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Hassanain H, Tseitline D, Hacohen T, Yifrach A, Kirshenbaum A, Lavi B, Parnas A, Adar S. A Practical Site-specific Method for the Detection of Bulky DNA Damages. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168450. [PMID: 38246411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2024.168450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Helix-distorting DNA damages block RNA and DNA polymerase, compromising cell function and fate. In human cells, these damages are removed primarily by nucleotide excision repair (NER). Here, we describe damage-sensing PCR (dsPCR), a PCR-based method for the detection of these DNA damages. Exposure to DNA damaging agents results in lower PCR signal in comparison to non-damaged DNA, and repair is measured as the restoration of PCR signal over time. We show that the method successfully detects damages induced by ultraviolet (UV) radiation, by the carcinogenic component of cigarette smoke benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide (BPDE) and by the chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin. Damage removal measured by dsPCR in a heterochromatic region is less efficient than in a transcribed and accessible region. Furthermore, lower repair is measured in repair-deficient knock-out cells. This straight-forward method could be applied by non-DNA repair experts to study the involvement of their gene-of-interest in repair. Furthermore, this method is fully amenable for high-throughput screening of DNA repair activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiba Hassanain
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Dana Tseitline
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Tamar Hacohen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Adi Yifrach
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Ayala Kirshenbaum
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Bar Lavi
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Avital Parnas
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Sheera Adar
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel.
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2
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Larnac E, Montoni A, Haydont V, Marrot L, Rochette PJ. Lipid Peroxidation as the Mechanism Underlying Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Sunlight Synergistic Toxicity in Dermal Fibroblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1905. [PMID: 38339182 PMCID: PMC10856043 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Light and atmospheric pollution are both independently implicated in cancer induction and premature aging. Evidence has been growing more recently on the toxic synergy between light and pollutants. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) originate from the incomplete combustion of organic matter. Some PAHs, such as the Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), absorb ultraviolet A (UVA) wavelengths and can act as exogenous chromophores, leading to synergistic toxicity through DNA damage and cytotoxicity concomitant to ROS formation. In this study, we shed light on the mechanism underlying the toxic synergy between PAHs and UVA. Using dermal fibroblasts co-exposed to UVA and BaP, we have demonstrated that the photosensitization reaction causes mortality, which is most likely caused by ROS accumulation. We have shown that these ROS are concentrated in the lipids, which causes an important induction of lipid peroxidation and malondialdehyde, by-products of lipid peroxidation. We have also shown the accumulation of bulky DNA damage, most likely generated by these by-products of lipid peroxidation. To our knowledge, this study represents the first one depicting the molecular effects of photo-pollution on dermal skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloïse Larnac
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Québec, QC G1S 4L8, Canada; (E.L.); (A.M.)
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale, Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Alicia Montoni
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Québec, QC G1S 4L8, Canada; (E.L.); (A.M.)
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale, Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Valérie Haydont
- Advanced Research, L’OREAL Research & Innovation, 93600 Aulnay-Sous-Bois, France; (V.H.); (L.M.)
| | - Laurent Marrot
- Advanced Research, L’OREAL Research & Innovation, 93600 Aulnay-Sous-Bois, France; (V.H.); (L.M.)
| | - Patrick J. Rochette
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Québec, QC G1S 4L8, Canada; (E.L.); (A.M.)
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale, Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département d’Ophtalmologie et ORL-Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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3
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Kotarska K, Gąsior Ł, Rudnicka J, Polański Z. Long-run real-time PCR analysis of repetitive nuclear elements as a novel tool for DNA damage quantification in single cells: an approach validated on mouse oocytes and fibroblasts. J Appl Genet 2024; 65:181-190. [PMID: 38110826 PMCID: PMC10789673 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-023-00817-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Since DNA damage is of great importance in various biological processes, its rate is frequently assessed both in research studies and in medical diagnostics. The most precise methods of quantifying DNA damage are based on real-time PCR. However, in the conventional version, they require a large amount of genetic material and therefore their usefulness is limited to multicellular samples. Here, we present a novel approach to long-run real-time PCR-based DNA-damage quantification (L1-LORD-Q), which consists in amplification of long interspersed nuclear elements (L1) and allows for analysis of single-cell genomes. The L1-LORD-Q was compared with alternative methods of measuring DNA breaks (Bioanalyzer system, γ-H2AX foci staining), which confirmed its accuracy. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the L1-LORD-Q is sensitive enough to distinguish between different levels of UV-induced DNA damage. The method was validated on mouse oocytes and fibroblasts, but the general idea is universal and can be applied to various types of cells and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kotarska
- Laboratory of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Department of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Gąsior
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Trace Elements, Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Rudnicka
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Polański
- Laboratory of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Department of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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Chang JHM, Xue Z, Bauer J, Wehle B, Hendrix DA, Catalano T, Hurowitz JA, Nekvasil H, Demple B. Artificial Space Weathering to Mimic Solar Wind Enhances the Toxicity of Lunar Dust Simulants in Human Lung Cells. GEOHEALTH 2024; 8:e2023GH000840. [PMID: 38312735 PMCID: PMC10835080 DOI: 10.1029/2023gh000840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
During NASA's Apollo missions, inhalation of dust particles from lunar regolith was identified as a potential occupational hazard for astronauts. These fine particles adhered tightly to spacesuits and were unavoidably brought into the living areas of the spacecraft. Apollo astronauts reported that exposure to the dust caused intense respiratory and ocular irritation. This problem is a potential challenge for the Artemis Program, which aims to return humans to the Moon for extended stays in this decade. Since lunar dust is "weathered" by space radiation, solar wind, and the incessant bombardment of micrometeorites, we investigated whether treatment of lunar regolith simulants to mimic space weathering enhanced their toxicity. Two such simulants were employed in this research, Lunar Mare Simulant-1 (LMS-1), and Lunar Highlands Simulant-1 (LHS-1), which were added to cultures of human lung epithelial cells (A549) to simulate lung exposure to the dusts. In addition to pulverization, previously shown to increase dust toxicity sharply, the simulants were exposed to hydrogen gas at high temperature as a proxy for solar wind exposure. This treatment further increased the toxicity of both simulants, as measured by the disruption of mitochondrial function, and damage to DNA both in mitochondria and in the nucleus. By testing the effects of supplementing the cells with an antioxidant (N-acetylcysteine), we showed that a substantial component of this toxicity arises from free radicals. It remains to be determined to what extent the radicals arise from the dust itself, as opposed to their active generation by inflammatory processes in the treated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H M Chang
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences Renaissance School of Medicine Stony Brook University Stony Brook NY USA
| | - Z Xue
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences Renaissance School of Medicine Stony Brook University Stony Brook NY USA
| | - J Bauer
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences Renaissance School of Medicine Stony Brook University Stony Brook NY USA
| | - B Wehle
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences Renaissance School of Medicine Stony Brook University Stony Brook NY USA
| | - D A Hendrix
- Department of Geosciences Stony Brook University Stony Brook NY USA
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Florida State University Tallahassee FL USA
| | - T Catalano
- Department of Geosciences Stony Brook University Stony Brook NY USA
| | - J A Hurowitz
- Department of Geosciences Stony Brook University Stony Brook NY USA
| | - H Nekvasil
- Department of Geosciences Stony Brook University Stony Brook NY USA
| | - B Demple
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and of Radiation Oncology Renaissance School of Medicine Stony Brook University Stony Brook NY USA
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Zinflou C, Rochette PJ. Indenopyrene and Blue-Light Co-Exposure Impairs the Tightly Controlled Activation of Xenobiotic Metabolism in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells: A Mechanism for Synergistic Toxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17385. [PMID: 38139215 PMCID: PMC10744144 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
High energy visible (HEV) blue light is an increasing source of concern for visual health. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), a group of compounds found in high concentrations in smokers and polluted environments, accumulate in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). HEV absorption by indeno [1,2,3-cd]pyrene (IcdP), a common PAH, synergizes their toxicities and promotes degenerative changes in RPE cells comparable to the ones observed in age-related macular degeneration. In this study, we decipher the processes underlying IcdP and HEV synergic toxicity in human RPE cells. We found that IcdP-HEV toxicity is caused by the loss of the tight coupling between the two metabolic phases ensuring IcdP efficient detoxification. Indeed, IcdP/HEV co-exposure induces an overactivation of key actors in phase I metabolism. IcdP/HEV interaction is also associated with a downregulation of proteins involved in phase II. Our data thus indicate that phase II is hindered in response to co-exposure and that it is insufficient to sustain the enhanced phase I induction. This is reflected by an accelerated production of endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) and an increased accumulation of IcdP-related bulky DNA damage. Our work raises the prospect that lifestyle and environmental pollution may be significant modulators of HEV toxicity in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Zinflou
- Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1S 4L8, Canada;
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Patrick J. Rochette
- Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1S 4L8, Canada;
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département d’Ophtalmologie et ORL—Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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6
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Murphy S. What e-cigarette factors determine oral epithelial DNA damage in consumers? Evid Based Dent 2023; 24:163-164. [PMID: 37828109 DOI: 10.1038/s41432-023-00943-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
DESIGN Study participants were divided equally into three groups being exclusive vapers (never smokers), current exclusive smokers and non-users. Brush biopsy samples of oral epithelial cells were collected. DNA damage quantification was assessed using LA-QPCR, and analysis interrogated a 12.2 kb region of the DNA polymerase beta gene (POLB). An additional gene, hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1 (HPRT), was also interrogated for validity. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure plasma cotinine levels. Breath monitoring was measured using Bedfont Micro Smokerlyzer in order to quantify exhaled CO and %COHb levels in participants. CASE SELECTION 72 subjects, consisting of both males and females of diverse ages, races and ethnicities, were recruited. Comprehensive interviews alongside biochemical studies were used to verify smoking and vaping status. Participants classified as vapers reported a minimum use of e-cigarettes three times weekly for 6 months, with no use of cigarettes or tobacco products in their lifetime. Smokers reported cigarette consumption for a minimum of three times weekly for at least 12 months, less than five vaping sessions ever and no use of other tobacco products in the previous 6 months. Participants reporting no or less than five uses of e-cigarettes or tobacco products were classified as non-users. Former smokers, vapers and those who were dual or poly users of e-cigarettes, cigarettes or tobacco products were excluded. DATA ANALYSIS R environment for statistical computing (RStudio), was used for data analysis. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to evaluate the distribution of data. Student's t test allowed comparison of all variables between two groups (vapers and nonusers, smokers and nonusers, or vapers and smokers), specifically DNA damage levels. A one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by a post hoc Tukey HSD test allowed comparison of damage in three or more groups (heavy vapers, light vapers, and nonusers, as well as heavy smokers, light smokers, and nonusers). DNA damage was also analysed in this manner when assessing e-cigarette device type, liquid type or in non-users. Pearson correlation coefficient analysis allowed examination of relationships between different variables. RESULTS Mean levels of DNA damage in the POLB gene was 2.6-fold higher in vapers (p = 0.005) and 2.2-fold higher in smokers (p = 0.020), when compared to non-users. On comparing POLB gene DNA damage in vapers versus smokers, the results were not statistically significant (p = 0.522). Comparing DNA damage in the HPRT gene, levels were much higher in vapers (p = 0.029) and smokers (p = 0.033) versus non-users. Similarly to the POLB gene, DNA damage levels in the HPRT gene in vapers versus smokers were not statistically significant (p = 0.578). When assessing volume of e-cigarette liquid or smoking pack years, levels of DNA damage in increased in the POLB gene in a dose-dependent manner between 'light' and 'heavy' users versus non-users (F = 4.571, p = 0.0156 | Tukey's HSD p = 0.0195 in vapers, F = 4.368, p = 0.0185 | Tukey's HSD p = 0.0135 in smokers). Vaping device type was investigated showing mean level of DNA damage in the oral cells of pod device users was 3.3-fold higher compared to non-users (F = 3.886, p = 0.0152 | Tukey's HSD p = 0.0216). This was followed by a 2.6-fold increase in oral cell DNA damage in Mod device users, and a 1.6-fold increase in multiple device users. Levels of DNA damage was higher in those who consume sweet-flavoured e-liquid (F = 3.238, p = 0.0146 | Tukey's HSD p < 0.05), followed by vapers of multiple flavours, mint or menthol and tobacco, and fruit flavours. No correlation was found between DNA damage of oral cells and cumulative nicotine consumption in vapers (r = 0.3189, p = 0.1288). Plasma cotinine levels, a validated maker of tobacco in cigarettes and e-cigarettes, were not significantly different between vapers and smokers (p = 0.607), but were significantly higher compared to non-users (p < 0.0001). Whist compared to non-users, vapers had similar levels of CO and %COHb, smokers showed significantly increased levels (p = 0.0005 and p = 0.0002, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Based on the results of this study, there is evidence to support a dose-dependent formation of DNA damage in oral cells in those vapers who have never smoked cigarettes, and in those exclusive cigarette smokers. Additionally, e-cigarette device type and flavour, may also determine levels of DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siofra Murphy
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Crosshouse, Kilmarnock Rd, Crosshouse, Kilmarnock, KA2 0BE, UK.
