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Fergus S, Zimmerman MA, Caldwell CH. Psychosocial Correlates of Smoking Trajectories Among Urban African American Adolescents. JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0743558405274688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Little is known of smoking trajectories or of the correlates of smoking trajectories among African American youth. Ninth-grade African American adolescents (n = 566) were interviewed in Year 1 and then were subsequently interviewed annually for 3 additional years. Five trajectories of cigarette smokers were identified: abstainers, experimenters/consistent light smokers, consistent regular smokers, accelerators, and quitters. Psychological well-being at Year 1 was lower among consistent regular smokers and accelerators as compared to abstainers. Variance in other problem behaviors mirrored the smoker trajectories. At Year 4,the abstainers and experimenters/consistent light smokers reported greater participation in sports activities as compared to the quitters, whereas the abstainers reported greater participation in other school activities as compared to the consistent regular smokers.
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Wyszynski CM, Bricker JB, Comstock BA. Parental smoking cessation and child daily smoking: A 9-year longitudinal study of mediation by child cognitions about smoking. Health Psychol 2011; 30:171-6. [PMID: 21401251 DOI: 10.1037/a0022024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated to what extent the prospective relationship between parental smoking cessation and child daily smoking is mediated by child cognitions about smoking. DESIGN The study drew its sample from the 40 Washington State school districts involved in the Hutchinson Smoking Prevention Project. The predictor variable of parental smoking cessation was measured during third grade. The mediator measures, consistent with the Theory of Planned Behavior and Social Cognitive Theory, were measured during ninth grade, and the smoking status outcome was measured during twelfth grade. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Smoking status at twelfth grade. RESULTS Negative general attitudes toward smoking, attitude that cigarette smoke is bothersome, and tobacco refusal self-efficacy together significantly mediated 49% of the prospective relationship between parental smoking cessation and child daily smoking. CONCLUSION Parental smoking cessation before children reach third grade may lead children to develop more negative cognitions about smoking, and, in turn, reduce their risk of smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Wyszynski
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
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Bricker JB, Schiff L, Comstock BA. Does avoidant coping influence young adults' smoking?: a ten-year longitudinal study. Nicotine Tob Res 2011; 13:998-1002. [PMID: 21543547 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntr074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Young adults who avoid their emotions may be at risk for starting smoking or not quitting smoking. This study investigated whether a preliminary measure of avoidant coping longitudinally predicts young adults' smoking escalation and cessation. METHODS In a sample of the 3,305 participants, originally from Washington State, a preliminary measure of self-reported avoidant coping at age 18 was used to predict both smoking escalation and cessation at ages 20 and 28 with both probability and logistic regression models (10-year retention: 98.5%). RESULTS Individuals who scored high on avoidant coping at 18 were 2.52 (p = .001) times more likely to acquire smoking by 20. However, there was no evidence that avoidant coping at age 18 predicted smoking escalation at 28 or cessation for 20- and 28-year-olds. CONCLUSIONS An avoidant coping style may have a short-term effect on young adults' smoking acquisition. Future research using a precise and well-validated measure of avoidant coping is now needed to test this possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Bricker
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA.
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Petits fumeurs et fumeurs intermittents. Rev Mal Respir 2010; 27:1150-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2010.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 05/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Bricker JB, Liu J, Comstock BA, Peterson AV, Kealey KA, Marek PM. Social cognitive mediators of adolescent smoking cessation: results from a large randomized intervention trial. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2010; 24:436-45. [PMID: 20853929 PMCID: PMC2975668 DOI: 10.1037/a0019800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Only one prior study has examined why adolescent smoking cessation interventions are effective. To address this understudied and important issue, we examined whether a large adolescent smoking cessation intervention trial's outcomes were mediated by social cognitive theory processes. In a randomized trial (N = 2,151), counselors proactively delivered a telephone intervention to senior year high school smokers. Mediators and smoking status were self-reported at 12-months postintervention eligibility (88.8% retention). At least 6-months abstinence was the outcome. Among all enrolled smokers, increased self-efficacy to resist smoking in (a) social and (b) stressful situations together statistically mediated 55.6% of the intervention's effect on smoking cessation (p < .001). Among baseline daily smokers, increased self-efficacy to resist smoking in stressful situations statistically mediated 56.9% of the intervention's effect (p < .001). Self-efficacy to resist smoking is a possible mediator of the intervention's effect on smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Bricker
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Division of Public Health Sciences, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA.
