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Devaux CA, Pontarotti P, Levasseur A, Colson P, Raoult D. Is it time to switch to a formulation other than the live attenuated poliovirus vaccine to prevent poliomyelitis? Front Public Health 2024; 11:1284337. [PMID: 38259741 PMCID: PMC10801389 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1284337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The polioviruses (PVs) are mainly transmitted by direct contact with an infected person through the fecal-oral route and respiratory secretions (or more rarely via contaminated water or food) and have a primary tropism for the gut. After their replication in the gut, in rare cases (far less than 1% of the infected individuals), PVs can spread to the central nervous system leading to flaccid paralysis, which can result in respiratory paralysis and death. By the middle of the 20th century, every year the wild polioviruses (WPVs) are supposed to have killed or paralyzed over half a million people. The introduction of the oral poliovirus vaccines (OPVs) through mass vaccination campaigns (combined with better application of hygiene measures), was a success story which enabled the World Health Organization (WHO) to set the global eradication of poliomyelitis as an objective. However this strategy of viral eradication has its limits as the majority of poliomyelitis cases today arise in individuals infected with circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs) which regain pathogenicity following reversion or recombination. In recent years (between January 2018 and May 2023), the WHO recorded 8.8 times more cases of polio which were linked to the attenuated OPV vaccines (3,442 polio cases after reversion or recombination events) than cases linked to a WPV (390 cases). Recent knowledge of the evolution of RNA viruses and the exchange of genetic material among biological entities of the intestinal microbiota, call for a reassessment of the polio eradication vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Albert Devaux
- Laboratory Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS-SNC5039), Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Pontarotti
- Laboratory Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS-SNC5039), Marseille, France
| | - Anthony Levasseur
- Laboratory Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Colson
- Laboratory Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Laboratory Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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Morales-Aguilar M, Bolaños-Martínez OC, Maldonado AR, Govea-Alonso DO, Carreño-Campos C, Villarreal ML, Rosales-Mendoza S, Ortiz-Caltempa A. Establishment of the Daucus carota SMC-1 Cell Suspension Line for Poliovirus Vaccine Development. Planta Med 2024; 90:63-72. [PMID: 37852270 DOI: 10.1055/a-2181-2886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The development of virus-free, oral vaccines against poliovirus capable of inducing mucosal protective immunity is needed to safely combat this pathogen. In the present study, a carrot cell line expressing the poliovirus VP2 antigen was established at the level of callus and cell suspensions, exploring the effects of culture media (MS and B5), supplementation with urea, phytoregulators (2,4-D : KIN), and light conditions (continuous light, photoperiod, and total darkness). The best callus growth was obtained on B5 medium supplemented with 2 mg/L of 2,4-D + 2 mg/L kinetin and 0.0136 g/L of urea and in continuous light conditions. Suspension cultures of the SMC-1 line in 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks had a maximum growth of 16.07 ± 0.03 g/L DW on day 12 with a growth rate of µ=0.3/d and a doubling time of 2.3 days. In a 2 L airlift bioreactor, the biomass yield achieved was 25.6 ± 0.05 g/L DW at day 10 with a growth rate of µ= 0.58/d and doubling time of 1.38 d. Cell growth was 1.5 times higher in bioreactors than in shake flasks, highlighting that both systems resulted in the accumulation of VP2 throughout the time in culture. The maximum VP2 yield in flasks was 387.8 µg/g DW at day 21, while in the reactor it was 550.2 µg/g DW at day 18. In conclusion, bioreactor-based production of the VP2 protein by the SMC-1 suspension cell line offers a higher productivity when compared to flask cultures, offering a key perspective to produce low-cost vaccines against poliomyelitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Morales-Aguilar
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | | | - Andrea Romero Maldonado
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
- Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina (CICSaB), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Dania O Govea-Alonso
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
- Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina (CICSaB), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Christian Carreño-Campos
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - María Luisa Villarreal
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
- Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina (CICSaB), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Anabel Ortiz-Caltempa
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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Beshr IA, Beshr MS, Al-Qubati HA. Polio outbreak response, Yemen. Bull World Health Organ 2023; 101:808-812. [PMID: 38024246 PMCID: PMC10680107 DOI: 10.2471/blt.23.290122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Problem A decrease in vaccine coverage in conflict-affected areas has placed Yemen at higher risk of polio outbreaks caused by vaccine-derived poliovirus strains. Approach In response to polio outbreaks, the Yemeni health ministry and partners initiated multiple vaccination campaigns to deliver vaccines to children. We also implemented several measures to enhance communication, education, health promotion and hygiene, especially in camps for internally displaced people. Local setting In 2009, Yemen achieved polio-free status and maintained it until 2019. However, the ongoing political conflict since 2015, coupled with challenges in delivering the polio vaccine to conflict-affected areas, resulted in two polio outbreaks: 35 cases caused by vaccine-derived poliovirus strain 1 between 2019 and 2021, and 230 cases due to vaccine-derived poliovirus strain 2 between November 2021 and December 2022. Relevant changes In response to the first outbreak, by the end of 2020, we vaccinated 7.2 million children through nationwide vaccination campaigns, except in Sa'ada governorate due to a ban by the authorities. By the end of 2021, 3 800 313 children younger than 5 years had received polio vaccines. For the second outbreak, by the end of 2022, 4 463 389 vaccines had been given to children younger than 10 years, and 1 217 423 to those younger than 5 years. Lessons learnt Vaccination campaigns in conflict-affected areas with low vaccine coverage remain crucial in eradicating polio. Efforts are needed to reach vulnerable groups such as displaced populations. Advocacy, communication and social mobilization actions help ensure broader public inclusion and participation in vaccination efforts to prevent polio outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahem Abduallah Beshr
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana’a University, Wadi Dhaher Road, PO Box 13078, Sana’a, Yemen
| | - Mohammed Sadeq Beshr
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana’a University, Wadi Dhaher Road, PO Box 13078, Sana’a, Yemen
| | - Hibah Abdulqader Al-Qubati
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sana’a University, Wadi Dhaher Road, PO Box 13078, Sana’a, Yemen
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Watson C. Can the world really stop wild polio by the end of 2023? Nature 2023; 620:706-707. [PMID: 37582941 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-02577-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
