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Hermann RJ, Van der Steen T, Vomhof-Dekrey EE, Al-Badrani S, Wanjara SB, Failing JJ, Haring JS, Dorsam GP. Characterization and use of a rabbit-anti-mouse VPAC1 antibody by flow cytometry. J Immunol Methods 2011; 376:20-31. [PMID: 22079255 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2011.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor-1 signaling in lymphocytes has been shown to regulate chemotaxis, proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation. During T cell activation, VPAC1 mRNA is downregulated, but the effect on its protein levels is less clear. A small number of studies have reported measurement of human VPAC1 by flow cytometry, but murine VPAC1 reagents are unavailable. Therefore, we set out to generate a reliable and highly specific α-mouse VPAC1 polyclonal antibody for use with flow cytometry. After successfully generating a rabbit α-VPAC1 polyclonal antibody (α-mVPAC1 pAb), we characterized its cross-reactivity and showed that it does not recognize other family receptors (mouse VPAC2 and PAC1, and human VPAC1, VPAC2 and PAC1) by flow cytometry. Partial purification of the rabbit α-VPAC1 sera increased the specific-activity of the α-mVPAC1 pAb by 20-fold, and immunofluorescence microscopy (IF) confirmed a plasma membrane subcellular localization for mouse VPAC1 protein. To test the usefulness of this specific α-mVPAC1 pAb, we showed that primary, resting mouse T cells express detectable levels of VPAC1 protein, with little detectable signal from activated T cells, or CD19 B cells. These data support our previously published data showing a downregulation of VPAC1 mRNA during T cell activation. Collectively, we have established a well-characterized, and highly species specific α-mVPAC1 pAb for VPAC1 surface measurement by IF and flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Hermann
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology and the Center for Protease Research, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, United States
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2
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Shibata M, Hisajima T, Nakano M, Goris RC, Funakoshi K. Morphological relationships between peptidergic nerve fibers and immunoglobulin A-producing lymphocytes in the mouse intestine. Brain Behav Immun 2008; 22:158-66. [PMID: 17931829 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2007.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2007] [Revised: 08/10/2007] [Accepted: 08/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) lymphocytes are present close to the nerve fibers in the lamina propria of the small intestine, and the administration of lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) increases the number of these cells and IgA secretion to the lumen. In the present study, we demonstrated that the nerve fibers immunoreactive for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) were close to the IgA lymphocytes in the mouse ileum lamina propria. Three hours after intraperitoneal administration of LPSs, IgA lymphocytes close to VIP nerve fibers, those close to basement membrane, and those close to both VIP nerve fibers and basement membrane were increased in number. Further, all IgA lymphocytes seen in the ileum lamina propria expressed the receptors for VIP, VIPR1, and VIPR2. Electron microscopy revealed that varicosities were in close apposition to the lymphocyte plasma membrane. The present study suggests that VIP/NPY/CGRP neurons in the submucosal plexus have a close anatomical relationship to IgA lymphocytes, playing a role in the secretion of IgA and intestinal fluid in response to stimulation by lipopolysaccharides, pathogens, or toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Shibata
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
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3
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El Karim IA, Lamey PJ, Ardill J, Linden GJ, Lundy FT. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and VPAC1 receptor in adult human dental pulp in relation to caries. Arch Oral Biol 2006; 51:849-55. [PMID: 16806045 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2006.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2005] [Revised: 03/16/2006] [Accepted: 04/25/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantitatively measure VIP levels and to qualitatively study the distribution of VIP fibres and demonstrate the presence of the VPAC1 receptor in human dental pulp from carious and non-carious adult human teeth. DESIGN Dental pulp samples were collected from non-carious, moderately carious and grossly carious adult human teeth. VIP levels were determined using radioimmunoassay. The distribution of VIP fibres was studied using immunohistochemistry. The VPAC1 receptor protein expression was determined by Western blotting. RESULTS VIP levels were found to be significantly elevated in the dental pulp of moderately carious compared with non-carious (p=0.0032) or grossly carious teeth (p=0.0029). The distribution of VIP fibres was similar in non-carious and carious teeth, except that nerve bundles appeared thicker in the pulp samples from carious compared with non-carious teeth. Western blotting indicated that the VPAC1 receptor proteins were detected in similar levels in pooled dental pulp samples from both carious and non-carious teeth. CONCLUSION It is concluded that quantitative changes in the levels of VIP in human dental pulp during the caries process and the expression of VPAC1 receptor proteins in membrane extracts from carious and non-carious teeth suggests a role for VIP in modulating pulpal health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikhlas A El Karim
- Oral Science Research Centre, School of Dentistry, Queen's University, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, BT12 6BP Northern Ireland, UK
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4
