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Belloso-Iguerategui A, Zamarbide M, Merino-Galan L, Rodríguez-Chinchilla T, Gago B, Santamaria E, Fernández-Irigoyen J, Cotman CW, Prieto GA, Quiroga-Varela A, Rodríguez-Oroz MC. Hippocampal synaptic failure is an early event in experimental parkinsonism with subtle cognitive deficit. Brain 2023; 146:4949-4963. [PMID: 37403195 PMCID: PMC10690043 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Learning and memory mainly rely on correct synaptic function in the hippocampus and other brain regions. In Parkinson's disease, subtle cognitive deficits may even precede motor signs early in the disease. Hence, we set out to unravel the earliest hippocampal synaptic alterations associated with human α-synuclein overexpression prior to and soon after the appearance of cognitive deficits in a parkinsonism model. We bilaterally injected adeno-associated viral vectors encoding A53T-mutated human α-synuclein into the substantia nigra of rats, and evaluated them 1, 2, 4 and 16 weeks post-inoculation by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence to study degeneration and distribution of α-synuclein in the midbrain and hippocampus. The object location test was used to evaluate hippocampal-dependent memory. Sequential window acquisition of all theoretical mass spectrometry-based proteomics and fluorescence analysis of single-synapse long-term potentiation were used to study alterations to protein composition and plasticity in isolated hippocampal synapses. The effect of L-DOPA and pramipexole on long-term potentiation was also tested. Human α-synuclein was found within dopaminergic and glutamatergic neurons of the ventral tegmental area, and in dopaminergic, glutamatergic and GABAergic axon terminals in the hippocampus from 1 week post-inoculation, concomitant with mild dopaminergic degeneration in the ventral tegmental area. In the hippocampus, differential expression of proteins involved in synaptic vesicle cycling, neurotransmitter release and receptor trafficking, together with impaired long-term potentiation were the first events observed (1 week post-inoculation), preceding cognitive deficits (4 weeks post-inoculation). Later on, at 16 weeks post-inoculation, there was a deregulation of proteins involved in synaptic function, particularly those involved in the regulation of membrane potential, ion balance and receptor signalling. Hippocampal long-term potentiation was impaired before and soon after the onset of cognitive deficits, at 1 and 4 weeks post-inoculation, respectively. L-DOPA recovered hippocampal long-term potentiation more efficiently at 4 weeks post-inoculation than pramipexole, which partially rescued it at both time points. Overall, we found impaired synaptic plasticity and proteome dysregulation at hippocampal terminals to be the first events that contribute to the development of cognitive deficits in experimental parkinsonism. Our results not only point to dopaminergic but also to glutamatergic and GABAergic dysfunction, highlighting the relevance of the three neurotransmitter systems in the ventral tegmental area-hippocampus interaction from the earliest stages of parkinsonism. The proteins identified in the current work may constitute potential biomarkers of early synaptic damage in the hippocampus and hence, therapies targeting these could potentially restore early synaptic malfunction and consequently, cognitive deficits in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Zamarbide
- Neuroscience Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Leyre Merino-Galan
- Neuroscience Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Neuroscience Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | | | - Belén Gago
- Faculty of Medicine, IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, Universidad de Málaga, 29016 Málaga, Spain
| | - Enrique Santamaria
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Proteomics Platform, Proteored-ISCIII, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Neurosciences and Mental Health Area, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Joaquín Fernández-Irigoyen
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Proteomics Platform, Proteored-ISCIII, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Neurosciences and Mental Health Area, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carl W Cotman
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - G Aleph Prieto
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 76010 Querétaro, México
| | - Ana Quiroga-Varela
- Neuroscience Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Neurosciences and Mental Health Area, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - María Cruz Rodríguez-Oroz
- Neuroscience Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Neurosciences and Mental Health Area, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Neurology Department, Clínica Universidad de Navarra (CUN), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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2
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Lautrup S, Myrup Holst C, Yde A, Asmussen S, Thinggaard V, Larsen K, Laursen LS, Richner M, Vægter CB, Prieto GA, Berchtold N, Cotman CW, Stevnsner T. The role of aging and brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling in expression of base excision repair genes in the human brain. Aging Cell 2023; 22:e13905. [PMID: 37334527 PMCID: PMC10497833 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA damage is a central contributor to the aging process. In the brain, a major threat to the DNA is the considerable amount of reactive oxygen species produced, which can inflict oxidative DNA damage. This type of damage is removed by the base excision repair (BER) pathway, an essential DNA repair mechanism, which contributes to genome stability in the brain. Despite the crucial role of the BER pathway, insights into how this pathway is affected by aging in the human brain and the underlying regulatory mechanisms are very limited. By microarray analysis of four cortical brain regions from humans aged 20-99 years (n = 57), we show that the expression of core BER genes is largely downregulated during aging across brain regions. Moreover, we find that expression of many BER genes correlates positively with the expression of the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the human brain. In line with this, we identify binding sites for the BDNF-activated transcription factor, cyclic-AMP response element-binding protein (CREB), in the promoter of most BER genes and confirm the ability of BDNF to regulate several BER genes by BDNF treatment of mouse primary hippocampal neurons. Together, these findings uncover the transcriptional landscape of BER genes during aging of the brain and suggest BDNF as an important regulator of BER in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Lautrup
- Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
- Department of Clinical Molecular BiologyUniversity of Oslo and Akershus University HospitalLørenskogNorway
| | | | - Anne Yde
- Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - Stine Asmussen
- Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - Vibeke Thinggaard
- Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - Knud Larsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | | | - Mette Richner
- Department of Biomedicine, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience – DANDRITE, Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular MedicineAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - Christian B. Vægter
- Department of Biomedicine, Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience – DANDRITE, Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular MedicineAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - G. Aleph Prieto
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological DisordersUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
- Instituto de NeurobiologíaUNAM‐JuriquillaJuriquillaMexico
| | - Nicole Berchtold
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological DisordersUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Carl W. Cotman
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological DisordersUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Tinna Stevnsner
- Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
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Prieto GA, Rodriguez‐Ortiz CJ, Kitazawa M, Cotman CW. Learning differentially increases the synaptic levels of AMPA receptor subunits (GluA1‐GluA4) in the rodent hippocampus: a single‐synapse approach. Alzheimers Dement 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.067358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Carl W. Cotman
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders Irvine CA USA
- University of California Irvine Irvine CA USA
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4
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Baker LD, Cotman CW, Thomas R, Jin S, Shadyab AH, Pa J, Rissman RA, Brewer JB, Zhang J, Jung Y, LaCroix AZ, Messer K, Feldman HH. Topline Results of EXERT: Can Exercise Slow Cognitive Decline in MCI? Alzheimers Dement 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.069700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura D. Baker
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine Winston‐Salem NC USA
| | | | | | - Shelia Jin
- University of California San Diego La Jolla CA USA
| | | | - Judy Pa
- University of California San Diego La Jolla CA USA
| | | | | | - Jing Zhang
- University of California San Diego La Jolla CA USA
| | | | | | - Karen Messer
- University of California San Diego La Jolla CA USA
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5
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Prieto GA, Cotman CW. Early bioenergetic and autophagy impairments at the Parkinson's disease synapse. Brain 2022; 145:1877-1879. [PMID: 35616104 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G Aleph Prieto
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México.,Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Carl W Cotman
