1
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Wang Y, Zhang Y, Wang P, Jing T, Hu Y, Chen X. Research Progress on Antiviral Activity of Heparin. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:7-24. [PMID: 36740803 DOI: 10.2174/0929867330666230203124032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Heparin, as a glycosaminoglycan, is known for its anticoagulant and antithrombotic properties for several decades. Heparin is a life-saving drug and is widely used for anticoagulation in medical practice. In recent years, there have been extensive studies that heparin plays an important role in non-anticoagulant diseases, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-angiogenesis, anti-neoplastic, anti-metastatic effects, and so on. Clinical observation and in vitro experiments indicate that heparin displays a potential multitarget effect. In this brief review, we will summarize heparin and its derivative's recently studied progress for the treatment of various viral infections. The aim is to maximize the benefits of drugs through medically targeted development, to meet the unmet clinical needs of serious viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Chinese Materia Medica Pharmacology, Shandong Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yanqing Zhang
- Shandong VeriSign Test Detection Co., LTD, Jinan, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Chinese Materia Medica Pharmacology, Shandong Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Tianyuan Jing
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yanan Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiushan Chen
- Zhenjiang Runjing High Purity Chemical Technology Co., Ltd., Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
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2
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Wang Q, Yang S, Yang K, Li X, Dai Y, Zheng Y, Cao S, Yan Q, Huang X, Wen Y, Zhao Q, Du S, Lang Y, Zhao S, Wu R. CD4 is an important host factor for Japanese encephalitis virus entry and replication in PK-15 cells. Vet Microbiol 2023; 287:109913. [PMID: 38006719 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a flavivirus that is spread through mosquito bites and is the leading cause of viral encephalitis in Asia. JEV can infect a variety of cell types; however, crucial receptor molecules remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine whether porcine CD4 protein is a receptor protein that impacts JEV entry into PK15 cells and subsequent viral replication. We confirmed the interaction between the JEV E protein and the CD4 protein through Co-IP, virus binding and internalization, antibody blocking, and overexpression and created a PK-15 cell line with CD4 gene knockdown by CRISPR/Cas9. The results show that CD4 interacts with JEV E and that CD4 knockdown cells altered virus adsorption and internalization, drastically reducing virus attachment. The level of viral transcription in CD4 antibody-blocked cells, vs. control cells, was decreased by 49.1%. Based on these results, we believe that CD4 is a receptor protein for JEVs. Furthermore, most viral receptors appear to be associated with lipid rafts, and colocalization studies demonstrate the presence of CD4 protein on lipid rafts. RT‒qPCR and WB results show that virus replication was suppressed in PK-15-CD4KD cells. The difference in viral titer between KD and WT PK-15 cells peaked at 24 h, and the viral titer in WT PK-15 cells was 5.6 × 106, whereas in PK-15-CD4KD cells, it was only 1.8 × 106, a 64% drop, demonstrating that CD4 deficiency has an effect on the process of viral replication. These findings suggest that JEV enters porcine kidney cells via lipid raft-colocalized CD4, and the proliferation process is positively correlated with CD4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural, Chengdu 611330, China
| | - Shuqing Yang
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural, Chengdu 611330, China
| | - Ke Yang
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural, Chengdu 611330, China
| | - Xinran Li
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural, Chengdu 611330, China
| | - Yu Dai
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural, Chengdu 611330, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural, Chengdu 611330, China
| | - Sanjie Cao
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural, Chengdu 611330, China
| | - Qigui Yan
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural, Chengdu 611330, China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural, Chengdu 611330, China
| | - Yiping Wen
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural, Chengdu 611330, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural, Chengdu 611330, China
| | - Senyan Du
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural, Chengdu 611330, China
| | - Yifei Lang
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural, Chengdu 611330, China
| | - Shan Zhao
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural, Chengdu 611330, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural, Chengdu 611330, China; Sichuan Science-observation Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Veterinary Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 611330, China; National Animal Experiments Teaching Demonstration Center, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611330, China.
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3
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Gopal J, Muthu M, Pushparaj SSC, Sivanesan I. Anti-COVID-19 Credentials of Chitosan Composites and Derivatives: Future Scope? Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12040665. [PMID: 37107027 PMCID: PMC10135369 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12040665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan derivatives and composites are the next generation polymers for biomedical applications. With their humble origins from the second most abundant naturally available polymer chitin, chitosan is currently one of the most promising polymer systems, with wide biological applications. This current review gives a bird’s eye view of the antimicrobial applications of chitosan composites and derivatives. The antiviral activity and the mechanisms behind the inhibitory activity of these components have been reviewed. Specifically, the anti-COVID-19 aspects of chitosan composites and their derivatives have been compiled from the existing scattered reports and presented. Defeating COVID-19 is the battle of this century, and the chitosan derivative-based combat strategies naturally become very attractive. The challenges ahead and future recommendations have been addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Gopal
- Department of Research and Innovation, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai 602105, India
| | - Manikandan Muthu
- Department of Research and Innovation, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai 602105, India
| | - Suraj Shiv Charan Pushparaj
- Department of Research and Innovation, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai 602105, India
| | - Iyyakkannu Sivanesan
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, Institute of Natural Science and Agriculture, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2049-6271; Fax: +82-2-455-1044
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4
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Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Hetta HF, Alexiou A, Papadakis M, Batiha GES. Heparanase is the possible link between monkeypox and Covid-19: robust candidature in the mystic and present perspective. AMB Express 2023; 13:13. [PMID: 36705773 PMCID: PMC9880376 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-023-01517-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparanase (HPSE) is an endoglycosidase cleaves heparan sulfate (HS) and this contributes to the degradation and remodeling of the extracellular matrix. HS cleaved by HPSE induces activation of autophagy and formation of autophagosommes which facilitate binding of HPSE to the HS and subsequent release of growth factors. The interaction between HPSE and HS triggers releases of chemokines and cytokines which affect inflammatory response and cell signaling pathways with development of hyperinflammation, cytokine storm (CS) and coagulopathy. HPSE expression is induced by both SARS-CoV-2 and monkeypox virus (MPXV) leading to induction release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, endothelial dysfunction and thrombotic events. Co-infection of MPX with SARS-CoV-2 may occur as we facing many outbreaks of MPX cases during Covid-19 pandemic. Therefore, targeting of HPSE by specific inhibitors may reduce the risk of complications in both SARS-CoV-2 and MPXV infections. Taken together, HPSE could be a potential link between MPX with SARS-CoV-2 in Covid-19 era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayder M. Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutic Medicine, College of Medicine, ALmustansiriyiah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I. Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutic Medicine, College of Medicine, ALmustansiriyiah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Helal F. Hetta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71515 Egypt
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW 2770 Australia
- AFNP Med, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery II, University Hospital Witten-Herdecke, University of Witten-Herdecke, Heusnerstrasse 40, 42283 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, AlBeheira, Damanhour, 22511 Egypt
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5
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Elste J, Chan A, Patil C, Tripathi V, Shadrack DM, Jaishankar D, Hawkey A, Mungerson MS, Shukla D, Tiwari V. Archaic connectivity between the sulfated heparan sulfate and the herpesviruses - An evolutionary potential for cross-species interactions. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:1030-1040. [PMID: 36733705 PMCID: PMC9880898 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The structural diversity of metazoic heparan sulfate (HS) composed of unique sulfated domains is remarkably preserved among various vertebrates and invertebrate species. Interestingly the sulfated moieties of HS have been known as the key determinants generating extraordinary ligand binding sites in the HS chain to regulate multiple biological functions and homeostasis. One such ligand for 3-O sulfation in the HS chain is a glycoprotein D (gD) from an ancient herpesvirus, herpes simplex virus (HSV). This interaction between gD and 3-O sulfated HS leads to virus-cell fusion to promote HSV entry. It is quite astonishing that HSV-1, which infects two-thirds of the world population, is also capable of causing severe diseases in primates and non-primates including primitive zebrafish. Supporting evidence that HSV may cross the species barrier comes from the fact that an enzymatic modification in HS encoded by 3-O sulfotransferase-3 (3-OST-3) from a vertebrate zoonotic species enhances HSV-1 infectivity. The latter phenomenon suggests the possible role of sulfated-HS as an entry receptor during reverse zoonosis, especially during an event when humans encounter domesticated animals in proximity. In this mini-review, we explore the possibility that structural diversity in HS may have played a substantial role in species-specific adaptability for herpesviruses in general including their potential role in promoting cross-species transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Elste
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine and College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Angelica Chan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine and College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Chandrashekhar Patil
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Vinisha Tripathi
- Mountain Vista High School, 10585 Mountain Vista Ridge, Highlands Ranch, CO 80126, USA
| | - Daniel M. Shadrack
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, St John's University of Tanzania, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Dinesh Jaishankar
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Andrew Hawkey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Michelle Swanson Mungerson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine and College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Vaibhav Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine and College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA,Corresponding author.
