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Puissant-Lubrano B, Apoil PA, Gleizes A, Forestier L, Julien R, Winterton P, Pasquier C, Izopet J, Blancher A. Modulation of gene expression in CD4+ T lymphocytes following in vitro HIV infection: a comparison between human and chimpanzee. Virusdisease 2015; 26:62-69. [PMID: 26436123 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-015-0252-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimpanzees are susceptible to experimental infection by human deficiency virus (HIV)-1, but unlike humans, they exceptionally develop an immunodeficiency syndrome after HIV-1 inoculation. To explore the difference between human and chimpanzee, we analyzed the expression of 1547 genes of various functions in human or chimpanzee CD4+ lymphoblasts inoculated in vitro with HIV-1. We observed that, 1 day after HIV inoculation, fifty-eight genes were up-regulated in lymphoblasts of the three humans while their expression remained unchanged in lymphoblasts of the three chimpanzees. One gene is involved in adhesion of HIV (catenin-alpha), three in the immune response (semaphorin 4D, placental growth factor, IL-6), three in apoptosis (deleted in colorectal carcinoma, caspase 9 and FOXO1A). No difference between species was revealed for the expression of 373 genes related to glycosylation pathways. The in vitro human/chimpanzee comparison reveals new candidate genes up-regulated after inoculation with HIV-1 only in human lymphoblasts and which could be related to the higher sensitivity of human to HIV-induced AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte Puissant-Lubrano
- Laboratoire d'Immunogénétique Moléculaire (EA3034), Faculté de médecine Toulouse- Rangueil, Université Paul Sabatier, Bâtiment A2, 133 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 04, France.,Laboratoire d'Immunologie, CHU de Toulouse, Hôpital Rangueil, 1 Avenue Jean Poulhès, TSA 50032, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Pol-André Apoil
- Laboratoire d'Immunogénétique Moléculaire (EA3034), Faculté de médecine Toulouse- Rangueil, Université Paul Sabatier, Bâtiment A2, 133 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 04, France.,Laboratoire d'Immunologie, CHU de Toulouse, Hôpital Rangueil, 1 Avenue Jean Poulhès, TSA 50032, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Arnaud Gleizes
- Laboratoire d'Immunogénétique Moléculaire (EA3034), Faculté de médecine Toulouse- Rangueil, Université Paul Sabatier, Bâtiment A2, 133 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 04, France
| | - Lionel Forestier
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé, Université de Limoges (EA3 176), Limoges, France
| | - Raymond Julien
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé, Université de Limoges (EA3 176), Limoges, France
| | - Peter Winterton
- Université de Toulouse-Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Christophe Pasquier
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CHU de Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, TSA 40031, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Jacques Izopet
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CHU de Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, TSA 40031, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Antoine Blancher
- Laboratoire d'Immunogénétique Moléculaire (EA3034), Faculté de médecine Toulouse- Rangueil, Université Paul Sabatier, Bâtiment A2, 133 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 04, France.,Laboratoire d'Immunologie, CHU de Toulouse, Hôpital Rangueil, 1 Avenue Jean Poulhès, TSA 50032, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
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2
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Münk C, Zielonka J, Constabel H, Kloke BP, Rengstl B, Battenberg M, Bonci F, Pistello M, Löchelt M, Cichutek K. Multiple restrictions of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in feline cells. J Virol 2007; 81:7048-60. [PMID: 17459941 PMCID: PMC1933292 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02714-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The productive replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) occurs exclusively in defined cells of human or chimpanzee origin, explaining why heterologous animal models for HIV replication, pathogenesis, vaccination, and therapy are not available. This lack of an animal model for HIV-1 studies prompted us to examine the susceptibility of feline cells in order to evaluate the cat (Felis catus) as an animal model for studying HIV-1. Here, we report that feline cell lines harbor multiple restrictions with respect to HIV-1 replication. The feline CD4 receptor does not permit virus infection. Feline T-cell lines MYA-1 and FeT-1C showed postentry restrictions resulting in low HIV-1 luciferase reporter activity and low expression of viral Gag-Pol proteins when pseudotyped vectors were used. Feline fibroblastic CrFK and KE-R cells, expressing human CD4 and CCR5, were very permissive for viral entry and HIV-long terminal repeat-driven expression but failed to support spreading infection. KE-R cells displayed a profound block with respect to release of HIV-1 particles. In contrast, CrFK cells allowed very efficient particle production; however, the CrFK cell-derived HIV-1 particles had low specific infectivity. We subsequently identified feline apolipoprotein B-editing catalytic polypeptide 3 (feAPOBEC3) proteins as active inhibitors of HIV-1 particle infectivity. CrFK cells express at least three different APOBEC3s: APOBEC3C, APOBEC3H, and APOBEC3CH. While the feAPOBEC3C did not significantly inhibit HIV-1, the feAPOBEC3H and feAPOBEC3CH induced G to A hypermutations of the viral cDNA and reduced the infectivity approximately 10- to approximately 40-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Münk
- Division of Medical Biotechnology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany.
