, Desai M, Aluri J, Varose SY, Taur P, Sharma DK, Nalavade UP, Rane SV, Gupta M, Shabarish S, Dalvi A, Deshpande JM. Natural Clearance of Prolonged VDPV Infection in a Child With Primary Immunodeficiency Disorder. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1567. [PMID: 31396204 PMCID: PMC6663979 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of immunodeficiency-associated vaccine-derived polioviruses (iVDPV) from children with primary immunodeficiency disorders poses a threat to the eradication program. Herein, we report a patient with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), identified as a prolonged serotype 3 iVDPV (iVDPV3) excreter with 13 VDPV3 isolates and a maximum of 10.33% nucleotide divergence, who abruptly cleared infection after a period of 2 years. Occurrence of an episode of norovirus diarrhea associated with increased activated oligoclonal cytotoxic T cells, inverse CD4:CD8 ratio, significantly elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines, and subsequent clearance of the poliovirus suggests a possible link between inflammatory diarrheal illness and clearance of iVDPV. Our findings suggest that in the absence of B cells and sufficiently activated T/NK cells, macrophages and other T cells may produce auto-inflammatory conditions by TLR/RLR ligands expressed by previous/ongoing bacterial or viral infections to clear VDPV infection. The study highlights the need to screen all the patients with combined immunodeficiency for poliovirus excretion and intermittent follow-up of their immune parameters if found positive, in order to manage the risk of iVDPV excretion in the polio eradication endgame strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Chhanda Mohanty
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Mumbai Unit, Formerly Enterovirus Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Manisha Ranjan Madkaikar
- ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology, Indian Council of Medical Research, KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Mukesh Desai
- Bai Jer Bai Wadia Childrens Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Jahnavi Aluri
- ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology, Indian Council of Medical Research, KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Swapnil Yashwant Varose
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Mumbai Unit, Formerly Enterovirus Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Prasad Taur
- Bai Jer Bai Wadia Childrens Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Deepa Kailash Sharma
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Mumbai Unit, Formerly Enterovirus Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Uma Prajwal Nalavade
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Mumbai Unit, Formerly Enterovirus Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Sneha Vijay Rane
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Mumbai Unit, Formerly Enterovirus Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Maya Gupta
- ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology, Indian Council of Medical Research, KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Snehal Shabarish
- ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology, Indian Council of Medical Research, KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Aparna Dalvi
- ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology, Indian Council of Medical Research, KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Jagadish Mohanrao Deshpande
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Mumbai Unit, Formerly Enterovirus Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Mumbai, India
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5
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Lee ZM, Huang YH, Ho SC, Kuo HC. Correlation of symptomatic enterovirus infection and later risk of allergic diseases via a population-based cohort study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e5827. [PMID: 28121929 PMCID: PMC5287953 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000005827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Infants who are exposed to the rhinovirus or respiratory syncytial virus are at a higher risk of subsequently developing wheezing or asthma. This study aims to determine whether preschoolers with a history of symptomatic enterovirus infection are at an increased risk of developing allergic diseases or not.We used data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database from 1999 to 2006 for this nationwide population-based cohort study. The subsequent risks for allergic diseases, which included asthma (International Classification of Diseases [ICD]-9: 493.X), allergic rhinitis (AR; ICD-9 CM code 477.X), and atopic dermatitis (AD; ICD-9-CM code 691.X), were compared between herpangina (ICD-9: 074.0) and hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD; ICD-9: 074.3) throughout the follow-up period using the Cox proportional hazards model.In this database, 12,016 neonates were born between January 1999 and December 1999. Among them, we further evaluated 8337 subjects; 3267 children infected with either herpangina or HFMD served as the study cohort, and the other 5070 children made up the comparison cohort. Children in the herpangina group had a higher risk of developing AR and AD, with adjusted hazard ratios of 1.15 (1.02-1.30, 95% CI) and 1.38 (1.17-1.63. 95% CI), respectively, while children suffered from HFMD had decreased risks of asthma, with an adjusted hazard ratio of 0.76 (0.63-0.93, 95% CI).Children who previously suffered from herpangina experienced an increased risk of subsequently developing AD and AR. Meanwhile, children who had suffered from HFMD experienced a decrease in the subsequent occurrence of asthma compared to the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zon-Min Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hsien Huang