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Bammeke P, Adamu US, Bolu O, Waziri N, Erberto T, Aregay A, Nsubuga P, Wiesen E, Shuaib F. Descriptive epidemiology of poliomyelitis cases due to wild poliovirus type 1 and wild poliovirus type 3 in Nigeria, 2000-2020. Pan Afr Med J 2023; 45:4. [PMID: 38370099 PMCID: PMC10874097 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.supp.2023.45.2.38079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction in August 2020, the World Health Organization African Region was certified free of wild poliovirus (WPV) when Nigeria became the last African country to interrupt wild poliovirus transmission. The National Polio Emergency Operations Center instituted in 2012 to coordinate and manage Nigerian polio eradication efforts reviewed the epidemiology of WPV cases during 2000-2020 to document lessons learned. Methods we analyzed reported WPV cases by serotype based on age, oral poliovirus vaccine immunization history, month and year of reported cases, and annual geographic distribution based on incidence rates at the Local Government Area level. The observed trends of cases were related to major events and the poliovirus vaccines used during mass vaccination campaigns within the analysis period. Results a total of 3,579 WPV type 1 and 1,548 WPV type 3 laboratory-confirmed cases were reported with onset during 2000-2020. The highest WPV incidence rates per 100,000 population in Local Government Areas were 19.4, 12.0, and 11.3, all in 2006. Wild poliovirus cases were reported each year during 2000-2014; the endemic transmission went undetected throughout 2015 until the last cases in 2016. Ten events/milestones were highlighted, including insurgency in the northeast which led to a setback in 2016 with four cases from children previously trapped in security-compromised areas. Conclusion Nigeria interrupted WPV transmission despite the challenges faced because of the emergency management approach, implementation of mass vaccination campaigns, the commitment of the government agencies, support from global polio partners, and special strategies deployed to conduct vaccination and surveillance in the security-compromised areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Bammeke
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | | | - Omotayo Bolu
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | | | | | | | - Peter Nsubuga
- Global Public Health Solutions, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Eric Wiesen
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Faisal Shuaib
- National Primary Healthcare Development Agency, Abuja, Nigeria
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Tafuri S, Cuscianna E, Bianchi FP. Prevalence of poliovirus neutralizing antibodies in Italian population: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vaccine 2023; 41:4057-4063. [PMID: 37121798 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The introduction of anti-poliomyelitis vaccines has driven progress toward the global eradication of wild polioviruses, a millennium goal of the World Health Organization. With the vaccination campaigns carried out since 1964, in 2002 Italy was certified polio-free, considering that no cases had been recorded since 1983. Nevertheless, it is crucial to guarantee high level of immunization coverage also in low-endemicity countries, considering that sporadic polio cases can be recorded. To evaluate the presence of susceptible subjects in the population, seroepidemiological studies are key actions. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of the relevant literature to evaluate the prevalence of anti-PV neutralizing antibodies in Italian population. Seven studies, selected among scientific articles available in MEDLINE/PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge and Scopus and published from January 1, 2012, to November 15, 2022, were included. RESULTS The pooled prevalence of subjects without PV1 neutralizing antibodies was 6.4% (95%CI = 0.5-16.9), for PV2 it was 5.3% (95%CI = 0.4-14.2), and for PV3 it was 13.0% (95%CI = 4.0-25.7; I2 = 98.5%). Levels of neutralizing antibodies appears to decrease with increasing age; this decline is a proxy for the real risk factor, which is the time since the last vaccine dose. CONCLUSIONS Public health institutions must be aware of the risk of reintroduction of wild PV in polio-free countries and therefore they must keep high level of immunization in population and reinforce the active surveillance systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Tafuri
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Italy.
| | - Eustachio Cuscianna
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Aldo Moro University of Bari, Italy
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Thompson KM, Lauring AS, Pollard AJ, Andino R, Bandyopadhyay AS, Berkley S, Bhutta ZA, Routh J, Benn CS. Polio eradication: Addressing the hurdles on the last mile. Cell 2023; 186:1-4. [PMID: 36608647 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
1988, the World Health Assembly committed to eradicate poliomyelitis, a viral disease that can cause permanent paralysis. Today, only type 1 of the three wild poliovirus types remains circulating in limited geographic areas following widespread use of different poliovirus vaccines. While we are close to zero new cases of wild polio, it is a fragile situation, and there are many remaining and new hurdles to overcome. Here, experts discuss how to address them.
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Thompson KM, Kalkowska DA, Badizadegan K. Oral polio vaccine stockpile modeling: insights from recent experience. Expert Rev Vaccines 2023; 22:813-825. [PMID: 37747090 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2263096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Achieving polio eradication requires ensuring the delivery of sufficient supplies of the right vaccines to the right places at the right times. Despite large global markets, decades of use, and large quantity purchases of polio vaccines by national immunization programs and the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI), forecasting demand for the oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) stockpile remains challenging. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We review OPV stockpile experience compared to pre-2016 expectations, actual demand, and changes in GPEI policies related to the procurement and use of type 2 OPV vaccines. We use available population and immunization schedule data to explore polio vaccine market segmentation, and its role in polio vaccine demand forecasting. RESULTS We find that substantial challenges remain in forecasting polio vaccine needs, mainly due to (1) deviations in implementation of plans that formed the basis for earlier forecasts, (2) lack of alignment of tactics/objectives among GPEI partners and other key stakeholders, (3) financing, and (4) uncertainty about development and licensure timelines for new polio vaccines and their field performance characteristics. CONCLUSIONS Mismatches between supply and demand over time have led to negative consequences associated with both oversupply and undersupply, as well as excess costs and potentially preventable cases.
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Olufowote JO, Livingston DJ. The Excluded Voices from Africa's Sahel: Alternative Meanings of Health in Narratives of Resistance to the Global Polio Eradication Initiative in Northern Nigeria. Health Commun 2022; 37:1389-1400. [PMID: 33685303 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2021.1895416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although previous inquiry into resistance to the polio vaccines in northern Nigeria has been launched from several disciplines, inquiry has been limited to the 2003 revolt and has rarely been informed by theory. This study drew on the culture-centered approach to health communication to argue that the exclusion of marginalized communities from decision-making by the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) resulted in a vaccine resistance which found expression in health activism that engaged the local news media. To recover the excluded voices, this study examined community members' narratives of resistance to the vaccines in Nigerian news from 2012 to 2018. Upon providing a backdrop for these narratives through a chronology of GPEI milestones in northern Nigeria developed from Nigerian newspapers, the study then engaged with 168 speech acts of resistance in Nigerian news to co-construct alternative meanings of health. Drawing on a local cultural meaning of the vaccines as covertly carrying out a Western family-planning agenda, narrators negligibly associated "family planning" with health. Narrators further articulated health as access to foods and as religious practice. These findings have implications for the inclusion of voices from sub-Saharan Africa in GPEI decision-making.