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
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6
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Ionescu-Tucker A, Tong L, Berchtold NC, Cotman CW. Inhibiting BDNF Signaling Upregulates Hippocampal H3K9me3 in a Manner Dependent On In Vitro Aging and Oxidative Stress. Front Aging 2022; 3:796087. [PMID: 35821854 PMCID: PMC9261402 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2022.796087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Histone modifications are key contributors to the cognitive decline that occurs in aging and Alzheimer's disease. Our lab has previously shown that elevated H3K9me3 in aged mice is correlated with synaptic loss, cognitive impairment and a reduction in brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). However, the mechanism of H3K9me3 regulation remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the role of age-associated stressors on H3K9me3 regulation and examined if changes in H3K9me3 were age dependent. We used cultured hippocampal neurons at 6, 12, and 21 days in vitro (DIV) to examine the effect of different stressors on H3K9me3 across neuron ages. We found that the oxidative stressor hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) does not induce H3K9me3 in 12 DIV neurons. Inhibiting BDNF signaling via TrkB-Fc elevated H3K9me3 in 12 and 21 DIV neurons compared to 6 DIV neurons. Antioxidant treatment prevented H3K9me3 elevation in 12 DIV neurons treated with TrkB-Fc and H2O2. H2O2 elevated the epigenetic regulator SIRT1 in 6 DIV neurons but did not increase H3K9me3 levels. Our findings demonstrate that inhibiting BDNF signaling elevates hippocampal H3K9me3 in a manner dependent on in vitro age and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andra Ionescu-Tucker
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Andra Ionescu-Tucker,
| | - Liqi Tong
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States,Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Nicole C. Berchtold
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States,Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Carl W. Cotman
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States,Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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Ionescu-Tucker A, Butler CW, Berchtold NC, Matheos DP, Wood MA, Cotman CW. Exercise Reduces H3K9me3 and Regulates Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor and GABRA2 in an Age Dependent Manner. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 13:798297. [PMID: 34970138 PMCID: PMC8712855 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.798297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise improves cognition in the aging brain and is a key regulator of neuronal plasticity genes such as BDNF. However, the mechanism by which exercise modifies gene expression continues to be explored. The repressive histone modification H3K9me3 has been shown to impair cognition, reduce synaptic density and decrease BDNF in aged but not young mice. Treatment with ETP69, a selective inhibitor of H3K9me3’s catalyzing enzyme (SUV39H1), restores synapses, BDNF and cognitive performance. GABA receptor expression, which modulates BDNF secretion, is also modulated by exercise and H3K9me3. In this study, we examined if exercise and ETP69 regulated neuronal plasticity genes by reducing H3K9me3 at their promoter regions. We further determined the effect of age on H3K9me3 promoter binding and neuronal plasticity gene expression. Exercise and ETP69 decreased H3K9me3 at BDNF promoter VI in aged mice, corresponding with an increase in BDNF VI expression with ETP69. Exercise increased GABRA2 in aged mice while increasing BDNF 1 in young mice, and both exercise and ETP69 reduced GABRA2 in young mice. Overall, H3K9me3 repression at BDNF and GABA receptor promoters decreased with age. Our findings suggest that exercise and SUV39H1 inhibition differentially modulate BDNF and GABRA2 expression in an age dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andra Ionescu-Tucker
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Christopher W Butler
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.,Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Nicole C Berchtold
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.,Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Dina P Matheos
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.,Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Marcelo A Wood
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.,Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Carl W Cotman
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.,Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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Baker LD, Cotman CW, Morrison RH, Katula JA, Chmelo E, Hodge H, Johnson C, Kipperman SA, Matthews G, Bennett D, Mason J, LaCroix AZ, van Dyck CH, Okonkwo OC, Tam SP, Fairchild JK, Li C, Welsh‐Bohmer KA, Feldman H. EXERT: Impact of COVID‐19 on retention and intervention delivery of a large multisite exercise trial in adults with MCI. Alzheimers Dement 2021. [PMCID: PMC9011773 DOI: 10.1002/alz.056518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background EXERT, a multisite 18‐month RCT, is testing the effects of aerobic exercise vs. stretching on cognition and AD biomarkers in sedentary adults with MCI. In the first 12 months, participant exercise 2x/week under the supervision of YMCA trainers, and 2x/week on their own. In months 13‐18, participants continue to exercise 4x/week but without supervision. Here we describe the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on delivery of this support‐intensive intervention that involved many challenges but also opportunities for innovation. Method In February 2020, EXERT met the recruitment goal with 296 enrolled. In March 2020 when COVID‐19 incidence rates began to climb in the US, study assessments and per‐protocol intervention delivery were paused. During the pause, all YMCAs were closed, and the majority of study‐certified YMCA trainers were furloughed. Result At the time of the pause (March 23), 153 participants were in the supervised phase of the study, and 65 participants were in the unsupervised phase. To keep participants engaged and encourage adherence to the intervention, sites initiated weekly calls with active participants to provide support, address barriers to exercise and collect self‐report adherence data. By September, 7 of 14 sites resumed study activities. Weekly call completion rates during the pause exceeded 85%, and participants reported completing a mean of 3.3 40‐minute exercise sessions per week. On these calls, participants frequently expressed gratitude for the regular contact. By February 2021, all sites resumed activities despite COVID infection rates that have continued to climb across the US. In response, supervised exercise for the majority of participants was transitioned from in‐person to web‐conferencing. Even with this change that can be challenging for MCI, supervised session adherence rates are 72% for the aerobic group and 79% for the stretching group. Retention has remained high at 87%. Conclusion The COVID‐19 pandemic presented unprecedented challenges, but it also provided unique opportunities to adapt intervention delivery so that a community‐based exercise trial could continue – even during a debilitating global health crisis. EXERT’s adaptations may ultimately impact resilience of the intervention to even the most challenging of circumstances that older adults with MCI will face now and in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrea Z LaCroix
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego La Jolla CA USA
| | | | - Ozioma C Okonkwo
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Institute, University of Wisconsin‐Madison School of Medicine and Public Health Madison WI USA
| | | | | | - Clara Li
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA
| | | | - Howard Feldman
- Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study, University of California San Diego La Jolla CA USA
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Shadyab AH, LaCroix AZ, Feldman HH, van Dyck CH, Okonkwo OC, Tam SP, Fairchild JK, Welsh‐Bohmer KA, Matthews G, Bennett D, Shadyab AA, Schafer KA, Morrison RH, Kipperman SA, Mason J, Tan D, Thomas RG, Cotman CW, Baker LD. Recruitment of a multi-site randomized controlled trial of aerobic exercise for older adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment: The EXERT trial. Alzheimers Dement 2021; 17:1808-1817. [PMID: 34297895 PMCID: PMC9292825 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Effective strategies to recruit older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) into nonpharmacological intervention trials are lacking. METHODS Recruitment for EXERT, a multisite randomized controlled 18-month trial examining the effects of aerobic exercise on cognitive trajectory in adults with amnestic MCI, involved a diverse portfolio of strategies to enroll 296 participants. RESULTS Recruitment occurred September 2016 through March 2020 and was initially slow. After mass mailings of 490,323 age- and geo-targeted infographic postcards and brochures, recruitment rates increased substantially, peaking at 16 randomizations/month in early 2020. Mass mailings accounted for 52% of randomized participants, whereas 25% were recruited from memory clinic rosters, electronic health records, and national and local registries. Other sources included news broadcasts, public service announcements (PSA), local advertising, and community presentations. DISCUSSION Age- and geo-targeted mass mailing of infographic materials was the most effective approach in recruiting older adults with amnestic MCI into an 18-month exercise trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aladdin H. Shadyab
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity ScienceUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Andrea Z. LaCroix