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Sanookpan K, Chantaravisoot N, Kalpongnukul N, Chuenjit C, Wattanathamsan O, Shoaib S, Chanvorachote P, Buranasudja V. Pharmacological Ascorbate Elicits Anti-Cancer Activities against Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer through Hydrogen-Peroxide-Induced-DNA-Damage. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1775. [PMID: 37760080 PMCID: PMC10525775 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12091775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) poses a significant global health burden with unsatisfactory survival rates, despite advancements in diagnostic and therapeutic modalities. Novel therapeutic approaches are urgently required to improve patient outcomes. Pharmacological ascorbate (P-AscH-; ascorbate at millimolar concentration in plasma) emerged as a potential candidate for cancer therapy for recent decades. In this present study, we explore the anti-cancer effects of P-AscH- on NSCLC and elucidate its underlying mechanisms. P-AscH- treatment induces formation of cellular oxidative distress; disrupts cellular bioenergetics; and leads to induction of apoptotic cell death and ultimately reduction in clonogenic survival. Remarkably, DNA and DNA damage response machineries are identified as vulnerable targets for P-AscH- in NSCLC therapy. Treatments with P-AscH- increase the formation of DNA damage and replication stress markers while inducing mislocalization of DNA repair machineries. The cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of P-AscH- on NSCLC were reversed by co-treatment with catalase, highlighting the roles of extracellular hydrogen peroxide in anti-cancer activities of P-AscH-. The data from this current research advance our understanding of P-AscH- in cancer treatment and support its potential clinical use as a therapeutic option for NSCLC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kittipong Sanookpan
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (K.S.); (O.W.); (S.S.); (P.C.)
- Nabsolute Co., Ltd., Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Naphat Chantaravisoot
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (N.C.); (C.C.)
- Center of Excellence in Systems Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Nuttiya Kalpongnukul
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
- Research Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Chatchapon Chuenjit
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (N.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Onsurang Wattanathamsan
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (K.S.); (O.W.); (S.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Sara Shoaib
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (K.S.); (O.W.); (S.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Pithi Chanvorachote
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (K.S.); (O.W.); (S.S.); (P.C.)
- Center of Excellence in Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Visarut Buranasudja
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (K.S.); (O.W.); (S.S.); (P.C.)
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products for Ageing and Chronic Diseases, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Lautrup S, Myrup Holst C, Yde A, Asmussen S, Thinggaard V, Larsen K, Laursen LS, Richner M, Vægter CB, Prieto GA, Berchtold N, Cotman CW, Stevnsner T. The role of aging and brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling in expression of base excision repair genes in the human brain. Aging Cell 2023; 22:e13905. [PMID: 37334527 PMCID: PMC10497833 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA damage is a central contributor to the aging process. In the brain, a major threat to the DNA is the considerable amount of reactive oxygen species produced, which can inflict oxidative DNA damage. This type of damage is removed by the base excision repair (BER) pathway, an essential DNA repair mechanism, which contributes to genome stability in the brain. Despite the crucial role of the BER pathway, insights into how this pathway is affected by aging in the human brain and the underlying regulatory mechanisms are very limited. By microarray analysis of four cortical brain regions from humans aged 20-99 years (n = 57), we show that the expression of core BER genes is largely downregulated during aging across brain regions. Moreover, we find that expression of many BER genes correlates positively with the expression of the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the human brain. In line with this, we identify binding sites for the BDNF-activated transcription factor, cyclic-AMP response element-binding protein (CREB), in the promoter of most BER genes and confirm the ability of BDNF to regulate several BER genes by BDNF treatment of mouse primary hippocampal neurons. Together, these findings uncover the transcriptional landscape of BER genes during aging of the brain and suggest BDNF as an important regulator of BER in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Lautrup
- Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
- Department of Clinical Molecular BiologyUniversity of Oslo and Akershus University HospitalLørenskogNorway
| | | | - Anne Yde
- Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - Stine Asmussen
- Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - Vibeke Thinggaard
- Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - Knud Larsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | | | - Mette Richner
- Department of Biomedicine, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience – DANDRITE, Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular MedicineAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - Christian B. Vægter
- Department of Biomedicine, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience – DANDRITE, Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular MedicineAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - G. Aleph Prieto
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological DisordersUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
- Instituto de NeurobiologíaUNAM‐JuriquillaJuriquillaMexico
| | - Nicole Berchtold
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological DisordersUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Carl W. Cotman
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological DisordersUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Tinna Stevnsner
- Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
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9
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Caston RA, Fortini P, Chen K, Bauer J, Dogliotti E, Yin YW, Demple B. Maintenance of Flap Endonucleases for Long-Patch Base Excision DNA Repair in Mouse Muscle and Neuronal Cells Differentiated In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12715. [PMID: 37628896 PMCID: PMC10454756 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
After cellular differentiation, nuclear DNA is no longer replicated, and many of the associated proteins are downregulated accordingly. These include the structure-specific endonucleases Fen1 and DNA2, which are implicated in repairing mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Two more such endonucleases, named MGME1 and ExoG, have been discovered in mitochondria. This category of nuclease is required for so-called "long-patch" (multinucleotide) base excision DNA repair (BER), which is necessary to process certain oxidative lesions, prompting the question of how differentiation affects the availability and use of these enzymes in mitochondria. In this study, we demonstrate that Fen1 and DNA2 are indeed strongly downregulated after differentiation of neuronal precursors (Cath.a-differentiated cells) or mouse myotubes, while the expression levels of MGME1 and ExoG showed minimal changes. The total flap excision activity in mitochondrial extracts of these cells was moderately decreased upon differentiation, with MGME1 as the predominant flap endonuclease and ExoG playing a lesser role. Unexpectedly, both differentiated cell types appeared to accumulate less oxidative or alkylation damage in mtDNA than did their proliferating progenitors. Finally, the overall rate of mtDNA repair was not significantly different between proliferating and differentiated cells. Taken together, these results indicate that neuronal cells maintain mtDNA repair upon differentiation, evidently relying on mitochondria-specific enzymes for long-patch BER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Caston
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Paola Fortini
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (P.F.)
| | - Kevin Chen
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Jack Bauer
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Eugenia Dogliotti
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (P.F.)
| | - Y. Whitney Yin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Bruce Demple
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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10
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Darbinian N, Darbinyan A, Merabova N, Kassem M, Tatevosian G, Amini S, Goetzl L, Selzer ME. In utero ethanol exposure induces mitochondrial DNA damage and inhibits mtDNA repair in developing brain. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1214958. [PMID: 37621718 PMCID: PMC10444992 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1214958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mitochondrial dysfunction is postulated to be a central event in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). People with the most severe form of FASD, fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) are estimated to live only 34 years (95% confidence interval, 31 to 37 years), and adults who were born with any form of FASD often develop early aging. Mitochondrial dysfunction and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage, hallmarks of aging, are postulated central events in FASD. Ethanol (EtOH) can cause mtDNA damage, consequent increased oxidative stress, and changes in the mtDNA repair protein 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase-1 (OGG1). Studies of molecular mechanisms are limited by the absence of suitable human models and non-invasive tools. Methods We compared human and rat EtOH-exposed fetal brain tissues and neuronal cultures, and fetal brain-derived exosomes (FB-Es) from maternal blood. Rat FASD was induced by administering a 6.7% alcohol liquid diet to pregnant dams. Human fetal (11-21 weeks) brain tissue was collected and characterized by maternal self-reported EtOH use. mtDNA was amplified by qPCR. OGG1 and Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) mRNAs were assayed by qRT-PCR. Exosomal OGG1 was measured by ddPCR. Results Maternal EtOH exposure increased mtDNA damage in fetal brain tissue and FB-Es. The damaged mtDNA in FB-Es correlated highly with small eye diameter, an anatomical hallmark of FASD. OGG1-mediated mtDNA repair was inhibited in EtOH-exposed fetal brain tissues. IGF-1 rescued neurons from EtOH-mediated mtDNA damage and OGG1 inhibition. Conclusion The correlation between mtDNA damage and small eye size suggests that the amount of damaged mtDNA in FB-E may serve as a marker to predict which at risk fetuses will be born with FASD. Moreover, IGF-1 might reduce EtOH-caused mtDNA damage and neuronal apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nune Darbinian
- Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation (Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Armine Darbinyan
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Nana Merabova
- Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation (Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Medical College of Wisconsin-Prevea Health, Green Bay, WI, United States
| | - Myrna Kassem
- Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation (Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Gabriel Tatevosian
- Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation (Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Shohreh Amini
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Laura Goetzl
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Michael E. Selzer
- Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation (Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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11
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Kim SY, Chiara V, Álvarez-Quintero N, da Silva A, Velando A. Maternal effect senescence via reduced DNA repair ability in the three-spined stickleback. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:4648-4659. [PMID: 37291748 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Maternal effect senescence, a decline in offspring viability with maternal age, has been documented across diverse animals, but its mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we test maternal effect senescence and explore its possible molecular mechanisms in a fish. We compared the levels of maternal mRNA transcripts of DNA repair genes and mtDNA copies in eggs and the levels of DNA damage in somatic and germline tissues between young and old female sticklebacks. We also tested, in an in vitro fertilization experiment, whether maternal age and sperm DNA damage level interactively influence the expression of DNA repair genes in early embryos. Old females transferred less mRNA transcripts of DNA repair genes into their eggs than did young females, but maternal age did not influence egg mtDNA density. Despite a higher level of oxidative DNA damage in the skeletal muscle, old females had a similar level of damage in the gonad to young females, suggesting the prioritization for germline maintenance during ageing. The embryos of both old and young mothers increased the expression of DNA repair genes in response to an increased level of oxidative DNA damage in sperm used for their fertilization. The offspring of old mothers showed higher rates of hatching, morphological deformity and post-hatching mortality and had smaller body size at maturity. These results suggest that maternal effect senescence may be mediated by reduced capacity of eggs to detect and repair DNA damages, especially prior to the embryonic genomic activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin-Yeon Kim
- Grupo Ecoloxía Animal, Torre CACTI, Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Violette Chiara
- Grupo Ecoloxía Animal, Torre CACTI, Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Náyade Álvarez-Quintero
- Grupo Ecoloxía Animal, Torre CACTI, Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alberto da Silva
- Grupo Ecoloxía Animal, Torre CACTI, Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Alberto Velando
- Grupo Ecoloxía Animal, Torre CACTI, Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
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12
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Myakala K, Wang XX, Shults NV, Krawczyk E, Jones BA, Yang X, Rosenberg AZ, Ginley B, Sarder P, Brodsky L, Jang Y, Na CH, Qi Y, Zhang X, Guha U, Wu C, Bansal S, Ma J, Cheema A, Albanese C, Hirschey MD, Yoshida T, Kopp JB, Panov J, Levi M. NAD metabolism modulates inflammation and mitochondria function in diabetic kidney disease. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104975. [PMID: 37429506 PMCID: PMC10413283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of cardiovascular and renal disease in the United -States. Despite the beneficial interventions available for patients with diabetes, there remains a need for additional therapeutic targets and therapies in diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Inflammation and oxidative stress are increasingly recognized as important causes of renal diseases. Inflammation is closely associated with mitochondrial damage. The molecular connection between inflammation and mitochondrial metabolism remains to be elucidated. Recently, nicotinamide adenine nucleotide (NAD+) metabolism has been found to regulate immune function and inflammation. In the present studies, we tested the hypothesis that enhancing NAD metabolism could prevent inflammation in and progression of DKD. We found that treatment of db/db mice with type 2 diabetes with nicotinamide riboside (NR) prevented several manifestations of kidney dysfunction (i.e., albuminuria, increased urinary kidney injury marker-1 (KIM1) excretion, and pathologic changes). These effects were associated with decreased inflammation, at least in part via inhibiting the activation of the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) signaling pathway. An antagonist of the serum stimulator of interferon genes (STING) and whole-body STING deletion in diabetic mice showed similar renoprotection. Further analysis found that NR increased SIRT3 activity and improved mitochondrial function, which led to decreased mitochondrial DNA damage, a trigger for mitochondrial DNA leakage which activates the cGAS-STING pathway. Overall, these data show that NR supplementation boosted NAD metabolism to augment mitochondrial function, reducing inflammation and thereby preventing the progression of diabetic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komuraiah Myakala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Xiaoxin X Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.