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Andersen LG, Ängquist L, Gamborg M, Byberg L, Bengtsson C, Canoy D, Eriksson JG, Eriksson M, Järvelin MR, Lissner L, Nilsen TI, Osler M, Overvad K, Rasmussen F, Salonen MK, Schack-Nielsen L, Tammelin TH, Tuomainen TP, Sørensen TIA, Baker JL. Birth weight in relation to leisure time physical activity in adolescence and adulthood: meta-analysis of results from 13 nordic cohorts. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8192. [PMID: 20016780 PMCID: PMC2790716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prenatal life exposures, potentially manifested as altered birth size, may influence the later risk of major chronic diseases through direct biologic effects on disease processes, but also by modifying adult behaviors such as physical activity that may influence later disease risk. Methods/Principal Findings We investigated the association between birth weight and leisure time physical activity (LTPA) in 43,482 adolescents and adults from 13 Nordic cohorts. Random effects meta-analyses were performed on categorical estimates from cohort-, age-, sex- and birth weight specific analyses. Birth weight showed a reverse U-shaped association with later LTPA; within the range of normal weight the association was negligible but weights below and above this range were associated with a lower probability of undertaking LTPA. Compared with the reference category (3.26–3.75 kg), the birth weight categories of 1.26–1.75, 1.76–2.25, 2.26–2.75, and 4.76–5.25 kg, had odds ratios of 0.67 (95% confidence interval: 0.47, 0.94), 0.72 (0.59, 0.88), 0.89 (0.79, 0.99), and 0.65 (0.50, 0.86), respectively. The shape and strength of the birth weight-LTPA association was virtually independent of sex, age, gestational age, educational level, concurrent body mass index, and smoking. Conclusions/Significance The association between birth weight and undertaking LTPA is very weak within the normal birth weight range, but both low and high birth weights are associated with a lower probability of undertaking LTPA, which hence may be a mediator between prenatal influences and later disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Geisler Andersen
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Center for Health and Society, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Ängquist
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Center for Health and Society, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Gamborg
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Center for Health and Society, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Liisa Byberg
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Orthopaedics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Uppsala Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Calle Bengtsson
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Dexter Canoy
- The Northwest Institute for Bio-Health Informatics, School of Community-Based Medicine, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Johan G. Eriksson
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Vasa Central Hospital, Vasa, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marit Eriksson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, National Institute of Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lauren Lissner
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tom I. Nilsen
- Human Movement Science Programme, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Merete Osler
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
- Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim Overvad
- Department of Cardiology and Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aalborg Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Finn Rasmussen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Minna K. Salonen
- Diabetes Prevention Unit, Department of Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lene Schack-Nielsen
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Center for Health and Society, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Life Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Tuija H. Tammelin
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Oulu, Finland
- LIKES - Research Center for Sport and Health Sciences, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | - Thorkild I. A. Sørensen
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Center for Health and Society, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jennifer L. Baker
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Center for Health and Society, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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Peterson AV, Kealey KA, Mann SL, Marek PM, Ludman EJ, Liu J, Bricker JB. Group-randomized trial of a proactive, personalized telephone counseling intervention for adolescent smoking cessation. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009; 101:1378-92. [PMID: 19822836 PMCID: PMC2765261 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djp317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2008] [Revised: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Hutchinson Study of High School Smoking randomized trial was designed to rigorously evaluate a proactive, personalized telephone counseling intervention for adolescent smoking cessation. METHODS Fifty randomly selected Washington State high schools were randomized to the experimental or control condition. High school junior smokers were proactively identified (N = 2151). Trained counselors delivered the motivational interviewing plus cognitive behavioral skills training telephone intervention to smokers in experimental schools during their senior year of high school. Participants were followed up, with 88.8% participation, to outcome ascertainment more than 1 year after random assignment. The main outcome was 6-months prolonged abstinence from smoking. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS The intervention increased the percentage who achieved 6-month prolonged smoking abstinence among all smokers (21.8% in the experimental condition vs 17.7% in the control condition, difference = 4.0%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.2 to 8.1, P = .06) and in particular among daily smokers (10.1% vs 5.9%, difference = 4.1%, 95% CI = 0.8 to 7.1, P = .02). There was also generally strong evidence of intervention impact for 3-month, 1-month, and 7-day abstinence and duration since last cigarette (P = .09, .015, .01, and .03, respectively). The intervention effect was strongest among male daily smokers and among female less-than-daily smokers. CONCLUSIONS Proactive identification and recruitment of adolescents via public high schools can produce a high level of intervention reach; a personalized motivational interviewing plus cognitive behavioral skills training counseling intervention delivered by counselor-initiated telephone calls is effective in increasing teen smoking cessation; and both daily and less-than-daily teen smokers participate in and benefit from telephone-based smoking cessation intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur V Peterson
- Cancer Prevention Program, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA.