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6
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Ling J, Li J, Khan A, Lundkvist Å, Li JP. Is heparan sulfate a target for inhibition of RNA virus infection? Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C605-C613. [PMID: 35196165 PMCID: PMC8977144 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00028.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a linear polysaccharide attached to a core protein, forming heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) that are ubiquitously expressed on the surface of almost all mammalian cells and the extracellular matrix. HS orchestrates the binding of various signal molecules to their receptors, thus, regulating many biological processes, including homeostasis, metabolism, and various pathological processes. Due to its wide distribution and negatively charged properties, HS is exploited by many viruses as a co-factor to attach to host cells. Therefore, inhibition of the interaction between virus and HS is proposed as a promising approach to mitigate viral infection, including SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we summarize the interaction manners of HS with viruses with focus on significant pathogenic RNA viruses, including alphaviruses, flaviviruses, and coronaviruses. We also provide an overview of the challenges we may face when using HS-mimetics as antivirals for clinical treatment. More studies are needed to provide a further understanding of the interplay between HS and viruses both in vitro and in vivo, which will favor the development of specific antiviral inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Ling
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology & The Biomedical Center; Zoonosis Science Center, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.,Zoonosis Science Center, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jinlin Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology & The Biomedical Center; Zoonosis Science Center, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Asifa Khan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology & The Biomedical Center; Zoonosis Science Center, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Åke Lundkvist
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology & The Biomedical Center; Zoonosis Science Center, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.,Zoonosis Science Center, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jin-Ping Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology & The Biomedical Center; Zoonosis Science Center, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.,SciLifeLab Uppsala, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
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7
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Abstract
Arboviruses are medically important arthropod-borne viruses that cause a range of diseases in humans from febrile illness to arthritis, encephalitis and hemorrhagic fever. Given their transmission cycles, these viruses face the challenge of replicating in evolutionarily divergent organisms that can include ticks, flies, mosquitoes, birds, rodents, reptiles and primates. Furthermore, their cell attachment receptor utilization may be affected by the opposing needs for generating high and sustained serum viremia in vertebrates such that virus particles are efficiently collected during a hematophagous arthropod blood meal but they must also bind sufficiently to cellular structures on divergent organisms such that productive infection can be initiated and viremia generated. Sulfated polysaccharides of the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) groups, primarily heparan sulfate (HS), have been identified as cell attachment moieties for many arboviruses. Original identification of GAG binding as a phenotype of arboviruses appeared to involve this attribute arising solely as a consequence of adaptation of virus isolates to growth in cell culture. However, more recently, naturally circulating strains of at least one arbovirus, eastern equine encephalitis, have been shown to bind HS efficiently and the GAG binding phenotype continues to be associated with arbovirus infection in published studies. If GAGs are attachment receptors for many naturally circulating arboviruses, this could lead to development of broad-spectrum antiviral therapies through blocking of the virus-GAG interaction. This review summarizes the available data for GAG/HS binding as a phenotype of naturally circulating arbovirus strains emphasizing the importance of avoiding tissue culture amplification and artifactual phenotypes during their isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria D H Alcorn
- Center for Vaccine Research, Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - William B Klimstra
- Center for Vaccine Research, Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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8
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Abstract
Viruses are intracellular parasites that subvert the functions of their host cells to accomplish their infection cycle. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-residing chaperone proteins are central for the achievement of different steps of the viral cycle, from entry and replication to assembly and exit. The most abundant ER chaperones are GRP78 (78-kDa glucose-regulated protein), GRP94 (94-kDa glucose-regulated protein), the carbohydrate or lectin-like chaperones calnexin (CNX) and calreticulin (CRT), the protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs), and the DNAJ chaperones. This review will focus on the pleiotropic roles of ER chaperones during viral infection. We will cover their essential role in the folding and quality control of viral proteins, notably viral glycoproteins which play a major role in host cell infection. We will also describe how viruses co-opt ER chaperones at various steps of their infectious cycle but also in order to evade immune responses and avoid apoptosis. Finally, we will discuss the different molecules targeting these chaperones and the perspectives in the development of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs.
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9
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Litov L, Petkov P, Rangelov M, Ilieva N, Lilkova E, Todorova N, Krachmarova E, Malinova K, Gospodinov A, Hristova R, Ivanov I, Nacheva G. Molecular Mechanism of the Anti-Inflammatory Action of Heparin. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10730. [PMID: 34639073 PMCID: PMC8509397 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Our objective is to reveal the molecular mechanism of the anti-inflammatory action of low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) based on its influence on the activity of two key cytokines, IFNγ and IL-6. The mechanism of heparin binding to IFNγ and IL-6 and the resulting inhibition of their activity were studied by means of extensive molecular-dynamics simulations. The effect of LMWH on IFNγ signalling inside stimulated WISH cells was investigated by measuring its antiproliferative activity and the translocation of phosphorylated STAT1 in the nucleus. We found that LMWH binds with high affinity to IFNγ and is able to fully inhibit the interaction with its cellular receptor. It also influences the biological activity of IL-6 by binding to either IL-6 or IL-6/IL-6Rα, thus preventing the formation of the IL-6/IL-6Rα/gp130 signalling complex. These findings shed light on the molecular mechanism of the anti-inflammatory action of LMWH and underpin its ability to influence favourably conditions characterised by overexpression of these two cytokines. Such conditions are not only associated with autoimmune diseases, but also with inflammatory processes, in particular with COVID-19. Our results put forward heparin as a promising means for the prevention and suppression of severe CRS and encourage further investigations on its applicability as an anti-inflammatory agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandar Litov
- Faculty of Physics, Sofia University “St. Kl. Ohridski”, 5, James Bourchier Blvd, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Peicho Petkov
- Faculty of Physics, Sofia University “St. Kl. Ohridski”, 5, James Bourchier Blvd, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Miroslav Rangelov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 9, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Nevena Ilieva
- Institute of Information and Communication Technologies, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 25A, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofi, Bulgaria; (N.I.); (E.L.)
| | - Elena Lilkova
- Institute of Information and Communication Technologies, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 25A, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofi, Bulgaria; (N.I.); (E.L.)
| | - Nadezhda Todorova
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2, Gagarin Street, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Elena Krachmarova
- Institute of Molecular Biology “Roumen Tsanev”,Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 21, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (E.K.); (K.M.); (A.G.); (R.H.); (I.I.); (G.N.)
| | - Kristina Malinova
- Institute of Molecular Biology “Roumen Tsanev”,Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 21, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (E.K.); (K.M.); (A.G.); (R.H.); (I.I.); (G.N.)
| | - Anastas Gospodinov
- Institute of Molecular Biology “Roumen Tsanev”,Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 21, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (E.K.); (K.M.); (A.G.); (R.H.); (I.I.); (G.N.)
| | - Rossitsa Hristova
- Institute of Molecular Biology “Roumen Tsanev”,Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 21, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (E.K.); (K.M.); (A.G.); (R.H.); (I.I.); (G.N.)
| | - Ivan Ivanov
- Institute of Molecular Biology “Roumen Tsanev”,Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 21, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (E.K.); (K.M.); (A.G.); (R.H.); (I.I.); (G.N.)
| | - Genoveva Nacheva
- Institute of Molecular Biology “Roumen Tsanev”,Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 21, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (E.K.); (K.M.); (A.G.); (R.H.); (I.I.); (G.N.)
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10
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Denani CB, Real-Hohn A, de Carvalho CAM, Gomes AMDO, Gonçalves RB. Lactoferrin affects rhinovirus B-14 entry into H1-HeLa cells. Arch Virol 2021; 166:1203-1211. [PMID: 33606112 PMCID: PMC7894240 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-04993-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Lactoferrin is part of the innate immune system, with antiviral activity against numerous DNA and RNA viruses. Rhinoviruses, the leading cause of the common cold, are associated with exacerbation of respiratory illnesses such as asthma. Here, we explored the effect of bovine lactoferrin (BLf) on RV-B14 infectivity. Using different assays, we show that the effect of BLf is strongest during adhesion of the virus to the cell and entry. Tracking the internalisation of BLf and virus revealed a degree of colocalisation, although their interaction was only confirmed in vitro using empty viral particles, indicating a possible additional influence of BLf on other infection steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio Bidueira Denani
- Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Antonio Real-Hohn
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Carlos Alberto Marques de Carvalho
- Departamento de Patologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil.,Centro Universitário Metropolitano da Amazônia, Instituto Euro-Americano de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Andre Marco de Oliveira Gomes
- Programa de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rafael Braga Gonçalves
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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11
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Sharma N, Modak C, Singh PK, Kumar R, Khatri D, Singh SB. Underscoring the immense potential of chitosan in fighting a wide spectrum of viruses: A plausible molecule against SARS-CoV-2? Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 179:33-44. [PMID: 33607132 PMCID: PMC7885638 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan is a deacetylated polycationic polysaccharide derived from chitin. It is structurally constituted of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and β-(1-4)-linked D-glucosamine where acetyl groups are randomly distributed across the polymer. The parameters of deacetylation and depolymerization process greatly influence various physico-chemical properties of chitosan and thus, offer a great degree of manipulation to synthesize chitosan of interest for various industrial and biomedical applications. Chitosan and its various derivatives have been a potential molecule of investigation in the area of anti-microbials especially anti-fungal, anti-bacterial and antiviral. The current review predominantly highlights and discusses about the antiviral activities of chitosan and its various substituted derivatives against a wide spectrum of human, animal, plants and bacteriophage viruses. The extrinsic and intrinsic factors that affect antiviral efficacy of chitosan have also been talked about. With the rapid unfolding of COVID-19 pandemic across the globe, we look for chitosan as a plausible potent antiviral molecule for fighting this disease. Through this review, we present enough literature data supporting role of chitosan against different strains of SARS viruses and also chitosan targeting CD147 receptors, a novel route for invasion of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells. We speculate the possibility of using chitosan as potential molecule against SARS-CoV-2 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivya Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Chandrima Modak
- Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences (BITS), PILANI, Pilani campus, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Dharmender Khatri
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India.