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3
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Kirchhoff F, Schindler M, Bailer N, Renkema GH, Saksela K, Knoop V, Müller-Trutwin MC, Santiago ML, Bibollet-Ruche F, Dittmar MT, Heeney JL, Hahn BH, Münch J. Nef proteins from simian immunodeficiency virus-infected chimpanzees interact with p21-activated kinase 2 and modulate cell surface expression of various human receptors. J Virol 2004; 78:6864-74. [PMID: 15194762 PMCID: PMC421647 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.13.6864-6874.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The accessory Nef protein allows human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) to persist at high levels and to cause AIDS in infected humans. The function of HIV-1 group M subtype B nef alleles has been extensively studied, and a variety of in vitro activities believed to be important for viral pathogenesis have been established. However, the function of nef alleles derived from naturally simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected chimpanzees, the original host of HIV-1, or from the HIV-1 N and O groups resulting from independent zoonotic transmissions remains to be investigated. In the present study we demonstrate that SIVcpz and HIV-1 group N or O nef alleles down-modulate CD4, CD28, and class I or II MHC molecules and up-regulate surface expression of the invariant chain (Ii) associated with immature major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II. Furthermore, the ability of Nef to interact with the p21-activated kinase 2 was generally conserved. The functional activity of HIV-1 group N and O nef genes did not differ significantly from group M nef alleles. However, SIVcpz nef genes as a group showed a 1.8- and 2.0-fold-higher activity in modulating CD28 (P = 0.0002) and Ii (P = 0.016) surface expression, respectively, but were 1.7-fold less active in down-regulating MHC class II molecules (P = 0.006) compared to HIV-1 M nef genes. Our finding that primary SIVcpz nef alleles derived from naturally infected chimpanzees modulate the surface expression of various human cellular receptors involved in T-cell activation and antigen presentation suggests that functional nef genes helped the chimpanzee virus to persist efficiently in infected humans immediately after zoonotic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Kirchhoff
- Department of Virology, Universitatsklinikum, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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4
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Ondoa P, Davis D, Kestens L, Vereecken C, Garcìa Ribas S, Fransen K, Heeney J, van der Groen G. In vitro susceptibility to infection with SIVcpz and HIV-1 is lower in chimpanzee than in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Med Virol 2002; 67:301-11. [PMID: 12116019 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.10078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to evaluate and compare the susceptibility of chimpanzee versus human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to infection with SIVcpz and HIV-1 non-syncitium inducing primary isolates. The results demonstrate clearly that chimpanzee PBMCs have a lower capacity to support viral replication as compared to human PBMCs. There was no experimental evidence that this difference was due to a lower availability of target cells for viral infection (PBMCs positive for CD4 and CCR5 molecules) or to a differential susceptibility to apoptosis (PBMCs positive for CD4 and CD95 molecules). A lower capacity of chimpanzee PBMCs to support SIVcpz and HIV-1 replication in vitro is related to a post-entry barrier to virus replication.