- Department of Pediatrics and Kawasaki Disease Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chen Ho
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Chang Kuo
- Department of Pediatrics and Kawasaki Disease Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan
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6
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Precechtelova J, Borsanyiova M, Sarmirova S, Bopegamage S. Type I diabetes mellitus: genetic factors and presumptive enteroviral etiology or protection. J Pathog 2014; 2014:738512. [PMID: 25574400 PMCID: PMC4276674 DOI: 10.1155/2014/738512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We review type 1 diabetes and host genetic components, as well as epigenetics and viruses associated with type 1 diabetes, with added emphasis on the enteroviruses, which are often associated with triggering the disease. Genus Enterovirus is classified into twelve species of which seven (Enterovirus A, Enterovirus B, Enterovirus C, and Enterovirus D and Rhinovirus A, Rhinovirus B, and Rhinovirus C) are human pathogens. These viruses are transmitted mainly by the fecal-oral route; they may also spread via the nasopharyngeal route. Enterovirus infections are highly prevalent, but these infections are usually subclinical or cause a mild flu-like illness. However, infections caused by enteroviruses can sometimes be serious, with manifestations of meningoencephalitis, paralysis, myocarditis, and in neonates a fulminant sepsis-like syndrome. These viruses are often implicated in chronic (inflammatory) diseases as chronic myocarditis, chronic pancreatitis, and type 1 diabetes. In this review we discuss the currently suggested mechanisms involved in the viral induction of type 1 diabetes. We recapitulate current basic knowledge and definitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Precechtelova
- Enterovirus Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Limbova 12, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Maria Borsanyiova
- Enterovirus Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Limbova 12, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Sona Sarmirova
- Enterovirus Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Limbova 12, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Shubhada Bopegamage
- Enterovirus Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Limbova 12, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia
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7
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Precechtelova J, Borsanyiova M, Stipalova D, Sarmirova S, Gomolcak P, Berakova K, Bopegamage S. Pathophysiology of the pancreas after oral infection of genetically diverse mice with coxsackievirus B4-E2. Arch Virol 2014; 160:103-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2236-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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8
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Serum-Dependent Enhancement of Coxsackievirus B4-Induced Production of IFNα, IL-6 and TNFα by Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. J Mol Biol 2013; 425:5020-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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9
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Chehadeh W, Alkhabbaz M. Differential TLR7-mediated expression of proinflammatory and antiviral cytokines in response to laboratory and clinical enterovirus strains. Virus Res 2013; 174:88-94. [PMID: 23523654 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EVs) are single stranded RNA viruses associated with many serious diseases. The exact mechanism by which an EV is able to evade innate immunity and cause tissue damage still remain unknown. Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) mediates the activation of type I interferon genes and the development of inflammatory cytokine response. The main aim of the study was to explore the antiviral activity and the pattern of cytokine expression in human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293 cells) expressing TLR7 protein following challenging with laboratory and clinical EV strains. The TLR7 open reading frame was cloned into the pcDNA3.1/nV5-DEST™ expression vector, followed by transfection into HEK-293 cells. TLR7- and mock-transfected cells were infected with laboratory and clinical strains of CVB1 and CVB5. The levels of cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, IFN-α and IFN-β) were measured by ELISA. The EV RNA concentrations were measured by real-time RT-PCR, and normalized against GAPDH RNA concentrations. The clinical EV strains were more effective activators of cytokines production in TLR7-transfected cells than the laboratory EV strains. The inhibition of EV replication in TLR7-transfected cells was correlated to the production of type I IFNs. The cytopathic effects observed in TLR7-transfected cells were correlated to the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α. The results suggest a clear segregation between laboratory and clinical EV strains on the basis of their cytokine induction ability, and a possible role of TLR7-induced proinflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of EV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wassim Chehadeh
- Virology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat 13310, Kuwait.