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12
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Hyatt JG, Prévost S, Devos JM, Mycroft-West CJ, Skidmore MA, Winter A. Molecular Changes in Dengue Envelope Protein Domain III upon Interaction with Glycosaminoglycans. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9110935. [PMID: 33187224 PMCID: PMC7697694 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue fever is a rapidly emerging vector-borne viral disease with a growing global burden of approximately 390 million new infections per annum. The Dengue virus (DENV) is a flavivirus spread by female mosquitos of the aedes genus, but the mechanism of viral endocytosis is poorly understood at a molecular level, preventing the development of effective transmission blocking vaccines (TBVs). Recently, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) have been identified as playing a role during initial viral attachment through interaction with the third domain of the viral envelope protein (EDIII). Here, we report a systematic study investigating the effect of a range of biologically relevant GAGs on the structure and oligomeric state of recombinantly generated EDIII. We provide novel in situ biophysical evidence that heparin and chondroitin sulphate C induce conformational changes in EDIII at the secondary structure level. Furthermore, we report the ability of chondroitin sulphate C to bind EDIII and induce higher-order dynamic molecular changes at the tertiary and quaternary structure levels which are dependent on pH, GAG species, and the GAG sulphation state. Lastly, we conducted ab initio modelling of Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) data to visualise the induced oligomeric state of EDIII caused by interaction with chondroitin sulphate C, which may aid in TBV development.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G. Hyatt
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK; (J.G.H.); (C.J.M.-W.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Sylvain Prévost
- Large Scale Structures Group, Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 20156, 38042 Grenoble CEDEX 9, France;
| | - Juliette M. Devos
- Life Sciences Group, Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 20156, 38042 Grenoble CEDEX 9, France;
| | - Courtney J. Mycroft-West
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK; (J.G.H.); (C.J.M.-W.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Mark A. Skidmore
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK; (J.G.H.); (C.J.M.-W.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Anja Winter
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Huxley Building, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK; (J.G.H.); (C.J.M.-W.); (M.A.S.)
- Life Sciences Group, Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 20156, 38042 Grenoble CEDEX 9, France;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-01782-7-33117
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13
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Zhang Y, Wen Z, Shi X, Liu YJ, Eriksson JE, Jiu Y. The diverse roles and dynamic rearrangement of vimentin during viral infection. J Cell Sci 2020; 134:134/5/jcs250597. [PMID: 33154171 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.250597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemics caused by viral infections pose a significant global threat. Cytoskeletal vimentin is a major intermediate filament (IF) protein, and is involved in numerous functions, including cell signaling, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, intracellular organization and cell migration. Vimentin has important roles for the life cycle of particular viruses; it can act as a co-receptor to enable effective virus invasion and guide efficient transport of the virus to the replication site. Furthermore, vimentin has been shown to rearrange into cage-like structures that facilitate virus replication, and to recruit viral components to the location of assembly and egress. Surprisingly, vimentin can also inhibit virus entry or egress, as well as participate in host-cell defense. Although vimentin can facilitate viral infection, how this function is regulated is still poorly understood. In particular, information is lacking on its interaction sites, regulation of expression, post-translational modifications and cooperation with other host factors. This Review recapitulates the different functions of vimentin in the virus life cycle and discusses how they influence host-cell tropism, virulence of the pathogens and the consequent pathological outcomes. These insights into vimentin-virus interactions emphasize the importance of cytoskeletal functions in viral cell biology and their potential for the identification of novel antiviral targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road No. 19(A), Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zeyu Wen
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road No. 19(A), Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuemeng Shi
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yan-Jun Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - John E Eriksson
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku FI-20520, Finland .,Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku FI-20520, Finland
| | - Yaming Jiu
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road No. 19(A), Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
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14
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Wu S, Wu Z, Wu Y, Wang T, Wang M, Jia R, Zhu D, Liu M, Zhao X, Yang Q, Wu Y, Zhang S, Liu Y, Zhang L, Yu Y, Pan L, Chen S, Cheng A. Heparin sulfate is the attachment factor of duck Tembus virus on both BHK21 and DEF cells. Virol J 2019; 16:134. [PMID: 31718685 PMCID: PMC6852980 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1246-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Duck tembusu virus (DTMUV, genus Flaviviruses, family Flaviviridae) is an emerging flavivirus that can infect a wide range of cells and cell lines in vitro, though the initial step of virus invasion remains obscure. METHODS In this study, drug treatments that including heparin, chondroitin sulfate, heparinase I, chondroitinase ABC and trypsin were applied to detect the influence of DTMUV absorption, subsequently, the copy number of viral genome RNA was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. The inhibition process of viral absorption or entry by heparin was determined by western blotting, and the cytotoxicity of drug treated cells was detected by cell counting kit-8. RESULTS We found that the desulfation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) with sodium chlorate had a significant effect on the adsorption of DTMUV in both BHK21 and DEF cells. Based on this result, we incubated cells with a mixture of DTMUV and GAGs competition inhibitors or pre-treated cells with inhibitors, after incubation with the virus, the NS5 expression of DTMUV and viral titers were detected. The data suggested that heparin can significantly inhibit the absorption of DTMUV in a dose dependent manner but not at the step of viral entry in BHK21 and DEF cells. Meanwhile, heparinase I can significantly inhibit DTMUV attachment step. CONCLUSIONS Our results clearly proved that heparin sulfate plays an important role in the first step of DTMUV entry, viral attachment, in both BHK21 and DEF cells, which sheds light on the entry mechanism of DTMUV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoxiong Wu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zhen Wu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China.,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yunya Liu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yanling Yu
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Leichang Pan
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China. .,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China. .,Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan Province, China.
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15
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Valente AP, Moraes AH. Zika virus proteins at an atomic scale: how does structural biology help us to understand and develop vaccines and drugs against Zika virus infection? J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2019; 25:e20190013. [PMID: 31523227 PMCID: PMC6727858 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2019-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In Brazil and in other tropical areas Zika virus infection was directly associated with clinical complications as microcephaly in newborn children whose mothers were infected during pregnancy and the Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults. Recently, research has been focused on developing new vaccines and drug candidates against Zika virus infection since none of those are available. In order to contribute to vaccine and drug development efforts, it becomes important the understanding of the molecular basis of the Zika virus recognition, infection and blockade. To this purpose, it is essential the structural determination of the Zika virus proteins. The genome sequencing of the Zika virus identified ten proteins, being three structural (protein E, protein C and protein prM) and seven non-structural proteins (NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B and NS5). Together, these proteins are the main targets for drugs and antibody recognition. Here we examine new discoveries on high-resolution structural biology of Zika virus, observing the interactions and functions of its proteins identified via state-of-art structural methodologies as X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and cryogenic electronic microscopy. The aim of the present study is to contribute to the understanding of the structural basis of Zika virus infection at an atomic level and to point out similarities and differences to others flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Valente
- National Center of Magnetic Resonance, Leopoldo de Meis Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Adolfo Henrique Moraes
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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16
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Dual targeting of dengue virus virions and NS1 protein with the heparan sulfate mimic PG545. Antiviral Res 2019; 168:121-127. [PMID: 31085206 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is the most prevalent mosquito-borne flavivirus that infects humans. At present, there are no specific antiviral drugs to treat DENV infection and vaccine development has met with challenges. DENV encodes two glycosaminoglycan (GAG) binding proteins; Envelope (E) and non-structural protein 1 (NS1). While previous work has validated the use of GAG analogues as inhibitors of E mediated virus-cell attachment, their potential for antiviral intervention in NS1 protein toxicity has not yet been explored. Here, we investigate the potential of the heparan sulfate mimetic PG545 as a dual purpose compound to target both DENV virion infectivity and NS1 function. In comparison to a non-sulfated analogue, we show that PG545 potently inhibits DENV infectivity with no cytotoxic effect. Against NS1, PG545 completely blocks the induction of cellular activation and abolishes NS1-mediated disruption of endothelial monolayer integrity. Furthermore, PG545 treatment moderately improves survival from lethal DENV challenge in a murine model. At peak disease, PG545-treated mice have lower viremia, circulating NS1 and serum TNF-α. Consistent with anti-NS1 activity, PG545 treatment also reduces systemic vascular leakage caused by DENV infection in vivo. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that the dual targeting of DENV virions and NS1 using GAG analogues offers a new avenue for DENV drug development.