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Sherry L, Grehan K, Swanson JJ, Bahar MW, Porta C, Fry EE, Stuart DI, Rowlands DJ, Stonehouse NJ. Production and Characterisation of Stabilised PV-3 Virus-like Particles Using Pichia pastoris. Viruses 2022; 14:2159. [PMID: 36298714 PMCID: PMC9611624 DOI: 10.3390/v14102159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the success of global vaccination programmes using the live-attenuated oral and inactivated poliovirus vaccines (OPV and IPV), wild poliovirus (PV) is now only endemic in Afghanistan and Pakistan. However, the continued use of these vaccines poses potential risks to the eradication of PV. The production of recombinant PV virus-like particles (VLPs), which lack the viral genome offer great potential as next-generation vaccines for the post-polio world. We have previously reported production of PV VLPs using Pichia pastoris, however, these VLPs were in the non-native conformation (C Ag), which would not produce effective protection against PV. Here, we build on this work and show that it is possible to produce wt PV-3 and thermally stabilised PV-3 (referred to as PV-3 SC8) VLPs in the native conformation (D Ag) using Pichia pastoris. We show that the PV-3 SC8 VLPs provide a much-improved D:C antigen ratio as compared to wt PV-3, whilst exhibiting greater thermostability than the current IPV vaccine. Finally, we determine the cryo-EM structure of the yeast-derived PV-3 SC8 VLPs and compare this to previously published PV-3 D Ag structures, highlighting the similarities between these recombinantly expressed VLPs and the infectious virus, further emphasising their potential as a next-generation vaccine candidate for PV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Sherry
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Keith Grehan
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Jessica J. Swanson
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Mohammad W. Bahar
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Claudine Porta
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Elizabeth E. Fry
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - David I. Stuart
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - David J. Rowlands
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Nicola J. Stonehouse
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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Batson A, Federgruen A, Ganguly NK, Glassman A, Makoni S, Plotkin S. Polio eradication vaccine investment: how do we ensure polio vaccines are available to keep the world polio-free after transmission of wild poliovirus (wPV) has been interrupted? BMJ Glob Health 2021; 6:e006447. [PMID: 34810205 PMCID: PMC8609932 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amie Batson
- Global health strategist/expert; Former Chief Strategy Officer and Vice President of Applied Analytics and Learning, PATH, Seattle, Washington DC, USA
| | - Awi Federgruen
- Chair of the Decision, Risk, and Operations (DRO) Division, Columbia University & Graduate School of Business, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nirmal Kumar Ganguly
- Honorary Senior Research Professor, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
- Former Director General, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), New Delhi, India
| | - Amanda Glassman
- Executive Vice President & Senior Fellow, Center for Global Development (CGD), Washington, DC, USA
| | - Simba Makoni
- Former Executive Secretary, Southern African Development Community, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Stanley Plotkin
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Galles NC, Liu PY, Updike RL, Fullman N, Nguyen J, Rolfe S, Sbarra AN, Schipp MF, Marks A, Abady GG, Abbas KM, Abbasi SW, Abbastabar H, Abd-Allah F, Abdoli A, Abolhassani H, Abosetugn AE, Adabi M, Adamu AA, Adetokunboh OO, Adnani QES, Advani SM, Afzal S, Aghamir SMK, Ahinkorah BO, Ahmad S, Ahmad T, Ahmadi S, Ahmed H, Ahmed MB, Ahmed Rashid T, Ahmed Salih Y, Akalu Y, Aklilu A, Akunna CJ, Al Hamad H, Alahdab F, Albano L, Alemayehu Y, Alene KA, Al-Eyadhy A, Alhassan RK, Ali L, Aljunid SM, Almustanyir S, Altirkawi KA, Alvis-Guzman N, Amu H, Andrei CL, Andrei T, Ansar A, Ansari-Moghaddam A, Antonazzo IC, Antony B, Arabloo J, Arab-Zozani M, Artanti KD, Arulappan J, Awan AT, Awoke MA, Ayza MA, Azarian G, Azzam AY, B DB, Babar ZUD, Balakrishnan S, Banach M, Bante SA, Bärnighausen TW, Barqawi HJ, Barrow A, Bassat Q, Bayarmagnai N, Bejarano Ramirez DF, Bekuma TT, Belay HG, Belgaumi UI, Bhagavathula AS, Bhandari D, Bhardwaj N, Bhardwaj P, Bhaskar S, Bhattacharyya K, Bibi S, Bijani A, Biondi A, Boloor A, Braithwaite D, Buonsenso D, Butt ZA, Camargos P, Carreras G, Carvalho F, Castañeda-Orjuela CA, Chakinala RC, Charan J, Chatterjee S, Chattu SK, Chattu VK, Chowdhury FR, Christopher DJ, Chu DT, Chung SC, Cortesi PA, Costa VM, Couto RAS, Dadras O, Dagnew AB, Dagnew B, Dai X, Dandona L, Dandona R, De Neve JW, Derbew Molla M, Derseh BT, Desai R, Desta AA, Dhamnetiya D, Dhimal ML, Dhimal M, Dianatinasab M, Diaz D, Djalalinia S, Dorostkar F, Edem B, Edinur HA, Eftekharzadeh S, El Sayed I, El Sayed Zaki M, Elhadi M, El-Jaafary SI, Elsharkawy A, Enany S, Erkhembayar R, Esezobor CI, Eskandarieh S, Ezeonwumelu IJ, Ezzikouri S, Fares J, Faris PS, Feleke BE, Ferede TY, Fernandes E, Fernandes JC, Ferrara P, Filip I, Fischer F, Francis MR, Fukumoto T, Gad MM, Gaidhane S, Gallus S, Garg T, Geberemariyam BS, Gebre T, Gebregiorgis BG, Gebremedhin KB, Gebremichael B, Gessner BD, Ghadiri K, Ghafourifard M, Ghashghaee A, Gilani SA, Glăvan IR, Glushkova EV, Golechha M, Gonfa KB, Gopalani SV, Goudarzi H, Gubari MIM, Guo Y, Gupta VB, Gupta VK, Gutiérrez RA, Haeuser E, Halwani R, Hamidi S, Hanif A, Haque S, Harapan H, Hargono A, Hashi A, Hassan S, Hassanein MH, Hassanipour S, Hassankhani H, Hay SI, Hayat K, Hegazy MI, Heidari G, Hezam K, Holla R, Hoque ME, Hosseini M, Hosseinzadeh M, Hostiuc M, Househ M, Hsieh VCR, Huang J, Humayun A, Hussain R, Hussein NR, Ibitoye SE, Ilesanmi OS, Ilic IM, Ilic MD, Inamdar S, Iqbal U, Irham LM, Irvani SSN, Islam SMS, Ismail NE, Itumalla R, Jha RP, Joukar F, Kabir A, Kabir Z, Kalhor R, Kamal Z, Kamande SM, Kandel H, Karch A, Kassahun G, Kassebaum NJ, Katoto PDMC, Kelkay B, Kengne AP, Khader YS, Khajuria H, Khalil IA, Khan EA, Khan G, Khan J, Khan M, Khan MAB, Khang YH, Khoja AT, Khubchandani J, Kim GR, Kim MS, Kim YJ, Kimokoti RW, Kisa A, Kisa S, Korshunov VA, Kosen S, Kuate Defo B, Kulkarni V, Kumar A, Kumar GA, Kumar N, Kwarteng A, La Vecchia C, Lami FH, Landires I, Lasrado S, Lassi ZS, Lee H, Lee YY, Levi M, Lewycka S, Li S, Liu X, Lobo SW, Lopukhov PD, Lozano R, Lutzky Saute R, Magdy Abd El Razek M, Makki A, Malik AA, Mansour-Ghanaei F, Mansournia MA, Mantovani LG, Martins-Melo FR, Matthews PC, Medina JRC, Mendoza W, Menezes RG, Mengesha EW, Meretoja TJ, Mersha AG, Mesregah MK, Mestrovic T, Miazgowski B, Milne GJ, Mirica A, Mirrakhimov EM, Mirzaei HR, Misra S, Mithra P, Moghadaszadeh M, Mohamed TA, Mohammad KA, Mohammad Y, Mohammadi M, Mohammadian-Hafshejani A, Mohammed A, Mohammed S, Mohapatra A, Mokdad AH, Molokhia M, Monasta L, Moni MA, Montasir AA, Moore CE, Moradi G, Moradzadeh R, Moraga P, Mueller UO, Munro SB, Naghavi M, Naimzada MD, Naveed M, Nayak BP, Negoi I, Neupane Kandel S, Nguyen TH, Nikbakhsh R, Ningrum DNA, Nixon MR, Nnaji CA, Noubiap JJ, Nuñez-Samudio V, Nwatah VE, Oancea B, Ochir C, Ogbo FA, Olagunju AT, Olakunde BO, Onwujekwe OE, Otstavnov N, Otstavnov SS, Owolabi MO, Padubidri JR, Pakshir K, Park EC, Pashazadeh Kan F, Pathak M, Paudel R, Pawar S, Pereira J, Peres MFP, Perianayagam A, Pinheiro M, Pirestani M, Podder V, Polibin RV, Pollok RCG, Postma MJ, Pottoo FH, Rabiee M, Rabiee N, Radfar A, Rafiei A, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rahman M, Rahmani AM, Rahmawaty S, Rajesh A, Ramshaw RE, Ranasinghe P, Rao CR, Rao SJ, Rathi P, Rawaf DL, Rawaf S, Renzaho AMN, Rezaei N, Rezai MS, Rios-Blancas M, Rogowski ELB, Ronfani L, Rwegerera GM, Saad AM, Sabour S, Saddik B, Saeb MR, Saeed U, Sahebkar A, Sahraian