| | - Nataliia V Shults
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Ewa Krawczyk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Bryce A Jones
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Xiaoping Yang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Avi Z Rosenberg
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Brandon Ginley
- Departments of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, SUNY, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Pinaki Sarder
- Department of Medicine-Quantitative Health, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Leonid Brodsky
- Tauber Bioinformatics Research Center, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yura Jang
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Chan Hyun Na
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yue Qi
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Xu Zhang
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Udayan Guha
- Thoracic and GI Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ci Wu
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington District of Columbia, USA
| | - Shivani Bansal
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington District of Columbia, USA
| | - Junfeng Ma
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington District of Columbia, USA
| | - Amrita Cheema
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington District of Columbia, USA
| | - Chris Albanese
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington District of Columbia, USA
| | - Matthew D Hirschey
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, and Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Teruhiko Yoshida
- Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Kopp
- Kidney Disease Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Julia Panov
- Tauber Bioinformatics Research Center, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Moshe Levi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.
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13
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Tommasi S, Blumenfeld H, Besaratinia A. Vaping Dose, Device Type, and E-Liquid Flavor are Determinants of DNA Damage in Electronic Cigarette Users. Nicotine Tob Res 2023; 25:1145-1154. [PMID: 36780924 PMCID: PMC10202635 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntad003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the widespread use of electronic cigarettes, the long-term health consequences of vaping are largely unknown. AIMS AND METHODS We investigated the DNA-damaging effects of vaping as compared to smoking in healthy adults, including "exclusive" vapers (never smokers), cigarette smokers only, and nonusers, matched for age, gender, and race (N = 72). Following biochemical verification of vaping or smoking status, we quantified DNA damage in oral epithelial cells of our study subjects, using a long-amplicon quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay. RESULTS We detected significantly increased levels of DNA damage in both vapers and smokers as compared to nonusers (p = .005 and p = .020, respectively). While the mean levels of DNA damage did not differ significantly between vapers and smokers (p = .522), damage levels increased dose-dependently, from light users to heavy users, in both vapers and smokers as compared to nonusers. Among vapers, pod users followed by mod users, and those who used sweet-, mint or menthol-, and fruit-flavored e-liquids, respectively, showed the highest levels of DNA damage. The nicotine content of e-liquid was not a predictor of DNA damage in vapers. CONCLUSIONS This is the first demonstration of a dose-dependent formation of DNA damage in vapers who had never smoked cigarettes. Our data support a role for product characteristics, specifically device type and e-liquid flavor, in the induction of DNA damage in vapers. Given the popularity of pod and mod devices and the preferability of sweet-, mint or menthol-, and fruit-flavored e-liquids by both adult- and youth vapers, our findings can have significant implications for public health and tobacco products regulation. IMPLICATIONS We demonstrate a dose-dependent formation of DNA damage in oral cells from vapers who had never smoked tobacco cigarettes as well as exclusive cigarette smokers. Device type and e-liquid flavor determine the extent of DNA damage detected in vapers. Users of pod devices followed by mod users, and those who use sweet-, mint or menthol-, and fruit-flavored e-liquids, respectively, show the highest levels of DNA damage when compared to nonusers. Given the popularity of pod and mod devices and the preferability of these same flavors of e-liquid by both adult- and youth vapers, our findings can have significant implications for public health and tobacco products regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Tommasi
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, USC Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, M/C 9603, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Hannah Blumenfeld
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, USC Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, M/C 9603, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Ahmad Besaratinia
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, USC Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, M/C 9603, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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14
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Rickard BP, Overchuk M, Chappell VA, Kemal Ruhi M, Sinawang PD, Nguyen Hoang TT, Akin D, Demirci U, Franco W, Fenton SE, Santos JH, Rizvi I. Methods to Evaluate Changes in Mitochondrial Structure and Function in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:2564. [PMID: 37174030 PMCID: PMC10177605 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15092564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are regulators of key cellular processes, including energy production and redox homeostasis. Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with various human diseases, including cancer. Importantly, both structural and functional changes can alter mitochondrial function. Morphologic and quantifiable changes in mitochondria can affect their function and contribute to disease. Structural mitochondrial changes include alterations in cristae morphology, mitochondrial DNA integrity and quantity, and dynamics, such as fission and fusion. Functional parameters related to mitochondrial biology include the production of reactive oxygen species, bioenergetic capacity, calcium retention, and membrane potential. Although these parameters can occur independently of one another, changes in mitochondrial structure and function are often interrelated. Thus, evaluating changes in both mitochondrial structure and function is crucial to understanding the molecular events involved in disease onset and progression. This review focuses on the relationship between alterations in mitochondrial structure and function and cancer, with a particular emphasis on gynecologic malignancies. Selecting methods with tractable parameters may be critical to identifying and targeting mitochondria-related therapeutic options. Methods to measure changes in mitochondrial structure and function, with the associated benefits and limitations, are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany P. Rickard
- Curriculum in Toxicology & Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Marta Overchuk
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Vesna A. Chappell
- Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Mustafa Kemal Ruhi
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul 34684, Turkey
| | - Prima Dewi Sinawang
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tina Thuy Nguyen Hoang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Demir Akin
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
- Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence for Translational Diagnostics (CCNE-TD), School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Utkan Demirci
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Walfre Franco
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Suzanne E. Fenton
- Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Janine H. Santos
- Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Imran Rizvi
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Center for Environmental Health and Susceptibility, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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15
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Cheng YT, Nakagawa-Goto K, Lee KH, Shyur LF. MicroRNA-Mediated Mitochondrial Dysfunction Is Involved in the Anti-triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cell Activity of Phytosesquiterpene Lactones. Antioxid Redox Signal 2023; 38:198-214. [PMID: 35850524 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Aims: Emerging evidence suggests that modulating redox homeostasis through targeting mitochondrial functions may be a useful strategy for suppressing triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) activities. However, whether there are specific microRNAs (miRNAs) involved in regulating oxidative stress-associated mitochondrial functions that can act as therapeutic targets to suppress TNBC activities remains unclear. Here, we aimed to identify the role of redox-associated miRNAs in TNBC and investigated their potential as therapeutic targets. Results: We identified oxidative stress-responsive differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) regulated by phytosesquiterpene lactone deoxyelephantopin (DET) and its novel derivative DETD-35, which are known to inhibit TNBC growth and metastasis in vitro and in vivo, using comparative miRNA microarray analysis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging approaches. Mitochondrial dysfunction was identified as a major biological function regulated by a few specific DEMs. In particular, miR-4284 was identified to play a role in DET- and DETD-35-mediated ROS production, mitochondrial basal proton leak, and antiproliferation activity in TNBC cells. Moreover, DET- and DETD-35-induced mitochondrial DNA damage was observed in TNBC cells and xenograft tumors. miR-4284 was also identified to play a role in oxidative DNA damage in TNBC tumors. Innovation: We identified a novel role for miR-4284 in regulating mitochondrial basal proton leak in TNBC cells, and highlighted its significance in TNBC tumor oxidative DNA damage, and its direct correlation with TNBC patient survival. Conclusion: We used DET and DETD-35 as proof of concept to demonstrate that activities of anticancer agents can involve regulation of multiple miRNAs playing different roles in cancer progression. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 38, 198-214.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Cheng
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Chung Hsing University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kyoko Nakagawa-Goto
- College of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lie-Fen Shyur
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Chung Hsing University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,PhD Program in Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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16
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Small molecule-mediated allosteric activation of the base excision repair enzyme 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase and its impact on mitochondrial function. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14685. [PMID: 36038587 PMCID: PMC9424235 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18878-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
8-Oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1) initiates base excision repair of the oxidative DNA damage product 8-oxoguanine. OGG1 is bifunctional; catalyzing glycosyl bond cleavage, followed by phosphodiester backbone incision via a β-elimination apurinic lyase reaction. The product from the glycosylase reaction, 8-oxoguanine, and its analogues, 8-bromoguanine and 8-aminoguanine, trigger the rate-limiting AP lyase reaction. The precise activation mechanism remains unclear. The product-assisted catalysis hypothesis suggests that 8-oxoguanine and analogues bind at the product recognition (PR) pocket to enhance strand cleavage as catalytic bases. Alternatively, they may allosterically activate OGG1 by binding outside of the PR pocket to induce an active-site conformational change to accelerate apurinic lyase. Herein, steady-state kinetic analyses demonstrated random binding of substrate and activator. 9-Deazaguanine, which can't function as a substrate-competent base, activated OGG1, albeit with a lower Emax value than 8-bromoguanine and 8-aminoguanine. Random compound screening identified small molecules with Emax values similar to 8-bromoguanine. Paraquat-induced mitochondrial dysfunction was attenuated by several small molecule OGG1 activators; benefits included enhanced mitochondrial membrane and DNA integrity, less cytochrome c translocation, ATP preservation, and mitochondrial membrane dynamics. Our results support an allosteric mechanism of OGG1 and not product-assisted catalysis. OGG1 small molecule activators may improve mitochondrial function in oxidative stress-related diseases.
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17
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Vergara X, Schep R, Medema RH, van Steensel B. From fluorescent foci to sequence: Illuminating DNA double strand break repair by high-throughput sequencing technologies. DNA Repair (Amst) 2022; 118:103388. [PMID: 36037787 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2022.103388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Technologies to study DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair have traditionally mostly relied on fluorescence read-outs, either by microscopy or flow cytometry. The advent of high throughput sequencing (HTS) has created fundamentally new opportunities to study the mechanisms underlying DSB repair. Here, we review the suite of HTS-based assays that are used to study three different aspects of DNA repair: detection of broken ends, protein recruitment and pathway usage. We highlight new opportunities that HTS technology offers towards a better understanding of the DSB repair process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xabier Vergara
- Division of Gene Regulation, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Cell Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, the Netherlands
| | - Ruben Schep
- Division of Gene Regulation, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, the Netherlands
| | - René H Medema
- Division of Cell Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, the Netherlands.
| | - Bas van Steensel
- Division of Gene Regulation, Netherlands Cancer Institute, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, the Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, the Netherlands.