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17
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Stevens LM, Moffat K, Cooke L, Nomikou K, Mertens PPC, Jackson T, Darpel KE. A low-passage insect-cell isolate of bluetongue virus uses a macropinocytosis-like entry pathway to infect natural target cells derived from the bovine host. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:568-582. [PMID: 30843784 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) causes an economically important disease in domestic and wildlife ruminants and is transmitted by Culicoides biting midges. In ruminants, BTV has a wide cell tropism that includes endothelial cells of vascular and lymphatic vessels as important cell targets for virus replication, and several cell types of the immune system including monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells. Thus, cell-entry represents a particular challenge for BTV as it infects many different cell types in widely diverse vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Improved understanding of BTV cell-entry could lead to novel antiviral approaches that can block virus transmission from cell to cell between its invertebrate and vertebrate hosts. Here, we have investigated BTV cell-entry using endothelial cells derived from the natural bovine host (BFA cells) and purified whole virus particles of a low-passage, insect-cell isolate of a virulent strain of BTV-1. Our results show that the main entry pathway for infection of BFA cells is dependent on actin and dynamin, and shares certain characteristics with macropinocytosis. The ability to use a macropinocytosis-like entry route could explain the diverse cell tropism of BTV and contribute to the efficiency of transmission between vertebrate and invertebrate hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Stevens
- 1The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK.,2University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK.,‡Present address: Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Katy Moffat
- 1The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Lyndsay Cooke
- 1The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK.,2University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Kyriaki Nomikou
- 1The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK.,§Present address: School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonnington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Peter P C Mertens
- 1The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK.,§Present address: School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonnington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Terry Jackson
- 1The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Karin E Darpel
- 2University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK.,1The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, GU24 0NF, UK
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18
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ZIKA virus entry mechanisms in human cells. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 69:22-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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19
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García-Nicolás O, Lewandowska M, Ricklin ME, Summerfield A. Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells as Model to Evaluate Species Tropism of Mosquito-Borne Flaviviruses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:5. [PMID: 30746342 PMCID: PMC6360178 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Several mosquito-borne Flaviviruses such as Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), West Nile virus (WNV), Dengue Virus (DENV), and Zika virus (ZIKV) can cause severe clinical disease. Being zoonotic, Flaviviruses infect a wide variety of terrestrial vertebrates, which dependent of the virus-host interactions, can enhance ongoing epidemics and maintain the virus in the environment for prolonged periods. Targeted species can vary from amphibians, birds to various mammals, dependent on the virus. For many mosquito-borne flaviviruses the spectrum of targeted species is incompletely understood, in particular with respect to their contribution to the maintenance of virus in certain geographical regions. Furthermore, little is known about virus and host factors contributing to species tropism. The present study utilized human and porcine monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDC) as a cell culture model to better understand Flavivirus species tropism and innate immune responses. MoDC were selected based on their presence in the skin and their role as an early target cell for several Flaviviruses and their role as immune sentinels. While differences in viral infectivity and replication were minor when comparing porcine with human MoDC for some of the tested Flaviviruses, a particularly strong replication in human MoDC was found with USUV, while JEV appeared to have a stronger tropism for porcine MoDC. With respect to innate immune responses we found high induction of TNF and IFN-β in both human and porcine MoDC after infection with JEV, WNV, and USUV, but not with DENV, ZIKV, and Wesselsbron virus. Spondweni virus induced these cytokine responses only in porcine MoDC. Overall, innate immune responses correlated with early infectivity and cytokine production. In conclusion, we demonstrate Flavivirus-dependent differences in the interaction with MoDC. These may play a role in pathogenesis but appear to only partially reflect the expected species tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obdulio García-Nicolás
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marta Lewandowska
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Meret E Ricklin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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20
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Ke PY. The Multifaceted Roles of Autophagy in Flavivirus-Host Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123940. [PMID: 30544615 PMCID: PMC6321027 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular process in which intracellular components are eliminated via lysosomal degradation to supply nutrients for organelle biogenesis and metabolic homeostasis. Flavivirus infections underlie multiple human diseases and thus exert an immense burden on public health worldwide. Mounting evidence indicates that host autophagy is subverted to modulate the life cycles of flaviviruses, such as hepatitis C virus, dengue virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, West Nile virus and Zika virus. The diverse interplay between autophagy and flavivirus infection not only regulates viral growth in host cells but also counteracts host stress responses induced by viral infection. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of autophagy in the flavivirus life cycle. We also discuss the impacts of virus-induced autophagy on the pathogeneses of flavivirus-associated diseases and the potential use of autophagy as a therapeutic target for curing flavivirus infections and related human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yuan Ke
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan.
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan.
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21
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Early Events in Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection: Viral Entry. Pathogens 2018; 7:pathogens7030068. [PMID: 30104482 PMCID: PMC6161159 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7030068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a mosquito-borne zoonotic flavivirus, is an enveloped positive-strand RNA virus that can cause a spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from mild febrile illness to severe neuroinvasive disease. Today, several killed and live vaccines are available in different parts of the globe for use in humans to prevent JEV-induced diseases, yet no antivirals are available to treat JEV-associated diseases. Despite the progress made in vaccine research and development, JEV is still a major public health problem in southern, eastern, and southeastern Asia, as well as northern Oceania, with the potential to become an emerging global pathogen. In viral replication, the entry of JEV into the cell is the first step in a cascade of complex interactions between the virus and target cells that is required for the initiation, dissemination, and maintenance of infection. Because this step determines cell/tissue tropism and pathogenesis, it is a promising target for antiviral therapy. JEV entry is mediated by the viral glycoprotein E, which binds virions to the cell surface (attachment), delivers them to endosomes (endocytosis), and catalyzes the fusion between the viral and endosomal membranes (membrane fusion), followed by the release of the viral genome into the cytoplasm (uncoating). In this multistep process, a collection of host factors are involved. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the viral and cellular components involved in JEV entry into host cells, with an emphasis on the initial virus-host cell interactions on the cell surface.