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Huang HI, Weng KF, Shih SR. Viral and host factors that contribute to pathogenicity of enterovirus 71. Future Microbiol 2012; 7:467-79. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.12.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The single-stranded RNA virus enterovirus 71 (EV71), which belongs to the Picornaviridae family, has caused epidemics worldwide, particularly in the Asia–Pacific region. Most EV71 infections result in mild clinical symptoms, including herpangina and hand, foot and mouth disease. However, serious pathological complications have also been reported, especially for young children. The mechanisms of EV71 disease progression remain unclear. The pathogenesis of adverse clinical outcomes may relate to many factors, including cell tropism, cell death and host immune responses. This article reviews the recent advances in the identification of factors determining EV71 cell tropism, the associated mechanisms of viral infection-induced cell death and the interplay between EV71 and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsing-I Huang
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Medical Biotechnology & Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Kuo-Feng Weng
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- The Center for Molecular & Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shin-Ru Shih
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Medical Biotechnology & Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Dhanushkodi NR, Mohankumar V, Pokkali S, Raju R. Lipopolysaccharide inhibits Sindbis virus-induced IP-10 release in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Viral Immunol 2011; 24:237-43. [PMID: 21668365 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2010.0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokines play a pivotal role in the innate response to both bacterial and viral infections, and in mixed infections. To determine chemokine responses to Sindbis virus (SIN) in a co-infection model, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) derived from healthy volunteers were exposed to SIN in the presence and absence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Culture supernatants recovered at 2, 24, and 72 h post-exposure were evaluated for virus replication and analyzed for chemokines by ELISA. None of the PBMC cultures showed new virus release, GFP reporter expression, or viral RNA synthesis. While SIN had little effect on the induction of IL-8 and RANTES, the chemokines MCP-1, MIP1-α (p < 0.001), and MIP1-β (p < 0.0004) were drastically upregulated by SIN as well as LPS. Both live and UV-inactivated SIN induced secretion of IP-10 and I-TAC. Although LPS did not induce release of IP-10, it sharply inhibited (p = 0.004) SIN-mediated IP-10 secretion. On the contrary, the release of SLC was blocked by SIN. The adjuvant activity of IP-10, its antiangiogenic function, and antagonism between SIN and LPS for the release of select chemokines may be useful in understanding the pathogenesis of mixed infections, cross-talk between cellular pathways, and may have applications in cancer and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha R Dhanushkodi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College, School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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12
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Smura T, Ylipaasto P, Klemola P, Kaijalainen S, Kyllönen L, Sordi V, Piemonti L, Roivainen M. Cellular tropism of human enterovirus D species serotypes EV-94, EV-70, and EV-68 in vitro: implications for pathogenesis. J Med Virol 2011; 82:1940-9. [PMID: 20872722 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 94 (EV-94) is an enterovirus serotype described recently which, together with EV-68 and EV-70, forms human enterovirus D species. This study investigates the seroprevalences of these three serotypes and their abilities to infect, replicate, and damage cell types considered to be essential for enterovirus-induced diseases. The cell types studied included human leukocyte cell lines, primary endothelial cells, and pancreatic islets. High prevalence of neutralizing antibodies against EV-68 and EV-94 was found in the Finnish population. The virus strains studied had wide leukocyte tropism. EV-94 and EV-68 were able to produce infectious progeny in leukocyte cell lines with monocytic, granulocytic, T-cell, or B-cell characteristics. EV-94 and EV-70 were capable of infecting primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells, whereas EV-68 had only marginal progeny production and did not induce cytopathic effects in these cells. Intriguingly, EV-94 was able to damage pancreatic islet β-cells, to infect, replicate, and cause necrosis in human pancreatic islets, and to induce proinflammatory and chemoattractive cytokine expression in endothelial cells. These results suggest that HEV-D viruses may be more prevalent than has been thought previously, and they provide in vitro evidence that EV-94 may be a potent pathogen and should be considered a potentially diabetogenic enterovirus type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teemu Smura
- Intestinal Viruses Unit, Division of Health Protection, Department of Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland.
