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Filipe IC, Guedes MS, Zdobnov EM, Tapparel C. Enterovirus D: A Small but Versatile Species. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1758. [PMID: 34442837 PMCID: PMC8400195 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EVs) from the D species are the causative agents of a diverse range of infectious diseases in spite of comprising only five known members. This small clade has a diverse host range and tissue tropism. It contains types infecting non-human primates and/or humans, and for the latter, they preferentially infect the eye, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and nervous system. Although several Enterovirus D members, in particular EV-D68, have been associated with neurological complications, including acute myelitis, there is currently no effective treatment or vaccine against any of them. This review highlights the peculiarities of this viral species, focusing on genome organization, functional elements, receptor usage, and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Cordeiro Filipe
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Mariana Soares Guedes
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Evgeny M. Zdobnov
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Switzerland and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Caroline Tapparel
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland;
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Zhang G, Hu B, Huo Y, Lu J, Guo J, Deng M, Li P, Wang W, Li L, Meng S, Wang Z, Shen S. Amino acid substitutions in VP2, VP1, and 2C attenuate a Coxsackievirus A16 in mice. Microb Pathog 2020; 150:104603. [PMID: 33271234 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) is one of the major etiological agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), a common acute infectious disease affecting infants and young children. Severe symptoms of the central nervous system may develop and even lead to death. Here, a plaque-purified CVA16 strain, L731-P1 (P1), was serially passaged in Vero cells for six times and passage 6 (P6) stock became highly attenuated in newborn mice. Genomic sequencing of the P1 and P6 revealed seven nucleotide substitutions at positions 1434 (C to U), 2744 (A to G), 2747 (A to G), 3161 (G to A), 3182 (A to G), 4968 (C to U), and 6064 (C to U). Six of these substitutions resulted in amino acid changes at VP2-T161 M, VP1-N102D, VP1-T103A, VP1-E241K, VP1-T248A, and 2C-S297F, respectively. P1-based infectious cDNA was generated to further investigate these virulent determinants. Independent reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplifications for mutant constructions and plaque-purification of the P6 for isolation of variants were performed to determine dominant mutations and strains more related to attenuation. The virulent P1, attenuated P6, as well as a plaque purified strain (PP) and other four recombinant mutants, were inoculated into one-day-old BALB/c mice and the 50% lethal dose of each strain was determined. Comparison of virulence among these strains indicated that amino acid changes of VP1-N102D, VP1-E241K and 2C-S297F might be associated more closely with a high level attenuation of CVA16-L731-P6 than other mutations. Identification of novel residues associated with virulence may contribute to understanding of molecular basis of virulence of CVA16 and other enteroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaobo Zhang
- Wuhan Huaxia University of Technology, Wuhan, 430223, China.
| | - Bing Hu
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Yuqi Huo
- The Sixth People' s Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Jia Lu
- Laboratory of Viral Vaccine Research, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products (WIBP) Co. Ltd., Wuhan, 430207, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Laboratory of Viral Vaccine Research, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products (WIBP) Co. Ltd., Wuhan, 430207, China
| | - Mi Deng
- Worldwide Safety and Regulatory Pfizer, Inc., Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Laboratory of Viral Vaccine Research, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products (WIBP) Co. Ltd., Wuhan, 430207, China
| | - Weishan Wang
- Laboratory of Viral Vaccine Research, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products (WIBP) Co. Ltd., Wuhan, 430207, China
| | - Li Li
- Laboratory of Viral Vaccine Research, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products (WIBP) Co. Ltd., Wuhan, 430207, China
| | - Shengli Meng
- Laboratory of Viral Vaccine Research, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products (WIBP) Co. Ltd., Wuhan, 430207, China
| | - Zejun Wang
- Laboratory of Viral Vaccine Research, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products (WIBP) Co. Ltd., Wuhan, 430207, China.
| | - Shuo Shen
- Laboratory of Viral Vaccine Research, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products (WIBP) Co. Ltd., Wuhan, 430207, China.
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Development of a new oral poliovirus vaccine for the eradication end game using codon deoptimization. NPJ Vaccines 2020; 5:26. [PMID: 32218998 PMCID: PMC7083942 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-0176-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Enormous progress has been made in global efforts to eradicate poliovirus, using live-attenuated Sabin oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). However, as the incidence of disease due to wild poliovirus has declined, vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) has emerged in areas of low-vaccine coverage. Coordinated global cessation of routine, type 2 Sabin OPV (OPV2) use has not resulted in fewer VDPV outbreaks, and continued OPV use in outbreak-response campaigns has seeded new emergences in low-coverage areas. The limitations of existing vaccines and current eradication challenges warranted development of more genetically stable OPV strains, most urgently for OPV2. Here, we report using codon deoptimization to further attenuate Sabin OPV2 by changing preferred codons across the capsid to non-preferred, synonymous codons. Additional modifications to the 5′ untranslated region stabilized known virulence determinants. Testing of this codon-deoptimized new OPV2 candidate (nOPV2-CD) in cell and animal models demonstrated that nOPV2-CD is highly attenuated, grows sufficiently for vaccine manufacture, is antigenically indistinguishable from Sabin OPV2, induces neutralizing antibodies as effectively as Sabin OPV2, and unlike Sabin OPV2 is genetically stable and maintains an attenuation phenotype. In-human clinical trials of nOPV2-CD are ongoing, with potential for nOPV strains to serve as critical vaccine tools for achieving and maintaining polio eradication.