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22
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Liang JJ, Chou MW, Lin YL. DC-SIGN Binding Contributed by an Extra N-Linked Glycosylation on Japanese Encephalitis Virus Envelope Protein Reduces the Ability of Viral Brain Invasion. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:239. [PMID: 30042931 PMCID: PMC6048278 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The major structural envelope (E) protein of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) facilitates cellular binding/entry and is the primary target of neutralizing antibodies. JEV E protein has one N-linked glycosylation site at N154 (G2 site), but the related dengue virus E protein has two glycosylation sites at N67 (G1 site) and N153 (G2 site). We generated three recombinant JEVs with different glycosylation patterns on the E protein. As compared with wild-type (WT) JEV with G2 glycosylation, viral growth in culture cells as well as neurovirulence and neuroinvasiveness in challenged mice were reduced when infected with the G1 mutant (E-D67N/N154A) with glycosylation shifted to G1 site, and the G0 mutant (E-N154A) with non-glycosylation. The G1G2 mutant (E-D67N), with E-glycosylation on both G1 and G2 sites, showed potent in vitro viral replication and in vivo neurovirulence, but reduced neuroinvasiveness. Furthermore, the JEV mutants with G1 glycosylation showed enhanced DC-SIGN binding, which may then lead to reduced brain invasion and explain the reason why WT JEV is devoid of this G1 site of glycosylation. Overall, the patterns of N-linked glycosylation on JEV E proteins may affect viral interaction with cellular lectins and contribute to viral replication and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Jong Liang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Min-Wei Chou
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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23
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Sasaki M, Anindita PD, Phongphaew W, Carr M, Kobayashi S, Orba Y, Sawa H. Development of a rapid and quantitative method for the analysis of viral entry and release using a NanoLuc luciferase complementation assay. Virus Res 2017; 243:69-74. [PMID: 29074234 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Subviral particles (SVPs) self-assemble and are released from cells transfected with expression plasmids encoding flavivirus structural proteins. Flavivirus-like particles (VLPs), consisting of flavivirus structural proteins and a subgenomic replicon, can enter cells and cause single-round infections. Neither SVPs or VLPs possess complete viral RNA genomes, therefore are replication-incompetent systems; however, they retain the capacity to fuse and bud from target cells and follow the same maturation process as whole virions. SVPs and VLPs have been previously employed in studies analyzing entry and release steps of viral life cycles. In this study, we have developed quantitative methods for the detection of cellular entry and release of SVPs and VLPs by applying a luciferase complementation assay based on the high affinity interaction between the split NanoLuc luciferase protein, LgBiT and the small peptide, HiBiT. We introduced HiBiT into the structural protein of West Nile virus and generated SVPs and VLPs harboring HiBiT (SVP-HiBiT and VLP-HiBiT, respectively). As SVP-HiBiT emitted strong luminescence upon exposure to LgBiT and its substrate, the nascently budded SVP-HiBiT in the supernatant was readily quantified by luminometry. Similarly, the cellular entry of VLP-HiBiT generated luminescence when VLP-HiBiT was infected into LgBiT-expressing cells. These methods utilizing SVP-HiBiT and VLP-HiBiT will facilitate research into life cycles of flaviviruses, including WNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihito Sasaki
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Paulina D Anindita
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Wallaya Phongphaew
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Michael Carr
- Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College of Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Shintaro Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Public Health, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yasuko Orba
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sawa
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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24
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Nath B, Gupta A, Khan SA, Kumar S. Enhanced cytopathic effect of Japanese encephalitis virus strain SA14-14-2: Probable association of mutation in amino acid of its envelope protein. Microb Pathog 2017; 111:187-192. [PMID: 28867626 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a mosquito-borne viral disease. It is a global public health concern since it causes an acute encephalitis syndrome (AES). A large number of JE/AES cases are reported to occur in areas with established or developing JE vaccination program. Partial vaccine coverage and emergence of new variants of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) might be playing an important role. The envelope protein (E) of JEV is a major antigenic determinant and responsible for immunogenic responses as well as membrane fusion and virion assembly. In the present study, we have characterized the JEV live attenuated vaccine strain SA14-14-2 in baby hamster kidney cells (BHK-21). The vaccine strain showed enhanced replication following its passage in BHK-21 cells. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the E protein gene of the cell-culture adapted vaccine strain showed an important point mutation. The mutation in the E protein gene was identical to its wild-type parent strain SA14. This study suggests the possibility of reversion mutation and exaltation of vaccine strains following adaptation in the host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barnali Nath
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Ashutosh Gupta
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Siraj A Khan
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), Northeastern Region, Dibrugarh 786001, Assam, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India.
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25
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Wang Y, Li Y, Ding T. Heat shock protein 90β in the Vero cell membrane binds Japanese encephalitis virus. Int J Mol Med 2017; 40:474-482. [PMID: 28656253 PMCID: PMC5505021 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is complex and unclearly defined, and in particular, the effects of the JEV receptor (JEVR) on diverse susceptible cells are elusive. In contrast to previous studies investigating JEVR in rodent or mosquito cells, in this study, we used primate Vero cells instead. We noted that few novel proteins co‑immunoprecipitated with JEV, and discovered that one of these was heat shock protein 90β (HSP90β), which was probed by mass spectrometry with the highest score of 60.3 after questing the monkey and human protein databases. The specific HSP90β‑JEV binding was confirmed by western blot analysis under non‑reducing conditions, and this was significantly inhibited by an anti‑human HSP90β monoclonal antibody in a dose‑dependent manner, as shown by immunofluorescence assay and flow cytometry. In addition, the results of confocal laser scanning microscopic examination demonstrated that the HSP90β‑JEV binding occurred on the Vero cell surface. Finally, JEV progeny yields determined by plaque assay were also markedly decreased in siRNA‑treated Vero cells, particularly at 24 and 36 h post‑infection. Thus, our data indicate that HSP90β is a binding receptor for JEV in Vero cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Department of Microbiology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Microbiology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Tianbing Ding
- Department of Microbiology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
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26
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Lima M, Rudd T, Yates E. New Applications of Heparin and Other Glycosaminoglycans. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22050749. [PMID: 28481236 PMCID: PMC6154012 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22050749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin, the widely used pharmaceutical anticoagulant, has been in clinical use for well over half a century. Its introduction reduced clotting risks substantially and subsequent developments, including the introduction of low-molecular-weight heparin, made possible many major surgical interventions that today make heparin an indispensable drug. There has been a recent burgeoning of interest in heparin and related glycosaminoglycan (GAG) polysaccharides, such as chondroitin sulfates, heparan sulfate, and hyaluronate, as potential agents in various applications. This ability arises mainly from the ability of GAGs to interact with, and alter the activity of, a wide range of proteins. Here, we review new developments (since 2010) in the application of heparin and related GAGs across diverse fields ranging from thrombosis and neurodegenerative disorders to microbiology and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Lima
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Vila Clementino, São Paulo, S.P. 04044-020, Brazil.
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
| | - Timothy Rudd
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
- National Institute of Biological Standards and Controls (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, Potters Bar, Herts EN6 3QG, UK.
| | - Edwin Yates
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Vila Clementino, São Paulo, S.P. 04044-020, Brazil.
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
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27
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Kim SY, Li B, Linhardt RJ. Pathogenesis and Inhibition of Flaviviruses from a Carbohydrate Perspective. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2017; 10:E44. [PMID: 28471403 PMCID: PMC5490401 DOI: 10.3390/ph10020044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses are enveloped, positive single stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses with various routes of transmission. While the type and severity of symptoms caused by pathogenic flaviviruses vary from hemorrhagic fever to fetal abnormalities, their general mechanism of host cell entry is similar. All pathogenic flaviviruses, such as dengue virus, yellow fever virus, West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, and Zika virus, bind to glycosaminglycans (GAGs) through the putative GAG binding sites within their envelope proteins to gain access to the surface of host cells. GAGs are long, linear, anionic polysaccharides with a repeating disaccharide unit and are involved in many biological processes, such as cellular signaling, cell adhesion, and pathogenesis. Flavivirus envelope proteins are N-glycosylated surface proteins, which interact with C-type lectins, dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin (DC-SIGN) through their glycans. In this review, we discuss both host and viral surface receptors that have the carbohydrate components, focusing on the surface interactions in the early stage of flavivirus entry. GAG-flavivirus envelope protein interactions as well as interactions between flavivirus envelope proteins and DC-SIGN are discussed in detail. This review also examines natural and synthetic inhibitors of flaviviruses that are carbohydrate-based or carbohydrate-targeting. Both advantages and drawbacks of these inhibitors are explored, as are potential strategies to improve their efficacy to ultimately help eradicate flavivirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Young Kim
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Graduate Program, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
| | - Bing Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510640, China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Graduate Program, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
- Department of Biological Science, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
- Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
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28
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GRP78 Is an Important Host Factor for Japanese Encephalitis Virus Entry and Replication in Mammalian Cells. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02274-16. [PMID: 28053106 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02274-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, is the leading cause of viral encephalitis in Southeast Asia with potential to become a global pathogen. Here, we identify glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) as an important host protein for virus entry and replication. Using the plasma membrane fractions from mouse neuronal (Neuro2a) cells, mass spectroscopy analysis identified GRP78 as a protein interacting with recombinant JEV envelope protein domain III. GRP78 was found to be expressed on the plasma membranes of Neuro2a cells, mouse primary neurons, and human epithelial Huh-7 cells. Antibodies against GRP78 significantly inhibited JEV entry in all three cell types, suggesting an important role of the protein in virus entry. Depletion of GRP78 by small interfering RNA (siRNA) significantly blocked JEV entry into Neuro2a cells, further supporting its role in virus uptake. Immunofluorescence studies showed extensive colocalization of GRP78 with JEV envelope protein in virus-infected cells. This interaction was also confirmed by immunoprecipitation studies. Additionally, GRP78 was shown to have an important role in JEV replication, as treatment of cells post-virus entry with subtilase cytotoxin that specifically cleaved GRP78 led to a substantial reduction in viral RNA replication and protein synthesis, resulting in significantly reduced extracellular virus titers. Our results indicate that GRP78, an endoplasmic reticulum chaperon of the HSP70 family, is a novel host factor involved at multiple steps of the JEV life cycle and could be a potential therapeutic target.IMPORTANCE Recent years have seen a rapid spread of mosquito-borne diseases caused by flaviviruses. The flavivirus family includes West Nile, dengue, Japanese encephalitis, and Zika viruses, which are major threats to public health with potential to become global pathogens. JEV is the major cause of viral encephalitis in several parts of Southeast Asia, affecting a predominantly pediatric population with a high mortality rate. This study is focused on identification of crucial host factors that could be targeted to cripple virus infection and ultimately lead to development of effective antivirals. We have identified a cellular protein, GRP78, that plays a dual role in virus entry and virus replication, two crucial steps of the virus life cycle, and thus is a novel host factor that could be a potential therapeutic target.