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Carpenter MJ, Garrett-Mayer E, Vitoc C, Cartmell K, Biggers S, Alberg AJ. Adolescent nondaily smokers: favorable views of tobacco yet receptive to cessation. Nicotine Tob Res 2009; 11:348-55. [PMID: 19366985 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntp023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Favorable views of cigarette use may be a potentiating factor that influences the progression of nicotine dependence among adolescents. METHODS Using data from the South Carolina Youth Tobacco Survey (2005-2007), a statewide two-stage cluster sample of students in Grades 6-12 (N = 7,385), we examined attitudes toward smoking and quit behaviors among adolescent smokers across a range of smoking frequencies. RESULTS Compared with past-30-day nonsmokers, adolescents who smoked 1-2 days in the past month were more likely to believe that (a) smokers have more friends, (b) smoking looks cool, and (c) it is safe to smoke in the short term and then quit, but less likely to think that (d) tobacco is as addictive as other drugs and (e) smoking few cigarettes per day is harmful. Those who smoked 1-2 days in the past month were similar to more frequent smokers, including those who smoked daily. Similar findings were found for lifetime exposure to smoking. Among those who smoked 1-2 days in the previous month, motivation to quit (54%) and incidence of quit attempts (52% in past year) were slightly higher compared with heavier smokers. DISCUSSION Even minimal levels of cigarette use are associated with favorable views of smoking, and adolescents with minimal levels of cigarette use resemble chronic smokers in several key ways. Adolescents at very early stages of cigarette use are at significant risk for chronic use. Tobacco control efforts should capitalize on motivation to quit with focused prevention strategies that arrest the progression from nondaily to daily smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Carpenter
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 86 Jonathan Lucas Street, PO Box 250955, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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Husten CG. How should we define light or intermittent smoking? Does it matter? Nicotine Tob Res 2009; 11:111-21. [PMID: 19246425 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntp010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Corinne G Husten
- Office on Smoking and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Grotvedt L, Stigum H, Hovengen R, Graff-Iversen S. Social differences in smoking and snuff use among Norwegian adolescents: a population based survey. BMC Public Health 2008; 8:322. [PMID: 18808660 PMCID: PMC2556338 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-8-322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A change in pattern of tobacco use has been observed in the last decade in Norway. Snuff use and occasional smoking have to some degree replaced daily smoking among adolescents and young adults. Daily smoking is known to be negatively associated with social background factors, but little is known about these associations for other types of tobacco use. Our aim was to study different types of tobacco use among adolescents according to gender, educational ambitions, family background factors, and urbanization. METHODS Cross-sectional, school-based study with 15 931 participants and response-rate 87%, conducted among 15 and 16 year olds during 2000-2004. RESULTS More girls (33.8%) than boys (26.4%) were daily or occasional smokers, while more boys (21.4%) than girls (3.5%) were daily or occasional snuff users. Daily smoking was more common among adolescents planning vocational education, with single parents or poor family economy. Occasional smoking and snuff use (daily or occasionally) showed a similar, but less pronounced pattern regarding education and single parent families. Adolescents with parents from foreign countries were less likely to use tobacco. One exception was boys with parents from Muslim majority countries who had an increased risk of daily smoking. A typical combination user of both tobacco types was a Norwegian boy with divorced parents and ambitions to complete vocational studies or only one year of upper secondary school. CONCLUSION Tobacco use in adolescents is mainly associated with low educational ambitions and less affluent self-reported family economy. Adolescents with divorced parents use more tobacco than those living with both parents. Public health initiatives to avoid or reduce tobacco use should mainly target adolescents in vocational studies and those leaving school early.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liv Grotvedt
- Department of Health Statistics, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
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Bricker JB, Andersen MR, Rajan KB, Sarason IG, Peterson AV. The role of schoolmates' smoking and non-smoking in adolescents' smoking transitions: a longitudinal study. Addiction 2007; 102:1665-75. [PMID: 17854343 DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.01945.