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13
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Liu X, Lu R, Xia Y, Sun J. Global analysis of the eukaryotic pathways and networks regulated by Salmonella typhimurium in mouse intestinal infection in vivo. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:722. [PMID: 21172007 PMCID: PMC3022924 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute enteritis caused by Salmonella is a public health concern. Salmonella infection is also known to increase the risk of inflammatory bowel diseases and cancer. Therefore, it is important to understand how Salmonella works in targeting eukaryotic pathways in intestinal infection. However, the global physiological function of Salmonella typhimurium in intestinal mucosa in vivo is unclear. In this study, a whole genome approach combined with bioinformatics assays was used to investigate the in vivo genetic responses of the mouse colon to Salmonella. We focused on the intestinal responses in the early stage (8 hours) and late stage (4 days) after Salmonella infection. RESULTS Of the 28,000 genes represented on the array, our analysis of mRNA expression in mouse colon mucosa showed that a total of 856 genes were expressed differentially at 8 hours post-infection. At 4 days post-infection, a total of 7558 genes were expressed differentially. 23 differentially expressed genes from the microarray data was further examined by real-time PCR. Ingenuity Pathways Analysis identified that the most significant pathway associated with the differentially expressed genes in 8 hours post-infection is oxidative phosphorylation, which targets the mitochondria. At the late stage of infection, a series of pathways associated with immune and inflammatory response, proliferation, and apoptosis were identified, whereas the oxidative phosphorylation was shut off. Histology analysis confirmed the biological role of Salmonella, which induced a physiological state of inflammation and proliferation in the colon mucosa through the regulation of multiple signaling pathways. Most of the metabolism-related pathways were targeted by down-regulated genes, and a general repression process of metabolic pathways was observed. Network analysis supported IFN-γ and TNF-α function as mediators of the immune/inflammatory response for host defense against pathogen. CONCLUSION Our study provides novel genome-wide transcriptional profiling data on the mouse colon mucosa's response to the Salmonella typhimurium infection. Building the pathways and networks of interactions between these genes help us to understand the complex interplay in the mice colon during Salmonella infection, and further provide new insights into the molecular cascade, which is mobilized to combat Salmonella-associated colon infection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyin Liu
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology & Hepatology Division, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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14
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Skurkovich S, Skurkovich B, Kelly J. Anticytokine therapy, particularly anti-IFN-gamma, in Th1-mediated autoimmune diseases. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010; 1:11-25. [PMID: 20477651 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.1.1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Anticytokine therapy was proposed in 1974 in Nature, in which it was stated that hyperproduced interferon can cause autoimmune disease and anti-interferon can be therapeutic. In 1989, the use of antibodies to tumor necrosis factor-alpha in combination with antibodies to certain types of interferon was proposed to treat various autoimmune diseases, including AIDS. The first anticytokine therapy was conducted in 1975. Anti-interferon-gamma has brought improved and often striking results in the treatment of various T-helper 1-mediated autoimmune diseases, including inflammatory skin diseases. Anti-interferon-gamma may be a universal treatment for these conditions. In AIDS and other virus-induced autoimmune diseases, the virus may stimulate cytokines (interferons), which increase, rather than halt, viral replication. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors have also shown good clinical results, however, they may result in complications and are ineffective in some autoimmune diseases.
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15
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Hühn MH, Hultcrantz M, Lind K, Ljunggren HG, Malmberg KJ, Flodström-Tullberg M. IFN-gamma production dominates the early human natural killer cell response to Coxsackievirus infection. Cell Microbiol 2007; 10:426-36. [PMID: 17961184 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2007.01056.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Coxsackieviruses (CV) are important human pathogens that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including myocarditis and pancreatitis. How the human immune system recognizes and controls CV infections is not well understood. Studies in mice suggest that natural killer (NK) cells play a critical role in viral clearance and host survival, but the mechanism(s) by which human NK cells may contribute to the host anti-CV defence has not been investigated. Here we show that CVB3 infection markedly reduces HLA class I cell surface expression but does not increase the expression of the activating NK cell receptor ligands MICA/B and ULBP1-3 on human cells. We also demonstrate that the lowered target cell HLA class I surface expression does not correlate with an increased susceptibility to NK cell-mediated killing. However, NK cells responded with a robust production of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) when peripheral blood mononuclear cells were cocultured with infected cells. In summary, this study shows that CVB3 interferes with the expression of NK cell receptor ligands on infected cells and indicates that IFN-gamma production, rather than cytotoxicity, marks the early human NK cell response to CVB3 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Hühn