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29
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Integrin αvβ3 promotes infection by Japanese encephalitis virus. Res Vet Sci 2016; 111:67-74. [PMID: 28043010 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that is one of the major causes of viral encephalitis diseases worldwide. The JEV envelope protein facilitates viral entry, and its domain III contains an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) motif, that may modulate JEV entry through the RGD-binding integrin. In this study, the roles of integrin αv and β3 on the infection of JEV were evaluated. Reduced expression of integrin αv/β3 by special shRNA confers 2 to 4-fold inhibition of JEV replication in BHK-21 cells. Meanwhile, antibodies specific for integrin αv/β3 displayed ~58% and ~33% inhibition of JEV infectivity and RGD-specific peptides produced ~36% of inhibition. Expression of E protein and JEV RNA loads were clearly increased in CHO cells transfected with cDNA encoding human integrin β3. Moreover, integrin αv mediates JEV infection in viral binding stage of life cycle. Therefore, our study suggested that integrin αv and β3 serve as a host factor associated with JEV entry into the target cells.
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30
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Lu Z, Sarkar S, Zhang J, Balasuriya UBR. Conserved arginine residues in the carboxyl terminus of the equine arteritis virus E protein may play a role in heparin binding but may not affect viral infectivity in equine endothelial cells. Arch Virol 2016; 161:873-86. [PMID: 26739582 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2733-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Equine arteritis virus (EAV), the causative agent of equine viral arteritis, has relatively broad cell tropism in vitro. In horses, EAV primarily replicates in macrophages and endothelial cells of small blood vessels. Until now, neither the cellular receptor(s) nor the mechanism(s) of virus attachment and entry have been determined for this virus. In this study, we investigated the effect of heparin on EAV infection in equine endothelial cells (EECs). Heparin, but not other glycosaminoglycans, could reduce EAV infection up to 93 %. Sequence analysis of the EAV E minor envelope protein revealed a conserved amino acid sequence (52 RSLVARCSRGARYR 65) at the carboxy terminus of the E protein, which was predicted to be the heparin-binding domain. The basic arginine (R) amino acid residues were subsequently mutated to glycine by site-directed mutagenesis of ORF2a in an E protein expression vector and an infectious cDNA clone of EAV. Two single mutations in E (R52G and R57G) did not affect the heparin-binding capability, whereas the E double mutation (R52,60G) completely eliminated the interaction between the E protein and heparin. Although the mutant R52,60G EAV did not bind heparin, the mutations did not completely abolish infectivity, indicating that heparin is not the only critical factor for EAV infection. This also suggested that other viral envelope protein(s) might be involved in attachment through heparin or other cell-surface molecules, and this warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengchun Lu
- 108 Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA.,J. A. Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, 235 Hungerford Hill Road, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Sanjay Sarkar
- 108 Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Jianqiang Zhang
- 108 Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA.,Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1600 South 16th St, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Udeni B R Balasuriya
- 108 Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA.
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31
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Nain M, Abdin MZ, Kalia M, Vrati S. Japanese encephalitis virus invasion of cell: allies and alleys. Rev Med Virol 2015; 26:129-41. [PMID: 26695690 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The mosquito-borne flavivirus, Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), is the leading cause of virus-induced encephalitis globally and a major public health concern of several countries in Southeast Asia, with the potential to become a global pathogen. The virus is neurotropic, and the disease ranges from mild fever to severe hemorrhagic and encephalitic manifestations and death. The early steps of the virus life cycle, binding, and entry into the cell are crucial determinants of infection and are potential targets for the development of antiviral therapies. JEV can infect multiple cell types; however, the key receptor molecule(s) still remains elusive. JEV also has the capacity to utilize multiple endocytic pathways for entry into cells of different lineages. This review not only gives a comprehensive update on what is known about the virus attachment and receptor system (allies) and the endocytic pathways (alleys) exploited by the virus to gain entry into the cell and establish infection but also discusses crucial unresolved issues. We also highlight common themes and key differences between JEV and other flaviviruses in these contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minu Nain
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Center, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Malik Z Abdin
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Manjula Kalia
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Center, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Sudhanshu Vrati
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Center, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
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32
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Shen SC, Shen CI, Lin H, Chen CJ, Chang CY, Chen SM, Lee HC, Lai PS, Su HL. Susceptibility of human embryonic stem cell-derived neural cells to Japanese encephalitis virus infection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114990. [PMID: 25517725 PMCID: PMC4269419 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) can be efficiently directed to become immature neuroepithelial precursor cells (NPCs) and functional mature neural cells, including neurotransmitter-secreting neurons and glial cells. Investigating the susceptibility of these hESCs-derived neural cells to neurotrophic viruses, such as Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), provides insight into the viral cell tropism in the infected human brain. We demonstrate that hESC-derived NPCs are highly vulnerable to JEV infection at a low multiplicity of infection (MOI). In addition, glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP)-expressing glial cells are also susceptible to JEV infection. In contrast, only a few mature neurons were infected at MOI 10 or higher on the third day post-infection. In addition, functional neurotransmitter-secreting neurons are also resistant to JEV infection at high MOI. Moreover, we discover that vimentin intermediate filament, reported as a putative neurovirulent JEV receptor, is highly expressed in NPCs and glial cells, but not mature neurons. These results indicate that the expression of vimentin in neural cells correlates to the cell tropism of JEV. Finally, we further demonstrate that membranous vimentin is necessary for the susceptibility of hESC-derived NPCs to JEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Cheng Shen
- Department of Life Sciences, Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-I Shen
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ho Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jung Chen
- Department of Education and Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Center for General Education, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate School of Nursing, Hung-Kuang University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yu Chang
- Ph.D. Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Mei Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Chin Lee
- Ph.D. Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Shan Lai
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Lin Su
- Department of Life Sciences, Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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33
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Liang JJ, Wei JC, Lee YL, Hsu SH, Lin JJ, Lin YL. Surfactant-modified nanoclay exhibits an antiviral activity with high potency and broad spectrum. J Virol 2014; 88:4218-28. [PMID: 24478435 PMCID: PMC3993779 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03256-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Nanomaterials have the characteristics associated with high surface-to-volume ratios and have been explored for their antiviral activity. Despite some success, cytotoxicity has been an issue in nanomaterial-based antiviral strategies. We previously developed a novel method to fully exfoliate montmorillonite clay to generate the most fundamental units of nanoscale silicate platelet (NSP). We further modified NSP by capping with various surfactants and found that the surfactant-modified NSP (NSQ) was less cytotoxic. In this study, we tested the antiviral potentials of a series of natural-clay-derived nanomaterials. Among the derivatives, NSP modified with anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate (NSQc), but not the pristine clay, unmodified NSP, a silver nanoparticle-NSP hybrid, NSP modified with cationic n-octadecanylamine hydrochloride salt, or NSP modified with nonionic Triton X-100, significantly suppressed the plaque-forming ability of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) at noncytotoxic concentrations. NSQc also blocked infection with dengue virus (DEN) and influenza A virus. Regarding the antiviral mechanism, NSQc interfered with viral binding through electrostatic interaction, since its antiviral activity can be neutralized by Polybrene, a cationic polymer. Furthermore, NSQc reduced the lethality of JEV and DEN infection in mouse challenge models. Thus, the surfactant-modified exfoliated nanoclay NSQc may be a novel nanomaterial with broad and potent antiviral activity. IMPORTANCE Nanomaterials have being investigated as antimicrobial agents, yet their antiviral potential is overshadowed by their cytotoxicity. By using a novel method, we fully exfoliated montmorillonite clay to generate the most fundamental units of nanoscale silicate platelet (NSP). Here, we show that the surfactant-modified NSP (NSQ) is less cytotoxic and that NSQc (NSP modified with sodium dodecyl sulfate) could potently block infection by dengue virus (DEN), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), and influenza A virus at noncytotoxic concentrations. For the antiviral mechanism, we find that the electrostatic interaction between the negatively charged NSQc and the positively charged virus particles blocks viral binding. Furthermore, we used mouse challenge models of JEV and DEN to demonstrate the in vivo antiviral potential of NSQc. Thus, NSQc may function as a potent and safe antiviral nanohybrid against several viruses, and our success in synthesizing surfactant-modified NSP with antiviral activity may shed some light on future antiviral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Jong Liang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Chiou Wei
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shan-hui Hsu
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiang-Jen Lin
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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Carbohydrate-related inhibitors of dengue virus entry. Viruses 2013; 5:605-18. [PMID: 23389466 PMCID: PMC3640517 DOI: 10.3390/v5020605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV), which is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, causes fever and hemorrhagic disorders in humans. The virus entry process mediated through host receptor molecule(s) is crucial for virus propagation and the pathological progression of dengue disease. Therefore, elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying virus entry is essential for an understanding of dengue pathology and for the development of effective new anti-dengue agents. DENV binds to its receptor molecules mediated through a viral envelope (E) protein, followed by incorporation of the virus-receptor complex inside cells. The fusion between incorporated virus particles and host endosome membrane under acidic conditions is mediated through the function of DENV E protein. Carbohydrate molecules, such as sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAG) and glycosphingolipids, and carbohydrate-recognition proteins, termed lectins, inhibit virus entry. This review focuses on carbohydrate-derived entry inhibitors, and also introduces functionally related compounds with similar inhibitory mechanisms against DENV entry.