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The first longitudinal investigation of the extent to which same-age and older schoolmates' smoking and non-smoking are associated with adolescents' smoking transitions during three grade intervals. DESIGN Same-age and older schoolmates' smoking and non-smoking were assessed when adolescents were at grades 5 (age 10), 7 (age 12) and 9 (age 14). Adolescents' smoking transitions were assessed at three grade intervals: 5th-7th (age 10-12), 7th-9th (age 12-14) and 9th-12th (age 14-17). SETTING Forty Washington State school districts. PARTICIPANTS AND MEASUREMENTS Smoking questionnaire data were gathered on a cohort of adolescents (n = 4354 for same-age schoolmate analysis; n = 1833 for older schoolmate analysis) that was 49% female and 91% Caucasian. FINDINGS No significant evidence that same-age schoolmates' smoking or non-smoking was associated with any of the adolescent smoking transitions at any of the three grade intervals. In contrast, the probability that each older schoolmate's smoking was associated with the adolescent making the transition to trying smoking was 1% (95% CI: 0.4%, 1.5%) and with the transition from trying to monthly smoking was also 1% (95% CI: 0.2%, 2.0%) during the 7th-9th grade (age 12-14) interval. Moreover, each older schoolmate's non-smoking was associated with a 1.001-1.006 (all P < 0.05) relative risk of an adolescent not trying smoking or escalating from trying to monthly smoking at several grade intervals. CONCLUSIONS Interventions should perhaps focus on the influence of both smoking and non-smoking older schoolmates during late childhood and early adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Bricker
- Cancer Prevention Research Program, Division of Public Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109-1024, USA.
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Xue Y, Zimmerman MA, Caldwell CH. Neighborhood residence and cigarette smoking among urban youths: the protective role of prosocial activities. Am J Public Health 2007; 97:1865-72. [PMID: 17761584 PMCID: PMC1994184 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2005.081307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined the association between neighborhood characteristics and cigarette use among adolescents and explored the protective effects of participation in prosocial activities to better understand strengths in adolescents' lives and help identify protective factors for the prevention of adolescent smoking. METHODS We interviewed ninth graders who had grade point averages of 3.0 or lower and who were not developmentally disabled. Participants' addresses were geocoded so that interview data could be linked to 1990 US census data on neighborhood characteristics. RESULTS Neighborhood disadvantage and the percentage of Black residents in a neighborhood had different effects on cigarette smoking among Black and White adolescents. Living in a neighborhood with a high percentage of Black residents had favorable effects for Blacks but not for Whites. For both groups, a low percentage of Black residents was a risk factor for cigarette use, and risk effects were higher in the more disadvantaged neighborhoods. Involvement in prosocial activities moderated neighborhood risks. CONCLUSIONS Neighborhood effects on adolescent cigarette use were contingent upon both contextual and individual characteristics. Participation in prosocial activities had a protective effect among adolescents in high-risk neighborhoods. Engaging adolescents in such activities may help offset the adverse effects of living in a disadvantaged neighborhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yange Xue
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-2029, USA.
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Oksuz E, Mutlu ET, Malhan S. Characteristics of daily and occasional smoking among youths. Public Health 2007; 121:349-56. [PMID: 17337284 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2006.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2005] [Revised: 09/11/2006] [Accepted: 12/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to develop a more detailed understanding of the characteristics of occasional smokers, and how the characteristics of occasional smokers differ from those of daily smokers. This information can then be used in youth smoking programmes to better address these differences in a manner that would target appropriate youth with appropriate cessation methods. METHODS A questionnaire was administered to 976 university students, aged between 18 and 25 years, in Ankara, Turkey. The topics covered included age, sex and tobacco use characteristics. Daily and occasional smokers were defined according to traditional definitions of smoking. RESULTS Among the 976 students surveyed, 482 (49.4%) reported being active smokers. Among these smokers, 199 (41.3%) were classified as occasional smokers and 283 (58.7%) were daily smokers using the traditional definitions of smoking. Many of the active smokers had relatives or friends who also smoked, specifically, 46.5% had a father who smokes, 13.3% had a mother who smokes, 26.8% had an older brother or sister who smokes, and 69.7% had two or more close friends who smoke. Although more than 51.3% of smokers planned on quitting smoking, only 26.1% had previously tried to quit smoking but 64.7% believed they could successfully quit. Daily smokers reported that they made fewer attempts to quit smoking than occasional smokers. More often than occasional smokers, daily smokers reported that they smoke because they like the image, they are addicted, smoking relieves stress and/or their friends smoke. Occasional smokers reported that they smoke less at home or at the university than in other places, and smoke more often with friends than when alone or with family members. This pattern is encouraged by the family structure in Turkish society, where smoking by adolescents at home in the presence of family members is frowned upon. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates substantial differences between occasional and daily smokers. If effective future smoking prevention and cessation programmes that target youth are going to be developed, data like those gathered in this study are critical. Basic information regarding cigarette consumption patterns, while important, is insufficient to understand behaviour and key factors that trigger smoking among the youth population.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Oksuz
- Family Medicine Unit, Medico Social Health Centre, Baskent University, Baglica Kampusu, 06530 Ankara, Turkey.