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Huang MC, Miller AL, Wang W, Kong Y, Paul S, Goetzl EJ. Differential signaling of T cell generation of IL-4 by wild-type and short-deletion variant of type 2 G protein-coupled receptor for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VPAC2). THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:6640-6. [PMID: 16709822 PMCID: PMC1551935 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.11.6640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) released from some neurons and T cells affects T cell migration, cytokine generation, and other functions by binding to constitutively expressed type 1 G protein-coupled receptor (VPAC1) or activation-induced type 2 G protein-coupled receptor (VPAC2). Recently, a short-deletion (SD) splice variant of mouse VPAC2 that lacks 14 amino acids at the end of the last transmembrane domain has been identified in T cells and shown to resemble wild-type (WT) VPAC2 in affinity of VIP binding but to differ by lack of signaling of T cell adenylyl cyclase, migration, and IL-2 secretion. As Th2 cells are the principal source of immune VIP and have the greatest functional responses to VIP, the differences in signals transduced by WT and SD VPAC2 were studied in VPAC2-low D10G4.1 model Th2 cell transfectants individually expressing the respective types of VPAC2 equally. WT and SD VPAC2 Th2 cell transfectants secreted equal amounts of VIP. WT VPAC2 transfectants generated more IL-4 than did SD VPAC2 transfectants, and this increment was dependent on endogenous VIP. Exogenous VIP further increased IL-4 production by WT VPAC2 transfectants but decreased IL-4 production by SD VPAC2 transfectants. Cotransfection of the two constructs diminished VIP enhancement of IL-4 production seen with WT VPAC2 alone by preventing increases in nuclear levels of the requisite transcription factors c-Maf and Jun B. Thus the ratio of two forms of T cell VPAC2 determines the net effect of VIP on IL-4 generation by activated Th2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chuan Huang
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology-Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
| | - Allison L. Miller
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology-Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
| | - Wengang Wang
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology-Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
| | - Yvonne Kong
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology-Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
| | - Sudhir Paul
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Edward J. Goetzl
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology-Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Edward J. Goetzl, University of California Medical Center, Room UB8B, UC Box 0711, 533 Parnassus Avenue at 4th, San Francisco, CA 941430-0711. E-mail address:
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5
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Itoh A, Tsujikawa T, Fujiyama Y, Bamba T. Enhancement of aquaporin-3 by vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in a human colonic epithelial cell line. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003; 18:203-10. [PMID: 12542607 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1746.2003.02949.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) plays an important role in water transport in the intestine. Several specialized channels termed aquaporins (AQP) facilitate water transport in the gastrointestinal tract. Aquaporin-3 localizes to epithelial cells in the human small intestine and colon. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying the functions of AQP3 remain unclear. To characterize the regulation of AQP3 expression by VIP, we studied messenger (m)RNA expression, protein expression and DNA binding activity in a human colonic epithelial cell line, HT-29. METHOD Human colonic epithelial cells, HT-29, were incubated with VIP (10-12-10-7 M). The cells were treated with protein kinase-A (PK-A) inhibitors (H-89, H-9) or chloride channel-blockers (diphenylamine-2-carboxylate (DPC), 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino) benzoic acid (NPPD)). The expression of AQP3 mRNA and protein was determined by Northern blot and Western blot, respectively. The DNA-binding activities of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response elements/activating transcription factor (CRE/ATF)) in the nuclear extract were determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. RESULTS Aquaporin-3 mRNA was up-regulated at a concentration of 10-10 M VIP. The expression of AQP3 protein was enhanced at 3 h after addition of VIP. The PK-A inhibitors (H-89, H-9) inhibited the expression of AQP3 mRNA enhanced by VIP and cAMP. The gel shift assay of CRE/ATF in HT-29 cells revealed a single band. CONCLUSION These results indicate that VIP upregulated the expression of AQP3 mRNA and protein, and that a cAMP-dependent pathway mediated this effect in a human colonic epithelial cell line, HT-29.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Itoh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
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6
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Chaudhary P, Baumann TK. Expression of VPAC2 receptor and PAC1 receptor splice variants in the trigeminal ganglion of the adult rat. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 2002; 104:137-42. [PMID: 12225867 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(02)00329-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PACAP and VIP are members of the VIP/secretin/glucagon family of peptides with neurotransmitter, neuroprotective, and neurotrophic functions. PACAP and VIP are known to be upregulated in primary sensory neurons following nerve injury, implying that these neuropeptides could be mediators of sensory transmission in neuropathic pain states. Nerve injury at the level of the trigeminal root is thought to be the prime cause of trigeminal neuralgia. Since cross-excitation (a chemically-mediated form of nonsynaptic transmission) within the TG is postulated to play a central role in trigeminal neuralgia, we studied the expression of PACAP and VIP receptors in the TG by RT PCR and immunocytochemistry. Of the three known receptors (PAC1, VPAC1 and VPAC2), RT PCR revealed the presence of mRNA for VPAC2 and several splice variants of the PAC1 receptor. Immunocytochemistry showed PAC1 and VPAC2 to be present in small-diameter TG neurons. Thus, PACAP and VIP are potential mediators of cross-excitation in the TG.