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35
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Wheeler SS, Vineyard MP, Barker CM, Reisen WK. Importance of recrudescent avian infection in West Nile virus overwintering: incomplete antibody neutralization of virus allows infrequent vector infection. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2012; 49:895-902. [PMID: 22897050 DOI: 10.1603/me11286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
After the acute infection period, birds persistently infected with West Nile virus (family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus, WNV) occasionally shed virus into the bloodstream, but these virions normally are inactivated by neutralizing antibody. The current work tested the hypothesis that these host neutralizing antibodies protect mosquito vectors from WNV infection and reevaluated the minimum WNV infectious dose necessary to infect Culex tarsalis Coquillett. To determine whether host antibodies protect mosquitoes from infection, Cx. tarsalis and Culex stigmatosoma Dyar were fed bloodmeals containing avian blood, WNV, and sera with or without WNV-specific neutralizing antibodies. When viral particles were completely bound by antibody, mosquitoes were protected from infection; however, when incompletely bound, WNV titers as low as 10(2.3) plaque-forming units (pfu)/ml resulted in 5% infection. These data indicated that avian antibodies were protective to mosquito vectors and were not dissociated during digestion. Because recrudescent viremias may not attain the same magnitude as initial acute viremias, Cx. tarsalis vector competence was reevaluated focusing on the fate of low-titered bloodmeals. Females were evaluated for vector competence after ingesting bloodmeals containing 10(2.2), 10(3.4), 10(4.5), 10(5.5), or 10(6.5) WNV pfu/ml. Infection increased with bloodmeal titer, with 1% of the mosquitoes ingesting 10(3.4) pfu/ml and 45% of the mosquitoes ingesting 10(6.5) pfu/ml developing disseminated infections. The incomplete neutralization of recrudescent virus may be sufficient to infect a low proportion of competent blood-feeding Culex mosquitoes and perhaps allow persistently infected birds to provide a mechanism for arbovirus overwintering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah S Wheeler
- Center for Vectorborne Diseases and Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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36
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Stepanov OA, Prokof’eva MM, Stocking K, Varlamov VP, Levov AN, Vikhoreva GA, Spirin PV, Mikhailov SN, Prassolov VS. Replication-competent gamma-retrovirus Mo-MuLV expressing green fluorescent protein as efficient tool for screening of inhibitors of retroviruses that use heparan sulfate as primary cell receptor. Mol Biol 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893312030119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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37
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Thongtan T, Wikan N, Wintachai P, Rattanarungsan C, Srisomsap C, Cheepsunthorn P, Smith DR. Characterization of putative Japanese encephalitis virus receptor molecules on microglial cells. J Med Virol 2012; 84:615-23. [PMID: 22337301 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) a mosquito-borne flavivirus is a major cause of viral encephalitis in Asia. While the principle target cells for JEV in the central nervous system are believed to be neurons, microglia are activated in response to JEV and have been proposed to act as a long lasting virus reservoir. Viral attachment to a host cell is the first step of the viral entry process and is a critical mediator of tissue tropism. This study sought to identify molecules associated with JEV entry to microglial cells. Virus overlay protein-binding assay (VOPBA) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) identified the 37/67 kDa high-affinity laminin receptor protein and nucleolin as a potential JEV-binding proteins. These proteins were subsequently investigated for a contribution to JEV entry to mouse microglial BV-2 cells together with other possible candidate receptor molecules including Hsp70, Hsp90, GRP78, CD14, and CD4. In antibody mediated inhibition of infection experiments, both anti-laminin receptor and anti-CD4 antibodies significantly reduced virus entry while anti-Hsp70 and 90 antibodies produced a slight reduction. Significant inhibition of virus entry (up to 80%) was observed in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) which resulted in a complete down-regulation of CD4 and moderate down-regulation of CD14. These results suggest that multiple receptor proteins may mediate the entry of JEV to microglial cells, with CD4 playing a major role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thananya Thongtan
- Department of Biochemistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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38
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Tani H, Morikawa S, Matsuura Y. Development and Applications of VSV Vectors Based on Cell Tropism. Front Microbiol 2012; 2:272. [PMID: 22279443 PMCID: PMC3260743 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral vectors have been available in various fields such as medical and biological research or gene therapy applications. Targeting vectors pseudotyped with distinct viral envelope proteins that influence cell tropism and transfection efficiency are useful tools not only for examining entry mechanisms or cell tropisms but also for vaccine vector development. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is an excellent candidate for development as a pseudotype vector. A recombinant VSV lacking its own envelope (G) gene has been used to produce a pseudotype or recombinant VSV possessing the envelope proteins of heterologous viruses. These viruses possess a reporter gene instead of a VSV G gene in their genome, and therefore it is easy to evaluate their infectivity in the study of viral entry, including identification of viral receptors. Furthermore, advantage can be taken of a property of the pseudotype VSV, which is competence for single-round infection, in handling many different viruses that are either difficult to amplify in cultured cells or animals or that require specialized containment facilities. Here we describe procedures for producing pseudotype or recombinant VSVs and a few of the more prominent examples from envelope viruses, such as hepatitis C virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, baculovirus, and hemorrhagic fever viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Tani
- Special Pathogens Laboratory, Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama Tokyo, Japan
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- Pyung Ok Lim
- Department of Science Education, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Tae Hee Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Chonju, Chonbuk, Korea
- Institute for Medical Science, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Chonju, Chonbuk, Korea
| | - Kyung Min Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Chonju, Chonbuk, Korea
- Institute for Medical Science, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Chonju, Chonbuk, Korea
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40
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Watterson D, Kobe B, Young PR. Residues in domain III of the dengue virus envelope glycoprotein involved in cell-surface glycosaminoglycan binding. J Gen Virol 2011; 93:72-82. [PMID: 21957126 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.037317-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The dengue virus (DENV) envelope (E) protein mediates virus entry into cells via interaction with a range of cell-surface receptor molecules. Cell-surface glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) have been shown to play an early role in this interaction, and charged oligosaccharides such as heparin bind to the E protein. We have examined this interaction using site-directed mutagenesis of a recombinant form of the putative receptor-binding domain III of the DENV-2E protein expressed as an MBP (maltose-binding protein)-fusion protein. Using an ELISA-based GAG-binding assay, cell-based binding analysis and antiviral-activity assays, we have identified two critical residues, K291 and K295, that are involved in GAG interactions. These studies have also demonstrated differential binding between mosquito and human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Watterson
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Paul R Young
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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41
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Zhu YZ, Cao MM, Wang WB, Wang W, Ren H, Zhao P, Qi ZT. Association of heat-shock protein 70 with lipid rafts is required for Japanese encephalitis virus infection in Huh7 cells. J Gen Virol 2011; 93:61-71. [PMID: 21940409 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.034637-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is an enveloped flavivirus and the most common agent of viral encephalitis. It enters cells through receptor-mediated endocytosis and low pH-triggered membrane fusion. Although lipid rafts, cholesterol-enriched lipid-ordered membrane domains, have been shown to participate in JEV entry, the mechanisms of the early events of JEV infection, including the cellular receptors of JEV, remain largely unknown. In the current study, it was demonstrated that heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70), rather than other members of the HSP70 family, was required for JEV entry into a human cell line. Cell-surface expression of HSP70 and a direct interaction between JEV envelope (E) protein and HSP70 were observed. Biochemical fractionation showed that HSP70 clearly migrated into the raft fraction after virus infection and co-fractioned with E protein. Depletion of cholesterol shifted the E protein and HSP70 to a non-raft membrane and decreased JEV entry without affecting virus binding to host cells. Notably, recruitment of HSP70 into lipid rafts was required for activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt signalling pathway in the early stage of JEV infection. These results indicate that lipid rafts facilitate JEV entry, possibly by providing a convenient platform to concentrate JEV and its receptors on the host-cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Zhe Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Ming-Mei Cao
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Wen-Bo Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Hao Ren
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Zhong-Tian Qi
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
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42
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Chen J, Yamada S, Hama Y, Shetty AK, Kobayashi T, Oda H, Seiki K, Kim E, Kimura T, Takahashi N, Hidari KI, Suzuki T, Suzuki Y, Sugahara K. Unique heparan sulfate from shrimp heads exhibits a strong inhibitory effect on infections by dengue virus and Japanese encephalitis virus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 412:136-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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43
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Liang JJ, Yu CY, Liao CL, Lin YL. Vimentin binding is critical for infection by the virulent strain of Japanese encephalitis virus. Cell Microbiol 2011; 13:1358-70. [PMID: 21707907 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2011.01624.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, causes acute encephalitis with high mortality in humans. We used a pair of virulent (RP-9) and attenuated (RP-2ms) variants of JEV to pull down the cell surface molecules bound with JEV particle; their identities were revealed by LC-MS/MS analysis. One major protein bound with RP-9 and weakly with RP-2ms was identified as the intermediate filament protein vimentin. Infection of RP-9 but not that of RP-2ms was blocked by anti-vimentin antibodies and by recombinant-expressed vimentin proteins. Knockdown of vimentin expression reduced the levels of viral binding and viral production of RP-9, but not that of RP-2ms. The different vimentin dependency for JEV infection could be attributed to the major structural envelope protein, as the recombinant RP-9 with an E-E138K mutation became resistant to anti-vimentin blockage. Furthermore, RP-2ms mainly depended on cell surface glycosaminoglycans for viral binding and it became vimentin-dependent only when binding to glycosaminoglycans was blocked. Thus, we suggest that vimentin contributes to virulent JEV infection and might be a new target to intervene in this deadly infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Jong Liang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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44
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Japanese encephalitis virus interacts with vimentin to facilitate its entry into porcine kidney cell line. Virus Res 2011; 160:404-8. [PMID: 21798293 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 05/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) requires the presence of an inexplicable cellular receptor on the surface of the host cell for its entry into the cell. The JEV envelope (E) protein has been shown to play an important role in attachment to cells. By using a widely accepted technique, virus overlay protein binding assay (VOPBA), a protein molecule of approximately 60 kDa, identified as vimentin by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI TOF), was recognized on porcine kidney (PS) cells as a possible receptor for JEV. Further, anti-vimentin monoclonal antibodies were able to block JEV entry into the PS cells. Additionally, co-immunoprecipitation assay confirmed that vimentin protein present on the PS cells interacts with the JEV-E protein. These observations indicate that vimentin serves as a putative receptor for JEV in porcine kidney cells.