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Bhogal N, Hudson M, Balls M, Combes RD. The Use of Non-Human Primates in Biological and Medical Research: Evidence Submitted by FRAME to the Academy of Medical Sciences/Medical Research Council/Royal Society/Wellcome Trust Working Group. Altern Lab Anim 2019; 33:519-27. [PMID: 16268763 DOI: 10.1177/026119290503300501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Academy of Medical Sciences, the Medical Research Council, the Royal Society and the Wellcome Trust are undertaking a study into the use of non-human primates in biological and medical research. An independent working group of scientific experts, led by Sir David Weatherall, aims to produce a report summarising the findings of this study, early in 2006. The trends in primate research, and the nature and effects of recent and proposed changes in the global use of non-human primates in research, will be investigated. The associated ethical, welfare and regulatory issues, and the role and impact of the Three Rs principles of refinement, reduction and replacement will also be reviewed. As part of this study, a call for evidence was made. The evidence submitted by FRAME emphasised that the use of non-human primates for fundamental research or for regulatory testing still fails to take into account the fact that, although non-human primates are anatomically and physiologically similar to humans, they are not necessarily relevant models for studies on human disease or human physiology. FRAME continues to believe that we have a duty to ensure that these animals are not used without overwhelming evidence that they are the only suitable and relevant models for use in work of undeniable significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmala Bhogal
- FRAME, 96-98 North Sherwood Street, Nottingham, NG1 4EE, UK.
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Karagiannis K, Simonyan V, Chumakov K, Mazumder R. Separation and assembly of deep sequencing data into discrete sub-population genomes. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:10989-11003. [PMID: 28977510 PMCID: PMC5737798 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequence heterogeneity is a common characteristic of RNA viruses that is often referred to as sub-populations or quasispecies. Traditional techniques used for assembly of short sequence reads produced by deep sequencing, such as de-novo assemblers, ignore the underlying diversity. Here, we introduce a novel algorithm that simultaneously assembles discrete sequences of multiple genomes present in populations. Using in silico data we were able to detect populations at as low as 0.1% frequency with complete global genome reconstruction and in a single sample detected 16 resolved sequences with no mismatches. We also applied the algorithm to high throughput sequencing data obtained for viruses present in sewage samples and successfully detected multiple sub-populations and recombination events in these diverse mixtures. High sensitivity of the algorithm also enables genomic analysis of heterogeneous pathogen genomes from patient samples and accurate detection of intra-host diversity, enabling not just basic research in personalized medicine but also accurate diagnostics and monitoring drug therapies, which are critical in clinical and regulatory decision-making process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Karagiannis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20037, USA.,Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Vahan Simonyan
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Konstantin Chumakov
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Raja Mazumder
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20037, USA.,McCormick Genomic and Proteomic Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
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Korotkova E, Laassri M, Zagorodnyaya T, Petrovskaya S, Rodionova E, Cherkasova E, Gmyl A, Ivanova OE, Eremeeva TP, Lipskaya GY, Agol VI, Chumakov K. Pressure for Pattern-Specific Intertypic Recombination between Sabin Polioviruses: Evolutionary Implications. Viruses 2017; 9:v9110353. [PMID: 29165333 PMCID: PMC5707560 DOI: 10.3390/v9110353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Complete genomic sequences of a non-redundant set of 70 recombinants between three serotypes of attenuated Sabin polioviruses as well as location (based on partial sequencing) of crossover sites of 28 additional recombinants were determined and compared with the previously published data. It is demonstrated that the genomes of Sabin viruses contain distinct strain-specific segments that are eliminated by recombination. The presumed low fitness of these segments could be linked to mutations acquired upon derivation of the vaccine strains and/or may have been present in wild-type parents of Sabin viruses. These “weak” segments contribute to the propensity of these viruses to recombine with each other and with other enteroviruses as well as determine the choice of crossover sites. The knowledge of location of such segments opens additional possibilities for the design of more genetically stable and/or more attenuated variants, i.e., candidates for new oral polio vaccines. The results also suggest that the genome of wild polioviruses, and, by generalization, of other RNA viruses, may harbor hidden low-fitness segments that can be readily eliminated only by recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Korotkova
- AN Belozersky Institute of Physical-Chemical Biology, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119899, Russia.
- Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides of MP Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 108819, Russia.
| | - Majid Laassri
- US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Elena Cherkasova
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20895, USA.
| | - Anatoly Gmyl
- Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides of MP Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 108819, Russia.
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Olga E Ivanova
- Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides of MP Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 108819, Russia.
- IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Tatyana P Eremeeva
- Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides of MP Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 108819, Russia.
| | - Galina Y Lipskaya
- AN Belozersky Institute of Physical-Chemical Biology, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119899, Russia.
| | - Vadim I Agol
- AN Belozersky Institute of Physical-Chemical Biology, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119899, Russia.
- Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides of MP Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 108819, Russia.