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MESH Headings
- Afferent Pathways/metabolism
- Afferent Pathways/physiopathology
- Alternative Splicing/genetics
- Animals
- Cell Communication/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- Immunohistochemistry
- Male
- Neurons, Afferent/metabolism
- Neuropeptides/metabolism
- Nociceptors/metabolism
- Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide
- Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, Type I
- Receptors, Pituitary Hormone/genetics
- Receptors, Pituitary Hormone/metabolism
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/genetics
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/metabolism
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide, Type I
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Trigeminal Ganglion/metabolism
- Trigeminal Ganglion/physiopathology
- Trigeminal Neuralgia/genetics
- Trigeminal Neuralgia/metabolism
- Trigeminal Neuralgia/physiopathology
- Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Chaudhary
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
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7
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Branch DR, Valenta LJE, Yousefi S, Sakac D, Singla R, Bali M, Sahai BM, Ma XZ. VPAC1 is a cellular neuroendocrine receptor expressed on T cells that actively facilitates productive HIV-1 infection. AIDS 2002; 16:309-19. [PMID: 11834941 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200202150-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A lack of productive HIV-1 infection of Kit225 compared to Jurkat T cells, despite similar levels of CD4 and HIV-1 chemokine co-receptors, was found to correlate with the expression of vasoactive intestinal peptide/pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide receptor-1 (VPAC1). We therefore examined a role for this seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled neuroendocrine receptor in modulating HIV-1 infection. METHODS Reverse transcription-PCR was used to show the level of VPAC1 expression in different T-cell lines. A signal-blocking antibody to VPAC1 was used to examine its inhibiting effect on HIV-1 infection. Transfection of VPAC1 cDNA in both sense and anti-sense orientation was used to assess the role of VPAC1 in HIV-1 infection. HIV-1 infection was monitored by gag p24 ELISA using HIV-1IIIB or by luciferase activity using pseudo envelope-typed HXB2-NL4-3-luciferase. Analysis of HIV-1 gag DNA and 2-LTR circles was utilized to examine a possible mechanism for the effect of VPAC1. RESULTS Using VPAC1 signal blocking antibody, we showed that up to 80% of productive infection with HIV-1IIIB was inhibited. We also demonstrated that HIV-1 gp120 has sequence similarity to the natural ligand for VPAC1 and postulate that it can activate this receptor directly. Transfection of VPAC1 cDNA in the anti-sense orientation resulted in a significant loss, up to 50% of productive infection. In contrast, transfection of cells with VPAC1 in the sense orientation increased the productive infection by more than 15-fold and caused a profound increase in syncytium formation. Furthermore, stimulation of VPAC1 on primary cells facilitated in vitro infection with HIV-1 HXB2-NL4-3. Analysis of HIV-1 gag DNA indicated that VPAC1 does not affect viral entry; however, cells that show negligible expression of VPAC1 may not be productively infected as indicated by a lack of 2-LTR circle formation. CONCLUSION We have discovered a cellular receptor, VPAC1, that is a novel and potent facilitator of HIV-1 infection and thus, is a potentially important new target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald R Branch
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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8
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Martin Shreeve S. Identification of G-proteins coupling to the vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor VPAC(1) using immunoaffinity chromatography: evidence for precoupling. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 290:1300-7. [PMID: 11812005 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2002.6342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
VPAC(1) receptor subtype-specific G-protein interactions were identified using a strategy that exploits an essential initial signaling event, namely the functional and physical association of the receptor with G-protein. An immunoaffinity purification column was constructed using a previously characterized antibody that had been raised against the first extracellular loop of the VPAC(1) receptor. VPAC(1)/G-protein complexes were solubilized from membranes and copurified. Receptor and Galpha-proteins were detected in eluates using (125)I-VIP labeling and immunoblotting, respectively. Human VPAC(1) transfected in HEK293 cells couples to Gs but not Gi3, Gi1/2, or Gq. Rat VPAC(1) in brain membranes is coupled to Gs and Gi3. Rat VPAC(1) in lung membranes couples to Gs, Gi3, and Gq. Pretreatment of membranes with VIP increased the level of all G-proteins copurifying with VPAC(1). Immunoaffinity chromatography also revealed VPAC(1) receptor precoupling to G-protein in the absence of VIP pretreatment. This was confirmed using a cross-linking procedure to capture VIP receptor/G-protein complexes in the native membrane milieu prior to solubilization. Precoupling suggests that there is a significant basal level of VPAC(1) receptor activity especially in cells, such as some human malignant tumor cells, that express high levels of receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Martin Shreeve
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont, Burlington 05405, USA.