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity ScienceUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Howard H. Feldman
- Department of NeurosciencesAlzheimer's Disease Cooperative StudyUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Ozioma C. Okonkwo
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Steven P. Tam
- University of California, Irvine School of MedicineIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - J. Kaci Fairchild
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - Kathleen A. Welsh‐Bohmer
- Department of NeurologyBryan Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Genevieve Matthews
- Department of NeurosciencesAlzheimer's Disease Cooperative StudyUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Daniel Bennett
- Department of NeurosciencesAlzheimer's Disease Cooperative StudyUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Alexandre A. Shadyab
- Department of NeurosciencesAlzheimer's Disease Cooperative StudyUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Kimberly A. Schafer
- Department of NeurosciencesAlzheimer's Disease Cooperative StudyUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Rosemary H. Morrison
- Department of NeurosciencesAlzheimer's Disease Cooperative StudyUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Sean A. Kipperman
- Department of NeurosciencesAlzheimer's Disease Cooperative StudyUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jennifer Mason
- Department of NeurosciencesAlzheimer's Disease Cooperative StudyUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Donna Tan
- Department of NeurosciencesAlzheimer's Disease Cooperative StudyUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ronald G. Thomas
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity ScienceUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA,Department of NeurosciencesAlzheimer's Disease Cooperative StudyUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Carl W. Cotman
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological DisordersUniversity of California, IrvineIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Laura D. Baker
- Department of Internal Medicine‐GeriatricsWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNorth CarolinaUSA
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Ionescu-Tucker A, Cotman CW. Emerging roles of oxidative stress in brain aging and Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2021; 107:86-95. [PMID: 34416493 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are metabolic byproducts that are necessary for physiological function but can be toxic at high levels. Levels of these oxidative stressors increase gradually throughout the lifespan, impairing mitochondrial function and damaging all parts of the body, particularly the central nervous system. Emerging evidence suggests that accumulated oxidative stress may be one of the key mechanisms causing cognitive aging and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we synthesize the current literature on the effect of neuronal oxidative stress on mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA damage and epigenetic changes related to cognitive aging and AD. We further describe how oxidative stress therapeutics such as antioxidants, caloric restriction and physical activity can reduce oxidation and prevent cognitive decline in brain aging and AD. Of the currently available therapeutics, we propose that long term physical activity is the most promising avenue for improving cognitive health by reducing ROS while promoting the low levels required for optimal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andra Ionescu-Tucker
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California.
| | - Carl W Cotman
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California.
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Gross TJ, Cheema AK, Espeland MA, O'Bryant S, Cotman CW, Baker LD, Mapstone M. Aerobic exercise effects on the peripheral plasma lipidome in mild cognitive impairment: The influence of prediabetes. Alzheimers Dement 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.046595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sid O'Bryant
- University of North Texas Health Science Center Fort Worth TX USA
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12
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LaCroix AZ, van Dyck CH, Okonkwo OC, Tam SP, Fairchild JK, Li C, Welsh‐Bohmer KA, Shadyab AH, Matthews G, Bennett D, Shadyab A, Schafer KA, Morrison RH, Kipperman SA, Tan D, Feldman HH, Cotman CW, Baker LD. Recruitment for a multi‐site randomized controlled trial of aerobic exercise for older adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment: The EXERT trial. Alzheimers Dement 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.044658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ozioma C Okonkwo
- The Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute University of Wisconsin Madison WI USA
| | | | | | - Clara Li
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York NY USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Donna Tan
- University of California San Diego CA USA
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Jacobs DM, Thomas RG, Salmon DP, Jin S, Feldman HH, Cotman CW, Baker LD. Development of a novel cognitive composite outcome to assess therapeutic effects of exercise in the EXERT trial for adults with MCI: The ADAS-Cog-Exec. Alzheimers Dement (N Y) 2020; 6:e12059. [PMID: 32995469 PMCID: PMC7507362 DOI: 10.1002/trc2.12059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Use of cognitive composites as primary outcome measures is increasingly common in clinical trials of preclinical and prodromal Alzheimer's disease (AD). Composite outcomes can decrease intra-individual variability, resulting in improved sensitivity to detect longitudinal change and increased statistical power. We developed a novel composite outcome, the ADAS-Cog-Exec, for use in the EXERT trial-a Phase 3 randomized, controlled, 12-month exercise intervention in mild cognitive impairment (MCI). METHODS Three combinations of cognitive measures selected from the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale version 13 (ADAS-Cog13), tests of executive function, and the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) were created based on previously documented sensitivity to longitudinal change in MCI and to the effects of exercise. Optimally weighted composites of each combination were modeled using data from the ADNI-1 MCI cohort. Ten-fold cross-validation was performed to obtain a bias-corrected mean to standard deviation ratio (MSDR). The cognitive composites were assessed for their sensitivity to detect 12-month change in MCI. RESULTS The MSDR of 12-month change for each of the composite outcomes tested exceeded that of the ADAS-Cog13 total score. The composite with the highest MSDR (MSDR = 0.48) and associated statistical power included scores on ADAS-Cog13 Word Recall, Delayed Word Recall, Orientation, and Number Cancellation subtests; Trail-Making Tests A & B, Digit Symbol Substitution and Category Fluency; and cognitive components of the CDR (Memory, Orientation, Judgement & Problem Solving). DISCUSSION An optimally weighted cognitive composite measure was identified and validated for use in EXERT. This composite contained selected subtests from the ADAS-Cog13, additional measures of executive function, and box scores for cognitive components of the CDR. Because this composite score demonstrated high sensitivity to longitudinal change in MCI it will be used as the primary outcome measure for the EXERT trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane M Jacobs
- Department of Neurosciences University of California San Diego La Jolla California USA
- Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study University of California San Diego La Jolla California
- Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Research Center University of California San Diego La Jolla California USA
| | - Ronald G Thomas
- Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study University of California San Diego La Jolla California
- Division of Biostatistics Department of Family Medicine & Public Health University of California San Diego La Jolla California USA
| | - David P Salmon
- Department of Neurosciences University of California San Diego La Jolla California USA
- Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study University of California San Diego La Jolla California
- Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Research Center University of California San Diego La Jolla California USA
| | - Shelia Jin
- Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study University of California San Diego La Jolla California
- Division of Biostatistics Department of Family Medicine & Public Health University of California San Diego La Jolla California USA
| | - Howard H Feldman
- Department of Neurosciences University of California San Diego La Jolla California USA
- Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study University of California San Diego La Jolla California
- Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Research Center University of California San Diego La Jolla California USA
| | - Carl W Cotman
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders University of California Irvine Irvine California USA
| | - Laura D Baker
- Department of Internal Medicine-Geriatrics Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston-Salem North Carolina USA