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45
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Ohtaki N, Takahashi H, Kaneko K, Gomi Y, Ishikawa T, Higashi Y, Todokoro M, Kurata T, Sata T, Kojima A. Purification and concentration of non-infectious West Nile virus-like particles and infectious virions using a pseudo-affinity Cellufine Sulfate column. J Virol Methods 2011; 174:131-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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46
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Kato D, Era S, Watanabe I, Arihara M, Sugiura N, Kimata K, Suzuki Y, Morita K, Hidari KIPJ, Suzuki T. Antiviral activity of chondroitin sulphate E targeting dengue virus envelope protein. Antiviral Res 2010; 88:236-43. [PMID: 20851716 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2010] [Revised: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sulphated glycosaminoglycans such as heparin inhibit the early step of dengue virus infection through interaction with envelope (E) protein. Here, we found that chondroitin sulphate E (CSE), but not CSD, which contains the same degree of sulphation, inhibited dengue virus (DENV) infection of cells with adsorption. CSE significantly reduced infectivity of all dengue virus serotypes to BHK-21 and Vero cells. DENV preferentially bound to CSE immobilised on plastic plates. Also, virus binding to CSE or heparin was cross-inhibited by soluble CSE or heparin. These findings suggested that common carbohydrate determinants on CSE and heparin could be essential epitopes for interaction of DENV, and may be responsible for inhibition of the early steps of DENV infection. A recombinant E protein directly bound heparin and CSE, but not CSD, meaning that interaction of CSE with E protein contributes to the inhibitory action of this glycosaminoglycan. These observations indicate that a specific carbohydrate structure rather than polysulphation or addition of negative charges of the glycosaminoglycan molecule would be necessary for direct binding to DENV E protein. In conclusion, CSE showed antiviral activity as an entry inhibitor targeting E protein of dengue virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kato
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, and Global COE Program for Innovation in Human Health Sciences, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka-shi, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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47
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Kimura T, Sasaki M, Okumura M, Kim E, Sawa H. Flavivirus encephalitis: pathological aspects of mouse and other animal models. Vet Pathol 2010; 47:806-18. [PMID: 20551474 DOI: 10.1177/0300985810372507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Encephalitic flaviviruses are important arthropod-borne pathogens of humans and other animals. In particular, the recent emergence of the West Nile virus (WNV) and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in new geographic areas has caused a considerable public health alert and international concern. Among the experimental in vivo models of WNV and JEV infection, mice and other laboratory rodents are the most thoroughly studied and well-characterized systems, having provided data that are important for understanding the infectious process in humans. Macaca monkeys have also been used as a model for WNV and JEV infection, mainly for the evaluation of vaccine efficacy, although a limited number of published studies have addressed pathomorphology. These animal models demonstrate the development of encephalitis with many similarities to the human disease; however, the histological events that occur during infection, especially in peripheral tissues, have not been fully characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kimura
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, West 10 North 20, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020 Japan.
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48
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Chen HL, Her SY, Huang KC, Cheng HT, Wu CW, Wu SC, Cheng JW. Identification of a heparin binding peptide from the Japanese encephalitis virus envelope protein. Biopolymers 2010; 94:331-8. [PMID: 20069543 DOI: 10.1002/bip.21371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The flavivirus envelope protein is the dominant antigen in eliciting neutralizing antibodies and plays an important role in inducing immunologic responses in the infected host. It has been shown that highly sulfated forms of heparin sulfate can bind to the envelope protein and are involved in flavivirus infection. Among the three structural domains, domain III is the major antigenic domain of the envelope protein. We have prepared an extended form of the JEV domain III protein with residues ranging from 261 to 402 and determined its heparin binding sites. Based on NMR, fluorescence spectroscopy, and site-directed mutagenesis studies, we have identified that only the N-terminal region (residues 279-293) and some spatially adjacent residues of JEV domain III are involved in heparin binding. Moreover, a synthetic peptide corresponding to this region also demonstrates strong affinity to heparin. Our results provide a basis for further understanding the interactions of flaviviruses and glycosaminoglycans on the host cell surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Li Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, China
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49
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Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a mosquito-borne RNA virus and one of the most important flaviviruses in the medical and veterinary fields. Although cholesterol has been shown to participate in both the entry and replication steps of JEV, the mechanisms of infection, including the cellular receptors of JEV, remain largely unknown. To clarify the infection mechanisms of JEV, we generated pseudotype (JEVpv) and recombinant (JEVrv) vesicular stomatitis viruses bearing the JEV envelope protein. Both JEVpv and JEVrv exhibited high infectivity for the target cells, and JEVrv was able to propagate and form foci as did authentic JEV. Anti-JEV envelope antibodies neutralized infection of the viruses. Treatment of cells with inhibitors for vacuolar ATPase and clathrin-mediated endocytosis reduced the infectivity of JEVpv, suggesting that JEVpv enters cells via pH- and clathrin-dependent endocytic pathways. Although treatment of the particles of JEVpv, JEVrv, and JEV with cholesterol drastically reduced the infectivity as previously reported, depletion of cholesterol from the particles by treatment with methyl beta-cyclodextrin enhanced infectivity. Furthermore, treatment of cells with sphingomyelinase (SMase), which hydrolyzes membrane-bound sphingomyelin to ceramide, drastically enhanced infection with JEVpv and propagation of JEVrv, and these enhancements were inhibited by treatment with an SMase inhibitor or C(6)-ceramide. These results suggest that ceramide plays crucial roles in not only entry but also egress processes of JEV, and they should assist in the clarification of JEV propagation and the development of novel therapeutics against diseases caused by infection with flaviviruses.
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50
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Shen CI, Wang CH, Liao JW, Hsu TW, Kuo SM, Su HL. The infection of primary avian tracheal epithelial cells with infectious bronchitis virus. Vet Res 2009; 41:6. [PMID: 19793537 PMCID: PMC2769550 DOI: 10.1051/vetres/2009054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we introduce a culture system for the isolation, passaging and amplification of avian tracheal epithelial (ATE) cells. The ATE medium, which contains chicken embryo extract and fetal bovine serum, supports the growth of ciliated cells, goblet cells and basal cells from chicken tracheas on fibronectin- or matrigel-coated dishes. Non-epithelial cells make up less than 10% of the total population. We further show that ATE cells support the replication and spread of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Interestingly, immunocytostaining revealed that basal cells are resistant to IBV infection. We also demonstrate that glycosaminoglycan had no effect on infection of the cells by IBV. Taken together, these findings suggest that primary ATE cells provide a novel cell culture system for the amplification of IBV and the in vitro characterization of viral cytopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-I Shen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung-Hsing University, 250 Kuo-Kuang Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan, Republic of China
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