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Zhang Y, Cao J, Zhang S, Lee AJ, Sun G, Larsen CN, Zhao H, Gu Z, He S, Klem EB, Scheuermann RH. Genetic changes found in a distinct clade of Enterovirus D68 associated with paralysis during the 2014 outbreak. Virus Evol 2016; 2:vew015. [PMID: 28512577 PMCID: PMC5426007 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vew015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) caused a severe respiratory illness outbreak in the United States in 2014. Reports of acute flaccid myelitis (AFM)/paralysis (AFP) in several independent epidemiological clusters of children with detectable EV-D68 have raised concerns that genetic changes in EV-D68 could be causing increased disease severity and neurological symptoms. To explore the potential link between EV-D68 genetic variations and symptom changes, we performed a series of comparative genomic analyses of EV-D68 2014 outbreak isolate sequences using data and analytical tools in the Virus Pathogen Resource (ViPR; www.viprbrc.org). Our results suggest that (1) three distinct lineages of EV-D68 were co-circulating in 2013 and 2014; (2) isolates associated with AFM/AFP belong to a single phylogenetic subclade - B1; (3) the majority of isolates from the B1 subclade have 21 unique substitutions that distinguish them from other isolates, including amino acid substitutions in the VP1, VP2, and VP3 capsid proteins and the 3D RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, and nucleotide substitutions in the internal ribosome entry sequence (IRES); (4) at 12 of these positions, B1 isolates carry the same residues observed at equivalent positions in paralysis-causing enteroviruses, including poliovirus, EV-D70 and EV-A71. Based on these results, we hypothesize that unique B1 substitutions may be responsible for the apparent increased incidence of neuropathology associated with the 2014 outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jing Cao
- Department of Statistical Science, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Song Zhang
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | - Hongtao Zhao
- Northrop Grumman Health Solutions, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Zhiping Gu
- Northrop Grumman Health Solutions, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Sherry He
- Northrop Grumman Health Solutions, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Edward B Klem
- Northrop Grumman Health Solutions, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Richard H Scheuermann
- J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Sanders BP, Edo-Matas D, Papic N, Schuitemaker H, Custers JHHV. Synthetic virus seeds for improved vaccine safety: Genetic reconstruction of poliovirus seeds for a PER.C6 cell based inactivated poliovirus vaccine. Vaccine 2015; 33:5498-5502. [PMID: 26362098 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.08.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Safety of vaccines can be compromised by contamination with adventitious agents. One potential source of adventitious agents is a vaccine seed, typically derived from historic clinical isolates with poorly defined origins. Here we generated synthetic poliovirus seeds derived from chemically synthesized DNA plasmids encoding the sequence of wild-type poliovirus strains used in marketed inactivated poliovirus vaccines. The synthetic strains were phenotypically identical to wild-type polioviruses as shown by equivalent infectious titers in culture supernatant and antigenic content, even when infection cultures are scaled up to 10-25L bioreactors. Moreover, the synthetic seeds were genetically stable upon extended passaging on the PER.C6 cell culture platform. Use of synthetic seeds produced on the serum-free PER.C6 cell platform ensures a perfectly documented seed history and maximum control over starting materials. It provides an opportunity to maximize vaccine safety which increases the prospect of a vaccine end product that is free from adventitious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara P Sanders
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Archimedesweg 4, 2333CN Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Diana Edo-Matas
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Archimedesweg 4, 2333CN Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Natasa Papic
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Archimedesweg 4, 2333CN Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hanneke Schuitemaker
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Archimedesweg 4, 2333CN Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jerome H H V Custers
- Janssen Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Archimedesweg 4, 2333CN Leiden, The Netherlands
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Burns CC, Shaw J, Jorba J, Bukbuk D, Adu F, Gumede N, Pate MA, Abanida EA, Gasasira A, Iber J, Chen Q, Vincent A, Chenoweth P, Henderson E, Wannemuehler K, Naeem A, Umami RN, Nishimura Y, Shimizu H, Baba M, Adeniji A, Williams AJ, Kilpatrick DR, Oberste MS, Wassilak SG, Tomori O, Pallansch MA, Kew O. Multiple independent emergences of type 2 vaccine-derived polioviruses during a large outbreak in northern Nigeria. J Virol 2013; 87:4907-22. [PMID: 23408630 PMCID: PMC3624331 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02954-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 2005, a large poliomyelitis outbreak associated with type 2 circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV2) has occurred in northern Nigeria, where immunization coverage with trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (tOPV) has been low. Phylogenetic analysis of P1/capsid region sequences of isolates from each of the 403 cases reported in 2005 to 2011 resolved the outbreak into 23 independent type 2 vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV2) emergences, at least 7 of which established circulating lineage groups. Virus from one emergence (lineage group 2005-8; 361 isolates) was estimated to have circulated for over 6 years. The population of the major cVDPV2 lineage group expanded rapidly in early 2009, fell sharply after two tOPV rounds in mid-2009, and gradually expanded again through 2011. The two major determinants of attenuation of the Sabin 2 oral poliovirus vaccine strain (A481 in the 5'-untranslated region [5'-UTR] and VP1-Ile143) had been replaced in all VDPV2 isolates; most A481 5'-UTR replacements occurred by recombination with other enteroviruses. cVDPV2 isolates representing different lineage groups had biological properties indistinguishable from those of wild polioviruses, including efficient growth in neuron-derived HEK293 cells, the capacity to cause paralytic disease in both humans and PVR-Tg21 transgenic mice, loss of the temperature-sensitive phenotype, and the capacity for sustained person-to-person transmission. We estimate from the poliomyelitis case count and the paralytic case-to-infection ratio for type 2 wild poliovirus infections that ∼700,000 cVDPV2 infections have occurred during the outbreak. The detection of multiple concurrent cVDPV2 outbreaks in northern Nigeria highlights the risks of cVDPV emergence accompanying tOPV use at low rates of coverage in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara C Burns