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Kramer M, Schulte BM, Toonen LWJ, de Bruijni MAM, Galama JMD, Adema GJ, van Kuppeveld FJM. Echovirus infection causes rapid loss-of-function and cell death in human dendritic cells. Cell Microbiol 2007; 9:1507-18. [PMID: 17298395 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2007.00888.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Coxsackie B viruses (CVB) and Echoviruses (EV) form a single species; Human enterovirus B (HeV-B), within the genus Enterovirus. Although HeV-B infections are usually mild or asymptomatic, they can cause serious acute illnesses. In addition, HeV-B infections have been associated with chronic immune disorders, such as type 1 diabetes mellitus and chronic myocarditis/dilated cardiomyopathy. It has therefore been suggested that these viruses may trigger an autoimmune process. Here, we demonstrate that human dendritic cells (DCs), which play an essential role in orchestration of the immune response, are productively infected by EV, but not CVB strains, in vitro. Infection does not result in DC activation or the induction of antiviral immune responses. Instead, EV infection rapidly impedes Toll-like receptor-mediated production of cytokines and upregulation of maturation markers, and ultimately causes loss of DC viability. These results describe for the first time the effect of EV on the function and viability of human DCs and suggest that infection of DCs in vivo can impede regulation of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs Kramer
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Scinces and Nijmegen University Centre for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Nijmigen Medical Centre, The Netherlands
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17
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Tang Q, Huang J, Qian H, Xiong R, Shen D, Wu H, Bian Z, Wei X. Microarray analysis reveals the role of matrix metalloproteinases in mouse experimental autoimmune myocarditis induced by cardiac myosin peptides. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2007; 12:176-91. [PMID: 17235437 PMCID: PMC6275600 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-007-0003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2006] [Accepted: 09/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune myocarditis develops after the presentation of heart-specific antigens to autoaggressive CD4(+) T cells and after inflammation has infiltrated the tissues. To shed light on global changes in the gene expression of autoimmune myocarditis and to gain further insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the genesis of myocarditis, we conducted a comprehensive microarray analysis of mRNA using an experimental mouse autoimmune myocarditis model via immunization with alpha-myosin heavy chain-derived peptides. Of over 39,000 transcripts on a high density oligonucleotide microarray, 466 were under-expressed and 241 over-expressed by >or= 1.5-fold compared with the controls in BALB/C mouse with autoimmune myocarditis. In this paper, we list the top 50 up-regulated genes related to the immune response. These altered genes encode for leukocyte-specific markers and receptors, the histocompatibility complex, cytokines/receptors, chemokines/receptors, adhesion molecules, components of the complement cascade, and signal transduction-related molecules. Interestingly, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) such as MMP-3 and MMP-9 were up-regulated, as further revealed by the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry assays. This indicates that MMPs may act as major regulators of the cytokine profile. Together, these findings provide new insight into the molecular events associated with the mechanism of the autoimmune genesis of myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qizhu Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China.
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18
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Skurkovich S, Skurkovich B. Anticytokine therapy, especially anti-interferon-gamma, as a pathogenetic treatment in TH-1 autoimmune diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1051:684-700. [PMID: 16127009 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1361.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We pioneered anticytokine therapy (ACT) in 1974 and 1989, proposing to remove interferon (IFN) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha together with IFNs to treat various autoimmune diseases, including AIDS. This hypothesis was confirmed in different laboratories and opened a new line to produce and test different anticytokines. We have had good, sometimes striking results treating various Th1-mediated autoimmune diseases, including inflammatory skin diseases, using anti-IFN-gamma and sometimes anti-TNF-alpha. Anti-IFN-gamma may be a universal treatment for these conditions. Because TNF-alpha inhibitors, now successfully used in certain autoimmune disorders, have many severe side effects, there are opportunities for the development of other ACT and TNF-alpha antagonists with fewer side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Skurkovich
- Advanced Biotherapy Inc., 802 Rollins Avenue, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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Skarsvik S, Puranen J, Honkanen J, Roivainen M, Ilonen J, Holmberg H, Ludvigsson J, Vaarala O. Decreased in vitro type 1 immune response against coxsackie virus B4 in children with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2006; 55:996-1003. [PMID: 16567521 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.55.04.06.db05-0630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Enteroviruses, particularly Coxsackie virus B4 (CVB4), are considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. We wanted to compare the characteristics of T-cell immune response to CVB4 in children with type 1 diabetes and healthy children with and without HLA risk-associated haplotypes (HLA-DR3-DQ2 or HLA-DR4-DQ8) for type 1 diabetes. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated and cultured with CVB4 and analyzed for cytokine and chemokine receptors by flow cytometry and for expression of transcription factors Tbet and GATA-3 by RT-PCR and Western blot. Culture supernatants were analyzed for secretion of gamma-interferon (IFN-gamma). In children with type 1 diabetes, a decreased percentage of T-cells expressed CCR2, CXCR6, interleukin (IL)-18R, and IL-12Rbeta2-chain after in vitro stimulation with CVB4 in comparison with healthy children with or without HLA risk genotype. Moreover, we found that children with type 1 diabetes had decreased IFN-gamma secretion and expression of Tbet, both on mRNA and protein level, in CVB4-stimulated PBMCs. Accordingly, children with type 1 diabetes show an impaired type 1 immune response against CVB4 compared with healthy children. This may lead to a delayed clearance of the virus and, at least partly, explain why children with type 1 diabetes may be more prone to CVB4 infections and related complications, such as beta-cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Skarsvik
- Division of Pediatrics and Diabetes Research Centre, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Linköping University, S-581 85 Linköping, Sweden.