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Bjerregaard BK, Raaschou-Nielsen O, Sørensen M, Frederiksen K, Tjønneland A, Rohrmann S, Linseisen J, Bergman MM, Boeing H, Sieri S, Palli D, Tumino R, Sacerdote C, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Büchner FL, Gram IT, Braaten T, Lund E, Hallmans G, Agren A, Riboli E. The effect of occasional smoking on smoking-related cancers: in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Cancer Causes Control 2007; 17:1305-9. [PMID: 17111263 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-006-0068-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2006] [Accepted: 07/26/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Most studies on tobacco smoking have focused on daily-smokers. Occasional smokers, who have never smoked daily, have often been included in the reference group of never-smokers. We have investigated the association between occasional smoking and cancer of the bladder, kidney, pancreas, upper aero-digestive tract and lung. METHODS The study population consisted of 158,488 persons, who provided information on occasional smoking, within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC), 780 of whom developed a smoking-related cancer. We used Cox proportional hazard model, stratified by gender and country to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRR) for smoking-related cancers. RESULTS The results suggest that occasional smokers have a higher risk of bladder cancer (IRR: 1.92, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.93-3.98) and of the major smoking-related cancers combined (IRR: 1.24, 95% CI 0.80-1.94) than true never-smokers. Including occasional smokers in the reference group resulted in a lower risk estimate for former and current smokers. CONCLUSIONS Occasional smoking should be discouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bine Kjøller Bjerregaard
- Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, Danish Cancer Society, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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Otten R, Engels RCME, van de Ven MOM, Bricker JB. Parental Smoking and Adolescent Smoking Stages: The Role of Parents’ Current and Former Smoking, and Family Structure. J Behav Med 2007; 30:143-54. [PMID: 17221319 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-006-9090-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2006] [Accepted: 11/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the role of parents' current and former smoking in predicting adolescent smoking acquisition stages. Participants were 7,426 students from 33 schools in the Netherlands. Participants' survey data were gathered at baseline and at two-year follow-up. Logistic regression models showed that parental smoking status was not only predictive of transitions from never smoking to trying smoking, monthly smoking, or daily smoking, but also of the progression from trying smoking to daily smoking. Further, although parental former smoking was weaker associated with progressive adolescent smoking transitions than current parental smoking, however absence of parental smoking history was most preventive. Compared to the situation in which both parents had never smoked, cessation of parental smoking after the child was born was associated with an increased risk for children to smoke. Adolescents living in a single-parent family were at greater risk of smoking than adolescents living in an intact family with both mother and father. In sum, the role of parental smoking is not restricted to smoking onset and is present throughout different phases of the acquisition process. Results support the delayed modeling hypothesis that parental smoking affects the likelihood for children to smoke even when parents quit many years before. Children living in single-parent families are only exposed to the behaviour of one parent; in two-parent families the behaviour from one parent may magnify or buffer the behaviour of the other parent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Otten
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, HE, 6500, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Aamodt AH, Stovner LJ, Hagen K, Bråthen G, Zwart J. Headache prevalence related to smoking and alcohol use. The Head-HUNT Study. Eur J Neurol 2006; 13:1233-8. [PMID: 17038038 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01492.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine a possible association between smoking, alcohol and headache in a large population-based cross-sectional study. A total of 51,383 subjects completed a headache questionnaire and constituted the 'Head-HUNT' Study. Questionnaire-based information on smoking was available in 95% and on alcohol in 89% of the individuals. Associations were assessed in multivariate analyses, estimating prevalence odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Prevalence rates for headache were higher amongst smokers compared with never smokers, most evident for those under 40 years smoking more than 10 cigarettes per day (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.3-1.6). Passive smoking was also associated with higher headache prevalence. For alcohol use, there was a tendency of decreasing prevalence of migraine with increasing amounts of alcohol consumption compared with alcohol abstinence. Only with regard to symptoms indicating alcohol overuse, a positive association with frequent headache was found. The association between headache and smoking found in the present study raises questions about a causal relationship, e.g. that smoking causes headache or that it allays stress induced by headache. The observed negative association between migraine and alcohol consumption is probably explained by the headache precipitating properties of alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Aamodt
- Norwegian National Headache Centre, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