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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Wen HL, Si LY, Yuan XJ, Hao SB, Gao F, Chu FL, Sun CX, Wang ZY. Complete genome sequencing and analysis of six enterovirus 71 strains with different clinical phenotypes. Virol J 2013; 10:115. [PMID: 23577963 PMCID: PMC3669102 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hand, foot and mouth diseases (HFMD) caused by enterovirus 71(EV71) presents a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from mild febrile disease to fatal neurolocal disease. However, the mechanism of virulence is unknown. Methods We isolated 6 strains of EV71 from HFMD patients with or without neurological symptoms, and sequenced the whole genomes of the viruses to reveal the virulence factors of EV71. Results Phylogenetic tree based on VP1 region showed that all six strains clustered into C4a of C4 sub-genotype. In the complete polypeptide, 298 positions were found to be variable in all strains, and three of these positions (ValP814/IleP814 in VP1, ValP1148/IleP1148 in 3A and Ala P1728/Cys P1728/Val P1728 in 3C) were conserved among the strains with neurovirulence, but variable in strains without neurovirulence. In the 5′-UTR region, it showed that the first 10 nucleotides were mostly conserved, however from the 11th nucleotide, nucleotide insertions and deletions were quite common. The secondary structure prediction of 5′-UTR sequences showed that two of three strains without neurovirulence (SDLY11 and SDLY48) were almost the same, and all strains with neurovirulence (SDLY96, SDLY107 and SDLY153) were different from each other. SDLY107 (a fatal strain) was found different from other strains on four positions (CP241/TP241, AP571/TP571, CP579/TP579 in 5′-UTR and TP7335/CP7335 in 3′-UTR). Conclusions The three positions (ValP814/IleP814 in VP1, ValP1148/IleP1148 in 3A and Ala P1728/Cys P1728/Val P1728 in 3C), were different between two phenotypes. These suggested that the three positions might be potential virulent positions. And the three varied positions were also found to be conserved in strains with neurovirulence, and variable in strains without neurovirulence. These might reveal that the conservation of two of the three positions or the three together were specific for the strains with neurovirulence. Varation of secondary structure of 5′-UTR, might be correlated to the changes of viral virulence. SDLY107 (a fatal strain) was found different from other strains on four positions, these positions might be related with death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-ling Wen
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, People's Republic of China
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Sutter RW, Kew OM, Cochi SL, Aylward RB. Poliovirus vaccine—live. Vaccines (Basel) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-0090-5.00035-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
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Yeh MT, Wang SW, Yu CK, Lin KH, Lei HY, Su IJ, Wang JR. A single nucleotide in stem loop II of 5'-untranslated region contributes to virulence of enterovirus 71 in mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27082. [PMID: 22069490 PMCID: PMC3206083 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enterovirus 71 (EV71) has emerged as a neuroinvasive virus responsible for several large outbreaks in the Asia-Pacific region while virulence determinant remains unexplored. Principal Findings In this report, we investigated increased virulence of unadapted EV71 clinical isolate 237 as compared with isolate 4643 in mice. A fragment 12 nucleotides in length in stem loop (SL) II of 237 5′-untranslated region (UTR) visibly reduced survival time and rate in mice was identified by constructing a series of infectious clones harboring chimeric 5′-UTR. In cells transfected with bicistronic plasmids, and replicon RNAs, the 12-nt fragment of isolate 237 enhanced translational activities and accelerated replication of subgenomic EV71. Finally, single nucleotide change from cytosine to uridine at base 158 in this short fragment of 5′-UTR was proven to reduce viral translation and EV71 virulence in mice. Results collectively indicated a pivotal role of novel virulence determinant C158 on virus translation in vitro and EV71 virulence in vivo. Conclusions These results presented the first reported virulence determinant in EV71 5′-UTR and first position discovered from unadapted isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Te Yeh
- The Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shainn-Wei Wang
- The Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Keung Yu
- The Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kuei-Hsiang Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Huan-Yao Lei
- The Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ih-Jen Su
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Ren Wang
- The Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Chi CY, Tseng FC, Liu DP, Chang YW, Wu HC, Huang YF, Hwang KP, Hsu YW, Wang SM, Liu CC, Wu HS, Yang JY, Yang CF, Wang JR, Su IJ. Investigations of clinical isolations of oral poliovirus vaccine strains between 2000 and 2005 in southern Taiwan. J Clin Virol 2009; 45:129-34. [PMID: 19394265 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2009.