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20
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Cheung C, Luo H, Yanagawa B, Leong HS, Samarasekera D, Lai JCK, Suarez A, Zhang J, McManus BM. Matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases in coxsackievirus-induced myocarditis. Cardiovasc Pathol 2006; 15:63-74. [PMID: 16533694 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2005.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2005] [Revised: 10/11/2005] [Accepted: 11/30/2005] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is the major causative agent of myocarditis in humans. In the mouse model, the inflammatory phase of myocarditis results in extensive damage to the heart and triggers profound extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, which may ultimately lead to dilated cardiomyopathy. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are regulators of the ECM and can degrade all the components in the matrix. METHODS Adolescent male mice were infected with cardiovirulent CVB3 and sacrificed at 3, 9, and 30 days post infection (pi). Transcription of MMP-2, MMP-9, and MMP-12 was assessed by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Protein expression of these enzymes was examined using immunohistochemistry, and the activation status of MMP-2 and MMP-9 was assessed using gelatin zymography. Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) were analyzed using immunoblotting assays. Myocarditic hearts were also stained with picrosirius red and viewed under polarizing light to examine the collagen network. RESULTS MMP-2, MMP-9, and MMP-12 transcription was increased at 9 days pi, as determined by RT-PCR. Immunohistochemistry confirmed an increase in translation of these MMP species, and zymographic analysis further showed elevated activation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 following CVB3 infection. TIMP-3 and TIMP-4 expression was down-regulated, while TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 remained constant throughout the infection. Mouse hearts stained with picrosirius red showed an increase in total amount of collagen during the acute phase of infection and disrupted fibrils at later timepoints. CONCLUSION After CVB3 infection, ECM remodeling is triggered, and this response may involve increased expression and activation of MMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Cheung
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, James Hogg iCAPTURE Centre for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research, St. Paul's Hospital/Providence Health Care, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6Z 1Y6
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21
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Snopov SA, Kharit SM, Norval M, Ivanova VV. Circulating leukocyte and cytokine responses to measles and poliovirus vaccination in children after ultraviolet radiation exposures. Arch Virol 2005; 150:1729-43. [PMID: 15986177 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-005-0561-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2004] [Accepted: 04/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Suberythemal ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposures of children are used routinely in Russia to prevent rickets and to strengthen general health. The aim of the present study was to re-evaluate the effects of such a regime on immune responses as UVR is now recognised to suppress cell-mediated immunity in many animal models. Seventeen infants were immunised with attenuated measles and recall polio vaccines of whom 10 had been given a course of prophylactic UV exposures before the vaccinations. All the infants in the study developed an acute infectious conjunctivitis one week prior to the vaccinations and were convalescent at the time of the vaccination. They were bled on the day of the vaccinations and at several times thereafter to assess leukocyte percentages and plasma cytokine levels. On the day of the vaccinations, an active immune response was apparent. The UV-exposed children differed from the unexposed children by having a smaller percentage of natural killer cells and a higher percentage of CD25-positive cells. In the days following the vaccinations, the UV-exposed infants had a lowered percentage of total lymphocytes with increased percentages of monocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils and HLA-DR-positive cells as well as higher concentrations of plasma IL-1beta and IL-10 compared with the unexposed infants. There were no local or systemic clinical reactions to the vaccines in the UV-group while a moderate rise in temperature of three children in the unexposed group occurred. Thus the UV irradiations modulated leukocyte percentages and plasma cytokine levels following the vaccinations, perhaps through the activation of a T helper 2-like response.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Snopov
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia.