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Rodriguez‐Ortiz CJ, Prieto GA, Martini AC, Forner S, Trujillo‐Estrada L, LaFerla FM, Baglietto‐Vargas D, Cotman CW, Kitazawa M. miR-181a negatively modulates synaptic plasticity in hippocampal cultures and its inhibition rescues memory deficits in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13118. [PMID: 32087004 PMCID: PMC7059142 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs play a pivotal role in rapid, dynamic, and spatiotemporal modulation of synaptic functions. Among them, recent emerging evidence highlights that microRNA-181a (miR-181a) is particularly abundant in hippocampal neurons and controls the expression of key plasticity-related proteins at synapses. We have previously demonstrated that miR-181a was upregulated in the hippocampus of a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and correlated with reduced levels of plasticity-related proteins. Here, we further investigated the underlying mechanisms by which miR-181a negatively modulated synaptic plasticity and memory. In primary hippocampal cultures, we found that an activity-dependent upregulation of the microRNA-regulating protein, translin, correlated with reduction of miR-181a upon chemical long-term potentiation (cLTP), which induced upregulation of GluA2, a predicted target for miR-181a, and other plasticity-related proteins. Additionally, Aβ treatment inhibited cLTP-dependent induction of translin and subsequent reduction of miR-181a, and cotreatment with miR-181a antagomir effectively reversed the effects elicited by Aβ but did not rescue translin levels, suggesting that the activity-dependent upregulation of translin was upstream of miR-181a. In mice, a learning episode markedly decreased miR-181a in the hippocampus and raised the protein levels of GluA2. Lastly, we observed that inhibition of miR-181a alleviated memory deficits and increased GluA2 and GluA1 levels, without restoring translin, in the 3xTg-AD model. Taken together, our results indicate that miR-181a is a major negative regulator of the cellular events that underlie synaptic plasticity and memory through AMPA receptors, and importantly, Aβ disrupts this process by suppressing translin and leads to synaptic dysfunction and memory impairments in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gilberto Aleph Prieto
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological DisordersUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCalifornia
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y MolecularInstituto de NeurobiologíaUniversidad Nacional Autonoma de MéxicoQuerétaroMexico
| | - Alessandra C. Martini
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological DisordersUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCalifornia
| | - Stefania Forner
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological DisordersUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCalifornia
| | - Laura Trujillo‐Estrada
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological DisordersUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCalifornia
| | - Frank M. LaFerla
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological DisordersUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCalifornia
| | - David Baglietto‐Vargas
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological DisordersUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCalifornia
| | - Carl W. Cotman
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological DisordersUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCalifornia
- Department of Neurobiology and BehaviorUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCAUSA
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Butler CW, Keiser AA, Kwapis JL, Berchtold NC, Wall VL, Wood MA, Cotman CW. Exercise opens a temporal window for enhanced cognitive improvement from subsequent physical activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 26:485-492. [PMID: 31732709 PMCID: PMC6859826 DOI: 10.1101/lm.050278.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The beneficial effects of exercise on cognition are well established; however specific exercise parameters regarding the frequency and duration of physical activity that provide optimal cognitive health have not been well defined. Here, we explore the effects of the duration of exercise and sedentary periods on long-term object location memory (OLM) in mice. We use a weak object location training paradigm that is subthreshold for long-term memory formation in sedentary controls, and demonstrate that exercise enables long-term memories to form. We show that 14- and 21-d of running wheel access enables mice to discriminate between familiar and novel object locations after a 24 h delay, while 2- or 7-d running wheel access provides insufficient exercise for such memory enhancement using the subthreshold learning paradigm. After 14- and 21-d of wheel running, exercise-induced cognitive enhancement then decays back to baseline performance following 3-d of sedentary activity. However, exercise-induced cognitive enhancement can be reactivated by an additional period of just 2 d exercise, previously shown to be insufficient to induce cognitive enhancement on its own. The reactivating period of exercise is capable of enhancing memory after three- or seven-sedentary days, but not 14-d. These data suggest a type of “molecular memory” for the exercise stimulus, in that once exercise duration reaches a certain threshold, it establishes a temporal window during which subsequent low-level exercise can capitalize on the neurobiological adaptations induced by the initial period of exercise, enabling it to maintain the benefits on cognitive function. These findings provide new information that may help to guide future clinical studies in exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Butler
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92617, USA
| | - Ashley A Keiser
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92617, USA
| | - Janine L Kwapis
- Department of Biology, Center for Molecular Investigation of Neurological Disorders, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Nicole C Berchtold
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92617, USA
| | - Vanessa L Wall
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92617, USA
| | - Marcelo A Wood
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92617, USA
| | - Carl W Cotman
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92617, USA
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16
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Forner S, Martini AC, Prieto GA, Dang CT, Rodriguez-Ortiz CJ, Reyes-Ruiz JM, Trujillo-Estrada L, da Cunha C, Andrews EJ, Phan J, Vu Ha J, Chang AVZD, Levites Y, Cruz PE, Ager R, Medeiros R, Kitazawa M, Glabe CG, Cotman CW, Golde T, Baglietto-Vargas D, LaFerla FM. Intra- and extracellular β-amyloid overexpression via adeno-associated virus-mediated gene transfer impairs memory and synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15936. [PMID: 31685865 PMCID: PMC6828807 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52324-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common age-related neurodegenerative disorder, is currently conceptualized as a disease of synaptic failure. Synaptic impairments are robust within the AD brain and better correlate with dementia severity when compared with other pathological features of the disease. Nevertheless, the series of events that promote synaptic failure still remain under debate, as potential triggers such as β-amyloid (Aβ) can vary in size, configuration and cellular location, challenging data interpretation in causation studies. Here we present data obtained using adeno-associated viral (AAV) constructs that drive the expression of oligomeric Aβ either intra or extracellularly. We observed that expression of Aβ in both cellular compartments affect learning and memory, reduce the number of synapses and the expression of synaptic-related proteins, and disrupt chemical long-term potentiation (cLTP). Together, these findings indicate that during the progression AD the early accumulation of Aβ inside neurons is sufficient to promote morphological and functional cellular toxicity, a phenomenon that can be exacerbated by the buildup of Aβ in the brain parenchyma. Moreover, our AAV constructs represent a valuable tool in the investigation of the pathological properties of Aβ oligomers both in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Forner
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Alessandra C Martini
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - G Aleph Prieto
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Cindy T Dang
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | | | - Jorge Mauricio Reyes-Ruiz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Laura Trujillo-Estrada
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Celia da Cunha
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Andrews
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Jimmy Phan
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Jordan Vu Ha
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Allissa V Z D Chang
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Yona Levites
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Pedro E Cruz
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Rahasson Ager
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Rodrigo Medeiros
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Masashi Kitazawa
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Charles G Glabe
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Carl W Cotman
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Todd Golde
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - David Baglietto-Vargas
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Frank M LaFerla