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Revised: 03/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Taiwan, trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (tOPV) is in the routine immunization schedule, but its association with illnesses had not been examined. OBJECTIVES To investigate clinical presentations and viral characteristics of patients with poliovirus isolates. STUDY DESIGN Clinical data, vaccination records and viral sequences were retrospectively analyzed for patients from whom polioviruses were isolated during 2000-2005. RESULTS OPV-like strains were the only pathogen identified in 208 children who were diagnosed with lower respiratory tract infection (24.5%), acute gastroenteritis (16.8%) or upper respiratory tract infection (10.6%). Timing of poliovirus isolation relative to the tOPV vaccination was unusual in 59 patients, including 6 before any dose and 53 more than 10 weeks after the 3rd or later dose of tOPV. Sequence analyses of the VP1, 2C and 3C/D regions for 19 poliovirus isolates revealed that 4 had previously reported neurovirulence reversions, 1 had intertypic recombination, and 6 had both. No patient had neurological complications, but 3 died of myocarditis, including 2 with recombinant strains and 1 who never received OPV. CONCLUSION This study describes the isolation of OPV-like strains from patients with a variety of illnesses, raising concerns about their pathogenic potential in an area where tOPV is routinely administered. The detection of genetic variations among OPV-like strains warrants continuing surveillance for these variants in patients with severe illnesses besides neurological complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yu Chi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, National Health Research Institutes, 367 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan 704, Taiwan
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14
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Riquet FB, Blanchard C, Jegouic S, Balanant J, Guillot S, Vibet MA, Rakoto-Andrianarivelo M, Delpeyroux F. Impact of exogenous sequences on the characteristics of an epidemic type 2 recombinant vaccine-derived poliovirus. J Virol 2008; 82:8927-32. [PMID: 18579607 PMCID: PMC2519664 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00239-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2008] [Accepted: 06/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs) have become a major obstacle to the successful completion of the global polio eradication program. Most cVDPVs are recombinant between the oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) and human enterovirus species C (HEV-C). To study the role of HEV-C sequences in the phenotype of cVDPVs, we generated a series of recombinants between a Madagascar cVDPV isolate and its parental OPV type 2 strain. Results indicated that the HEV-C sequences present in this cVDPV contribute to its characteristics, including pathogenicity, suggesting that interspecific recombination contributes to the phenotypic biodiversity of polioviruses and may favor the emergence of cVDPVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck B Riquet
- Unité de Biologie des Virus Entériques, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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15
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Abstract
Macaques have served as models for more than 70 human infectious diseases of diverse etiologies, including a multitude of agents—bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, prions. The remarkable diversity of human infectious diseases that have been modeled in the macaque includes global, childhood, and tropical diseases as well as newly emergent, sexually transmitted, oncogenic, degenerative neurologic, potential bioterrorism, and miscellaneous other diseases. Historically, macaques played a major role in establishing the etiology of yellow fever, polio, and prion diseases. With rare exceptions (Chagas disease, bartonellosis), all of the infectious diseases in this review are of Old World origin. Perhaps most surprising is the large number of tropical (16), newly emergent (7), and bioterrorism diseases (9) that have been modeled in macaques. Many of these human diseases (e.g., AIDS, hepatitis E, bartonellosis) are a consequence of zoonotic infection. However, infectious agents of certain diseases, including measles and tuberculosis, can sometimes go both ways, and thus several human pathogens are threats to nonhuman primates including macaques. Through experimental studies in macaques, researchers have gained insight into pathogenic mechanisms and novel treatment and vaccine approaches for many human infectious diseases, most notably acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which is caused by infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Other infectious agents for which macaques have been a uniquely valuable resource for biomedical research, and particularly vaccinology, include influenza virus, paramyxoviruses, flaviviruses, arenaviruses, hepatitis E virus, papillomavirus, smallpox virus, Mycobacteria, Bacillus anthracis, Helicobacter pylori, Yersinia pestis, and Plasmodium species. This review summarizes the extensive past and present research on macaque models of human infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murray B Gardner
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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16
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17
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Cooperative effect of the attenuation determinants derived from poliovirus sabin 1 strain is essential for attenuation of enterovirus 71 in the NOD/SCID mouse infection model. J Virol 2007; 82:1787-97. [PMID: 18057246 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01798-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease and is also associated with serious neurological disorders. An attenuated EV71 strain [EV71(S1-3')] has been established in the cynomolgus monkey infection model; this strain contains the attenuation determinants derived from the type 1 poliovirus vaccine strain, Sabin 1 [PV1(Sabin)], in the 5' nontranslated region (NTR), 3D polymerase, and 3' NTR. In this study, we analyzed the effect of the attenuation determinants of PV1(Sabin) on EV71 infection in a NOD/SCID mouse infection model. We isolated a mouse-adapted EV71 strain [EV71(NOD/SCID)] that causes paralysis of the hind limbs in 3- to 4-week-old NOD/SCID mice by adaptation of the virulent EV71(Nagoya) strain in the brains of NOD/SCID mice. A single mutation at nucleotide 2876 that caused an amino acid change in capsid protein VP1 (change of the glycine at position 145 to glutamic acid) was essential for the mouse-adapted phenotype in NOD/SCID mice. Next, we introduced attenuation determinants derived from PV1(Sabin) along with the mouse adaptation mutation into the EV71(Nagoya) genome. In 4-week-old mice, the determinants in the 3D polymerase and 3' NTR, which are the major temperature-sensitive determinants, had a strong effect on attenuation. In contrast, the effect of individual determinants was weak in 3-week-old NOD/SCID mice, and all the determinants were required for substantial attenuation. These results suggest that a cooperative effect of the attenuation determinants of PV1(Sabin) is essential for attenuated neurovirulence of EV71.