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Bricker JB, Peterson AV, Robyn Andersen M, Leroux BG, Bharat Rajan K, Sarason IG. Close friends', parents', and older siblings' smoking: reevaluating their influence on children's smoking. Nicotine Tob Res 2006; 8:217-26. [PMID: 16766414 DOI: 10.1080/14622200600576339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A number of longitudinal studies have explored the role of friends', parents', and older siblings' smoking in children's smoking acquisition. A reasonable implication of this previous research is that intervention efforts could be beneficially directed toward countering the potential influence of friends' and possibly older siblings' smoking but not parents' smoking. However, methodological limitations of this previous research motivated our reevaluation of the role of friends', parents', and older siblings' smoking in children's smoking. Close friends' smoking status was assessed when children were in 5th grade, whereas parents' and older siblings' smoking status was assessed when children were in 3rd grade. The outcome, children's daily smoking status, was assessed in 12th grade. The setting was 40 Washington state school districts that participated in the long-term Hutchinson Smoking Prevention Project. Participants were the 4,576 families for whom close friends', parents', and older siblings' smoking status as well as children's smoking status were available. The probability that each close friend's smoking influenced the child to smoke daily was 9% (95% CI = 6%-12%), the probability that each parent's smoking influenced the child to smoke daily was 11% (95% CI = 9%-14%), and the probability that each older sibling's smoking influenced the child to smoke daily was 7% (95% CI = 1%-13%). These results suggest that close friends', parents', and siblings' smoking were similarly important influences on children's smoking. Family-focused interventions could be a valuable future direction of prevention research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Bricker
- Cancer Prevention Research Program, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA.
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Bricker JB, Peterson AV, Andersen MR, Rajan KB, Leroux BG, Sarason IG. Childhood friends who smoke: do they influence adolescents to make smoking transitions? Addict Behav 2006; 31:889-900. [PMID: 16099595 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2005] [Revised: 07/12/2005] [Accepted: 07/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated longitudinally the extent to which childhood friends who smoke influence adolescents' smoking transitions, and compared that influence with that of parents who smoke. In a sample of 4744 children, results showed that the probability, per close friend, that a smoking close friend influenced the adolescent to make the first transition to trying smoking was 38% (95% CI: 28%, 46%); to make the second transition from trying to monthly smoking, 10% (95% CI: 5%, 15%); and to make the third transition from monthly to daily smoking, 11% (95% CI: 5%, 17%). Compared to parents' smoking, close friends' smoking was 12% (p=0.03) more influential for the first transition, no different for the second transition (p=0.53), and 16% (p=0.01) less influential for the third transition. Results provide new evidence suggesting that childhood close friends who smoke influence not only initiation but also escalation of adolescents' smoking. Results also confirmed the important role of parents' smoking. Targeting both childhood close friends' and parents' smoking would be valuable in prevention research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Bricker
- Cancer Prevention Research Program, Division of Public Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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Bricker JB, Peterson AV, Leroux BG, Andersen MR, Rajan KB, Sarason IG. Prospective prediction of children's smoking transitions: role of parents' and older siblings' smoking. Addiction 2006; 101:128-36. [PMID: 16393199 DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01297.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To use a novel social epidemic probability model to investigate longitudinally the extent to which parents' and older siblings' smoking predict children's smoking transitions. DESIGN Parents' and older siblings' smoking status was assessed when children were in 3rd grade (baseline). Three smoking transitions were assessed over the period of child/adolescent smoking acquisition (up to 12th grade): (1) transition from never smoking to trying smoking, (2) transition from trying to monthly smoking and (3) transition from monthly to daily smoking. SETTING Forty Washington State school districts participating in the long term Hutchinson Smoking Prevention Project (HSPP). PARTICIPANTS AND MEASUREMENTS Participants were the 5520 families for whom data on both parents' and older siblings' baseline smoking status, as well as on children's smoking transitions, were available. FINDINGS The probability that a smoking parent influenced their child to make the first transition to trying smoking was 32% (95% CI: 27%, 36%); to make the second transition from trying to monthly smoking, 15% (95% CI: 10%, 19%); and to make the third transition from monthly to daily smoking, 28% (95% CI: 21%, 34%). The probability that an older sibling influenced a child to make the first transition to trying smoking was 29% (95% CI: 17%, 39%); to make the second transition from trying to monthly smoking, 0% (95% CI: 0%, 8%); and to make the third transition from monthly to daily smoking, 20% (95% CI: 4%, 33%). CONCLUSIONS In contrast to previous research, the results provide new evidence suggesting that family smoking influences both initiation and escalation of children's smoking. Results also quantify, in terms of probabilities, the importance of parents' and older siblings' smoking on children's three major smoking transitions. Parents' smoking, as well as older siblings' smoking, are important behaviors to target in preventing adolescents from making smoking transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Bricker
- Cancer Prevention Research Program, Division of Public Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109-1024, USA.