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5
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Ondoa P, Vingerhoets J, Vereecken C, van der Groen G, Heeney JL, Kestens L. In vitro replication of SIVcpz is suppressed by beta-chemokines and CD8+ T cells but not by natural killer cells of infected chimpanzees. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2002; 18:373-82. [PMID: 11897039 DOI: 10.1089/088922202753519151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike humans, chimpanzees are relatively resistant to AIDS after infection with HIV-1 or simian immunodeficiency virus of chimpanzee (SIVcpz). We hypothesized that resistance to disease progression is associated with efficient suppression of virus replication possibly by beta-chemokines secreted by CD8+ lymphocytes and especially natural killer (NK) cells. In vitro suppression of virus replication can be easily studied in SIVcpz-infected chimpanzees because they produce high infectious virus titers in their peripheral blood. A study was undertaken to assess the sensitivity of SIVcpz to beta-chemokines in vitro and to investigate the role of endogenous beta-chemokines in relation to the in vitro capacity of CD8+ lymphocytes and NK cells of chimpanzees to suppress SIVcpz replication. Our results show that SIVcpz uses CCR5 as a coreceptor to gain cell entry and is sensitive to recombinant beta-chemokines in vitro. Here we report that despite their potent capacity to produce RANTES, NK cells of infected chimpanzees do not suppress SIVcpz replication in vitro, in contrast to CD8+ lymphocytes. We also show that endogenous beta-chemokines are not the predominant factors mediating in vitro suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Ondoa
- Departments of Microbiology and Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
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6
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Ondoa P, Davis D, Willems B, Heyndrickx L, Kestens L, van der Berg I, Coppens S, Janssens W, Heeney J, van der Groen G. Genetic variability of the V1 and V2 env domains of SIVcpz-ant and neutralization pattern of plasma viruses in a chimpanzee infected naturally. J Med Virol 2001; 65:765-76. [PMID: 11745943 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.2102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Specific neutralizing epitope changes have been observed in a chimpanzee infected naturally with SIVcpz, which differ from HIV-1 infecting humans. To characterize further these changes, a longitudinal study of env genomic sequence variation of SIVcpz-ant isolates was undertaken in this animal. The V1 and V2 regions of the env were determined to arise from specific recombination events. To determine whether recombination of the V1 and V2 domains was possibly associated with the emergence of neutralization escape viruses, envelope sequences and gene length polymorphisms from PBMC and plasma viral variants were studied over a 7-year period. PBMCs and plasma-associated infectious virus titers as well as plasma RNA viral loads were monitored longitudinally. The first 5 viruses isolated from the plasma were found to be neutralization escape variants. Sequence analysis of their V1 and the V2 regions indicated that a 20 amino acid stretch of the V1 region had undergone recombination and was also associated with the emergence of isolates eliciting strong neutralization responses. These findings support the hypothesis that recombination of the V1 and V2 regions of the envelope play a role in neutralization escape of SIVcpz in chimpanzees infected naturally. Furthermore, the data confirm that the neutralizing antibody response plays an important role in the decline of plasma infectious virus titers in HIV-1 related SIVcpz nonpathogenic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ondoa
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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7
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Wei Q, Javadian A, Lausen N, Fultz PN. Distribution and quantification of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, strain JC499, proviral DNA in tissues from an infected chimpanzee. Virology 2000; 276:59-69. [PMID: 11021995 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2000.0520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Data are accumulating to show that the natural history of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in chimpanzees closely reproduces that in humans and is influenced by biologic properties of the infecting HIV-1 strain. To determine the distribution and relative amounts of HIV-1, proviral DNA in multiple tissues from a chimpanzee euthanized because of an abdominal tumor and kidney failure was quantified by nested PCR limiting-dilution assays. At death, 21 months after infection with HIV-1(JC499), this animal had a CD4(+) T-cell count of 268 and 1.7 x 10(5) copies of virion RNA/ml of plasma. The highest proviral burdens were in peripheral lymph nodes and blood, followed by lung, colon, and spleen; values ranged from 130 to 3350 proviral copies/microg DNA (equivalent to DNA in 150,000 cells). The lowest levels of virus were in the spinal cord, brain, and cecum (0.3 to 2.5 copies/microg DNA), with all other tissues harboring intermediate levels (6.8 to 