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22
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Olsson A, Johansson U, Korsgren O, Frisk G. Inflammatory gene expression in Coxsackievirus B-4-infected human islets of Langerhans. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 330:571-6. [PMID: 15796921 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The event that triggers the autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta-cells in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is still unknown. Enterovirus, especially Coxsackievirus, infections have long been associated with this disease. Cytokines and chemokines induced by an enterovirus infection may act to trigger the autoimmune reactions that produce T1DM. Gene expression was examined in isolated human islets infected with a Coxsackievirus-B4 (CBV-4) strain causing lytic infection (V89-4557) and in islets infected with a CBV-4 strain establishing persistent infection (VD2921). Microarray analysis indicated that infection with the CBV-4 strains resulted in specific induction of a number of inflammatory genes, including IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, and RANTES. Importantly, the inflammatory genes induced by the CBV-4 infections differed in the two strains, with more cytokines being induced by the non-lytic CBV-4 strain than by the lytic strain. These cytokines and chemokines have the potential to rapidly induce inflammatory reactions when expressed in vivo and could contribute to the autoimmune reactions associated with the development of T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Olsson
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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23
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Triantafilou K, Triantafilou M. Coxsackievirus B4-induced cytokine production in pancreatic cells is mediated through toll-like receptor 4. J Virol 2004; 78:11313-20. [PMID: 15452251 PMCID: PMC521802 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.20.11313-11320.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B4 (CBV4), a member of the Picornavirus genus, has long been implicated in the development of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) caused by virus-induced pancreatic cell damage. The progressive destruction of pancreatic beta cells is responsible for the development of IDDM. It has recently been suggested that CBV4 infection can induce the production of proinflammatory cytokines, and these cytokines seem to be involved in the damage to the insulin-producing cells. In this study we investigated whether toll-like receptors (TLRs) are responsible for triggering the proinflammatory cytokine production in human pancreatic cells in response to CBV4. Here we demonstrate that CBV4 triggers cytokine production through a TLR4-dependent pathway. This interaction seems to be independent of virus attachment and cell entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Triantafilou
- School of Life Sciences, JMS Building, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, United Kingdom.
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24
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Abstract
The development of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) has been linked to exposure to environmental triggers, with Enteroviruses (EV) historically considered the prime suspects. Early serological studies suggested a link between EV infections and the development of T1DM and, though controversial, have been bolstered by more recent studies using more sensitive techniques such as direct detection of the EV genome by RT-PCR in peripheral blood. In this review, we consider the weight of evidence that EV can be considered a candidate trigger of T1DM, using three major criteria: (1) is EV infection associated with clinical T1DM, (2) can EV trigger the development of autoimmunity and (3) what would explain the putative association?
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Varela-Calvino
- Department of Immunology, Guy's, King's and St Thomas' School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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25
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Bose S, Kar N, Maitra R, DiDonato JA, Banerjee AK. Temporal activation of NF-kappaB regulates an interferon-independent innate antiviral response against cytoplasmic RNA viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:10890-5. [PMID: 12960395 PMCID: PMC196898 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1832775100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
NF-kappaB is known to exert its antiviral innate immune response via the IFN-beta-induced Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription pathway. However, our current studies have demonstrated that activated NF-kappaB is capable of directly establishing an antiviral state independent of IFN or secreted soluble factor(s) against two highly pathogenic respiratory RNA viruses. Human parainfluenza virus type 3, a mildly cytopathic virus that induced NF-kappaB very early during infection was converted to a virulent virus after NF-kappaB inhibition. In contrast, a highly cytopathic virus, human respiratory syncytial virus that induced NF-kappaB late during infection, was converted to a mildly cytopathic virus after NF-kappaB induction before virus replication. This interconversion of cytopathic phenotypes of viruses after NF-kappaB modulation was further shown to be independent of IFN and soluble secreted factors(s). Moreover, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and IL-1beta elicited an antiviral response, which was NF-kappaB-dependent. Thus, NF-kappaB induction directly confers an essential innate antiviral response against human parainfluenza virus type 3 and respiratory syncytial virus, which is independent of IFN-inducible factor(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Bose