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Bricker JB, Leroux BG, Robyn Andersen M, Rajan KB, Peterson AV. Parental smoking cessation and children's smoking: Mediation by antismoking actions. Nicotine Tob Res 2005; 7:501-9. [PMID: 16085521 DOI: 10.1080/14622200500186353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated whether parents' antismoking actions mediated the prospective relationship between parental smoking cessation and children's smoking. Smoking status of parents (predictor) was assessed when their children were in 3rd grade, parental antismoking actions (mediators) were assessed when their children were in 11th grade, and children's smoking status (outcome) was assessed when they were in 12th grade. In 20 Washington state school districts, data were collected from 1,600 children (49% female, 91% White) and from their parents. Results showed that children's odds of daily smoking were reduced by 39% (95% CI = 24%-51%) for those whose parents had quit smoking, compared with those whose parents were current smokers. Asking to sit in nonsmoking sections of public establishments was a significant (p<.01) mediator that explained 64% of the association between parental smoking cessation and children's smoking. However, not allowing smoking in the home and asking others not to smoke around them were not significant mediators (p = .10, and p = .06, respectively). In conclusion, asking to sit in a nonsmoking section of a public establishment substantially mediates the relationship between parental smoking cessation and children's smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Bricker
- Cancer Prevention Research Program, Division of Public Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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Abstract
Parallels and contrasts between tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking are considered, in terms of harms, cultural positioning, and a dependence, which is social as well as physical and psychological. Evidence is briefly reviewed of two kinds of conjunction: of being a smoker and being a drinker, and of the smoking event and the drinking event. The complementary relation between smoking and drinking, it is argued, can be understood at physiological, psychological and social levels. Implications for prevention, intervention and policy are discussed, including the need for international agreement on alcohol as well as tobacco control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Room
- Centre for Social Research on Alcohol and Drugs, Stockholm University, Sveaplan, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Zvolensky MJ, Schmidt NB, McCreary BT. The impact of smoking on panic disorder: an initial investigation of a pathoplastic relationship. J Anxiety Disord 2003; 17:447-60. [PMID: 12826091 DOI: 10.1016/s0887-6185(02)00222-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A disproportionate number of persons with panic disorder (PD) smoke cigarettes compared to individuals with other anxiety disorders and people in the general population. Currently, there is little theoretical or empirical understanding as to how smoking impacts those with PD. The present descriptive psychopathology study provided a test of the pathoplastic relationship between smoking and PD by investigating the additive negative impact of smoking on PD in terms of emotional, functional, and physical health impairment indices. Patients with PD who regularly smoke (PDSM) were compared to PD alone (N=122) in a cross-sectional analysis. As expected, persons with PDSM reported significantly more severe and intense anxiety symptoms and social impairment compared to persons with PD alone. No differences were evident for panic attacks or physical illness variables. These findings are discussed in relation to Pathoplastic models of dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Zvolensky
- Department of Psychology, The University of Vermont, John Dewey Hall, Burlington, VT 05405-0134, USA.