MA, Salam N, Salimzadeh H, Samaei M, Samy AM, Sanabria J, Sanmarchi F, Santric-Milicevic MM, Sartorius B, Sarveazad A, Sathian B, Sawhney M, Saxena D, Saxena S, Seidu AA, Seylani A, Shaikh MA, Shamsizadeh M, Shetty PH, Shigematsu M, Shin JI, Sidemo NB, Singh A, Singh JA, Sinha S, Skryabin VY, Skryabina AA, Soheili A, Tadesse EG, Tamiru AT, Tan KK, Tekalegn Y, Temsah MH, Thakur B, Thapar R, Thavamani A, Tobe-Gai R, Tohidinik HR, Tovani-Palone MR, Traini E, Tran BX, Tripathi M, Tsegaye B, Tsegaye GW, Ullah A, Ullah S, Ullah S, Unim B, Vacante M, Velazquez DZ, Vo B, Vollmer S, Vu GT, Vu LG, Waheed Y, Winkler AS, Wiysonge CS, Yiğit V, Yirdaw BW, Yon DK, Yonemoto N, Yu C, Yuce D, Yunusa I, Zamani M, Zamanian M, Zewdie DT, Zhang ZJ, Zhong C, Zumla A, Murray CJL, Lim SS, Mosser JF. Measuring routine childhood vaccination coverage in 204 countries and territories, 1980-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2020, Release 1. Lancet 2021; 398:503-521. [PMID: 34273291 PMCID: PMC8358924 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00984-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measuring routine childhood vaccination is crucial to inform global vaccine policies and programme implementation, and to track progress towards targets set by the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP) and Immunization Agenda 2030. Robust estimates of routine vaccine coverage are needed to identify past successes and persistent vulnerabilities. Drawing from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2020, Release 1, we did a systematic analysis of global, regional, and national vaccine coverage trends using a statistical framework, by vaccine and over time. METHODS For this analysis we collated 55 326 country-specific, cohort-specific, year-specific, vaccine-specific, and dose-specific observations of routine childhood vaccination coverage between 1980 and 2019. Using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, we produced location-specific and year-specific estimates of 11 routine childhood vaccine coverage indicators for 204 countries and territories from 1980 to 2019, adjusting for biases in country-reported data and reflecting reported stockouts and supply disruptions. We analysed global and regional trends in coverage and numbers of zero-dose children (defined as those who never received a diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis [DTP] vaccine dose), progress towards GVAP targets, and the relationship between vaccine coverage and sociodemographic development. FINDINGS By 2019, global coverage of third-dose DTP (DTP3; 81·6% [95% uncertainty interval 80·4-82·7]) more than doubled from levels estimated in 1980 (39·9% [37·5-42·1]), as did global coverage of the first-dose measles-containing vaccine (MCV1; from 38·5% [35·4-41·3] in 1980 to 83·6% [82·3-84·8] in 2019). Third-dose polio vaccine (Pol3) coverage also increased, from 42·6% (41·4-44·1) in 1980 to 79·8% (78·4-81·1) in 2019, and global coverage of newer vaccines increased rapidly between 2000 and 2019. The global number of zero-dose children fell by nearly 75% between 1980 and 2019, from 56·8 million (52·6-60·9) to 14·5 million (13·4-15·9). However, over the past decade, global vaccine coverage broadly plateaued; 94 countries and territories recorded decreasing DTP3 coverage since 2010. Only 11 countries and territories were estimated to have reached the national GVAP target of at least 90% coverage for all assessed vaccines in 2019. INTERPRETATION After achieving large gains in childhood vaccine coverage worldwide, in much of the world this progress was stalled or reversed from 2010 to 2019. These findings underscore the importance of revisiting routine immunisation strategies and programmatic approaches, recentring service delivery around equity and underserved populations. Strengthening vaccine data and monitoring systems is crucial to these pursuits, now and through to 2030, to ensure that all children have access to, and can benefit from, lifesaving vaccines. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Li J, Zhang Z, Zhang H, Li M, Li X, Lu L, Huang F, Wu J. Seroprevalence of poliovirus antibodies before and after polio vaccine switch in 2012 and 2017 in Beijing. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:389-396. [PMID: 32703060 PMCID: PMC7899662 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1778409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2000, China was declared polio-free. However, in 2018, wild poliovirus (WPV) was still endemic in two of its neighboring countries, making WPV importation and outbreak alarming possibilities. This study documents the seroprevalence of poliovirus antibodies before and after the polio vaccine switch in 2012 and 2017 in Beijing. Cross-sectional population-based serologic surveys were conducted in 2012 and 2017 in Beijing. The study subjects were selected from 10 different age groups (<1, 1-4, 5-9, 10-14, 15-19, 20-24, 25-29, 30-34, 35-39, and ≥40 y) using a multi-stage-stratified sampling method. Neutralizing antibody titers against poliovirus serotypes 1 (P1), 2 (P2), and 3 (P3) were assayed by World Health Organization standards. The seropositive rates (SR) and geometric mean titer (GMT) of the neutralizing antibodies were 91.71% and 1:130.26, respectively, for P1, 94.09% and 1:113.39, respectively, for P2, and 88.78% and 1:79.65, respectively, for P3 before the switch in 2012, and 87.78% and 1:108.93, respectively, for P1, and 81.67% and 1:70.56, respectively, for P3 after the switch in 2017, with a statistically significant difference for P1 and P3 between 2012 and 2017. The neutralizing antibodies for all poliovirus serotypes differed among different age and vaccination groups in both 2012 and 2017. After switching polio vaccines twice in 2014 and 2016, the P1 and P3 polio antibody levels were lower in 2017 than in 2012. The P2 antibody levels were determined from the first dose of IPV. The seroprevalence of poliovirus antibodies after adjustment of the immunization schedule of the polio vaccine on January 1, 2020, must be further monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Department of Immunization and Prevention, Beijing Research Centre for Preventive Medicine, Beijing, PR China
- Department of Immunization and Prevention, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhujiazi Zhang
- Department of Immunization and Prevention, Beijing Research Centre for Preventive Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Herun Zhang
- Department of Immunization and Prevention, Beijing Research Centre for Preventive Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Maozhong Li
- Department of Immunization and Prevention, Beijing Research Centre for Preventive Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaomei Li
- Department of Immunization and Prevention, Beijing Research Centre for Preventive Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Li Lu
- Department of Immunization and Prevention, Beijing Research Centre for Preventive Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Immunization and Prevention, Beijing Research Centre for Preventive Medicine, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Department of Immunization and Prevention, Beijing Research Centre for Preventive Medicine, Beijing, PR China
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Abstract
This introduction for the third special issue on modeling poliovirus risks provides context for the current status of global polio eradication efforts and gives an overview of the individual papers included in the issue. Although risk analysis continues to support the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI), efforts to finish the job remained off track at the beginning of 2020 and prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, as discussed in the special issue. The disruptions associated with COVID-19 occurring now will inevitably change the polio eradication trajectory, and future studies will need to characterize the impacts of these disruptions on the polio endgame.