114 copies/microg DNA). Viral burdens in all tissues were comparable to or greater than those reported for HIV-1-infected humans in all stages of disease. Immunohistochemistry for HIV-1 p24 Gag antigen revealed (i) trapping of HIV-1 on follicular dendritic cells in lymph node germinal centers and (ii) virus in the brain, where it was localized primarily to capillary endothelial cells in the cerebral cortex. Analysis of the genetic diversity of the Env V3 loop in tissues indicated that there was no apparent compartmentalization of HIV-1 variants. Of interest, in 83 of 94 (88.3%) clones sequenced, the unique GYGR motif at the tip of the V3 loop of HIV-1(JC499) had reverted to the more common GPGR. The results support the conclusion that HIV-1 has the potential to maintain high viral burdens in chimpanzees and to disseminate to most organs, including the central nervous system. The use of the chimpanzee model with HIV-1(JC499) (or related strains) in vaccine efficacy studies should prove valuable, especially when assessing protection against disease. Furthermore, comparison of both replicative properties of HIV-1(JC499) with SIVcpz strains and immune responses of chimpanzees infected with these viruses might provide new information about HIV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Wei
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, BBRB 511, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-2170, USA
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8
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Koopman G, Haaksma AG, ten Velden J, Hack CE, Heeney JL. The relative resistance of HIV type 1-infected chimpanzees to AIDS correlates with the maintenance of follicular architecture and the absence of infiltration by CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1999; 15:365-73. [PMID: 10082120 DOI: 10.1089/088922299311330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphoid tissues are the focus of critical events in HIV pathogenesis. Persistent and high levels of virus production, extensive trapping of virus particles in germinal centers, and progressive degenerative changes in lymph node architecture are characteristics of progressive HIV-1 infection. Infiltrates of granzyme B- and TIA-expressing CD8+ "cytotoxic" T lymphocytes (CTLs) precede involution of germinal centers in humans who develop AIDS. Similar to humans, HIV-1 infection in chimpanzees is active and persistent. However, in contrast to humans, they remain relatively resistant to AIDS. Lymph node biopsies from chimpanzees infected with HIV-1 or a related chimpanzee lentivirus were studied for the level and pattern of virus expression, changes in lymphoid architecture, CD8+ T cell infiltrates and the presence or absence of CTL markers. In stark contrast to HIV-1-infected humans, lymph nodes from infected chimpanzees had little virus deposition in germinal centers and a paucity of virus-expressing cells. Although some of the lymph nodes examined from infected animals had moderate follicular hyperplasia with infiltrating CD8+ T cells, none had evidence of follicular fragmentation. Most importantly, in marked contrast to infected humans, CD8+ T cells infiltrating the germinal center were negative for the CTL marker granzyme B. This evidence suggests that the infiltration of CD8+ CTLs into the germinal centers of lymph nodes may be a key determinant in AIDS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Koopman
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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9
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Abstract
Retroviruses induce in the infected host an immunosuppression the severity of which depends on the viral load. A pronounced immunosuppression is induced by human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIV and SIV) ultimately leading to AIDS. It is very likely that HIV originated by trans-species transmission from primates. In contrast, SIVs are not pathogenic for their natural hosts probably as the result of virus-host coevolution. We have shown that a retroviral protein, the transmembrane envelope protein, may play an important role in retrovirus-induced immunosuppression and that all retroviruses share an evolutionarily highly conserved domain in this protein. We demonstrate that synthetic peptides corresponding to this domain of different retroviruses, including HIV, the baboon endogenous virus (BaEV), and different porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs), are immunosuppressive. We provide evidence that BaEV and different PERVs, including those able to grow in human cells, are immunosuppressive for lymphocytes of different species including human. This implies that xenotransplantation may result in a trans-species transmission of endogenous retroviruses derived from the donor animal. In analogy to HIV and SIV high-titer virus replication may cause an AIDS-like disease in the immunosuppressed human transplant recipient. Two additional points have to be considered: First, human anti-complement proteins produced by transgenic animals will also protect the virus and, second, the virus may be transmitted to other humans and thus increase its pathogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Denner
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany.