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18
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Liensinine Inhibits Cell Growth and Blocks Autophagic Flux in Nonsmall-Cell Lung Cancer. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:1533779. [PMID: 35813859 PMCID: PMC9270144 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1533779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Liensinine is a bioactive component of Plumula Nelumbinis extracted from the green embryo of the mature seeds of Nelumbonaceae and exhibits therapeutic functions and noteworthy anti-tumor effects in recent studies. However, the potential anti-tumor property and the underlying mechanisms of liensinine in nonsmall-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have not been illustrated. In this study, we demonstrated that liensinine has the potential anti-tumor property, and it could inhibit growth of NSCLC in vitro and in vivo. In addition, we found that although it induced significant accumulation of autophagosomes, liensinine could quench them for degradation and blocked autophagic flux. Importantly, we observed that liensinine inhibited the normal function of mitochondrial energy supply and impaired the lysosomal function. This research firstly provides a possibility insight that liensinine could be a novel therapeutic strategy for NSCLC.
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19
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Gyllenhammer LE, Rasmussen JM, Bertele N, Halbing A, Entringer S, Wadhwa PD, Buss C. Maternal Inflammation During Pregnancy and Offspring Brain Development: The Role of Mitochondria. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2022; 7:498-509. [PMID: 34800727 PMCID: PMC9086015 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The association between maternal immune activation (MIA) during pregnancy and risk for offspring neuropsychiatric disorders has been increasingly recognized over the past several years. Among the mechanistic pathways that have been described through which maternal inflammation during pregnancy may affect fetal brain development, the role of mitochondria has received little attention. In this review, the role of mitochondria as a potential mediator of the association between MIA during pregnancy and offspring brain development and risk for psychiatric disorders will be proposed. As a basis for this postulation, convergent evidence is presented supporting the obligatory role of mitochondria in brain development, the role of mitochondria as mediators and initiators of inflammatory processes, and evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction in preclinical MIA exposure models and human neurodevelopmental disorders. Elucidating the role of mitochondria as a potential mediator of MIA-induced alterations in brain development and neurodevelopmental disease risk may not only provide new insight into the pathophysiology of mental health disorders that have their origins in exposure to infection/immune activation during pregnancy but also offer new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Gyllenhammer
- Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California
| | - Jerod M Rasmussen
- Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California
| | - Nina Bertele
- Department of Medical Psychology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Amy Halbing
- Department of Medical Psychology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Einstein Center for Neurosciences Berlin, Department of Medical Psychology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sonja Entringer
- Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California; Department of Medical Psychology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pathik D Wadhwa
- Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California; Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California
| | - Claudia Buss
- Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, California; Department of Medical Psychology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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20
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The fate of damaged mitochondrial DNA in the cell. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119233. [PMID: 35131372 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrion is a double membrane organelle that is responsible for cellular respiration and production of most of the ATP in eukaryotic cells. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is the genetic material carried by mitochondria, which encodes some essential subunits of respiratory complexes independent of nuclear DNA. Normally, mtDNA binds to certain proteins to form a nucleoid that is stable in mitochondria. Nevertheless, a variety of physiological or pathological stresses can cause mtDNA damage, and the accumulation of damaged mtDNA in mitochondria leads to mitochondrial dysfunction, which triggers the occurrence of mitochondrial diseases in vivo. In response to mtDNA damage, cell initiates multiple pathways including mtDNA repair, degradation, clearance and release, to recover mtDNA, and maintain mitochondrial quality and cell homeostasis. In this review, we provide our current understanding of the fate of damaged mtDNA, focus on the pathways and mechanisms of removing damaged mtDNA in the cell.
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21
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Shin J, Hong SG, Choi SY, Rath ME, Saredy J, Jovin DG, Sayoc J, Park HS, Eguchi S, Rizzo V, Scalia R, Wang H, Houser SR, Park JY. Flow-induced endothelial mitochondrial remodeling mitigates mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and promotes mitochondrial DNA integrity in a p53-dependent manner. Redox Biol 2022; 50:102252. [PMID: 35121402 PMCID: PMC8818582 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor suppressor p53 plays a pivotal role in orchestrating mitochondrial remodeling by regulating their content, fusion/fission processes, and intracellular signaling molecules that are associated with mitophagy and apoptosis pathways. In order to determine a molecular mechanism underlying flow-mediated mitochondrial remodeling in endothelial cells, we examined, herein, the role of p53 on mitochondrial adaptations to physiological flow and its relevance to vascular function using endothelial cell-specific p53 deficient mice. We observed no changes in aerobic capacity, basal blood pressure, or endothelial mitochondrial phenotypes in the endothelial p53 mull animals. However, after 7 weeks of voluntary wheel running exercise, blood pressure reduction and endothelial mitochondrial remodeling (biogenesis, elongation, and mtDNA replication) were substantially blunted in endothelial p53 null animals compared to the wild-type, subjected to angiotensin II-induced hypertension. In addition, endothelial mtDNA lesions were significantly reduced following voluntary running exercise in wild-type mice, but not in the endothelial p53 null mice. Moreover, in vitro studies demonstrated that unidirectional laminar flow exposure significantly increased key putative regulators for mitochondrial remodeling and reduced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation and mtDNA damage in a p53-dependent manner. Mechanistically, unidirectional laminar flow instigated translocalization of p53 into the mitochondrial matrix where it binds to mitochondrial transcription factor A, TFAM, resulting in improving mtDNA integrity. Taken together, our findings suggest that p53 plays an integral role in mitochondrial remodeling under physiological flow condition and the flow-induced p53-TFAM axis may be a novel molecular intersection for enhancing mitochondrial homeostasis in endothelial cells.
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22
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Abdullaev SA, Glukhov SI, Gaziev AI. Radioprotective and Radiomitigative Effects of Melatonin in Tissues with Different Proliferative Activity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1885. [PMID: 34942988 PMCID: PMC8698738 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10121885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We used various markers to analyze damage to mouse tissues (spleen and cerebral cortex) which have different proliferative activity and sensitivity to ionizing radiation (IR). We also assessed the degree of modulation of damages that occurs when melatonin is administered to mice prior to and after their X-ray irradiation. The data from this study showed that lesions in nuclear DNA (nDNA) were repaired more actively in the spleen than in the cerebral cortex of mice irradiated and treated with melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine). Mitochondrial biogenesis involving mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) synthesis was activated in both tissues of irradiated mice. A significant proportion of the newly synthesized mtDNA molecules were mutant copies that increase oxidative stress. Melatonin reduced the number of mutant mtDNA copies and the level of H2O2 in both tissues of the irradiated mice. Melatonin promoted the restoration of ATP levels in the tissues of irradiated mice. In the mouse tissues after exposure to X-ray, the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) increased and melatonin was able to reduce it. The MDA concentration was higher in the cerebral cortex tissue than that in the spleen tissue of the mouse. In mouse tissues following irradiation, the glutathione (GSH) level was low. The spleen GSH content was more than twice as low as that in the cerebral cortex. Melatonin helped restore the GSH levels in the mouse tissues. Although the spleen and cerebral cortex tissues of mice differ in the baseline values of the analyzed markers, the radioprotective and radiomitigative potential of melatonin was observed in both tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serazhutdin A. Abdullaev
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow Region, Russia; (S.I.G.); (A.I.G.)
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23
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Evans EPP, Scholten JTM, Mzyk A, Reyes-San-Martin C, Llumbet AE, Hamoh T, Arts EGJM, Schirhagl R, Cantineau AEP. Male subfertility and oxidative stress. Redox Biol 2021; 46:102071. [PMID: 34340027 PMCID: PMC8342954 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To date 15% of couples are suffering from infertility with 45-50% of males being responsible. With an increase in paternal age as well as various environmental and lifestyle factors worsening these figures are expected to increase. As the so-called free radical theory of infertility suggests, free radicals or reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an essential role in this process. However, ROS also fulfill important functions for instance in sperm maturation. The aim of this review article is to discuss the role reactive oxygen species play in male fertility and how these are influenced by lifestyle, age or disease. We will further discuss how these ROS are measured and how they can be avoided during in-vitro fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily P P Evans
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen University University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AW, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jorien T M Scholten
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen University University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AW, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Aldona Mzyk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen University University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AW, Groningen, the Netherlands; Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, Reymonta 25, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
| | - Claudia Reyes-San-Martin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen University University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AW, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Arturo E Llumbet
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen University University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AW, Groningen, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Genomic of Germ Cells, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile. Independencia, 1027, Independencia Santiago, Chile
| | - Thamir Hamoh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen University University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AW, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Eus G J M Arts
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Romana Schirhagl
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Groningen University University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713AW, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Astrid E P Cantineau
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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24
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Mitochondrial DNA as a Sensitive Biomarker of UV-Induced Cellular Damage in Human Skin. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 34080161 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1270-5_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been demonstrated to be a reliable biomarker of UV-induced genetic damage in both animal and human skin. Properties of the mitochondrial genome which allow for its use as a biomarker of damage include its presence in multiple copies within a cell, its limited repair mechanisms, and its lack of protective histones. To measure UV-induced mtDNA damage (particularly in the form of strand breaks), real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) is used, based on the observation that PCR amplification efficiency is decreased in the presence of high levels of damage. Here, we describe the measurement of UV-induced mtDNA damage which includes the extraction of cellular DNA, qPCR to determine the relative amount of mtDNA, qPCR to determine UV-induced damage within a long strand of mtDNA, and the verification of the amplification process using gel electrophoresis.
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25
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ING2 tumor suppressive protein translocates into mitochondria and is involved in cellular metabolism homeostasis. Oncogene 2021; 40:4111-4123. [PMID: 34017078 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01832-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
ING2 (Inhibitor of Growth 2) is a tumor suppressor gene that has been implicated in critical biological functions (cell-cycle regulation, replicative senescence, DNA repair and DNA replication), most of which are recognized hallmarks of tumorigenesis occurring in the cell nucleus. As its close homolog ING1 has been recently observed in the mitochondrial compartment, we hypothesized that ING2 could also translocate into the mitochondria and be involved in new biological functions. In the present study, we demonstrate that ING2 is imported in the inner mitochondrial fraction in a redox-sensitive manner in human cells and that this mechanism is modulated by 14-3-3η protein expression. Remarkably, ING2 is necessary to maintain mitochondrial ultrastructure integrity without interfering with mitochondrial networks or polarization. We observed an interaction between ING2 and mtDNA under basal conditions. This interaction appears to be mediated by TFAM, a critical regulator of mtDNA integrity. The loss of mitochondrial ING2 does not impair mtDNA repair, replication or transcription but leads to a decrease in mitochondrial ROS production, suggesting a detrimental impact on OXPHOS activity. We finally show using multiple models that ING2 is involved in mitochondrial respiration and that its loss confers a protection against mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibition in vitro. Consequently, we propose a new tumor suppressor role for ING2 protein in the mitochondria as a metabolic shift gatekeeper during tumorigenesis.