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9
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Goetzl EJ, Voice JK, Shen S, Dorsam G, Kong Y, West KM, Morrison CF, Harmar AJ. Enhanced delayed-type hypersensitivity and diminished immediate-type hypersensitivity in mice lacking the inducible VPAC(2) receptor for vasoactive intestinal peptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:13854-9. [PMID: 11698667 PMCID: PMC61131 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.241503798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2001] [Accepted: 09/24/2001] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and its G protein-coupled receptors, VPAC(1)R and VPAC(2)R, are prominent in the immune system and regulate many aspects of T cell-dependent immunity. In mouse T cells, VPAC(1)R is expressed constitutively, whereas VPAC(2)R is induced by immune stimuli. VPAC(2)R-null (VPAC(2)R(-/-)) mice on a C57BL/6 background are shown here to have normal basic immune characteristics, including serum Ig concentrations, blood levels of all leukocytes, and spleen number of total T cells (CD3(+)) and T cells bearing CD4, CD8, and CD28. Hapten-evoked cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) was significantly enhanced in VPAC(2)R-null mice compared with age- and sex-matched wild-type mice. In contrast, generation of IgE anti-hapten antibodies and active cutaneous anaphylaxis were > or =70% lower in VPAC(2)R-null mice than in wild-type controls. Cytokine production by splenic CD4(+) T cells, stimulated with adherent anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28 antibodies, revealed higher levels of IL-2 (mean = 3-fold) and IFN-gamma (mean = 3-fold), and lower levels of IL-4 (mean = one-fifth) in VPAC(2)R-null mice than wild-type controls. Loss of VIP-VPAC(2)R maintenance of the normal ratio of Th2/Th1 cytokines thus leads to a state of enhanced DTH and depressed immediate-type hypersensitivity, which may alter both host defense and susceptibility to immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Goetzl
- Department of Medicine and Immunology, University of California Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94143-071, USA.