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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Trujillo‐Estrada L, Nguyen C, da Cunha C, Cai L, Forner S, Martini AC, Ager RR, Prieto GA, Cotman CW, Baglietto‐Vargas D, LaFerla FM. Tau underlies synaptic and cognitive deficits for type 1, but not type 2 diabetes mouse models. Aging Cell 2019; 18:e12919. [PMID: 30809950 PMCID: PMC6516168 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most devastating diseases that currently affects the aging population. Recent evidence indicates that DM is a risk factor for many brain disorders, due to its direct effects on cognition. New findings have shown that the microtubule-associated protein tau is pathologically processed in DM; however, it remains unknown whether pathological tau modifications play a central role in the cognitive deficits associated with DM. To address this question, we used a gain-of-function and loss-of-function approach to modulate tau levels in type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) mouse models. Our study demonstrates that tau differentially contributes to cognitive and synaptic deficits induced by DM. On one hand, overexpressing wild-type human tau further exacerbates cognitive and synaptic impairments induced by T1DM, as human tau mice treated under T1DM conditions show robust deficits in learning and memory processes. On the other hand, neither a reduction nor increase in tau levels affects cognition in T2DM mice. Together, these results shine new light onto the different molecular mechanisms that underlie the cognitive and synaptic impairments associated with T1DM and T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Trujillo‐Estrada
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological DisordersUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCalifornia
| | - Cassidy Nguyen
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological DisordersUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCalifornia
| | - Celia da Cunha
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological DisordersUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCalifornia
| | - Lena Cai
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological DisordersUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCalifornia
| | - Stefania Forner
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological DisordersUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCalifornia
| | - Alessandra C. Martini
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological DisordersUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCalifornia
| | - Rahasson R. Ager
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological DisordersUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCalifornia
| | - Gilberto Aleph Prieto
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological DisordersUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCalifornia
| | - Carl W. Cotman
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological DisordersUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCalifornia
- Department of Neurobiology and BehaviorUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCalifornia
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCalifornia
| | - David Baglietto‐Vargas
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological DisordersUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCalifornia
- Department of Neurobiology and BehaviorUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCalifornia
| | - Frank M. LaFerla
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological DisordersUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCalifornia
- Department of Neurobiology and BehaviorUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCalifornia
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18
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Walhovd KB, Howell GR, Ritchie SJ, Staff RT, Cotman CW. What are the earlier life contributions to reserve and resilience? Neurobiol Aging 2019; 83:135-139. [PMID: 31307838 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The brain's structures and functions arise from a combination of developmental processes and interaction with environmental experiences, beginning in utero and continuing throughout the lifespan. Broadly, the process that we think of as "successful aging" likely has its foundation in early life and is continuously shaped as life experiences are programmed into the brain in response to a changing environment. Thus, individual lifestyle choices and interventions aimed at increasing cognitive reserve and resilience could change the course of cognitive aging. To determine the relative efficacy of these approaches, we will need to understand how the timing of these interventions (e.g., age, duration, frequency) influences cognitive capacity through the lifespan. Although analysis of age-related changes in cognitive function reveals a general decline at the population level, it has become clear that there is great individual variance in the extent to which cognitive function changes with advanced age. The factors responsible for the individual differences in cognitive decline are unclear, but uncovering them with new analytical tools, epigenetic approaches, and subpopulation studies will provide a roadmap toward enhancing reserve and resilience in the population at large and preserving cognitive function in a greater number of aging individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine B Walhovd
- Department of Psychology, Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Stuart J Ritchie
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Roger T Staff
- Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, NHS Grampian, Scotland, UK
| | - Carl W Cotman
- Institute for Brain Aging and Dementia, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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19
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Prieto GA, Smith ED, Tong L, Nguyen M, Cotman CW. Inhibition of LTP-Induced Translation by IL-1β Reduces the Level of Newly Synthesized Proteins in Hippocampal Dendrites. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:1197-1203. [PMID: 30695637 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In rodent hippocampus, the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) impairs memory and long-term potentiation (LTP), a major form of plasticity that depends on protein synthesis. A better understanding of the mechanisms by which IL-1β impairs LTP may help identify targets for preventing cognitive deterioration. We tested whether IL-1β inhibits protein synthesis in hippocampal neuron cultures following chemically induced LTP (cLTP). Fluorescent-tagging using click-chemistry showed that IL-1β reduces the level of newly synthesized proteins in proximal dendrites of cLTP stimulated neurons. Relative to controls, in cLTP stimulated neurons, IL-1β inhibited Akt/mTOR signaling, as well as the upregulation of GluA1, an AMPA receptor subunit, and LIMK1, a kinase that promotes actin polymerization. Notably, a novel TIR domain peptidomimetic (EM163) blocked both the activation of p38 and the suppression of cLTP-dependent protein synthesis by IL-1β. Our data support a model where IL-1β suppresses LTP directly in neurons by inhibiting mTOR-dependent translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Aleph Prieto
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Erica D. Smith
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Liqi Tong
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Michelle Nguyen
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Carl W. Cotman
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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20
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Kumar S, Frost JL, Cotman CW, Head E, Palmour R, Lemere CA, Walter J. Deposition of phosphorylated amyloid-β in brains of aged nonhuman primates and canines. Brain Pathol 2019; 28:427-430. [PMID: 29740941 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sathish Kumar
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany.,Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jeffrey L Frost
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | - Elizabeth Head
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, Department of Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Roberta Palmour
- St. Kitts and Nevis, Eastern Caribbean, The Behavioral Science Foundation.,McGill University School of Medicine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Cynthia A Lemere
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jochen Walter
- Department of Neurology, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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21
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Baglietto-Vargas D, Prieto GA, Limon A, Forner S, Rodriguez-Ortiz CJ, Ikemura K, Ager RR, Medeiros R, Trujillo-Estrada L, Martini AC, Kitazawa M, Davila JC, Cotman CW, Gutierrez A, LaFerla FM. Impaired AMPA signaling and cytoskeletal alterations induce early synaptic dysfunction in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Aging Cell 2018; 17:e12791. [PMID: 29877034 PMCID: PMC6052400 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder that impairs memory and causes cognitive and psychiatric deficits. New evidences indicate that AD is conceptualized as a disease of synaptic failure, although the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying these defects remain to be elucidated. Determining the timing and nature of the early synaptic deficits is critical for understanding the progression of the disease and for identifying effective targets for therapeutic intervention. Using single-synapse functional and morphological analyses, we find that AMPA signaling, which mediates fast glutamatergic synaptic transmission in the central nervous system (CNS), is compromised early in the disease course in an AD mouse model. The decline in AMPA signaling is associated with changes in actin cytoskeleton integrity, which alters the number and the structure of dendritic spines. AMPA dysfunction and spine alteration correlate with the presence of soluble but not insoluble Aβ and tau species. In particular, we demonstrate that these synaptic impairments can be mitigated by Aβ immunotherapy. Together, our data suggest that alterations in AMPA signaling and cytoskeletal processes occur early in AD. Most important, these deficits are prevented by Aβ immunotherapy, suggesting that existing therapies, if administered earlier, could confer functional benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Baglietto-Vargas
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders; University of California; Irvine California
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior; University of California; Irvine California