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26
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Myakala K, Jones BA, Wang XX, Levi M. Sacubitril/valsartan treatment has differential effects in modulating diabetic kidney disease in db/db mice and KKAy mice compared with valsartan treatment. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2021; 320:F1133-F1151. [PMID: 33870733 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00614.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although renin-angiotensin blockade has shown beneficial outcomes in patients with diabetes, renal injury progresses in most of these patients. Therefore, there remains a need for new therapeutic targets in diabetic kidney disease. Enhancement of vasoactive peptides, such as natriuretic peptides, via neprilysin inhibition, has been a new approach. A first-in-class drug, sacubitril/valsartan (Sac/Val), a combination of the angiotensin II receptor blocker Val and neprilysin inhibitor prodrug Sac, has been shown to be more effective than renin-angiotensin blockade alone in the treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. In this study, we tested the effects of Sac/Val in diabetic kidney disease. We administered Sac/Val or Val to two type 2 diabetes mouse models, db/db mice or KKAy mice. After 3 mo of treatment, Sac/Val attenuated the progression of proteinuria, glomerulosclerosis, and podocyte loss in both models of diabetic mice. Val shared a similar improvement but to a lesser degree in some parameters compared with Sac/Val. Sac/Val but not Val decreased the blood glucose level in KKAy mice. Sac/Val exerted renal protection through coordinated effects on antioxidative stress and anti-inflammation. In both diabetic models, we revealed a new mechanism to cause inflammation, self-DNA-activated cGMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) signaling, which was activated in diabetic kidneys and prevented by Sac/Val or Val treatment. The present data suggest that Sac/Val has sufficient therapeutical potential to counter the pathophysiological effects of diabetic kidney disease, and its effectiveness could be better than Val alone.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The first-in-class drug sacubitril/valsartan, a combination of the angiotensin II receptor blocker valsartan and neprilysin inhibitor sacubitril, was tested for its effects in diabetic kidney disease using db/db mice and KKAy mice. We found that Sac/Val has sufficient therapeutical potential to counter the pathophysiological effects of diabetic kidney disease. We further revealed a new mechanism to cause inflammation, self-DNA-activated cGAS-STING signaling, which was activated in diabetic kidneys and prevented by sacubitril/valsartan or valsartan treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komuraiah Myakala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Bryce A Jones
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Xiaoxin X Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Moshe Levi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
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27
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Bonora E, Chakrabarty S, Kellaris G, Tsutsumi M, Bianco F, Bergamini C, Ullah F, Isidori F, Liparulo I, Diquigiovanni C, Masin L, Rizzardi N, Cratere MG, Boschetti E, Papa V, Maresca A, Cenacchi G, Casadio R, Martelli P, Matera I, Ceccherini I, Fato R, Raiola G, Arrigo S, Signa S, Sementa AR, Severino M, Striano P, Fiorillo C, Goto T, Uchino S, Oyazato Y, Nakamura H, Mishra SK, Yeh YS, Kato T, Nozu K, Tanboon J, Morioka I, Nishino I, Toda T, Goto YI, Ohtake A, Kosaki K, Yamaguchi Y, Nonaka I, Iijima K, Mimaki M, Kurahashi H, Raams A, MacInnes A, Alders M, Engelen M, Linthorst G, de Koning T, den Dunnen W, Dijkstra G, van Spaendonck K, van Gent DC, Aronica EM, Picco P, Carelli V, Seri M, Katsanis N, Duijkers FAM, Taniguchi-Ikeda M, De Giorgio R. Biallelic variants in LIG3 cause a novel mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy. Brain 2021; 144:1451-1466. [PMID: 33855352 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal gut motility is a feature of several mitochondrial encephalomyopathies, and mutations in genes such as TYMP and POLG, have been linked to these rare diseases. The human genome encodes three DNA ligases, of which only one, ligase III (LIG3), has a mitochondrial splice variant and is crucial for mitochondrial health. We investigated the effect of reduced LIG3 activity and resulting mitochondrial dysfunction in seven patients from three independent families, who showed the common occurrence of gut dysmotility and neurological manifestations reminiscent of mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy. DNA from these patients was subjected to whole exome sequencing. In all patients, compound heterozygous variants in a new disease gene, LIG3, were identified. All variants were predicted to have a damaging effect on the protein. The LIG3 gene encodes the only mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) ligase and therefore plays a pivotal role in mtDNA repair and replication. In vitro assays in patient-derived cells showed a decrease in LIG3 protein levels and ligase activity. We demonstrated that the LIG3 gene defects affect mtDNA maintenance, leading to mtDNA depletion without the accumulation of multiple deletions as observed in other mitochondrial disorders. This mitochondrial dysfunction is likely to cause the phenotypes observed in these patients. The most prominent and consistent clinical signs were severe gut dysmotility and neurological abnormalities, including leukoencephalopathy, epilepsy, migraine, stroke-like episodes, and neurogenic bladder. A decrease in the number of myenteric neurons, and increased fibrosis and elastin levels were the most prominent changes in the gut. Cytochrome c oxidase (COX) deficient fibres in skeletal muscle were also observed. Disruption of lig3 in zebrafish reproduced the brain alterations and impaired gut transit in vivo. In conclusion, we identified variants in the LIG3 gene that result in a mitochondrial disease characterized by predominant gut dysmotility, encephalopathy, and neuromuscular abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bonora
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, St. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40138, Italy
| | - Sanjiban Chakrabarty
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Georgios Kellaris
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Makiko Tsutsumi
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Francesca Bianco
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, St. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40138, Italy
| | - Christian Bergamini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Farid Ullah
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Federica Isidori
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, St. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40138, Italy
| | - Irene Liparulo
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Chiara Diquigiovanni
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, St. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40138, Italy
| | - Luca Masin
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Nicola Rizzardi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Mariapia Giuditta Cratere
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, St. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40138, Italy.,Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Elisa Boschetti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, St. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40138, Italy
| | - Valentina Papa
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40123, Italy
| | - Alessandra Maresca
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Programma di Neurogenetica, Bologna, 40139, Italy
| | - Giovanna Cenacchi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40123, Italy
| | - Rita Casadio
- Biocomputing Group, Department of Biological, Geological, Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Martelli
- Biocomputing Group, Department of Biological, Geological, Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Ivana Matera
- IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, 16128, Italy
| | | | - Romana Fato
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Raiola
- Department of Paediatrics, Pugliese-Ciaccio Hospital, Catanzaro, 88100, Italy
| | - Serena Arrigo
- IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, 16128, Italy
| | - Sara Signa
- IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, 16128, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Tsuyoshi Goto
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shumpei Uchino
- Department of Pediatrics, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Oyazato
- Department of Pediatrics, Kakogawa Central City Hospital, Kakogawa, Hyogo, 675-8611, Japan
| | - Hisayoshi Nakamura
- Department of Neuromuscular Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Sushil K Mishra
- Glycoscience Group, National University of Ireland, Galway, H91 CF50, Ireland
| | - Yu-Sheng Yeh
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Takema Kato
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Kandai Nozu
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Jantima Tanboon
- Department of Neuromuscular Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Ichiro Morioka
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Ichizo Nishino
- Department of Neuromuscular Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Toda
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yu-Ichi Goto
- Department of Mental Retardation and Birth Defect Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Akira Ohtake
- Department of Pediatrics & Clinical Genomics, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Kosaki
- Center for Medical Genetics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Physical Chemistry, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Miyagi, 981-8558, Japan
| | - Ikuya Nonaka
- Department of Neuromuscular Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Kazumoto Iijima
- Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Masakazu Mimaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kurahashi
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Anja Raams
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Alyson MacInnes
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1100 DD, The Netherlands
| | - Mariel Alders
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1100 DD, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Engelen
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1100 DD, The Netherlands
| | - Gabor Linthorst
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1100 DD, The Netherlands
| | - Tom de Koning
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, UMCG, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | | | - Gerard Dijkstra
- Department of Gastroenterology, UMCG, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Karin van Spaendonck
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1100 DD, The Netherlands
| | - Dik C van Gent
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Eleonora M Aronica
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1100 DD, The Netherlands
| | - Paolo Picco
- IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, 16128, Italy
| | - Valerio Carelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40123, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Programma di Neurogenetica, Bologna, 40139, Italy
| | - Marco Seri
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, St. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40138, Italy
| | - Nicholas Katsanis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Floor A M Duijkers
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1100 DD, The Netherlands
| | - Mariko Taniguchi-Ikeda
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Hyogo, 650-0017, Japan.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Fujita Health University Hospital, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Roberto De Giorgio
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, St. Anna Hospital, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, 44124, Italy
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28
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Ventura JA, Donoghue JF, Nowell CJ, Cann LM, Day LRJ, Smyth LML, Forrester HB, Rogers PAW, Crosbie JC. The γH2AX DSB marker may not be a suitable biodosimeter to measure the biological MRT valley dose. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 97:642-656. [PMID: 33617395 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.1893854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE γH2AX biodosimetry has been proposed as an alternative dosimetry method for microbeam radiation therapy (MRT) because conventional dosimeters, such as ionization chambers, lack the spatial resolution required to accurately measure the MRT valley dose. Here we investigated whether γH2AX biodosimetry should be used to measure the biological valley dose of MRT-irradiated mammalian cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS We irradiated human skin fibroblasts and mouse skin flaps with synchrotron MRT and broad beam (BB) radiation. BB doses of 1-5 Gy were used to generate a calibration curve in order to estimate the biological MRT valley dose using the γH2AX assay. RESULTS Our key finding was that MRT induced a non-linear dose response compared to BB, where doses 2-3 times greater showed the same level of DNA DSB damage in the valley in cell and tissue studies. This indicates that γH2AX may not be an appropriate biodosimeter to estimate the biological valley doses of MRT-irradiated samples. We also established foci yields of 5.9 ± 0.04 and 27.4 ± 2.5 foci/cell/Gy in mouse skin tissue and human fibroblasts respectively, induced by BB. Using Monte Carlo simulations, a linear dose response was seen in cell and tissue studies and produced predicted peak-to-valley dose ratios (PVDRs) of ∼30 and ∼107 for human fibroblasts and mouse skin tissue respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our report highlights novel MRT radiobiology, attempts to explain why γH2AX may not be an appropriate biodosimeter and suggests further studies aimed at revealing the biological and cellular communication mechanisms that drive the normal tissue sparing effect, which is characteristic of MRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Ventura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Women's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Jacqueline F Donoghue
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Women's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Cameron J Nowell
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
| | - Leonie M Cann
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Women's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Liam R J Day
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lloyd M L Smyth
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Women's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Helen B Forrester
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.,Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Peter A W Rogers
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Women's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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29
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Koschnitzki D, Moeller R, Leuko S, Przybyla B, Beblo-Vranesevic K, Wirth R, Huber H, Rachel R, Rettberg P. Questioning the radiation limits of life: Ignicoccus hospitalis between replication and VBNC. Arch Microbiol 2020; 203:1299-1308. [PMID: 33325001 PMCID: PMC8055635 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-02125-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Radiation of ionizing or non-ionizing nature has harmful effects on cellular components like DNA as radiation can compromise its proper integrity. To cope with damages caused by external stimuli including radiation, within living cells, several fast and efficient repair mechanisms have evolved. Previous studies addressing organismic radiation tolerance have shown that radiotolerance is a predominant property among extremophilic microorganisms including (hyper-) thermophilic archaea. The analysis of the ionizing radiation tolerance of the chemolithoautotrophic, obligate anaerobic, hyperthermophilic Crenarchaeon Ignicoccus hospitalis showed a D10-value of 4.7 kGy, fourfold exceeding the doses previously determined for other extremophilic archaea. The genome integrity of I. hospitalis after γ-ray exposure in relation to its survival was visualized by RAPD and qPCR. Furthermore, the discrimination between reproduction, and ongoing metabolic activity was possible for the first time indicating that a potential viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state may also account for I. hospitalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Koschnitzki
- Radiation Biology Department, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR e.V.), Linder Hoehe, 51147, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Ralf Moeller
- Radiation Biology Department, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR e.V.), Linder Hoehe, 51147, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Leuko
- Radiation Biology Department, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR e.V.), Linder Hoehe, 51147, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bartos Przybyla
- Radiation Biology Department, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR e.V.), Linder Hoehe, 51147, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kristina Beblo-Vranesevic
- Radiation Biology Department, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR e.V.), Linder Hoehe, 51147, Cologne, Germany
| | - Reinhard Wirth
- Faculty for Biology and Preclinical Medicine, Institute for Microbiology and Archaea Centre, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Harald Huber
- Faculty for Biology and Preclinical Medicine, Institute for Microbiology and Archaea Centre, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Reinhard Rachel
- Faculty for Biology and Preclinical Medicine, Centre for Electron Microscopy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Petra Rettberg
- Radiation Biology Department, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR e.V.), Linder Hoehe, 51147, Cologne, Germany
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30
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Elucidation of DNA Repair Function of PfBlm and Potentiation of Artemisinin Action by a Small-Molecule Inhibitor of RecQ Helicase. mSphere 2020; 5:5/6/e00956-20. [PMID: 33239368 PMCID: PMC7690958 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00956-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria continues to be a serious threat to humankind not only because of the morbidity and mortality associated with the disease but also due to the huge economic burden that it imparts. Resistance to all available drugs and the unavailability of an effective vaccine cry for an urgent discovery of newer drug targets. Artemisinin (ART)-based combination therapies are recommended as first- and second-line treatments for Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Here, we investigated the impact of the RecQ inhibitor ML216 on the repair of ART-mediated damage in the genome of P. falciparum. PfBLM and PfWRN were identified as members of the RecQ helicase family in P. falciparum. However, the role of these RecQ helicases in DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair in this parasite has not been explored. Here, we provide several lines of evidence to establish the involvement of PfBlm in DSB repair in P. falciparum. First, we demonstrate that PfBlm interacts with two well-characterized DSB repair proteins of this parasite, namely, PfRad51 and PfalMre11. Second, we found that PfBLM expression was upregulated in response to DNA-damaging agents. Third, through yeast complementation studies, we demonstrated that PfBLM could complement the DNA damage sensitivity of a Δsgs1 mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in contrast to the helicase-dead mutant PfblmK83R. Finally, we observe that the overexpression of PfBLM induces resistance to DNA-damaging agents and offers a survival advantage to the parasites. Most importantly, we found that the RecQ inhibitor ML216 inhibits the repair of DSBs and thereby renders parasites more sensitive to ART. Such synergism between ART and ML216 actions was observed for both drug-sensitive and multidrug-resistant strains of P. falciparum. Taken together, these findings establish the implications of PfBlm in the Plasmodium DSB repair pathway and provide insights into the antiparasitic activity of the ART-ML216 combination. IMPORTANCE Malaria continues to be a serious threat to humankind not only because of the morbidity and mortality associated with the disease but also due to the huge economic burden that it imparts. Resistance to all available drugs and the unavailability of an effective vaccine cry for an urgent discovery of newer drug targets. Here, we uncovered a role of the PfBlm helicase in Plasmodium DNA double-strand break repair and established that the parasitic DNA repair mechanism can be targeted to curb malaria. The small-molecule inhibitor of PfBlm tested in this study acts synergistically with two first-line malaria drugs, artemisinin (ART) and chloroquine, in both drug-sensitive and multidrug-resistant strains of P. falciparum, thus qualifying this chemical as a potential partner in ART-based combination therapy. Additionally, the identification of this new specific inhibitor of the Plasmodium homologous recombination (HR) mechanism will now allow us to investigate the role of HR in Plasmodium biology.