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10
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Voice JK, Dorsam G, Lee H, Kong Y, Goetzl EJ. Allergic diathesis in transgenic mice with constitutive T cell expression of inducible vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor. FASEB J 2001; 15:2489-96. [PMID: 11689474 DOI: 10.1096/fj.01-0671com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and its G-protein-coupled receptors (VPAC1 and VPAC2 Rs) are prominent in the immune system. In T cells, VPAC1 R is expressed constitutively whereas VPAC2 R is induced only after stimulation of the T cell receptor (TCR) or exposure to some cytokines. VPAC1 R and VPAC2 R also transduce different effects of VIP on T cells. Constitutive expression of VPAC2 R selectively in CD4+ T cells (helper-inducer Th cells) of transgenic (TG) C57BL/6 mice directed by the lck tyrosine kinase promoter is now shown to evoke production of more Th2-type interleukins 4 and 5, and less Th1-type interferon gamma after TCR activation. VPAC2 R TG mice consequently have significant elevations of blood IgE, IgG1, and eosinophils. VPAC2 R TG mice also show increased IgE antibody responses, which mediate heightened cutaneous allergic reactions, and have depressed delayed-type hypersensitivity. VIP enhancement of the ratio of Th2 cell to Th1 cell cytokines thus evokes an allergic state in normally nonallergic mice, which suggests the possibility of neuropeptide contributions to immune phenotypic alterations in human hypersensitivity diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Voice
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology-Immunology, University of California Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94143-0711, USA
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11
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Busto R, Carrero I, Bodega G, Zapatero J, Prieto JC. Immunohistochemical and immunochemical evidence for expression of human lung PACAP/VIP receptors. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001; 921:308-11. [PMID: 11193841 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06983.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Immunochemistry
- Immunohistochemistry
- Lung/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide
- Receptors, Pituitary Hormone/genetics
- Receptors, Pituitary Hormone/metabolism
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/genetics
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/metabolism
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide, Type I
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- R Busto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Cell Biology and Genetics, Alcalá University, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
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12
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Bajo AM, Juarranz MG, Valenzuela P, Martínez P, Prieto JC, Guijarro LG. Expression of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptors in human uterus. Peptides 2000; 21:1383-8. [PMID: 11072126 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9781(00)00282-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We show the existence of functional vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptors in normal human female genital tract (endometrium, myometrium, ovary and Fallopian tube) as well as in leiomyoma (a frequent uterine pathology). The correlation between VIP binding and stimulation of adenylyl cyclase activity for all studied tissues was linear (r = 0.86) suggesting the expression of VIP receptors throughout the human female genital tract. Immunodetection of VIP receptor subtypes gave different molecular weights for VPAC(1) (47 kDa primarily) and VPAC(2) (65 kDa), which may be due to different glycosylation extents. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the expression of both subtypes of VIP receptors and their functionality in human female genital tract, suggesting that this neuropeptide could play an important physiological and pathophysiological role at this level.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Bajo
- Unidad de Neuroendocrinología Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Alcalá, E-28871, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
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13
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Busto R, Prieto JC, Bodega G, Zapatero J, Carrero I. Immunohistochemical localization and distribution of VIP/PACAP receptors in human lung. Peptides 2000; 21:265-9. [PMID: 10764955 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9781(99)00202-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
VIP and PACAP are distributed in nerve fibers throughout the respiratory tract acting as potent bronchodilators and secretory agents. By using RT-PCR and immunoblotting techniques, we have previously shown the expression of common VIP/PACAP (VPAC(1) and VPAC(2)) and specific PACAP (PAC(1)) receptors in human lung. Here we extend our aims to investigate by immunohistochemistry their localization and distribution at this level. A clear immunopositive reaction was obtained in human lung sections by using either anti-VPAC(1) or -VPAC(2) receptor antibodies but not with anti-PAC(1) receptor antibody. However, PAC(1) receptor (and VPAC(1) and VPAC(2) receptors) could be identified in lung membranes by immunoblotting which supports that the PAC(1) receptor is expressed at a low density. Both VPAC(1) and VPAC(2) receptors showed similar immunohistochemical patterns appearing in smooth muscle cells in the wall of blood vessels and in white blood cells (mainly in areas with inflammatory responses). The results agree with previous evidence on the importance of both peptides in the immune system and support their anti-inflammatory and protective roles in lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Busto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Alcalá University, E-28871, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
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14