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Grimshaw G, Stanton A, Blackburn C, Andrews K, Grimshaw C, Vinogradova Y, Robertson W. Patterns of smoking, quit attempts and services for a cohort of 15- to 19-year-olds. Child Care Health Dev 2003; 29:457-64. [PMID: 14616903 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2214.2003.00365.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To establish patterns of smoking among 15-to 19-year-olds within mixed urban and suburban area and explore preference for the nature of services to assist quitting. DESIGN Postal survey and depth interviews with focus group validation. SETTING People registered with health services in the Borough of Solihull, UK. The borough has a diverse population with areas of high deprivation to the north and a range of prosperity elsewhere. PARTICIPANTS Questionnaires were sent to 50% of those registered and 20 people interviewed aged from 15 to 19 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The survey contained demographic questions relating to educational attainment and family, smoking status, history and quit attempts, use of facilities for quit attempts. Qualitative themes explored attitudes and experience of quitting, utilization of cessation services, barriers to access and nicotine replacement therapy. RESULTS Total survey response rate was 32.6%. Three in five reported smoking a cigarette sometime, 17.2% current regular smokers, 7.2% current occasional smokers. Median age of starting smoking was significantly lower (P = 0.004) for current regular smokers, distinguishable in two groups; weekend smokers and all week smokers. More quit attempts had been made or planned by current regular smokers but were often short lived. Weekend smokers had a slightly longer duration of quitting (P = 0.03). Eight-two per cent were optimistic about quitting in the future although the majority (80%) had already made one quit attempt. Knowledge and use of existing services was poor, with concerns about privacy and confidentiality. Models based on autonomy were identified as potentially useful. CONCLUSION Teenage smoking is characterized by optimism about quitting despite the failure of many quit attempts, lack of regard for existing services and barriers to uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Grimshaw
- Centre for Health Services Studies, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
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Fagan P, Eisenberg M, Frazier L, Stoddard AM, Avrunin JS, Sorensen G. Employed adolescents and beliefs about self-efficacy to avoid smoking. Addict Behav 2003; 28:613-26. [PMID: 12726779 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4603(02)00227-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This paper examines self-efficacy to avoid cigarette smoking and its association with smoking and quitting behavior, peer and worksite influences, nicotine dependence, and socio-demographic variables among employed adolescents. A cross-sectional survey was used to collect data from employed adolescents ages 15-18 who worked in 10 participating grocery stores in Massachusetts. Eighty-three percent of workers (n=379) completed the survey. Results from the multivariate model indicate that daily smokers were less confident in their ability to avoid smoking than those who smoked less frequently. As nicotine dependence increased, self-efficacy beliefs decreased. In addition, as friends' encouragement to quit increased, self-efficacy beliefs also increased. Work-related variables were not associated with self-efficacy beliefs among smokers. This study suggests that smoking frequency, nicotine dependence, and friends' encouragement to quit are associated with self-efficacy to avoid smoking. Researchers may tailor interventions for daily and less-than-daily smokers, build on peer networks that encourage quitting and help smokers resist pressures to smoke, and enhance strategies for coping with nicotine dependence in high-risk situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pebbles Fagan
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard School of Public Heath, Boston, MA, USA.
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Henriksen AH, Tveit KH, Holmen TL, Sue-Chu M, Bjermer L. A study of the association between exercise-induced wheeze and exercise versus methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction in adolescents. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2002; 13:203-8. [PMID: 12144643 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3038.2002.01034.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Among asthmatics, exercise-induced wheeze (EIW) is a frequent symptom, and 40-77% of asthmatics demonstrate exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB). In the North-Trøndelag population-based survey of 8,571 adolescents (YOUNG-HUNT), 26% reported wheeze during the previous 12 months (current wheeze). Of those subjects, 50% reported EIW. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between EIW and EIB in randomly selected adolescents with EIW as the only or predominant asthma-like symptom, and to relate our findings to results from methacholine bronchoprovocation tests (MT) and measurements of exhaled nitric oxide (ENO). Sixty-three subjects with current wheeze induced by exercise, but not by allergen exposure, were investigated using a treadmill exercise test (ET) and measurements of ENO. Fifty-eight subjects completed a MT on a separate study day. EIB was defined as a fall of >or= 10% in the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) after exercise (DeltaFEV1%ex). Twenty-one subjects (33%) had EIB and 33 (57%) had a positive MT. The degree of reported dyspnea during the ET was not correlated to the DeltaFEV1%ex. The correlation between EIB and methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction (MIB) was poor, and the DeltaFEV1%ex was more pronounced in smokers than in non-smokers. Moreover, ENO was not increased in subjects with positive vs. negative ET. Hence, EIW, when reported as the only or predominant asthma-like symptom, was linked to EIB in only one-third of the patients. We conclude that EIW is a poor predictor of EIB in epidemiological studies. The poor correlation between EIB and MIB indicates that these two tests measure different mechanisms of bronchial hyper-responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Hildur Henriksen
- Department of Lung Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
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