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31
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Sonavane M, Hayat F, Makarov M, Migaud ME, Gassman NR. Dihydronicotinamide riboside promotes cell-specific cytotoxicity by tipping the balance between metabolic regulation and oxidative stress. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242174. [PMID: 33166357 PMCID: PMC7652347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), the essential cofactor derived from vitamin B3, is both a coenzyme in redox enzymatic processes and substrate in non-redox events; processes that are intimately implicated in all essential bioenergetics. A decrease in intracellular NAD+ levels is known to cause multiple metabolic complications and age-related disorders. One NAD+ precursor is dihydronicotinamide riboside (NRH), which increases NAD+ levels more potently in both cultured cells and mice than current supplementation strategies with nicotinamide riboside (NR), nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) or vitamin B3 (nicotinamide and niacin). However, the consequences of extreme boosts in NAD+ levels are not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate the cell-specific effects of acute NRH exposure in mammalian cells. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG3) cells show dose-dependent cytotoxicity when supplemented with 100–1000 μM NRH. Cytotoxicity was not observed in human embryonic kidney (HEK293T) cells over the same dose range of NRH. PUMA and BAX mediate the cell-specific cytotoxicity of NRH in HepG3. When supplementing HepG3 with 100 μM NRH, a significant increase in ROS was observed concurrent with changes in the NAD(P)H and GSH/GSSG pools. NRH altered mitochondrial membrane potential, increased mitochondrial superoxide formation, and induced mitochondrial DNA damage in those cells. NRH also caused metabolic dysregulation, altering mitochondrial respiration. Altogether, we demonstrated the detrimental consequences of an extreme boost of the total NAD (NAD+ + NADH) pool through NRH supplementation in HepG3. The cell-specific effects are likely mediated through the different metabolic fate of NRH in these cells, which warrants further study in other systemic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Sonavane
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, United States of America
- University of South Alabama Mitchell Cancer Institute, Mobile, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Faisal Hayat
- University of South Alabama Mitchell Cancer Institute, Mobile, Alabama, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, United States of America
| | - Mikhail Makarov
- University of South Alabama Mitchell Cancer Institute, Mobile, Alabama, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, United States of America
| | - Marie E. Migaud
- University of South Alabama Mitchell Cancer Institute, Mobile, Alabama, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, United States of America
| | - Natalie R. Gassman
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, United States of America
- University of South Alabama Mitchell Cancer Institute, Mobile, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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32
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Hong Y, Han HJ, Lee H, Lee D, Ko J, Hong ZY, Lee JY, Seok JH, Lim HS, Son WC, Sohn I. Deep learning method for comet segmentation and comet assay image analysis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18915. [PMID: 33144610 PMCID: PMC7609680 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75592-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Comet assay is a widely used method, especially in the field of genotoxicity, to quantify and measure DNA damage visually at the level of individual cells with high sensitivity and efficiency. Generally, computer programs are used to analyze comet assay output images following two main steps. First, each comet region must be located and segmented, and next, it is scored using common metrics (e.g., tail length and tail moment). Currently, most studies on comet assay image analysis have adopted hand-crafted features rather than the recent and effective deep learning (DL) methods. In this paper, however, we propose a DL-based baseline method, called DeepComet, for comet segmentation. Furthermore, we created a trainable and testable comet assay image dataset that contains 1037 comet assay images with 8271 manually annotated comet objects. From the comet segmentation test results with the proposed dataset, the DeepComet achieves high average precision (AP), which is an essential metric in image segmentation and detection tasks. A comparative analysis was performed between the DeepComet and the state-of-the-arts automatic comet segmentation programs on the dataset. Besides, we found that the DeepComet records high correlations with a commercial comet analysis tool, which suggests that the DeepComet is suitable for practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyu Hong
- Department of R&D Center, Arontier Co., Ltd, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jeong Han
- Department of Medical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hannah Lee
- Asan Institute of Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghwan Lee
- Department of R&D Center, Arontier Co., Ltd, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsu Ko
- Department of R&D Center, Arontier Co., Ltd, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhen-Yu Hong
- Department of R&D Center, Arontier Co., Ltd, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- Department of Medical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hyung Seok
- Department of Medical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Seon Lim
- Department of Medical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Chan Son
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.
| | - Insuk Sohn
- Department of R&D Center, Arontier Co., Ltd, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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33
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Lu J, Li Y, Mollinari C, Garaci E, Merlo D, Pei G. Amyloid-β Oligomers-induced Mitochondrial DNA Repair Impairment Contributes to Altered Human Neural Stem Cell Differentiation. Curr Alzheimer Res 2020; 16:934-949. [PMID: 31642778 DOI: 10.2174/1567205016666191023104036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amyloid-β42 oligomers (Aβ42O), the proximate effectors of neurotoxicity observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD), can induce mitochondrial oxidative stress and impair mitochondrial function besides causing mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage. Aβ42O also regulate the proliferative and differentiative properties of stem cells. OBJECTIVE We aimed to study whether Aβ42O-induced mtDNA damage is involved in the regulation of stem cell differentiation. METHOD Human iPSCs-derived neural stem cell (NSC) was applied to investigate the effect of Aβ42O on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and DNA damage using mitoSOX staining and long-range PCR lesion assay, respectively. mtDNA repair activity was measured by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) in vitro assay using mitochondria isolates and the expression and localization of NHEJ components were determined by Western blot and immunofluorescence assay. The expressions of Tuj-1 and GFAP, detected by immunofluorescence and qPCR, respectively, were examined as an index of neurons and astrocytes production. RESULTS We show that in NSC Aβ42O treatment induces ROS production and mtDNA damage and impairs DNA end joining activity. NHEJ components, such as Ku70/80, DNA-PKcs, and XRCC4, are localized in mitochondria and silencing of XRCC4 significantly exacerbates the effect of Aβ42O on mtDNA integrity. On the contrary, pre-treatment with Phytic Acid (IP6), which specifically stimulates DNA-PK-dependent end-joining, inhibits Aβ42O-induced mtDNA damage and neuronal differentiation alteration. CONCLUSION Aβ42O-induced mtDNA repair impairment may change cell fate thus shifting human NSC differentiation toward an astrocytic lineage. Repair stimulation counteracts Aβ42O neurotoxicity, suggesting mtDNA repair pathway as a potential target for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders like AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Cristiana Mollinari
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy.,Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Garaci
- IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy.,Telematic University San Raffaele, Via di Val Cannuta 247, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Merlo
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy
| | - Gang Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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34
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Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Li L, Mu D, Hua K, Ci S, Shen L, Zheng L, Shen B, Guo Z. Arginine methylation of APE1 promotes its mitochondrial translocation to protect cells from oxidative damage. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 158:60-73. [PMID: 32679368 PMCID: PMC8195256 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) is an essential multifunctional protein in mammals that plays critical roles in DNA repair and redox signaling within the cell. Impaired APE1 function or dysregulation is associated with disease susceptibility and poor cancer prognosis. Orchestrated regulatory mechanisms are crucial to ensure its function in a specific subcellular location at specific time. Here, we report arginine methylation as a post-translational modification (PTM) that regulates APE1 translocation to mitochondria in HeLa and HEK-293 cells. Protein arginine methyl-transferase 1 (PRMT1) was shown to methylate APE1 in vitro. Site-directed mutagenesis identified R301 as the major methylation site. We confirmed that APE1 is methylated in cells and that the R301K mutation significantly reduces its methylation. Baseline mitochondrial APE1 levels were low under standard culture conditions, but they could be induced by oxidative agents. Methylation-deficient APE1 showed reduced mitochondrial translocation. Methylation affected the interaction of APE1 with Tom20, translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane. Methylation-deficient APE1 resulted in increased mitochondrial DNA damage and increased cytochrome c release after stimuli. These data suggest that methylation of APE1 promotes its mitochondrial translocation and protects cells from oxidative damage. This work describes a novel PTM regulation model of APE1 subcellular distribution through arginine methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, Nanjing Normal University, 1 WenYuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Nanjing Liuhe District People's Hospital, Yangzhou University, Nanjing, 211500, China
| | - LuLu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, Nanjing Normal University, 1 WenYuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Dan Mu
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Ke Hua
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, Nanjing Normal University, 1 WenYuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Shusheng Ci
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, Nanjing Normal University, 1 WenYuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lei Shen
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Li Zheng
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Binghui Shen
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, City of Hope National Medical Center and Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
| | - Zhigang Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, Nanjing Normal University, 1 WenYuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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35
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Zilio N, Ulrich HD. Exploring the SSBreakome: genome-wide mapping of DNA single-strand breaks by next-generation sequencing. FEBS J 2020; 288:3948-3961. [PMID: 32965079 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mapping the genome-wide distribution of DNA lesions is key to understanding damage signalling and DNA repair in the context of genome and chromatin structure. Analytical tools based on high-throughput next-generation sequencing have revolutionized our progress with such investigations, and numerous methods are now available for various base lesions and modifications as well as for DNA double-strand breaks. Considering that single-strand breaks are by far the most common type of lesion and arise not only from exposure to exogenous DNA-damaging agents, but also as obligatory intermediates of DNA replication, recombination and repair, it is surprising that our insight into their genome-wide patterns, that is the 'SSBreakome', has remained rather obscure until recently, due to a lack of suitable mapping technology. Here we briefly review classical methods for analysing single-strand breaks and discuss and compare in detail a series of recently developed high-resolution approaches for the genome-wide mapping of these lesions, their advantages and limitations and how they have already provided valuable insight into the impact of this type of damage on the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Zilio
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB) gGmbH, Mainz, Germany
| | - Helle D Ulrich
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB) gGmbH, Mainz, Germany
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36
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Duan S, Han X, Akbari M, Croteau DL, Rasmussen LJ, Bohr VA. Interaction between RECQL4 and OGG1 promotes repair of oxidative base lesion 8-oxoG and is regulated by SIRT1 deacetylase. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:6530-6546. [PMID: 32432680 PMCID: PMC7337523 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OGG1 initiated base excision repair (BER) is the major pathway for repair of oxidative DNA base damage 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG). Here, we report that RECQL4 DNA helicase, deficient in the cancer-prone and premature aging Rothmund-Thomson syndrome, physically and functionally interacts with OGG1. RECQL4 promotes catalytic activity of OGG1 and RECQL4 deficiency results in defective 8-oxoG repair and increased genomic 8-oxoG. Furthermore, we show that acute oxidative stress leads to increased RECQL4 acetylation and its interaction with OGG1. The NAD+-dependent protein SIRT1 deacetylates RECQL4 in vitro and in cells thereby controlling the interaction between OGG1 and RECQL4 after DNA repair and maintaining RECQL4 in a low acetylated state. Collectively, we find that RECQL4 is involved in 8-oxoG repair through interaction with OGG1, and that SIRT1 indirectly modulates BER of 8-oxoG by controlling RECQL4–OGG1 interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunlei Duan