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Solano RM, Carmena MJ, Busto R, Sánchez-Chapado M, Guijarro LG, Prieto JC. Identification and functional properties of the pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PAC1) receptor in human benign hyperplastic prostate. Cell Signal 1999; 11:813-9. [PMID: 10617284 DOI: 10.1016/s0898-6568(99)00052-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP) is a novel neuropeptide with regulatory and trophic functions that is related to vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). Here we investigate the expression of specific PACAP receptors (PAC1) and common VIP/PACAP receptors (VPAC1 and VPAC2) in the human hyperplastic prostate by immunological methods. The PAC1 receptor corresponded to a 60-KDa protein whereas the already known VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors possessed molecular masses of 58 and 68 KDa, respectively. The heterogeneity of VIP/PACAP receptors in this tissue was confirmed by radioligand binding studies using [125I]PACAP-27 by means of stoichiometric and pharmacological experiments. At least two classes of PACAP binding sites showing different affinities could be resolved, with Kd values of 0.81 and 51.4 nM, respectively. The order of potency in displacing [125I]PACAP-27 binding was PACAP-27 approximately equal to PACAP-38 > VIP. PACAP-27 and VIP stimulated similarly adenylate cyclase activity, presumably through common VIP/PACAP receptors. The PAC1 receptor was not coupled to activation of either adenylate cyclase, nitric oxide synthase, or phospholipase C. It appears to be a novel subtype of PAC1 receptor because PACAP-27 (but not PACAP-38 or VIP) led to increased phosphoinositide synthesis, an interesting feature because phosphoinositides are involved via receptor mechanisms in the regulation of cell proliferation.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Blotting, Western
- Humans
- Iodine Radioisotopes
- Male
- Neuropeptides/metabolism
- Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide
- Prostate/metabolism
- Prostate/pathology
- Prostatic Hyperplasia/metabolism
- Prostatic Hyperplasia/pathology
- Radioligand Assay
- Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide
- Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, Type I
- Receptors, Pituitary Hormone/metabolism
- Receptors, Pituitary Hormone/physiology
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/analysis
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide, Type I
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Solano
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
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15
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Busto R, Carrero I, Guijarro LG, Solano RM, Zapatero J, Noguerales F, Prieto JC. Expression, pharmacological, and functional evidence for PACAP/VIP receptors in human lung. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 277:L42-8. [PMID: 10409229 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.1999.277.1.l42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) type 1 (PAC(1)) and common PACAP/vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) type 1 and 2 (VPAC(1) and VPAC(2), respectively) receptors were detected in the human lung by RT-PCR. The proteins were identified by immunoblotting at 72, 67, and 68 kDa, respectively. One class of PACAP receptors was defined from (125)I-labeled PACAP-27 binding experiments (dissociation constant = 5.2 nM; maximum binding capacity = 5.2 pmol/mg protein) with a specificity: PACAP-27 approximately VIP > helodermin approximately peptide histidine-methionine (PHM) >> secretin. Two classes of VIP receptors were established with (125)I-VIP (dissociation constants of 5.4 and 197 nM) with a specificity: VIP approximately helodermin approximately PACAP-27 >> PHM >> secretin. PACAP-27 and VIP were equipotent on adenylyl cyclase stimulation (EC(50) = 1.6 nM), whereas other peptides showed lower potency (helodermin > PHM >> secretin). PACAP/VIP antagonists supported that PACAP-27 acts in the human lung through either specific receptors or common PACAP/VIP receptors. The present results are the first demonstration of the presence of PAC(1) receptors and extend our knowledge of common PACAP/VIP receptors in the human lung.
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MESH Headings
- Adenylyl Cyclases/metabolism
- Adult
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Lung/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- Neuropeptides/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neuropeptides/metabolism
- Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide
- Protein Isoforms/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide
- Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, Type I
- Receptors, Pituitary Hormone/genetics
- Receptors, Pituitary Hormone/metabolism
- Receptors, Pituitary Hormone/physiology
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/genetics
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/metabolism
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/physiology
- Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/antagonists & inhibitors
- Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- R Busto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
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16
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Marie JC, Wakkach A, Coudray AM, Chastre E, Berrih-Aknin S, Gespach C. Functional Expression of Receptors for Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide, Calcitonin, and Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide in the Human Thymus and Thymomas from Myasthenia Gravis Patients. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.4.2103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The molecular and functional expression of serpentine membrane receptors for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and calcitonin (CT) were characterized in human thymus and thymomas from myasthenia gravis (MG) patients and thymic epithelial cells either in primary culture (PTEC) or transformed by the siman virus 40 large T (SV40LT) oncogene (LT-TEC). Using RT-PCR combined with Southern analysis, we identified the PCR products corresponding to the receptor (-R) transcripts for VIP, CGRP, and CT in thymus from control subjects and MG patients with either hyperplasia or thymoma. Similar expressions of the VIP- and CGRP-R transcripts were observed in PTEC, whereas the CT-R message was not detected. In LT-TEC, the signals for VIP-R, CGRP-R, and CT-R transcripts were seen with a lower intensity than those in control and MG thymus. In agreement with our molecular analysis, 1) VIP was the most potent peptide among VIP-related peptides (VIP > PACAP > PHM > PHV) to stimulate cAMP production through specific type 1 VIP receptors in both PTEC and LT-TEC; 2) cAMP generation was induced by CGRP in PTEC and by CT in LT-TEC; 3) in frozen thymic sections and by flow cytometry, type 1 VIP-R, CGRP-R, and CT-R were localized in epithelial cells; and 4) in parallel, the transcription of the acetylcholine receptor α subunit (the main autoantigen in MG) was induced by CGRP and CT in PTEC and LT-TEC, respectively. Our data suggest that the neuroendocrine peptides VIP, CGRP, and CT may exert functional roles during MG and malignant transformation of the human thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.-C. Marie