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetic and Physiology; Faculty of Sciences; Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga (IBIMA); Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED); University of Malaga; Malaga Spain
| | - Gilberto Aleph Prieto
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders; University of California; Irvine California
| | - Agenor Limon
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior; University of California; Irvine California
| | - Stefania Forner
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders; University of California; Irvine California
| | - Carlos J. Rodriguez-Ortiz
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders; University of California; Irvine California
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine; Department of Medicine; Center for Occupational and Environmental Health (COEH); University of California; Irvine California
| | - Kenji Ikemura
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders; University of California; Irvine California
| | - Rahasson R. Ager
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders; University of California; Irvine California
| | - Rodrigo Medeiros
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders; University of California; Irvine California
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research; Queensland Brain Institute; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - Laura Trujillo-Estrada
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders; University of California; Irvine California
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetic and Physiology; Faculty of Sciences; Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga (IBIMA); Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED); University of Malaga; Malaga Spain
| | - Alessandra C. Martini
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders; University of California; Irvine California
| | - Masashi Kitazawa
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders; University of California; Irvine California
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine; Department of Medicine; Center for Occupational and Environmental Health (COEH); University of California; Irvine California
| | - Jose C. Davila
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetic and Physiology; Faculty of Sciences; Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga (IBIMA); Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED); University of Malaga; Malaga Spain
| | - Carl W. Cotman
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders; University of California; Irvine California
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior; University of California; Irvine California
- Department of Neurology; University of California; Irvine California
| | - Antonia Gutierrez
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetic and Physiology; Faculty of Sciences; Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga (IBIMA); Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED); University of Malaga; Malaga Spain
| | - Frank M. LaFerla
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders; University of California; Irvine California
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior; University of California; Irvine California
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Rodriguez-Ortiz CJ, Prieto GA, Cotman CW, Kitazawa M. P1‐236: Aβ OLIGOMERS IMPAIR PLASTICITY BY DYSREGULATING MIR‐181A IN PRIMARY HIPPOCAMPAL CULTURES. Alzheimers Dement 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.06.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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23
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Tong L, Prieto GA, Cotman CW. IL-1β suppresses cLTP-induced surface expression of GluA1 and actin polymerization via ceramide-mediated Src activation. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:127. [PMID: 29712570 PMCID: PMC5925843 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1158-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain inflammation including increases in inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β is widely believed to contribute to the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease. Although IL-1β-induced impairments in long-term potentiation (LTP) in acute hippocampal slices and memory functions in vivo have been well documented, the neuron-specific molecular mechanisms of IL-1β-mediated impairments of LTP and memory remain unclear. METHODS This study uses an in vitro approach in primary hippocampal neurons to evaluate the effect of IL-1β on chemical LTP (cLTP)-induced structural plasticity and signaling. RESULTS We found that IL-1β reduces both the surface expression of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor subunit GluA1 and the spine growth following cLTP. These effects of IL-1β were mediated by impairing actin polymerization during cLTP, as IL-1β decreased the cLTP-induced formation of F-actin, and the effect of IL-1β on cLTP-induced surface expression of GluA1 can be mimicked by latrunculin, a toxin that disrupts dynamics of actin filaments, and can be prevented by jasplakinolide, a cell-permeable peptide that stabilizes F-actin. Moreover, live-cell imaging demonstrated that IL-1β decreased the stability of the actin cytoskeleton in spines, which is required for LTP consolidation. We further examined the role of sphingolipid signaling in the IL-1β-mediated impairment of spine plasticity and found that both the neutral sphingomyelinase inhibitor GW4869 and the inhibitor of Src kinase PP2 attenuated the IL-1β-mediated suppression of cLTP-induced surface expression of GluA1 and actin polymerization. CONCLUSIONS These findings support a mechanism by which IL-1β, via the sphingomyelinase/ceramide/Src pathway, impairs structural spine remodeling essential for LTP consolidation and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqi Tong
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, 1226 Gillespie Neuroscience Research Facility, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| | - G Aleph Prieto
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, 1226 Gillespie Neuroscience Research Facility, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Carl W Cotman
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, 1226 Gillespie Neuroscience Research Facility, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, 1226 Gillespie Neuroscience Research Facility, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
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Prieto GA, Tong L, Smith ED, Cotman CW. TNFα and IL-1β but not IL-18 Suppresses Hippocampal Long-Term Potentiation Directly at the Synapse. Neurochem Res 2018; 44:49-60. [PMID: 29619614 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2517-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CNS inflammatory responses are linked to cognitive impairment in humans. Research in animal models supports this connection by showing that inflammatory cytokines suppress long-term potentiation (LTP), the best-known cellular correlate of memory. Cytokine-induced modulation of LTP has been previously studied in vivo or in brain slices, two experimental approaches containing multiple cell populations responsive to cytokines. In their target cells, cytokines commonly increase the expression of multiple cytokines, thus increasing the complexity of brain cytokine networks even after single-cytokine challenges. Whether cytokines suppress LTP by direct effects on neurons or by indirect mechanisms is still an open question. Here, we evaluated the effect of a major set of inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-18 (IL-18) on chemically-induced LTP (cLTP) in isolated hippocampal synaptosomes of mice, using fluorescence analysis of single-synapse long-term potentiation (FASS-LTP). We found that TNFα and IL-1β suppress synaptosomal cLTP. In contrast, cLTP was not affected by IL-18, at a concentration previously shown to block LTP in hippocampal slices. We also found that IL-18 does not impair cLTP or brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling in primary hippocampal neuronal cultures. Thus, using both synaptosomes and neuron cultures, our data suggest that IL-18 impairs LTP by indirect mechanisms, which may depend on non-neuronal cells, such as glia. Notably, our results demonstrate that TNFα and IL-1β directly suppress hippocampal plasticity via neuron-specific mechanisms. A better understanding of the brain's cytokine networks and their final molecular effectors is crucial to identify specific targets for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Aleph Prieto
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| | - Liqi Tong
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Erica D Smith
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Carl W Cotman
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
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Prieto GA, Cotman CW. Cytokines and cytokine networks target neurons to modulate long-term potentiation. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2017; 34:27-33. [PMID: 28377062 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines play crucial roles in the communication between brain cells including neurons and glia, as well as in the brain-periphery interactions. In the brain, cytokines modulate long-term potentiation (LTP), a cellular correlate of memory. Whether cytokines regulate LTP by direct effects on neurons or by indirect mechanisms mediated by non-neuronal cells is poorly understood. Elucidating neuron-specific effects of cytokines has been challenging because most brain cells express cytokine receptors. Moreover, cytokines commonly increase the expression of multiple cytokines in their target cells, thus increasing the complexity of brain cytokine networks even after single-cytokine challenges. Here, we review evidence on both direct and indirect-mediated modulation of LTP by cytokines. We also describe novel approaches based on neuron- and synaptosome-enriched systems to identify cytokines able to directly modulate LTP, by targeting neurons and synapses. These approaches can test multiple samples in parallel, thus allowing the study of multiple cytokines simultaneously. Hence, a cytokine networks perspective coupled with neuron-specific analysis may contribute to delineation of maps of the modulation of LTP by cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Aleph Prieto