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Kalkowska DA, Franka R, Higgins J, Kovacs SD, Forbi JC, Wassilak SG, Pallansch MA, Thompson KM. Modeling Poliovirus Transmission in Borno and Yobe, Northeast Nigeria. Risk Anal 2021; 41:289-302. [PMID: 32348621 PMCID: PMC7814397 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Beginning in 2013, multiple local government areas (LGAs) in Borno and Yobe in northeast Nigeria and other parts of the Lake Chad basin experienced a violent insurgency that resulted in substantial numbers of isolated and displaced people. Northeast Nigeria represents the last known reservoir country of wild poliovirus (WPV) transmission in Africa, with detection of paralytic cases caused by serotype 1 WPV in 2016 in Borno and serotype 3 WPV in late 2012. Parts of Borno and Yobe are also problematic areas for transmission of serotype 2 circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses, and they continue to face challenges associated with conflict and inadequate health services in security-compromised areas that limit both immunization and surveillance activities. We model poliovirus transmission of all three serotypes for Borno and Yobe using a deterministic differential equation-based model that includes four subpopulations to account for limitations in access to immunization services and dynamic restrictions in population mixing. We find that accessibility issues and insufficient immunization allow for prolonged poliovirus transmission and potential undetected paralytic cases, although as of the end of 2019, including responsive program activities in the modeling suggest die out of indigenous serotypes 1 and 3 WPVs prior to 2020. Specifically, recent and current efforts to access isolated populations and provide oral poliovirus vaccine continue to reduce the risks of sustained and undetected transmission, although some uncertainty remains. Continued improvement in immunization and surveillance in the isolated subpopulations should minimize these risks. Stochastic modeling can build on this analysis to characterize the implications for undetected transmission and confidence about no circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Franka
- Global Immunization Division, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jeff Higgins
- Geospatial Research, Analysis and Services Program, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stephanie D. Kovacs
- Global Immunization Division, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joseph C. Forbi
- Global Immunization Division, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Steven G.F Wassilak
- Global Immunization Division, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mark A. Pallansch
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kimberly M. Thompson
- Kid Risk, Inc., 7512 Dr. Phillips Blvd. #50-523 Orlando, FL 32819
- Corresponding author:
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Hughes AM, Ponsonby AL, Dear K, Dwyer T, Taylor BV, van der Mei I, Valery PC, Lucas RM. Childhood infections, vaccinations, and tonsillectomy and risk of first clinical diagnosis of CNS demyelination in the Ausimmune Study. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020; 42:102062. [PMID: 32305688 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between childhood vaccinations and infections and risk of multiple sclerosis is unclear; few studies have considered age at vaccination/infection. OBJECTIVE To explore age-related associations between childhood vaccinations, infection and tonsillectomy and risk of a first clinical diagnosis of CNS demyelination. METHODS Data on case (n = 275, 76.6% female; mean age 38.6 years) and age- and sex-matched control (n = 529) participants in an incident population-based case-control study included self-reported age at time of childhood vaccinations, infections, and tonsillectomy. Conditional logistic regression models were used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS Poliomyelitis vaccination prior to school-age was associated with increased risk of a first clinical diagnosis of CNS demyelination (AOR = 2.60, 95%CI 1.02-6.68), based on a very small unvaccinated reference group. Late (11-15 years) rubella vaccination (compared to none) was associated with lower odds of being a case (AOR = 0.47, 95%CI 0.27-0.83). Past infectious mononucleosis at 11-15 years (AOR = 2.84, 95%CI 1.0-7.57) and 16-20 years (AOR = 1.92, 95%CI 1.12-3.27) or tonsillectomy in adolescence (11-15 years: AOR = 2.45, 95%CI 1.12-5.35), including after adjustment for IM, were associated with increased risk of a first clinical diagnosis of CNS demyelination. CONCLUSIONS Age at vaccination, infection or tonsillectomy may alter the risk of subsequent CNS demyelination. Failing to account for age effects may explain inconsistencies in past findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Hughes
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia; The Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australia
| | - A-L Ponsonby
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - K Dear
- School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - T Dwyer
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - B V Taylor
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - I van der Mei
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - P C Valery
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - R M Lucas
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia; Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
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Kalkowska DA, Pallansch MA, Thompson KM. Updated modelling of the prevalence of immunodeficiency-associated long-term vaccine-derived poliovirus (iVDPV) excreters. Epidemiol Infect 2019; 147:e295. [PMID: 31647050 PMCID: PMC6813650 DOI: 10.1017/s095026881900181x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Conditions and evidence continue to evolve related to the prediction of the prevalence of immunodeficiency-associated long-term vaccine-derived poliovirus (iVDPV) excreters, which affect assumptions related to forecasting risks and evaluating potential risk management options. Multiple recent reviews provided information about individual iVDPV excreters, but inconsistencies among the reviews raise some challenges. This analysis revisits the available evidence related to iVDPV excreters and provides updated model estimates that can support future risk management decisions. The results suggest that the prevalence of iVDPV excreters remains highly uncertain and variable, but generally confirms the importance of managing the risks associated with iVDPV excreters throughout the polio endgame in the context of successful cessation of all oral poliovirus vaccine use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M. A. Pallansch
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Zaman K, Anand A. Complex task to estimate immune responses to various poliovirus vaccines and vaccination schedules. Lancet Infect Dis 2019; 19:1043-1045. [PMID: 31350191 PMCID: PMC10846467 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(19)30322-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khalequ Zaman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh.
| | - Abhijeet Anand
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Bhogal N, Hudson M, Balls M, Combes RD. The Use of Non-Human Primates in Biological and Medical Research: Evidence Submitted by FRAME to the Academy of Medical Sciences/Medical Research Council/Royal Society/Wellcome Trust Working Group. Altern Lab Anim 2019; 33:519-27. [PMID: 16268763 DOI: 10.1177/026119290503300501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Academy of Medical Sciences, the Medical Research Council, the Royal Society and the Wellcome Trust are undertaking a study into the use of non-human primates in biological and medical research. An independent working group of scientific experts, led by Sir David Weatherall, aims to produce a report summarising the findings of this study, early in 2006. The trends in primate research, and the nature and effects of recent and proposed changes in the global use of non-human primates in research, will be investigated. The associated ethical, welfare and regulatory issues, and the role and impact of the Three Rs principles of refinement, reduction and replacement will also be reviewed. As part of this study, a call for evidence was made. The evidence submitted by FRAME emphasised that the use of non-human primates for fundamental research or for regulatory testing still fails to take into account the fact that, although non-human primates are anatomically and physiologically similar to humans, they are not necessarily relevant models for studies on human disease or human physiology. FRAME continues to believe that we have a duty to ensure that these animals are not used without overwhelming evidence that they are the only suitable and relevant models for use in work of undeniable significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmala Bhogal
- FRAME, 96-98 North Sherwood Street, Nottingham, NG1 4EE, UK.