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18
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Burns CC, Shaw J, Campagnoli R, Jorba J, Vincent A, Quay J, Kew O. Modulation of poliovirus replicative fitness in HeLa cells by deoptimization of synonymous codon usage in the capsid region. J Virol 2006; 80:3259-72. [PMID: 16537593 PMCID: PMC1440415 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.7.3259-3272.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We replaced degenerate codons for nine amino acids within the capsid region of the Sabin type 2 oral poliovirus vaccine strain with corresponding nonpreferred synonymous codons. Codon replacements were introduced into four contiguous intervals spanning 97% of the capsid region. In the capsid region of the most highly modified virus construct, the effective number of codons used (N(C)) fell from 56.2 to 29.8, the number of CG dinucleotides rose from 97 to 302, and the G+C content increased from 48.4% to 56.4%. Replicative fitness in HeLa cells, measured by plaque areas and virus yields in single-step growth experiments, decreased in proportion to the number of replacement codons. Plaque areas decreased over an approximately 10-fold range, and virus yields decreased over an approximately 65-fold range. Perhaps unexpectedly, the synthesis and processing of viral proteins appeared to be largely unaltered by the restriction in codon usage. In contrast, total yields of viral RNA in infected cells were reduced approximately 3-fold and specific infectivities of purified virions (measured by particle/PFU ratios) decreased approximately 18-fold in the most highly modified virus. The replicative fitness of both codon replacement viruses and unmodified viruses increased with the passage number in HeLa cells. After 25 serial passages (approximately 50 replication cycles), most codon replacements were retained, and the relative fitness of the modified viruses remained well below that of the unmodified virus. The increased replicative fitness of high-passage modified virus was associated with the elimination of several CG dinucleotides. Potential applications for the systematic modulation of poliovirus replicative fitness by deoptimization of codon usage are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara Carthel Burns
- Respiratory and Enteric Viruses Branch, G-10, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd., N.E., Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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19
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De Jesus N, Franco D, Paul A, Wimmer E, Cello J. Mutation of a single conserved nucleotide between the cloverleaf and internal ribosome entry site attenuates poliovirus neurovirulence. J Virol 2006; 79:14235-43. [PMID: 16254358 PMCID: PMC1280220 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.22.14235-14243.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical synthesis of poliovirus (PV) cDNA combined with the cell-free synthesis of infectious particles yielded virus whose mouse neurovirulence was highly attenuated (J. Cello, A. V. Paul, and E. Wimmer, Science 297:1016-1018, 2002). Compared to the wild-type PV1 (Mahoney) [PV1(M)] sequence, the synthetic virus genome harbored 27 nucleotide (nt) changes deliberately introduced as genetic markers. Of the 27 nucleotide substitutions, the UA-to-GG exchanges at nucleotides 102/103, mapping to a region between the cloverleaf and the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) in the 5'-nontranslated region, were found to be involved in the observed attenuation phenotype in mice. The UA/GG mutation at nt 102/103 in the synthetic PV1(M) [sPV1(M)] background conferred also a ts phenotype of replication to the virus in human neuroblastoma cells. Conversely, the exchange of GG to wild-type (wt) UA at 102/103 in an sPV1(M) background restored wt neurovirulence in CD155 transgenic (tg) mice and suppressed the ts phenotype in SK-N-MC cells. All poliovirus variants replicated well in HeLa cells at the two temperatures, regardless of the sequence at the 102/103 locus. Analyses of variants isolated from sPV(M)-infected CD155 tg mice revealed that the G(102)G(103)-to-G(102)A(103) reversion alone reestablished the neurovirulent phenotype. This suggests that a single mutation is responsible for the observed change of the neurovirulence phenotype. sPV1(M) RNA is translated in cell extracts of SK-N-MC cells with significantly lower efficiency than PV1(M) RNA or sPV1(M) RNA with a G(102)-to-A(102) reversion. These studies suggest a function for the conserved nucleotide (A(103)) located between the cloverleaf and the IRES which is important for replication of PV in the central nervous system of CD155 tg mice and in human cells of neuronal origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidia De Jesus
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Life Sciences Bldg., Stony Brook, NY 11794-5222, USA
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20
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Karakasiliotis I, Paximadi E, Markoulatos P. Evolution of a rare vaccine-derived multirecombinant poliovirus. J Gen Virol 2006; 86:3137-3142. [PMID: 16227237 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.80823-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombination is one of the mechanisms by which viral genomes evolve. A vaccine-derived multirecombinant poliovirus strain was isolated from a 5-month-old child with vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis after oral poliovirus vaccine administration. The isolate had an S2/S1/S2/S1 primary genomic structure as revealed by restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing analysis. Recombination of the middle S1/S2 region is extremely rare and one of the few characterized types of recombination with Sabin type 1 as a 5' partner. An attempt was made to perform evolutionary analysis of the contributing sequences using the identified mutations in comparison with the original Sabin sequences. A hypothesis is proposed for the order in which the identified recombination events occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Karakasiliotis
- Department of Virology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vas. Sofias Avenue, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Paximadi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, 26 Ploutonos and Aiolou Street, 41221 Larissa, Greece
| | - Panayotis Markoulatos
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, 26 Ploutonos and Aiolou Street, 41221 Larissa, Greece
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21
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Kew OM, Sutter RW, de Gourville EM, Dowdle WR, Pallansch MA. VACCINE-DERIVED POLIOVIRUSES AND THE ENDGAME STRATEGY FOR GLOBAL POLIO ERADICATION. Annu Rev Microbiol 2005; 59:587-635. [PMID: 16153180 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.micro.58.030603.123625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 464] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
As the global eradication of wild poliovirus nears, the World Health Organization (WHO) is addressing challenges unprecedented in public health. The live, attenuated oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), used for more than four decades to interrupt poliovirus transmission, and the vaccine of choice for developing countries, is genetically unstable. Reversion of the small number of substitutions conferring the attenuated phenotype frequently occurs during OPV replication in humans and is the underlying cause of the rare cases of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) in OPV recipients and their close contacts. Whereas VAPP has long been recognized, two other adverse events have been identified more recently: (a) long-term excretion of highly evolved vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) in persons with primary immunodeficiencies, and (b) polio outbreaks associated with circulating VDPVs in areas with low rates of OPV coverage. Developing a posteradication strategy to minimize the risks of VDPV emergence and spread has become an urgent WHO priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olen M Kew
- Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
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22
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Cherkasova E, Laassri M, Chizhikov V, Korotkova E, Dragunsky E, Agol VI, Chumakov K. Microarray analysis of evolution of RNA viruses: evidence of circulation of virulent highly divergent vaccine-derived polioviruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:9398-403. [PMID: 12878723 PMCID: PMC170930 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1633511100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two approaches based on hybridization of viral probes with oligonucleotide microarrays were developed for rapid analysis of genetic variations during microevolution of RNA viruses. Microarray analysis of viral recombination and microarray for resequencing and heterogeneity analysis were able to generate instant genetic maps of vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) and reveal the degree of their evolutionary divergence. Unlike conventional methods based on cDNA sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism, the microarray approaches are better suited for analysis of heterogeneous populations and mixtures of different strains. The microarray hybridization profile is very sensitive to the cumulative presence of small quantities of different mutations, including those that cannot be revealed by sequencing, making this approach useful for characterization of profiles of nucleotide sequence diversity in viral populations. By using these methods, we identified a type-3 VDPV isolated from a healthy person and missed by conventional methods of screening. The mutational profile of the polio strain was consistent with >1 yr of circulation in human population and was highly virulent in transgenic mice, confirming the ability of VDPV to persist in communities despite high levels of immunity. The proposed methods for fine genotyping of heterogeneous viral populations can also have utility for a variety of other applications in studies of genetic changes in viruses, bacteria, and genes of higher organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Cherkasova
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 1401 Rockville Pike, HFM 470, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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23
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Yang CF, Naguib T, Yang SJ, Nasr E, Jorba J, Ahmed N, Campagnoli R, van der Avoort H, Shimizu H, Yoneyama T, Miyamura T, Pallansch M, Kew O. Circulation of endemic type 2 vaccine-derived poliovirus in Egypt from 1983 to 1993. J Virol 2003; 77:8366-77. [PMID: 12857906 PMCID: PMC165252 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.15.8366-8377.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2003] [Accepted: 05/16/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
From 1988 to 1993, 30 cases of poliomyelitis associated with poliovirus type 2 were found in seven governorates of Egypt. Because many of the cases were geographically and temporally clustered and because the case isolates differed antigenically from the vaccine strain, it was initially assumed that the cases signaled the continued circulation of wild type 2 poliovirus. However, comparison of sequences encoding the major capsid protein, VP1 (903 nucleotides), revealed that the isolates were related (93 to 97% nucleotide sequence identity) to the Sabin type 2 oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) strain and unrelated (<82% nucleotide sequence identity) to the wild type 2 polioviruses previously indigenous to Egypt (last known isolate: 1979) or to any contemporary wild type 2 polioviruses found elsewhere. The rate and pattern of VP1 divergence among the circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV) isolates suggested that all lineages were derived from a single OPV infection that occurred around 1983 and that progeny from the initiating infection circulated for approximately a decade within Egypt along several independent chains of transmission. Complete genomic sequences of an early (1988) and a late (1993) cVDPV isolate revealed that their 5' untranslated region (5' UTR) and noncapsid- 3' UTR sequences were derived from other species C enteroviruses. Circulation of type 2 cVDPVs occurred at a time of low OPV coverage in the affected communities and ceased when OPV coverage rates increased. The potential for cVDPVs to circulate in populations with low immunity to poliovirus has important implications for current and future strategies to eradicate polio worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Fu Yang
- Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
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24
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Buttinelli G, Donati V, Fiore S, Marturano J, Plebani A, Balestri P, Soresina AR, Vivarelli R, Delpeyroux F, Martin J, Fiore L. Nucleotide variation in Sabin type 2 poliovirus from an immunodeficient patient with poliomyelitis. J Gen Virol 2003; 84:1215-1221. [PMID: 12692287 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.18974-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular and antigenic properties of a Sabin-like type 2 poliovirus, isolated from the stool samples of a 2-year-old agammaglobulinaemic child who developed paralysis 1 year after receiving the third dose of oral poliovirus vaccine, were analysed. The virus revealed 0.88 % genome variation in the VP1 region compared with the standard reference strain, compatible with replication of the virus in the intestine over approximately 1 year. The typical mutations in the 5'NCR and VP1 associated with reversion to neurovirulence for Sabin type 2 poliovirus were found. Despite this, the virus was characterized by both PCR and ELISA tests as Sabin-like and showed temperature sensitivity and neurovirulence in transgenic mice typical of the Sabin type 2 vaccine strain. Gammaglobulin replacement therapy led rapidly to virus clearance, which, when combined with treatment with the antiviral drug pleconaril, stopped virus excretion; no further virus shedding occurred. This is the first case of poliomyelitis and long-term excretion from an immunodeficient patient to be reported in Italy through the active 'Acute Flaccid Paralysis' surveillance system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Buttinelli
- Laboratory of Virology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Donati
- Laboratory of Virology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Fiore
- Laboratory of Virology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Jill Marturano
- Laboratory of Virology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Francis Delpeyroux
- Epidemiologie Moleculaire des Enterovirus, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Javier Martin
- NIBSC, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Lucia Fiore
- Laboratory of Virology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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25