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10
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Kaur A, Grant RM, Means RE, McClure H, Feinberg M, Johnson RP. Diverse host responses and outcomes following simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac239 infection in sooty mangabeys and rhesus macaques. J Virol 1998; 72:9597-611. [PMID: 9811693 PMCID: PMC110469 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.12.9597-9611.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/1998] [Accepted: 08/24/1998] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sooty mangabeys naturally infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) do not develop immunodeficiency despite the presence of viral loads of 10(5) to 10(7) RNA copies/ml. To investigate the basis of apathogenic SIV infection in sooty mangabeys, three sooty mangabeys and three rhesus macaques were inoculated intravenously with SIVmac239 and evaluated longitudinally for 1 year. SIVmac239 infection of sooty mangabeys resulted in 2- to 4-log-lower viral loads than in macaques and did not reproduce the high viral loads observed in natural SIVsmm infection. During acute SIV infection, polyclonal cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) activity coincident with decline in peak plasma viremia was observed in both macaques and mangabeys; 8 to 20 weeks later, CTL activity declined in the macaques but was sustained and broadly directed in the mangabeys. Neutralizing antibodies to SIVmac239 were detected in the macaques but not the mangabeys. Differences in expression of CD38 on CD8(+) T lymphocytes or in the percentage of naive phenotype T cells expressing CD45RA and CD62L-selection did not correlate with development of AIDS in rhesus macaques. In macaques, the proportion of CD4(+) T lymphocytes expressing CD25 declined during SIV infection, while in mangabeys, CD25-expressing CD4(+) T lymphocytes increased. Longitudinal evaluation of cytokine secretion by flow cytometric analysis of unstimulated lymphocytes revealed elevation of interleukin-2 and gamma interferon in a macaque and only interleukin-10 in a concurrently infected mangabey during acute SIV infection. Differences in host responses following experimental SIVmac239 infection may be associated with the divergent outcome in sooty mangabeys and rhesus macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kaur
- Divisions of Immunology, New England Regional Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, Massachusetts, USA
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11
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Wei Q, Fultz PN. Extensive diversification of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype B strains during dual infection of a chimpanzee that progressed to AIDS. J Virol 1998; 72:3005-17. [PMID: 9525623 PMCID: PMC109748 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.4.3005-3017.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/1997] [Accepted: 12/24/1997] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A chimpanzee (C-499) infected for more than 9 years with two subtype B isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), one (HIV-1(SF2)) that replicates poorly and one (HIV-1(LAV-1b)) that replicates efficiently in chimpanzees, died of AIDS 11 years after initial infection (F. J. Novembre et al., J. Virol. 71:4086-4091, 1997). Nucleotide sequence and phylogenetic analyses of the C2 to V5 region of env (C2-V5env) in proviral DNA from peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained 22 months before death revealed two distinct virus populations. One of these populations appeared to be a recombinant in env, having the V3 loop from HIV-1(SF2) and the V4-V5 region from HIV-1(LAV-1b); the other population had evolved from HIV-1(LAV-1b). In addition to C2-V5env, the entire p17gag and nef genes were sequenced; however, based on nucleotide sequences and phylogeny, whether the progenitor of the p17gag and nef genes was SF2 or LAV-1b could not be determined. Compared to the two original viruses, the divergence of all clones of C2-V5env ranged from 9.37 to 20.2%, that of p17gag ranged from 3.11 to 9.29%, and that of nef ranged from 4.02 to 7.9%. In contrast, compared to the maximum variation of 20.2% in C2-V5env for C-499, the maximum diversities in C2-V5env in proviruses from two chimpanzees infected with HIV-1(LAV-1b) for 9 and 10 years were 9.65 and 2.48%, respectively. These results demonstrate that (i) two distinct HIV-1 populations can coexist and undergo extensive diversification in chimpanzees with progressive HIV-1-induced disease and (ii) recombination between two subtype B strains occurred even though the second strain was inoculated 15 months after the first one. Furthermore, evaluation of env genes from three chimpanzees infected with the same strain suggests that the magnitude of HIV-1 diversification could be related to higher viral burdens, manifestations of disease, and/or dual infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Wei
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham 35294, USA
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12
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Agy MB, Schmidt A, Florey MJ, Kennedy BJ, Schaefer G, Katze MG, Corey L, Morton WR, Bosch ML. Serial in vivo passage of HIV-1 infection in Macaca nemestrina. Virology 1997; 238:336-43. [PMID: 9400606 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1997.8832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In an earlier study we found that pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) that were experimentally infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) initially became viremic and seroconverted, but HIV-1 replication diminished markedly over time. In an attempt to develop a longer term pathogenic model, blood from HIV-1-infected macaques was serially transfused into three groups of naive macaques. Transfer was successful through two transfusions as shown by repeated virus isolations and confirmed by the development of cell-free plasma viremia and by seroconversion. Three to five weeks after transfusion, plasma levels of HIV-1 RNA from several macaques in the first two groups exceeded those of the initially inoculated macaques. However, animals in the third group had diminished RNA levels, were virus culture negative, and did not seroconvert. Sequence analyses of env-region clones from infected animals revealed only minimal changes over the course of the passages. These results confirm HIV-1 replication in M. nemestrina during the acute phase of infection. However, adaptation of HIV-1 to a macaque-pathogenic variant did not occur during serial passage, possibly because the animals were able to restrict HIV-1 replication below a level required for a pathogenic variant to emerge. Whether such containment is a function of the host's immune response or a virus cell incompatibility remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Agy
- Regional Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA.