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Update on vaccine-derived polioviruses worldwide, January 2016–June 2017. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2017; 92:661-72. [PMID: 29105974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
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Progress towards poliomyelitis eradication: Afghanistan, January 2016–June 2017. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2017; 92:453-60. [PMID: 28819963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
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O'Reilly KM. Understanding commitment to polio vaccination. Lancet Infect Dis 2017; 17:1103-1104. [PMID: 28818543 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(17)30473-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M O'Reilly
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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Pierre S, Philippe S. The eradication of polio: challenges then and now. Med Sante Trop 2017; 27:228-229. [PMID: 28947396 DOI: 10.1684/mst.2017.0711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saliou Pierre
- Président du Groupe d'intervention en santé publique et épidémiologie (Gispe), Marseille
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Mbengue MAS, Sarr M, Faye A, Badiane O, Camara FBN, Mboup S, Dieye TN. Determinants of complete immunization among senegalese children aged 12-23 months: evidence from the demographic and health survey. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:630. [PMID: 28683781 PMCID: PMC5501441 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4493-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) is one of the most cost-effective interventions to reduce childhood mortality and morbidity. However, determinants of childhood immunization have not been well studied in Senegal. Thus, the aim of our study is to assess routine immunization uptake and factors associated with full immunization status among Senegalese children aged 12-23 months. METHODS We used the 2010-2011 Senegalese Demographic and Health Survey data. The DHS was a two stages cross-sectional survey carried out in 2010-2011. The analysis included 2199 children aged 12-23 months. The interviewers collected information on vaccine uptake based on information from vaccination cards or maternal recall Univariate and multivariable logistic regressions models were used to identify the determinants of full childhood immunization. RESULTS The prevalence of complete immunization coverage among boys and girls based on both vaccination card information and mothers' recall was 62.8%. The immunization coverage as documented on vaccination cards was 37.5%. Specific coverage for the single dose of BCG at birth, the third dose of polio vaccine, the third dose of pentavalent vaccine and the first dose of measles vaccine were 94.7%, 72.7%, 82.6%, and 82.1%, respectively. We found that mothers who could show a vaccination card [AOR 7.27 95% CI (5.50-9.60)], attended at least secondary education level [AOR 1.8 95% CI (1.20-2.48)], attended four antenatal visits [AOR 3.10 95% CI (1.69-5.63)], or delivered at a health facility [AOR 1.27 95% CI (1-1.74)] were the predictors of full childhood immunization. Additionally, children living in the eastern administrative regions of the country were less likely to be fully vaccinated [AOR 0.62 95% CI (0.39-0.97)]. CONCLUSIONS We found that the full immunization coverage among children aged between 12 and 23 months was below the national (> 80%) and international targets (90%). Geographic area, mother's characteristics, antenatal care and access to health care services were associated with full immunization. These findings highlight the need for innovative strategies based on a holistic approach to overcome the barriers to childhood immunization in Senegal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouhamed Abdou Salam Mbengue
- IRESSEF: Institut de Recherche en Santé, de Surveillance Epidemiologique et de Formations-Dakar, Arrondissement 4 Rue 2 D1. Pole urbain de Diamniadio, 7325 Dakar, BP Senegal
- University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health Sciences. School of Public Health, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Adama Faye
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine Cheikh Anta Diop University- Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Ousseynou Badiane
- Division of Immunization / Expanded Program on Immunization, Ministry of Health-Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - Souleymane Mboup
- IRESSEF: Institut de Recherche en Santé, de Surveillance Epidemiologique et de Formations-Dakar, Arrondissement 4 Rue 2 D1. Pole urbain de Diamniadio, 7325 Dakar, BP Senegal
| | - Tandakha Ndiaye Dieye
- IRESSEF: Institut de Recherche en Santé, de Surveillance Epidemiologique et de Formations-Dakar, Arrondissement 4 Rue 2 D1. Pole urbain de Diamniadio, 7325 Dakar, BP Senegal
- Laboratory of Immunology, Cheikh Anta Diop University- Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
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HAHNEMANN F, SIBONI K, GODTFREDSEN A. INTRATYPIC SERODIFFERENTIATION TESTS ON POLIO TYPE 1 VIRUS STRAINS ISOLATED BEFORE AND AFTER VACCINATION WITH ATTENUATED SABIN TYPE 1 POLIO VACCINE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 61:437-45. [PMID: 14164891 DOI: 10.1111/apm.1964.61.3.437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Jiading District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Yueqin Shao
- Jiading District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuka Mura
- Jyoban Hospital of Tokiwa Foundation, Fukushima, Japan
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John TJ, Gupta P. Celebrating Indias Achievements Towards Polio Eradication. Indian Pediatr 2016; 53 Suppl 1:S1. [PMID: 27771631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Jacob John
- Child Health Foundation and #University College of Medical Sciences and GTB Hospital, Delhi; India.
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Health conditions for travellers to Saudi Arabia for the pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj), 2016. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2016; 91:331-5. [PMID: 27372990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
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Yasin H. Polio: the fight of the public against a disease it does not understand with a vaccine it does not trust. J PAK MED ASSOC 2016; 66:496-497. [PMID: 27183923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hafsa Yasin
- Community Health Sciences, Ziauddin University, Karachi
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Mehmood Khan
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Long Ming Chiau
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University Technology Mara, Punchak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
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Abbas A, Iqbal R. Effect of nutritional deficiency on the efficacy of the polio vaccines in Pakistan. J PAK MED ASSOC 2015; 65:1144. [PMID: 26440855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aamir Abbas
- Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi
| | - Romaina Iqbal
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umair Khan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, UCSI University, Taman Connaught, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Akram Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, UCSI University, Taman Connaught, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Polio surveillance: tracking progress towards eradication worldwide, 2013–2014. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2015; 90:169-79. [PMID: 25911763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Ather Hussain
- Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | - Ritesh G Menezes
- Forensic Medicine Division, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Fahd Hospital of the University, University of Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sharath Burugina Nagaraja
- Department of Community Medicine, Employees State Insurance Corporation Medical College and Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Bangalore, India
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Kalkowska DA, Duintjer Tebbens RJ, Pallansch MA, Cochi SL, Wassilak SGF, Thompson KM. Modeling undetected live poliovirus circulation after apparent interruption of transmission: implications for surveillance and vaccination. BMC Infect Dis 2015. [PMID: 25886823 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-12015-10791-12875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most poliovirus infections occur with no symptoms and this leads to the possibility of silent circulation, which complicates the confirmation of global goals to permanently end poliovirus transmission. Previous simple models based on hypothetical populations assumed perfect detection of symptomatic cases and suggested the need to observe no paralytic cases from wild polioviruses (WPVs) for approximately 3-4 years to achieve 95% confidence about eradication, but the complexities in real populations and the imperfect nature of surveillance require consideration. METHODS We revisit the probability of undetected poliovirus circulation using a more comprehensive model that reflects the conditions in a number of places with different characteristics related to WPV transmission, and we model the actual environmental WPV detection that occurred in Israel in 2013. We consider the analogous potential for undetected transmission of circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses. The model explicitly accounts for the impact of different vaccination activities before and after the last detected case of paralytic polio, different levels of surveillance, variability in transmissibility and neurovirulence among serotypes, and the possibility of asymptomatic participation in transmission by previously-vaccinated or infected individuals. RESULTS We find that prolonged circulation in the absence of cases and thus undetectable by case-based surveillance may occur if vaccination keeps population immunity close to but not over the threshold required for the interruption of transmission, as may occur in northwestern Nigeria for serotype 2 circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus in the event of insufficient tOPV use. Participation of IPV-vaccinated individuals in asymptomatic fecal-oral transmission may also contribute to extended transmission undetectable by case-based surveillance, as occurred in Israel. We also find that gaps or quality issues in surveillance could significantly reduce confidence about actual disruption. Maintaining high population immunity and high-quality surveillance for several years after the last detected polio cases will remain critical elements of the polio end game. CONCLUSIONS Countries will need to maintain vigilance in their surveillance for polioviruses and recognize that their risks of undetected circulation may differ as a function of their efforts to manage population immunity and to identify cases or circulating live polioviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika A Kalkowska
- Kid Risk, Inc., 10524 Moss Park Road, Site 204-364, Orlando, FL, 32832, USA.
- Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands.
| | | | - Mark A Pallansch
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Stephen L Cochi
- Global Immunization Division, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Steven G F Wassilak
- Global Immunization Division, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Kimberly M Thompson
- Kid Risk, Inc., 10524 Moss Park Road, Site 204-364, Orlando, FL, 32832, USA.
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.
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García-Sánchez JE, García-Sánchez E, García-Merino E, Fresnadillo-Martínez MJ. [Polio, the long walk to the endgame]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2015; 33:e69-78. [PMID: 25595690 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Although the WHO original target date for the global eradication of poliomyelitis was the year 2000 -thanks to vaccination and institutional, public and private, resources for that purpose-, in 2013 the disease remained endemic in three countries, Afghanistan, Pakistan and Nigeria, and some cases were described in five others. The circulation of wild type 1 poliovirus in Israel, Gaza and the West Bank and the cases in Syria were a wakeup call, as at that time there were polioviruses derived from the oral vaccine that are still circulating among the human population and can cause the development of the disease. Travelling "from" and "to" endemic areas are factors to consider in poliovirus exportation and in its spread when it reaches areas with poor immunogenicity. Wars, terrorism, intolerance, lack of culture and proliferation of anti-vaccine groups and the rise of the anti-vaccination movement are important factors in the maintenance and expansion of the virus and in the "non-vaccination" against it. Based on the international situation to date, the Emergency Committee of WHO met in May 2014 to address the problem. It is still necessary to enhance the knowledge of the disease and its agent. In the first case to perform a differential diagnosis of flaccid paralysis and to continue vaccination programs, and in the second case to keep studying and looking for the poliovirus in environmental samples, which is a model for the study of many other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Elías García-Sánchez
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Salud Pública y Microbiología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, España.
| | - Enrique García-Sánchez
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Salud Pública y Microbiología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, España
| | | | - María José Fresnadillo-Martínez
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Salud Pública y Microbiología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, España
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Abstract
The American Academy of Pediatrics strongly supports the Polio Eradication and Endgame Strategic Plan of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative. This plan was endorsed in November 2012 by the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization of the World Health Organization and published by the World Health Organization in April 2013. As a key component of the plan, it will be necessary to stop oral polio vaccine (OPV) use globally to achieve eradication, because the attenuated viruses in the vaccine rarely can cause polio. The plan includes procedures for elimination of vaccine-associated paralytic polio and circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs). cVDPVs can proliferate when vaccine viruses are transmitted among susceptible people, resulting in mutations conferring both the neurovirulence and transmissibility characteristics of wild polioviruses. Although there are 3 different types of wild poliovirus strains, the polio eradication effort has already resulted in the global elimination of type 2 poliovirus for more than a decade. Type 3 poliovirus may be eliminated because the wild type 3 poliovirus was last detected in 2012. Thus, of the 3 wild types, only wild type 1 poliovirus is still known to be circulating and causing disease. OPV remains the key vaccine for eradicating wild polioviruses in polio-infected countries because it induces high levels of systemic immunity to prevent paralysis and intestinal immunity to reduce transmission. However, OPV is a rare cause of paralysis and the substantial decrease in wild-type disease has resulted in estimates that the vaccine is causing more polio-related paralysis annually in recent years than the wild virus. The new endgame strategic plan calls for stepwise removal of the type 2 poliovirus component from trivalent oral vaccines, because type 2 wild poliovirus appears to have been eradicated (since 1999) and yet is the main cause of cVDPV outbreaks and approximately 40% of vaccine-associated paralytic polio cases. The Endgame and Strategic Plan will be accomplished by shifting from trivalent OPV to bivalent OPV (containing types 1 and 3 poliovirus only). It will be necessary to introduce trivalent inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) into routine immunization programs in all countries using OPV to provide population immunity to type 2 before the switch from trivalent OPV to bivalent OPV. The Global Polio Eradication Initiative hopes to achieve global eradication of polio by 2018 with this strategy, after which all OPV use will be stopped. Challenges expected for adding IPV into routine immunization schedules include higher cost of IPV compared with OPV, cold-chain capacity limits, more complex administration of vaccine because IPV requires injections as opposed to oral administration, and inferior intestinal immunity conferred by IPV. The goal of this report is to help pediatricians understand the change in strategy and outline ways that pediatricians can help global polio eradication efforts, including advocating for the resources needed to accomplish polio eradication and for incorporation of IPV into routine immunization programs in all countries.
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Roberts L. Infectious diseases. Just one poliovirus left to go? Science 2014; 346:795. [PMID: 25395510 DOI: 10.1126/science.346.6211.795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Abstract
The results of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative that began in 1988 when there was transmission of 350,000 polio cases in 125 countries and has culminated in endemic transmission of only 223 polio cases in 3 countries in 2012 are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Steven Oberste
- From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.S.O.), Atlanta, GA; and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology (H.L.L.), University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Howard L Lipton
- From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (M.S.O.), Atlanta, GA; and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology (H.L.L.), University of Illinois at Chicago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Rutter
- Independent Monitoring Board of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative, QEQM Building, St Mary's Hospital, London W2 1NY, UK.
| | - Liam J Donaldson
- Independent Monitoring Board of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative, QEQM Building, St Mary's Hospital, London W2 1NY, UK
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Tao Z, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Xu A, Lin X, Yoshida H, Xiong P, Zhu S, Wang S, Yan D, Song L, Wang H, Cui N, Xu W. Isolation and characterization of a type 2 vaccine-derived poliovirus from environmental surveillance in China, 2012. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83975. [PMID: 24386319 PMCID: PMC3873410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental surveillance of poliovirus on sewage has been conducted in Shandong Province, China since 2008. A type 2 vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) with 7 mutations in VP1 coding region was isolated from the sewage collected in the city of Jinan in December 2012. The complete genome sequencing analysis of this isolate revealed 25 nucleotide substitutions, 7 of which resulted in amino acid alteration. No evidence of recombination with other poliovirus serotypes was observed. The virus did not lose temperature sensitive phenotype at 40°C. An estimation based on the evolution rate of the P1 coding region suggested that evolution time of this strain might be 160–176 days. VP1 sequence analysis revealed that this VDPV strain is of no close relationship with other local type 2 polioviruses (n = 66) from sewage collected between May 2012 and June 2013, suggesting the lack of its circulation in the local population. The person who excreted the virus was not known and no closely related virus was isolated in local population via acute flaccid paralysis surveillance. By far this is the first report of VDPV isolated from sewage in China, and these results underscore the value of environmental surveillance in the polio surveillance system even in countries with high rates of OPV coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexin Tao
- Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhang
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Liu
- Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiqiang Xu
- Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, People's Republic of China
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (AX); (WX)
| | - Xiaojuan Lin
- Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hiromu Yoshida
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ping Xiong
- Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangli Zhu
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Suting Wang
- Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Yan
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lizhi Song
- Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Cui
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Xu
- WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Genetic Engineering, Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (AX); (WX)