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Carl W Cotman
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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26
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Snigdha S, Yassa MA, deRivera C, Milgram NW, Cotman CW. Pattern separation and goal-directed behavior in the aged canine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 24:123-131. [PMID: 28202716 PMCID: PMC5311386 DOI: 10.1101/lm.043422.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The pattern separation task has recently emerged as a behavioral model of hippocampus function and has been used in several pharmaceutical trials. The canine is a useful model to evaluate a multitude of hippocampal-dependent cognitive tasks that parallel those in humans. Thus, this study was designed to evaluate the suitability of pattern separation task(s) for detecting age-related changes in canines. We also assessed the dogs' ability to show pattern separation and discrimination reversal, which provides a novel extension of the pattern separation learning literature. Our data show that aged dogs are impaired on a complex pattern separation task (six-well task) relative to easier tasks (four-well or six-well pattern discrimination task), and that the age-related deficits are due to loss of perceptual and inhibitory control in addition to the loss of spatial discrimination and pattern separation ability. Our data also suggest that aged animals show pattern separation deficits when the objects are brought progressively closer together while changing the location of both correct and incorrect objects. However, if the location of any one object is fixed the animals tend to use alternate strategies. Overall, these data provide important insight into age-related pattern separation deficits in a higher animal model and offers additional means for evaluating the impact of lifestyle and pharmaceutical interventions on episodic memory in preclinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Snigdha
- UC Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND), University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Michael A Yassa
- UC Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND), University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA.,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | | | | | - Carl W Cotman
- UC Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (UCI MIND), University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA.,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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27
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Carlos AJ, Tong L, Prieto GA, Cotman CW. IL-1β impairs retrograde flow of BDNF signaling by attenuating endosome trafficking. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:29. [PMID: 28153028 PMCID: PMC5290618 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0803-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pro-inflammatory cytokines accumulate in the brain with age and Alzheimer’s disease and can impair neuron health and cognitive function. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a key neurotrophin that supports neuron health, function, and synaptic plasticity. The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) impairs BDNF signaling but whether it affects BDNF signaling endosome trafficking has not been studied. Methods This study uses an in vitro approach in primary hippocampal neurons to evaluate the effect of IL-1β on BDNF signaling endosome trafficking. Neurons were cultured in microfluidic chambers that separate the environments of the cell body and its axon terminal, enabling us to specifically treat in axon compartments and trace vesicle trafficking in real-time. Results We found that IL-1β attenuates BDNF signaling endosomes throughout networks in cultures. In IL-1β-treated cells, overall BDNF endosomal density was decreased, and the colocalization of BDNF endosomes with presynaptic terminals was found to be more than two times higher than in control cultures. Selective IL-1β treatment to the presynaptic compartment in microfluidic chamber attenuated BDNF endosome flux, as measured by reduced BDNF-GFP endosome counts in the somal compartment. Further, IL-1β decreased the BDNF-induced phosphorylation of Erk5, a known BDNF retrograde trafficking target. Mechanistically, the deficiency in trafficking was not due to impaired endocytosis of the BDNF-TrkB complex, or impaired transport rate, since BDNF endosomes traveled at the same rate in both control and IL-1β treatment groups. Among the regulators of presynaptic endosome sorting is the post-translational modification, ubiquitination. In support of this possibility, the IL-1β-mediated suppression of BDNF-induced Erk5 phosphorylation can be rescued by exogenous ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1), a deubiquitinating enzyme that regulates ubiquitin and endosomal trafficking. Conclusions We observed a state of neurotrophic resistance whereby, in the prolonged presence of IL-1β, BDNF is not effective in delivering long-distance signaling via the retrograde transport of signaling endosomes. Since IL-1β accumulation is an invariant feature across many neurodegenerative diseases, our study suggest that compromised BDNF retrograde transport-dependent signaling may have important implications in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Carlos
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Liqi Tong
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA. .,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| | - G Aleph Prieto
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Carl W Cotman
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
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28
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Abstract
Synapses are essential units for the flow of information in the brain. Over the last 70 years, synapses have been widely studied in multiple animal models including worms, fruit flies, and rodents. In comparison, the study of human synapses has evolved significantly slower, mainly because of technical limitations. However, three novel methods allowing the analysis of molecular, morphological, and functional properties of human synapses may expand our knowledge of the human brain. Here, we briefly describe these methods, and evaluate how the information provided by each unique approach may contribute to the functional and anatomical analysis of the synaptic component of human brain circuitries. In particular, using tissue from cryopreserved human brains, synaptic plasticity can be studied in isolated synaptosomes by fluorescence analysis of single-synapse long-term potentiation (FASS-LTP), and subpopulations of synapses can be thoroughly assessed in the ribbons of brain tissue by array tomography (AT). Currently, it is also possible to quantify synaptic density in the living human brain by positron emission tomography (PET), using a novel synaptic radio-ligand. Overall, data provided by FASS-LTP, AT, and PET may significantly contribute to the global understanding of synaptic structure and function in both healthy and diseased human brains, thus directly impacting translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Aleph Prieto
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Carl W Cotman
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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29
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Abbasi A, de Paula Vieira R, Bischof F, Walter M, Movassaghi M, Berchtold NC, Niess AM, Cotman CW, Northoff H. Sex-specific variation in signaling pathways and gene expression patterns in human leukocytes in response to endotoxin and exercise. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:289. [PMID: 27832807 PMCID: PMC5105243 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0758-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While exercise effects on the immune system have received increasing attention in recent years, it remains unclear to what extent gender and fluctuations in sex hormones during menstrual cycle influence immunological responses to exercise. Methods We investigated mRNA changes induced through exhaustive exercise (half-marathon; pre-exercise and post-exercise [30 min, 3 h, 24 h] on whole blood cultures ± lipopolysaccharide [LPS] [1 h]) with a specific focus on sex differences (men vs women in luteal phase) as an extension of our previous study. Results Inflammation related signaling pathways, TLRs, cytosolic DNA sensing and RIG-I like receptors were differentially activated between sexes in LPS-stimulated cultures. Genes differentially regulated between sexes included TNIP-1, TNIP-3, IL-6, HIVEP1, CXCL3, CCR3, IL-8, and CD69, revealing a bias towards less anti-inflammatory gene regulation in women compared to men. In addition, several genes relevant to brain function (KMO, DDIT4, VEGFA, IGF1R, IGF2R, and FGD4) showed differential activation between sexes. Some of these genes (e.g., KMO in women, DDIT4 in both sexes) potentially constitute neuroprotective mechanisms. Conclusions These data reveal that the exercise-induced change in gene expression might be gender and menstrual cycle phase dependent. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0758-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asghar Abbasi
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (MIND Institute), University of California-Irvine (UCI), Irvine, CA, USA. .,Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (MIND Institute), Gillespie Neuroscience Research Facility, 1113, University of California, Irvine, 92697.4540, USA.