- Department of Virology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Heim A, Weiss S. Interferons in enteroviral heart disease: modulation of cytokine expression and antiviral activity. Med Microbiol Immunol 2003; 193:149-54. [PMID: 13680216 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-003-0200-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-beta has a more than 120-fold higher antiviral activity than the closely related IFN-alpha in human myocardial fibroblasts infected with the cardiotropic enterovirus coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3). CVB3 replication induces interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 expression in myocardial fibroblasts, and suppresses the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). We investigated whether the higher antiviral activity of IFN-beta compared to IFN-alpha was a result of a suppression of IL-8 expression by IFN-beta since previous studies had indicated that IL-8 stimulates enterovirus replication. Human myocardial fibroblasts were treated with either IFN-alpha, IFN-beta or IFN-gamma (0, 10, 100, or 1,000 IU/ml) and the concentrations of IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1 were measured in culture supernatants by immunoassays. Both IFN-beta and IFN-gamma reduced IL-6 and IL-8 expression significantly. In addition, neutralization of IL-8 in culture supernatants of myocardial fibroblasts using a monoclonal antibody demonstrated a significant reduction of CVB3 titers. Antiproliferative effects of all three IFNs were very low (<30% with 1,000 IU/ml), indicating that the suppression IL-6 and IL-8 was not related to cytotoxicity. MCP-1 expression was increased only by high concentrations of IFN-gamma (1,000 IU/ml). By contrast, IFN-alpha had no significant effect on IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1 expression. In conclusion, suppression of IL-8 expression is an "immuno-modulating" feature of IFN-beta in human myocardial fibroblasts, which is similar to the activity of IFN-gamma. This feature of IFN-beta contributes to its high antiviral activity against CVB3 and may be useful in the treatment of enteroviral heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Heim
- Institut für Virologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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27
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Luppi P, Rudert W, Licata A, Riboni S, Betters D, Cotrufo M, Frati G, Condorelli G, Trucco M. Expansion of specific alphabeta+ T-cell subsets in the myocardium of patients with myocarditis and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy associated with Coxsackievirus B infection. Hum Immunol 2003; 64:194-210. [PMID: 12559622 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(02)00798-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDC) is one of the major causes of death in humans and has been linked to Coxsackievirus B (CVB) infection. The aim of this study was to analyze phenotypes of heart-infiltrating immune cells in patients suffering from myocarditis and IDC associated with CVB infections. We found that the myocardium of these patients was infiltrated by CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes as well as macrophages. Evidence of CVB3/4 infections was also found. In the majority of patients, the T-cell receptor repertoire (TCR) of the infiltrating lymphocytes was restricted, with a polyclonal expansion of the Vbeta7 gene family. We also found that human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II alleles associated with susceptibility to type 1 diabetes (HLA-DR4 and HLA-DQA1*04/05/06 alleles) were remarkably infrequent in IDC patients (p < 0.005), thus suggesting that they might confer protection against IDC. Finally, mRNA for interleukin-1beta, interferon-gamma, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha was detected in the cardiac specimens, although at a lower level compared with specimens from hearts without signs of viral infections. We conclude that CVB infection of the human myocardium is associated with a selective, yet polyclonal activation of different T-cell subsets in genetically susceptible individuals. This immune response may play a critical role in modulating disease progression after viral infections.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/etiology
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/immunology
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/virology
- Child
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Complementarity Determining Regions/genetics
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/genetics
- DNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Enterovirus B, Human/pathogenicity
- Enterovirus Infections/complications
- Enterovirus Infections/immunology
- Enterovirus Infections/virology
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Frequency
- Gene Rearrangement, T-Lymphocyte
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor alpha
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor beta
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- HLA-DQ Antigens/genetics
- HLA-DQ alpha-Chains
- HLA-DQ beta-Chains
- HLA-DR Antigens/genetics
- HLA-DR4 Antigen/genetics
- HLA-DRB1 Chains
- Humans
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Macrophages/immunology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Myocarditis/etiology
- Myocarditis/immunology
- Myocarditis/virology
- Myocardium/immunology
- Myocardium/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/analysis
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Vero Cells/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Luppi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunogenetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA, USA
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