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Yoshida H, Horie H, Matsuura K, Kitamura T, Hashizume S, Miyamura T. Prevalence of vaccine-derived polioviruses in the environment. J Gen Virol 2002; 83:1107-1111. [PMID: 11961265 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-83-5-1107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A survey of poliovirus in river and sewage water was conducted from October 1993 to September 1995 in Toyama Prefecture, Japan. In this study, 25 isolates differentiated as type 2 vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) were characterized using mutant analysis by PCR and restriction-enzyme cleavage (MAPREC) to estimate the ratio of 481-G revertants correlated to neurovirulence in a virus population. Of these isolates, 23 (92%) comprised between 44 and 96% 481-G revertants by MAPREC. The other two isolates had revertant percentages close to the 0.6% of the attenuated reference strain. It was presumed that these 23 isolates would be variant with potential neurovirulence by MAPREC analysis. Of the 23 isolates, three were isolated from river water. Moreover, our results by MAPREC showed that type 2 poliovirus was phenotypically more variable than type 1 (69%) or type 3 (55%), as determined in previous studies. The prevalence of virulent-type VDPVs in river and sewage water suggested that the oral poliovaccine itself had led to wide environmental pollution in nature. To terminate the cycle of virus transmission in nature, the ecology of VDPVs should be studied further. A hygiene programme, inactivated poliovirus vaccine immunization and well-maintained herd immunity may play key roles in reducing the potential risk of infection by virulent VDPVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromu Yoshida
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan1
| | - Hitoshi Horie
- Japan Poliomyelitis Research Institute, Kumegawa 5-34-4, Higashimurayama, Tokyo 189-0003, Japan2
| | - Kumiko Matsuura
- Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health, Nakataikoyama, Kosugi-machi, Imizu-gun, Toyama 939-0363, Japan3
| | - Takashi Kitamura
- Department of Virology, Toyama Institute of Health, Nakataikoyama, Kosugi-machi, Imizu-gun, Toyama 939-0363, Japan3
| | - So Hashizume
- Japan Poliomyelitis Research Institute, Kumegawa 5-34-4, Higashimurayama, Tokyo 189-0003, Japan2
| | - Tatsuo Miyamura
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan1
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26
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Amexis G, Fineschi N, Chumakov K. Correlation of genetic variability with safety of mumps vaccine Urabe AM9 strain. Virology 2001; 287:234-41. [PMID: 11504558 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2001.1009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The Urabe AM9 strain of mumps vaccine live is known for its genetic instability and some vaccines derived from this strain were withdrawn from the market due to an excessive number of vaccine-associated parotitis and meningitis cases. To identify the molecular basis of this instability, we determined complete nucleotide sequences of several stocks of the Urabe strain used for vaccine production by different manufacturers and of two clinical isolates from cases of vaccine-associated meningitis. In contrast to previously published studies relating the Lys335 --> Glu mutation in the viral HN gene with neurovirulence of mumps virus, we could not confirm any association of this mutation with the safety of mumps vaccine. Each of the three vaccine stocks studied had its own characteristic profile of mutations that was identified by cDNA sequencing and quantitated by mutant analysis by PCR and restriction enzyme cleavage. Determination of the mutational profile of mumps vaccine lots could allow vaccine manufacturers to characterize seed viruses and monitor the consistency of vaccine production to prevent emergence of virulent revertants.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Amexis
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA
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27
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Pugachev KV, Galinski MS, Frey TK. Infectious cDNA clone of the RA27/3 vaccine strain of Rubella virus. Virology 2000; 273:189-97. [PMID: 10891421 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2000.0408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rubella virus (RUB), a small plus-strand RNA virus, is a significant human pathogen. The RA27/3 vaccine strain of RUB is one of the most successful live attenuated vaccines developed. In this article, we report the construction of an RA27/3 infectious clone, a complete cDNA copy of the RA27/3 genome that can be transcribed in vitro to generate infectious RNA molecules. Virus generated from such in vitro transcripts was phenotypically similar to RA27/3 virus. To investigate the attenuation of the RA27/3 strain, a series of chimeras was made by the insertion of different fragments of the RA27/3 genome into an infectious clone based on the Therien wild-type strain of RUB. Analysis of the resulting chimeric viruses revealed that the pattern of RA27/3 attenuation in cell culture is complex: attenuating elements in the RA27/3 genome were found in the 5' untranslated region (UTR), a region of the nonstructural proteins containing the protease motif and the capsid gene. Within the 5' UTR, the attenuation determinant was mapped to nt 7. Surprisingly, these analyses also revealed a potentiating mutation at nt 164 of the RA27/3 genome. Although this determinant was within the coding sequences of the nonstructural proteins, the encoded amino acid had no effect on cell culture phenotype and thus the determinant may operate at the level of RNA structure. In addition to investigation of the mechanisms of RA27/3 attenuation, the availability of the RA27/3 infectious clone offers the opportunity for strict genetic control over RUB vaccine manufacturing, for development of novel DNA-based vaccines against RUB, and for development of recombinant RUB vaccines that also target other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Pugachev
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, 30303, USA
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28
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Klein E, Ho RJ. Challenges in the development of an effective HIV vaccine: current approaches and future directions. Clin Ther 2000; 22:295-314; discussion 265. [PMID: 10963285 DOI: 10.1016/s0149-2918(00)80034-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The intent of this review is to investigate and discuss why developing a successful HIV vaccine has been so challenging, first by examining the molecular biology of the virus and how HIV interacts with the immune system, and then reviewing past viral vaccine successes as well as future directions for HIV vaccine research. BACKGROUND Since HIV appeared in the United States in the early 1980s, an estimated 40 million people worldwide have been infected with the virus. Despite promising advances in the pharmacotherapy of HIV infection, it is apparent that the best, most cost-effective strategy for controlling the further spread of the virus is through synthesis of a protective vaccine. Almost 2 decades into the epidemic, there are few prospects for a truly effective vaccine entering the market in the foreseeable future. METHODS MEDLINE was searched for articles written between 1966 and June 1999. Search terms used were AIDS, HIV vaccine, HIV-1, HIV-2, vaccines, and human immunodeficiency virus. RESULTS Only 2 candidates for an HIV vaccine are currently in phase III clinical trials (1 in the United States and 1 in Thailand). The efficacy of these vaccines when applied to the population as a whole is widely questioned, largely because they induce protection by an antibody response only. Several studies have suggested that this approach will likely be ineffective in providing any real protection from viral infection. It appears that a strong cellular immune response is necessary in addition to a strong antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Klein
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195-7610, USA
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