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Rogie B, Berhane Y, Bisrat F. Assessment of cold chain status for immunization in central Ethiopia. Ethiop Med J 2013; 51 Suppl 1:21-29. [PMID: 24380204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to achieve immunization goals, two factors are necessary; the delivery of potent vaccines to children through properly maintained cold chain systems and achieving high vaccine coverage. Maintaining quality of vaccines has been one of the main challenges of immunization programs in Africa. OBJECTIVE To assess the cold chain status and practices in 116 health facilities located in three CCRDA/CORE Group Ethiopia operational districts (woredas). METHODOLOGY An institution based cross-sectional study was conducted in December 2011 and January 2012 in three districts (woredas) of Oromiya, SNNP and Amhara Regions of Ethiopia, data was collected from 116 health facilities and from the same number of immunization service providers. Multiple logistic regression analysis was carried out to identify factors related to knowledge of cold chain management. RESULT Of 116 visited facilities, only 22 (19%) had functional refrigerators. The remaining facilities transported vaccines from nearby facilities having functional refrigerators. Complete temperature recording of the last month was observed in 13 (59.1%) facilities. Of 22 functional fridges, the thermometer reading was found to be outside the recommended range in 6 (27.3%) on the date of data collection. Vaccine storage in the refrigerator was not proper in 12 (54.5%) facilities. Sixty-five (56%) health workers had satisfactory knowledge on cold chain management. Professional qualification and year of service in the immunization program showed a statistically significant association with knowledge of cold chain management (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Vaccines in some facilities were found to be at a high risk of losing their potency. There is an urgent need to improve knowledge and practice on cold chain management through improved supervision and training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bezunesh Rogie
- CCRDA/CORE Group Polio Project Ethiopia, P.O.Box 5674, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yemane Berhane
- Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Filimona Bisrat
- Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Gong C, Luo M, Chen M, Zhang TG, Zhang HR, Wang YM, Li RQ, Dong M, Chen WX, Chen LJ. [Study on the Fast Testing Strategy for identifying the wild poliovirus I]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 2012; 33:726-729. [PMID: 22968025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the Fast Testing Sstrategy (FTS) for wild poliovirus I (WP1). METHODS Epidemiological investigations were carried out on 671 students from WP1 epidemic areas in China. A set of real time RT-PCR assays, including panenterovirus testings (PE) assay, poliovirus serotypings (PS) assay and the assay distinguishing wild strain from vaccine strain of poliovirus I (DWV) were introduced into the screening program for WPV1 to replace the conventional RT-PCR, recommended by the China National Polio Laboratory (GNPL). Additionally, sensitivities of all the assays were assessed by poliovirus type I to III (Sabin stain) and the isolated WPV1. RESULTS (1) 33 non-poliovirus enterovirus (NPEV) cases were detected, with 16 polio vaccine-related cases including 5 polio I, 1 polio II, 3 polio III, 1 polio I + II, 4 polio I + III and 2 polio I + II + III. Three WPV1 cases were also detected in this study and confirmed by CNPL. (2) For polio virus vaccine strain, sensitivities of the set of real time RT-PCR assays ranged from 1 to 100 times than that of the in-house RT-PCR assay. The sensitivities of PE and PS assays for the detection of polio II were 100 times than that of the RT-PCR assay and the sensitivity of DWV assay used for the detection of polio I were 10 times than that of the RT-PCR assay. For WPV1, the sensitivity of three real time RT-PCR was 10 times hight than that of the RT-PCR assay. CONCLUSION The novel FTS for WPV1 suggested by this study would include PE, PS and DWV. It not only could greatly shorten the testing time but also more sensitive than the RT-PCR and suited for emergency detection for WPV1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Gong
- The Immunization Institute, Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100013, China
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Abstract
Immunisation is an important tool to protect individual and public health both in routine universal coverage and in complex emergency situations. Japan legally supports routine childhood immunisation against only eight diseases and recently experienced pandemic influenza and devastating earthquake and tsunami. This perspective aims to describe the current issues on Japan's immunisation policy in routine, pandemic and post-tsunami situations and to suggest solutions for them.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Murashige
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minatoku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Chambers ST, Dickson N. Global polio eradication: progress, but determination and vigilance still needed. N Z Med J 2011; 124:100-104. [PMID: 21946882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
AIM To review recent events in the international effort to eradicate polio from earth and inform readers of recent changes in strategy that have implications for New Zealand METHOD Review of recent literature and publications from World Health Organization (WHO). RESULTS After initial success in eradicating polio from Europe, the Western Pacific and the Americas, transmission of wild type polio in Nigeria, India, Pakistan and Afghanistan was never interrupted. These foci were the source of importations of polio into more than 40 countries, including Australia, that were previously polio-free. This has lead to a change in strategy by WHO and there are promising indications that polio is coming under control in these places. CONCLUSION Importation of wild-type polio into New Zealand are still possible and it essential to maintain awareness amongst clinicians that this can happen, high immunisation levels, an effective National Poliomyelitis Response Plan for New Zealand, and ongoing surveillance of acute flaccid paralysis.
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Carleton HA. Putting together the pieces of polio: how Dorothy Horstmann helped solve the puzzle. Yale J Biol Med 2011; 84:83-9. [PMID: 21698038 PMCID: PMC3117421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Dr. Dorothy Horstmann, epidemiologist, virologist, clinician, and educator, was the first woman appointed as a professor at the Yale School of Medicine. Horstmann made significant contributions to the fields of public health and virology, her most notable being the demonstration that poliovirus reached the central nervous system via the bloodstream, upsetting conventional wisdom and paving the way for polio vaccines. In 1961, she was appointed a professor at Yale School of Medicine, and in 1969, she became the first woman at Yale to receive an endowed chair, which was named in honor of her mentor, Dr. John Rodman Paul. In this review, the major scientific contributions of Dr. Dorothy Horstmann will be highlighted from her more than 50-year tenure at Yale School of Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Carleton
- Yale School of Medicine, Boyer Center forMolecular Medicine, 295 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT 06536, USA.
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Shulman LM, Sofer D, Manor Y, Mendelson E, Balanant J, Salvati AL, Delpeyroux F, Fiore L. Antiviral activity of 3(2H)- and 6-chloro-3(2H)-isoflavenes against highly diverged, neurovirulent vaccine-derived, type2 poliovirus sewage isolates. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18360. [PMID: 21904594 PMCID: PMC3102060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Substituted flavanoids interfere with uncoating of Enteroviruses including Sabin-2 polio vaccine strains. However flavanoid resistant and dependent, type-2 polio vaccine strains (minimally-diverged), emerged during in vitro infections. Between 1998–2009, highly-diverged (8 to >15%) type-2, aVDPV2s, from two unrelated persistent infections were periodically isolated from Israeli sewage. Aim To determine whether highly evolved aVDPV2s derived from persistent infections retained sensitivity to isoflavenes. Methods Sabin-2 and ten aVDPV2 isolates from two independent Israeli sources were titered on HEp2C cells in the presence and absence of 3(2H)- Isoflavene and 6-chloro-3(2H)-Isoflavene. Neurovirulence of nine aVDPV2s was measured in PVR-Tg-21 transgenic mice. Differences were related to unique amino acid substitutions within capsid proteins. Principal Findings The presence of either flavanoid inhibited viral titers of Sabin-2 and nine of ten aVDPV2s by one to two log10. The tenth aVDPV2, which had unique amino acid substitution distant from the isoflavene-binding pocket but clustered at the three- and five-fold axies of symmetry between capsomeres, was unaffected by both flavanoids. Genotypic neurovirulence attenuation sites in the 5′UTR and VP1 reverted in all aVDPV2s and all reacquired a full neurovirulent phenotype except one with amino acid substitutions flanking the VP1 site. Conclusion Both isoflavenes worked equally well against Sabin 2 and most of the highly-diverged, Israeli, aVDPV2s isolates. Thus, functionality of the hydrophobic pocket may be unaffected by selective pressures exerted during persistent poliovirus infections. Amino acid substitutions at sites remote from the drug-binding pocket and adjacent to a neurovirulence attenuation site may influence flavanoid antiviral activity, and neurovirulence, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lester M Shulman
- Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Services Israel Ministry of Health, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.
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