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13
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Nyambi PN, Lewi P, Peeters M, Janssens W, Heyndrickx L, Fransen K, Andries K, Vanden Haesevelde M, Heeney J, Piot P, van der Groen G. Study of the dynamics of neutralization escape mutants in a chimpanzee naturally infected with the simian immunodeficiency virus SIVcpz-ant. J Virol 1997; 71:2320-30. [PMID: 9032368 PMCID: PMC191341 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.3.2320-2330.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we report on the use of spectral map analysis of time-paired sequential neutralization data of 11 serum samples of a chimpanzee naturally infected with a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVcpz-ant) and 8 primary consecutive SIVcpz-ant isolates, taken at about 4-month intervals. The analysis reveals the existence of three SIVcpz-ant isolate and serum neutralization clusters. Each cluster groups virus isolates and/or sera based on similarities of their neutralization spectra. On average, neutralization escape mutants emerged after 15 months and mounted a neutralization response approximately 8 months later. The entire gp160 regions of eight consecutive isolates were sequenced and analyzed by a new statistical method called polygram, which allowed the deduction of amino acid sequence motifs of gp160 which were specific for SIVcpz-ant isolates belonging to the same isolate neutralization clusters. Changes in specific amino acid quadruplets in V1, V2, C3, V4, V5, and CD4 domains of gp120 and gp40 were seen to correlate with the neutralization clusters with most of the specific changes occurring in the V4 region. This method of analysis may facilitate an understanding of the study of the dynamic interplay between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and host neutralization responses as well as providing possible insights into mechanisms of persistence of HIV-1-related lentiviruses in their natural hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Nyambi
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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14
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Nyambi PN, Willems B, Janssens W, Fransen K, Nkengasong J, Peeters M, Vereecken K, Heyndrickx L, Piot P, van der Groen G. The neutralization relationship of HIV type 1, HIV type 2, and SIVcpz is reflected in the genetic diversity that distinguishes them. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1997; 13:7-17. [PMID: 8989422 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1997.13.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutralizing antibody (NA) patterns in the sera of individuals naturally infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1, HIV-2, and the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVcpz) to their homologous and heterologous isolates were determined in a peripheral blood mononuclear cell-based neutralization assay. We examined the role of the V3 loop of HIV-1 and SIVcpz in neutralization and the cross-reactivities among them. Cross-neutralization by sera of humans and chimpanzees naturally infected, respectively, with HIV-1 and SIVcpz isolates was more extensive than the infrequent and low-titer cross-neutralizations observed between HIV-1 and HIV-2. Neutralization of 9 of the 16 HIV-1 isolates by 9 of 10 HIV-2 and all 3 SIVcpz antibody-positive sera were weak and sporadic (titer, 1:10-1:160). Twelve of 15 HIV-1 sera neutralized the 2 SIVcpz isolates with titers of 1:10-1:320 but only sporadically neutralized the 6 HIV-2 isolates (titers: 1:10-1:20). The majority of HIV-1 and SIVcpz sera bound to the V3 peptides although their binding capacity did not readily reflect their neutralizing capacity. The HIV-2 sera did not or only weakly bound to the V3 peptides. These results suggest that HIV-1 and SIVcpz share some structural and functional similarities that set them apart from HIV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Nyambi
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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Abstract
Individuals who are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and develop AIDS are characterized by the progressive loss of T helper (Th) cells, together with an increase in virus load. Despite a remarkable similarity to humans, and their susceptibility to persistent HIV-1 infection, chimpanzees have a relative resistance to the development of AIDS. Here, Jonathan Heeney proposes that the critical underlying event perpetuating the progression to AIDS is the impairment of the immunological microenvironment necessary for competent, antigen-specific, Th-cell renewal. Survival is dependent on the host's ability to preserve the immunological infrastructure sufficiently in order to maintain the capacity for renewal of a balanced, competent Th-cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Heeney
- Dept of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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