- *Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unit 482, Signalisation et Fonctions Cellulaires, Applications au Diabète et aux Cancers Digestifs, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France; and
| | - A. Wakkach
- †Laboratoire d’Immunologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Unité Propre de Recherche et de l’Enseignement Supérieur Associée, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
| | - A.-M. Coudray
- *Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unit 482, Signalisation et Fonctions Cellulaires, Applications au Diabète et aux Cancers Digestifs, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France; and
| | - E. Chastre
- *Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unit 482, Signalisation et Fonctions Cellulaires, Applications au Diabète et aux Cancers Digestifs, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France; and
| | - S. Berrih-Aknin
- †Laboratoire d’Immunologie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Unité Propre de Recherche et de l’Enseignement Supérieur Associée, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
| | - C. Gespach
- *Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unit 482, Signalisation et Fonctions Cellulaires, Applications au Diabète et aux Cancers Digestifs, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France; and
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17
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Jiang X, Wang HY, Yu J, Ganea D. VIP1 and VIP2 receptors but not PVR1 mediate the effect of VIP/PACAP on cytokine production in T lymphocytes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1998; 865:397-407. [PMID: 9928038 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb11204.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptides such as VIP and PACAP produced or released within the lymphoid microenvironment modulate the immune response through their effect on immune cells bearing specific receptors. In response to antigenic stimulation, CD4+ T cells, and to a lesser degree CD8+ T cells, produce cytokines that play essential roles in the initiation and amplification of various immune responses. VIP/PACAP downregulate the expression of a variety of cytokines such as IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10, by directly affecting the cytokine-producing T cells. Since three types of receptors, PVR1 (the PACAP-preferring receptor), PVR2 (VIP1), and PVR3 (VIP2) bind PACAP/VIP, this study investigated the expression of these receptors in murine T lymphocytes and their role in mediating the inhibition of cytokines. VIP1 and VIP2 agonists, but not PVR1 agonists, inhibit IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10 production, and VIP1 and VIP2, but not PVR1 mRNA, were identified in purified CD4+ and CD8+ splenic T cells. In addition, immunofluorescence studies confirmed the presence of VIP1 and VIP2 on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. These results indicate that both subsets of peripheral T lymphocytes express VIP1 and VIP2, but not PVR1 receptors, and that the inhibitory effect of VIP/PACAP on IL-2 and IL-10 production is mediated by both VIP1 and VIP2 receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neuropeptides/pharmacology
- Peptides, Cyclic/pharmacology
- Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide
- Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide
- Receptors, Pituitary Hormone/genetics
- Receptors, Pituitary Hormone/physiology
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/genetics
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/physiology
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide, Type I
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Secretin/pharmacology
- Spleen/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/physiology
- Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology
- Transcription, Genetic
- Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- X Jiang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, USA
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18
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Ichikawa S, Sreedharan SP, Goetzl EJ, Owen RL. Immunohistochemical localization of peptidergic nerve fibers and neuropeptide receptors in Peyer's patches of the cat ileum. REGULATORY PEPTIDES 1994; 54:385-95. [PMID: 7536334 DOI: 10.1016/0167-0115(94)90536-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the distribution of peptidergic nerve fibers in Peyer's patches to determine whether appropriate receptors were present. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and receptors for VIP and SP were localized in lymphoid follicles of the cat ileum using a combined indirect horseradish peroxidase and streptavidin-biotin method. The margins of follicles were innervated by nerve fibers containing VIP, SP and CGRP. Nerve fibers were predominantly around lymphatics and high endothelial venules at the edges of follicles. Specific receptors for VIP and SP were present at the margins of follicles and in the lamina propria around crypts. VIP receptors were numerous on T cells within and around high endothelial venules and lymphatic vessels and at the margins of follicles. SP receptors were identified on a small number of T and B cells, granulocytes and macrophages, restricted to the margins of follicles. The defined distribution in ileal lymphoid tissue of nerve fibers containing VIP and SP and the corresponding localization of their appropriate receptors support immunoregulatory roles for neuropeptides in mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ichikawa
- Department of Anatomy, Tokyo Medical College, Japan
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