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xuerui Han
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mansour Akbari
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Deborah L Croteau
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Lene Juel Rasmussen
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vilhelm A Bohr
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
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37
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Tryndyak VP, Borowa-Mazgaj B, Steward CR, Beland FA, Pogribny IP. Epigenetic effects of low-level sodium arsenite exposure on human liver HepaRG cells. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:3993-4005. [PMID: 32844245 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02872-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to inorganic arsenic is associated with a variety of adverse health effects, including lung, bladder, kidney, and liver cancer. Several mechanisms have been proposed for arsenic-induced tumorigenesis; however, insufficient knowledge and many unanswered questions remain to explain the integrated molecular pathogenesis of arsenic carcinogenicity. In the present study, using non-tumorigenic human liver HepaRG cells, we investigated epigenetic alterations upon prolonged exposure to a noncytotoxic concentration of sodium arsenite (NaAsO2). We demonstrate that continuous exposure of HepaRG cells to 1 µM sodium arsenite (NaAsO2) for 14 days resulted in substantial cytosine DNA demethylation and hypermethylation across the genome, among which the claudin 14 (CLDN14) gene was hypermethylated and the most down-regulated gene. Another important finding was a profound loss of histone H3 lysine 36 (H3K36) trimethylation, which was accompanied by increased damage to genomic DNA and an elevated de novo mutation frequency. These results demonstrate that continuous exposure of HepaRG cells to a noncytotoxic concentration of NaAsO2 results in substantial epigenetic abnormalities accompanied by several carcinogenesis-related events, including induction of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, damage to DNA, inhibition of DNA repair genes, and induction of de novo mutations. Importantly, this study highlights the intimate mechanistic link and interplay between two fundamental cancer-associated events, epigenetic and genetic alterations, in arsenic-associated carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr P Tryndyak
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, FDA-National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Barbara Borowa-Mazgaj
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, FDA-National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Colleen R Steward
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, FDA-National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Frederick A Beland
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, FDA-National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Igor P Pogribny
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, FDA-National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, USA.
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38
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Darbinian N, Darbinyan A, Merabova N, Selzer ME, Amini S. HIV-1 and HIV-1-Tat Induce Mitochondrial DNA Damage in Human Neurons. JOURNAL OF HIV AND AIDS 2020; 6:176. [PMID: 33506104 PMCID: PMC7837619 DOI: 10.16966/2380-5536.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mitochondrial dysregulation is a key event in HIV-1 infection. Recent studies have suggested that age-related neurodegenerative disorders are associated with increased mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage. As accelerated ageing was found in HIV-1 patients, we hypothesized that HIV-1 infection or HIV-1 proteins can lead to mtDNA damage. Unrepaired mtDNA impairs mitochondrial function, which can lead to oxidative stress and cell death. Investigations of mechanisms of mtDNA damage are limited by the lack of available human models. METHODS We compared mtDNA or nDNA (nuclear DNA) damage in human cortical neurons and PBMC cells. Primary neuronal cultures were incubated with conditioned media from HIV-1 infected PBMC, or HIV-1 viral proteins Tat or Vpr. Total genomic DNA (nuclear and mtDNA) was isolated using the QIAamp Kit. Nuclear and mtDNA were amplified using the long q-PCR/Gene Amp XL Kit. Real-Time RT-PCR using mitochondrial energy metabolism array was performed to assess mitochondrial energy metabolism markers. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in neuronal cells was measured by the OxiSelect SOD Activity Assay. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined by the confocal microscopy. ATP levels were analyzed using ATP determination biochemical assay. Mitochondrial, cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins were studied by quantitative western-blot assay. RESULTS We show that both treatment of neuronal cells with HIV-1 conditioned media, or infection of PBMC with HIV-1 increase mtDNA damage in cells. mtDNA damage was also seen in neuronal cells, incubated with HIV-1 proteins, Tat and Vpr. Next, we confirmed that mtDNA damage was also increased in neuronal cells transfected by Tat expressing plasmids. We showed that mtDNA was not damaged in neuronal cells following treatment with heat inactivated HIV-1 or Tat protein. Further, we demonstrated that HIV-1 or Tat caused more mtDNA damage compared to nuclear DNA damage in neuronal cells. Finally, we showed that Tat dysregulates RNA expression of several genes regulating mitochondrial energy metabolism, suggesting involvement of Tat in mitochondrial bioenergetics in human neurons. Finally, our hypothesis was confirmed by qWestern analysis of mitochondrial and apoptotic proteins demonstrating the accumulation of apoptotic Bax and Bad proteins in mitochondrial fraction of Tat-treated neuronal cells, suggesting toxic effects of Tat on mitochondrial survival. CONCLUSION We showed an increase of mtDNA damage in primary neurons, treated with HIV-1 proteins and in PBMC, infected with HIV-1. Increased mtDNA damage can lead to neurodegeneration, and cause neuronal apoptosis. Our system presents a suitable model to study mtDNA changes during HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nune Darbinian
- Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Armine Darbinyan
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Nana Merabova
- Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Michael E Selzer
- Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Shohreh Amini
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
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Fil D, Chacko BK, Conley R, Ouyang X, Zhang J, Darley-Usmar VM, Zuberi AR, Lutz CM, Napierala M, Napierala JS. Mitochondrial damage and senescence phenotype of cells derived from a novel frataxin G127V point mutation mouse model of Friedreich's ataxia. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:dmm045229. [PMID: 32586831 PMCID: PMC7406325 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.045229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease caused by reduced expression of the mitochondrial protein frataxin (FXN). Most FRDA patients are homozygous for large expansions of GAA repeat sequences in intron 1 of FXN, whereas a fraction of patients are compound heterozygotes, with a missense or nonsense mutation in one FXN allele and expanded GAAs in the other. A prevalent missense mutation among FRDA patients changes a glycine at position 130 to valine (G130V). Herein, we report generation of the first mouse model harboring an Fxn point mutation. Changing the evolutionarily conserved glycine 127 in mouse Fxn to valine results in a failure-to-thrive phenotype in homozygous animals and a substantially reduced number of offspring. Like G130V in FRDA, the G127V mutation results in a dramatic decrease of Fxn protein without affecting transcript synthesis or splicing. FxnG127V mouse embryonic fibroblasts exhibit significantly reduced proliferation and increased cell senescence. These defects are evident in early passage cells and are exacerbated at later passages. Furthermore, increased frequency of mitochondrial DNA lesions and fragmentation are accompanied by marked amplification of mitochondrial DNA in FxnG127V cells. Bioenergetics analyses demonstrate higher sensitivity and reduced cellular respiration of FxnG127V cells upon alteration of fatty acid availability. Importantly, substitution of FxnWT with FxnG127V is compatible with life, and cellular proliferation defects can be rescued by mitigation of oxidative stress via hypoxia or induction of the NRF2 pathway. We propose FxnG127V cells as a simple and robust model for testing therapeutic approaches for FRDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Balu K Chacko
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Mitochondrial Medicine Laboratory, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Robbie Conley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Xiaosen Ouyang
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Mitochondrial Medicine Laboratory, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Mitochondrial Medicine Laboratory, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Victor M Darley-Usmar
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Mitochondrial Medicine Laboratory, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Aamir R Zuberi
- The Rare and Orphan Disease Center, JAX Center for Precision Genetics, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Cathleen M Lutz
- The Rare and Orphan Disease Center, JAX Center for Precision Genetics, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Marek Napierala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jill S Napierala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1825 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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40
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Zhao L, Sumberaz P. Mitochondrial DNA Damage: Prevalence, Biological Consequence, and Emerging Pathways. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:2491-2502. [PMID: 32486637 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria have a plethora of functions within a eukaryotic cell, ranging from energy production, cell signaling, and protein cofactor synthesis to various aspects of metabolism. Mitochondrial dysfunction is known to cause over 200 named disorders and has been implicated in many human diseases and aging. Mitochondria have their own genetic material, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which encodes 13 protein subunits in the oxidative phosphorylation system and a full set of transfer and rRNAs. Although more than 99% of the proteins in mitochondria are nuclear DNA (nDNA)-encoded, the integrity of mtDNA is critical for mitochondrial functions, as evidenced by mitochondrial diseases sourced from mtDNA mutations and depletions and the vital role of fragmented mtDNA molecules in cell signaling pathways. Previous research has shown that mtDNA is an important target of genotoxic assaults by a variety of chemical and physical factors. This Perspective discusses the prevalence of mtDNA damage by comparing the abundance of lesions in mDNA and nDNA and summarizes current knowledge on the biological pathways to cope with mtDNA damage, including mtDNA repair, mtDNA degradation, and mitochondrial fission and fusion. Also, emerging roles of mtDNA damage in mutagenesis and immune responses are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Philip Sumberaz
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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41
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Rose E, Carvalho JL, Hecht M. Mechanisms of DNA repair in Trypanosoma cruzi: What do we know so far? DNA Repair (Amst) 2020; 91-92:102873. [PMID: 32505694 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2020.102873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiological agent of Chagas Disease, which affects 6-7 million people worldwide. Since the early stages of infection and throughout its life cycle, the parasite is exposed to several genotoxic agents. Furthermore, DNA damage is also part of the mechanism of action of at least a few trypanocidal drugs, including Benznidazole. Thus, it is paramount for the parasite to count on an efficient DNA repair machinery to guarantee genome integrity and survival. The present work provides an up-to-date review of both the conserved and peculiar DNA repair mechanisms described in T. cruzi against oxidative stress, ultraviolet and ionizing radiation, DNA adduct-inducing agents, and Benznidazole. The comprehension of the DNA repair mechanisms of the parasite may shed light on the parasite evolution and possibly pave the way for the development of novel and more effective trypanocidal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Rose
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Lott Carvalho
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil; Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology Program, Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Mariana Hecht
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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42
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Increase of mtDNA number and its mutant copies in rat brain after exposure to 150 MeV protons. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:4815-4820. [PMID: 32388700 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05491-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Proton beam therapy is widely used for treating brain tumor. Despite the efficacy of treatment, the use of this therapy has met some limitations associated with possible damage to normal brain tissues located beyond the tumor site. In this context, the exploration of the harmful effects of protons on the normal brain tissues is of particular interest. We have investigated changes in the total mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number and identified mtDNA mutant copies in three brain regions (the hippocampus, cortex and cerebellum) of rats after irradiation their whole-head with 150 MeV protons at doses of 3 and 5 Gy. The study was performed in 2-months old male Spraque Dawley rats (n = 5 each group). The mtDNA copy numbers were determined by real-time PCR. The level of mtDNA heteroplasmy was estimated using Surveyor nuclease technology. Our results show that after head exposure to protons, levels of mtDNA copy number in three rat brain regions increase significantly as the levels of mtDNA mutant copies increase. The most significant elevation is observed in the hippocampus. In conclusion, an increase in mtDNA mutant copies may contribute to mitochondrial dysfunction accompanied by increased oxidative stress in different brain regions and promote the development of neurodegenerative diseases and the induction of carcinogenesis.
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43
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Zehra A, Hashmi MZ, Khan AM, Malik T, Abbas Z. Biphasic Dose-Response Induced by PCB150 and PCB180 in HeLa Cells and Potential Molecular Mechanisms. Dose Response 2020; 18:1559325820910040. [PMID: 32206047 PMCID: PMC7076582 DOI: 10.1177/1559325820910040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent and their dose-dependent toxicities studies are not well-established. In this study, cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of PCB150 and PCB180 in HeLa cells were studied. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay indicated that the cell proliferation was stimulated at low doses (10−3 and 10−2 µg/mL for 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours) and inhibited at high doses (10 and 15 µg/mL for 24, 48, and 72 hours) for both PCBs. Increase in reactive oxygen species formation was observed in the HeLa cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase showed increased levels at high concentrations of PCBs over the time. Glutathione peroxidase expression was downregulated after PCBs exposure, suggested that both PCB congeners may attributable to cytotoxicity. Comet assay elicited a significant increase in genotoxicity at high concentrations of PCBs as compared to low concentrations indicating genotoxic effects. PCB150 and PCB180 showed decrease in the activity of extracellular signal–regulated kinase 1/2 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase at high concentrations after 12 and 48 hours. These findings may contribute to understanding the mechanism of PCBs-induced toxicity, thereby improving the risk assessment of toxic compounds in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainy Zehra
- Department of Zoology, University of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Tariq Malik
- Department of Pharmacy, Islamia University Bahawalpur, Pakistan
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44
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Abdullaev S, Gubina N, Bulanova T, Gaziev A. Assessment of Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA, Expression of Mitochondria-Related Genes in Different Brain Regions in Rats after Whole-Body X-ray Irradiation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041196. [PMID: 32054039 PMCID: PMC7072726 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies of molecular changes occurred in various brain regions after whole-body irradiation showed a significant increase in terms of the importance in gaining insight into how to slow down or prevent the development of long-term side effects such as carcinogenesis, cognitive impairment and other pathologies. We have analyzed nDNA damage and repair, changes in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number and in the level of mtDNA heteroplasmy, and also examined changes in the expression of genes involved in the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics in three areas of the rat brain (hippocampus, cortex and cerebellum) after whole-body X-ray irradiation. Long amplicon quantitative polymerase chain reaction (LA-QPCR) was used to detect nDNA and mtDNA damage. The level of mtDNA heteroplasmy was estimated using Surveyor nuclease technology. The mtDNA copy numbers and expression levels of a number of genes were determined by real-time PCR. The results showed that the repair of nDNA damage in the rat brain regions occurs slowly within 24 h; in the hippocampus, this process runs much slower. The number of mtDNA copies in three regions of the rat brain increases with a simultaneous increase in mtDNA heteroplasmy. However, in the hippocampus, the copy number of mutant mtDNAs increases significantly by the time point of 24 h after radiation exposure. Our analysis shows that in the brain regions of irradiated rats, there is a decrease in the expression of genes (ND2, CytB, ATP5O) involved in ATP synthesis, although by the same time point after irradiation, an increase in transcripts of genes regulating mitochondrial biogenesis is observed. On the other hand, analysis of genes that control the dynamics of mitochondria (Mfn1, Fis1) revealed that sharp decrease in gene expression level occurred, only in the hippocampus. Consequently, the structural and functional characteristics of the hippocampus of rats exposed to whole-body radiation can be different, most significantly from those of the other brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serazhutdin Abdullaev
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow, Russia; (N.G.); (A.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-(4967)-739364; Fax: +7-(4967)-330553
| | - Nina Gubina
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow, Russia; (N.G.); (A.G.)
| | - Tatiana Bulanova
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, 141980 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Azhub Gaziev
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, 142290 Moscow, Russia; (N.G.); (A.G.)
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, 141980 Moscow, Russia;
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45
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Qingfeng Xiao, Xiong Z, Xie X, Yu C, Shen Q, Zhou J, Fu Z. Increased Oxidative Damage Contributes to Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Muscle of Depressed Rats Induced by Chronic Mild Stress Probably Mediated by SIRT3 Pathway. BIOL BULL+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359019660026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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46
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Zhang C, Guan R, Liao X, Ouyang C, Liu J, Ji L, Chao H. Mitochondrial DNA targeting and impairment by a dinuclear Ir–Pt complex that overcomes cisplatin resistance. Inorg Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qi00224k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A dinuclear complex [(ppy)Ir(tpy)PtCl]2+ (Ir–Pt) can exhibit strong antitumor activity towards cisplatin-resistant cancer cells and induce cell necrosis via mtDNA damage and mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Ruilin Guan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Xinxing Liao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Cheng Ouyang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Jiangping Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Liangnian Ji
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Hui Chao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Sun Yat-Sen University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
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47
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Malik AN, Rosa HS, S. de Menezes E, Tamang P, Hamid Z, Naik A, Parsade CK, Sivaprasad S. The Detection and Partial Localisation of Heteroplasmic Mutations in the Mitochondrial Genome of Patients with Diabetic Retinopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246259. [PMID: 31835862 PMCID: PMC6940788 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common complication of diabetes and a major cause of acquired blindness in adults. Mitochondria are cellular organelles involved in energy production which contain mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). We previously showed that levels of circulating mtDNA were dysregulated in DR patients, and there was some evidence of mtDNA damage. In the current project, our aim was to confirm the presence of, and determine the location and prevalence of, mtDNA mutation in DR. DNA isolated from peripheral blood from diabetes patients (n = 59) with and without DR was used to amplify specific mtDNA regions which were digested with surveyor nuclease S1 to determine the presence and location of heteroplasmic mtDNA mutations were present. An initial screen of the entire mtDNA genome of 6 DR patients detected a higher prevalence of mutations in amplicon P, covering nucleotides 14,443 to 1066 and spanning the control region. Further analysis of 42 subjects showed the presence of putative mutations in amplicon P in 36% (14/39) of DR subjects and in 10% (2/20) non-DR subjects. The prevalence of mutations in DR was not related to the severity of the disease. The detection of a high-prevalence of putative mtDNA mutations within a specific region of the mitochondrial genome supports the view that mtDNA damage contributes to DR. The exact location and functional impact of these mutations remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshan N. Malik
- Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-207-848-6271
| | - Hannah S. Rosa
- Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Eliane S. de Menezes
- Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Priyanka Tamang
- Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Zaidi Hamid
- Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Anita Naik
- Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Chandani Kiran Parsade
- Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Sobha Sivaprasad
- NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London EC1V 2PD, UK
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48
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A higher throughput assay for quantification of melphalan-induced DNA damage in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18912. [PMID: 31827154 PMCID: PMC6906414 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55161-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Inter-individual differences in DNA adduct formation and repair influence the response to melphalan treatment, however, further clinical investigation of this variability requires a logistically feasible and reproducible bioassay. Our improved fluorescence-based QPCR-block assay is robust, has good precision, and improved throughput. It also incorporates direct PCR amplification from melphalan exposed PBMC using commercially available blood tubes and extraction kits to maximise the utility of this assay for future clinical studies. Using this assay we have demonstrated reproducible inter-individual differences in melphalan-induced QPCR-block across individual PBMC donors. As proof-of-principle we assessed nine healthy donors and found a 7.8 fold range in sensitivity following exposure of PBMC ex vivo. This likely reflects differences in melphalan transport into cells as well as differences in DNA adduct repair proficiency. This improved bioassay may be useful for assessment of these processes in patients about to receive melphalan treatment.
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49
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Wu Z, Oeck S, West AP, Mangalhara KC, Sainz AG, Newman LE, Zhang XO, Wu L, Yan Q, Bosenberg M, Liu Y, Sulkowski PL, Tripple V, Kaech SM, Glazer PM, Shadel GS. Mitochondrial DNA Stress Signalling Protects the Nuclear Genome. Nat Metab 2019; 1:1209-1218. [PMID: 32395698 PMCID: PMC7213273 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-019-0150-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian genome comprises nuclear DNA (nDNA) derived from both parents and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that is maternally inherited and encodes essential proteins required for oxidative phosphorylation. Thousands of copies of the circular mtDNA are present in most cell types that are packaged by TFAM into higher-order structures called nucleoids1. Mitochondria are also platforms for antiviral signalling2 and, due to their bacterial origin, mtDNA and other mitochondrial components trigger innate immune responses and inflammatory pathology2,3. We showed previously that instability and cytoplasmic release of mtDNA activates the cGAS-STING-TBK1 pathway resulting in interferon stimulated gene (ISG) expression that promotes antiviral immunity4. Here, we find that persistent mtDNA stress is not associated with basally activated NF-κB signalling or interferon gene expression typical of an acute antiviral response. Instead, a specific subset of ISGs, that includes Parp9, remains activated by the unphosphorylated form of ISGF3 (U-ISGF3) that enhances nDNA damage and repair responses. In cultured primary fibroblasts and cancer cells, the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin causes mtDNA damage and release, which leads to cGAS-STING-dependent ISG activation. In addition, mtDNA stress in TFAM-deficient mouse melanoma cells produces tumours that are more resistant to doxorubicin in vivo. Finally, Tfam +/- mice exposed to ionizing radiation exhibit enhanced nDNA repair responses in spleen. Therefore, we propose that damage to and subsequent release of mtDNA elicits a protective signalling response that enhances nDNA repair in cells and tissues, suggesting mtDNA is a genotoxic stress sentinel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wu
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sebastian Oeck
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Medical School, Essen, Germany
| | - A Phillip West
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, USA
| | | | - Alva G Sainz
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Laura E Newman
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xiao-Ou Zhang
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Lizhen Wu
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Qin Yan
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Marcus Bosenberg
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Immunology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yanfeng Liu
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Parker L Sulkowski
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Susan M Kaech
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Peter M Glazer
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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50
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Farris S, Ward JM, Carstens KE, Samadi M, Wang Y, Dudek SM. Hippocampal Subregions Express Distinct Dendritic Transcriptomes that Reveal Differences in Mitochondrial Function in CA2. Cell Rep 2019; 29:522-539.e6. [PMID: 31597108 PMCID: PMC6894405 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.08.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA localization is one mechanism neurons use to spatially and temporally regulate gene expression at synapses. Here, we test the hypothesis that cells exhibiting distinct forms of synaptic plasticity will have differences in dendritically localized RNAs. Indeed, we discover that each major subregion of the adult mouse hippocampus expresses a unique complement of dendritic RNAs. Specifically, we describe more than 1,000 differentially expressed dendritic RNAs, suggesting that RNA localization and local translation are regulated in a cell type-specific manner. Furthermore, by focusing Gene Ontology analyses on the plasticity-resistant CA2, we identify an enrichment of mitochondria-associated pathways in CA2 cell bodies and dendrites, and we provide functional evidence that these pathways differentially influence plasticity and mitochondrial respiration in CA2. These data indicate that differences in dendritic transcriptomes may regulate cell type-specific properties important for learning and memory and may influence region-specific differences in disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Farris
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - James M Ward
- Integrative Bioinformatics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Kelly E Carstens
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Mahsa Samadi
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology, National Toxicology Program, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Serena M Dudek
- Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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