| | - Rodolfo de Paula Vieira
- Laboratory of Pulmonary and Exercise Immunology (LABPEI), Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felix Bischof
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Michael Walter
- Agilent Technologies Sales and Services, GmbH & Co. KG, Hewlett-Packard-Strasse 8, 76337, Waldbronn, Germany
| | - Masoud Movassaghi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nicole C Berchtold
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (MIND Institute), University of California-Irvine (UCI), Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Andreas M Niess
- Department of Sports Medicine, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Carl W Cotman
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders (MIND Institute), University of California-Irvine (UCI), Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Hinnak Northoff
- Zentrum für Klinische Transfusionsmedizin (ZKT) and Institute of Clinical and Experimental Transfusion Medicine (IKET), University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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30
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Hoffmann K, Sobol NA, Frederiksen KS, Beyer N, Vogel A, Vestergaard K, Brændgaard H, Gottrup H, Lolk A, Wermuth L, Jacobsen S, Laugesen LP, Gergelyffy RG, Høgh P, Bjerregaard E, Andersen BB, Siersma V, Johannsen P, Cotman CW, Waldemar G, Hasselbalch SG. Moderate-to-High Intensity Physical Exercise in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 50:443-53. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-150817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Hoffmann
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nanna A. Sobol
- Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Unit, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian S. Frederiksen
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nina Beyer
- Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Unit, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Asmus Vogel
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Hanne Gottrup
- Dementia Clinic, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Annette Lolk
- Dementia Clinic, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Lene Wermuth
- Dementia Clinic, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Søren Jacobsen
- Department of Geriatrics, Odense University Hospital, Svendborg Hospital, Denmark
| | | | | | - Peter Høgh
- Regional Dementia Research Center, Region Zealand, Roskilde Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eva Bjerregaard
- Memory Clinic, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birgitte B. Andersen
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Volkert Siersma
- Research Unit for General Practice and Section of General Practice, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Johannsen
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carl W. Cotman
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California-Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Gunhild Waldemar
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen G. Hasselbalch
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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31
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Snigdha S, de Rivera C, Milgram NW, Cotman CW. Effect of mitochondrial cofactors and antioxidants supplementation on cognition in the aged canine. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 37:171-178. [PMID: 26481404 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of research has focused on modifiable risk factors for prevention and attenuation of cognitive decline in aging. This has led to an unprecedented interest in the relationship between diet and cognitive function. Several preclinical and epidemiologic studies suggest that dietary intervention can be used to improve cognitive function but randomized controlled trials are increasingly failing to replicate these findings. Here, we use a canine model of aging to evaluate the effects of specific components of diet supplementation which contain both antioxidants and a combination of mitochondrial cofactors (lipoic acid [LA] and acetyl-l-carnitine) on a battery of cognitive functions. Our data suggest that supplementation with mitochondrial cofactors, but not LA or antioxidant alone, selectively improve long-term recall in aged canines. Furthermore, we found evidence that LA alone could have cognitive impairing effects. These results contrast to those of a previous longitudinal study in aged canine. Our data demonstrate that one reason for this difference may be the nutritional status of animals at baseline for the 2 studies. Overall, this study suggests that social, cognitive, and physical activity together with optimal dietary intake (rather than diet alone) promotes successful brain aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Snigdha
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | | | | | - Carl W Cotman
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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32
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Berchtold NC, Sabbagh MN, Beach TG, Kim RC, Cribbs DH, Cotman CW. Brain gene expression patterns differentiate mild cognitive impairment from normal aged and Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:1961-72. [PMID: 24786631 PMCID: PMC4067010 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) represents a cognitive state intermediate between normal aging and early Alzheimer's disease (AD). To investigate if the molecular signature of MCI parallels the clinical picture, we use microarrays to extensively profile gene expression in 4 cortical brain regions (entorhinal cortex, hippocampus, superior frontal gyrus, post-central gyrus) using the postmortem tissue from cognitively normal aged controls, MCI, and AD cases. Our data reveal that gene expression patterns in MCI are not an extension of aging, and for the most part, are not intermediate between aged controls and AD. Functional enrichment analysis of significant genes revealed prominent upregulation in MCI brains of genes associated with anabolic and biosynthetic pathways (notably transcription, protein biosynthesis, protein trafficking, and turnover) as well as mitochondrial energy generation. In addition, many synaptic genes showed altered expression in MCI, predominantly upregulation, including genes for central components of the vesicle fusion machinery at the synapse, synaptic vesicle trafficking, neurotransmitter receptors, and synaptic structure and stabilization. These data suggest that there is a rebalancing of synaptic transmission in the MCI brain. To investigate if synaptic gene expression levels in MCI were related to cognitive function, Pearson correlation coefficient between the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and region-specific messenger RNA expression were computed for MCI cases. A number of synaptic genes showed strong significant correlations (r > 0.8, p < 0.01) most notably in the entorhinal cortex, with fewer in the hippocampus, and very few in neocortical regions. The synaptic genes with highly significant correlations were predominantly related to synaptic transmission and plasticity, and myelin composition. Unexpectedly, we found that gene expression changes that facilitate synaptic excitability and plasticity were overwhelmingly associated with poorer MMSE, and conversely that gene expression changes that inhibit plasticity were positively associated with MMSE. These data suggest that there are excessive excitability and apparent plasticity in limbic brain regions in MCI, that is associated with impaired synaptic and cognitive function. Such changes would be predicted to contribute to increased excitability, in turn leading to greater metabolic demand and ultimately progressive degeneration and AD, if not controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C Berchtold
- Institute for Mental Impairments and Neurological Disorders (MIND), University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | | | | | - Ronald C Kim
- Institute for Mental Impairments and Neurological Disorders (MIND), University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - David H Cribbs
- Institute for Mental Impairments and Neurological Disorders (MIND), University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Carl W Cotman
- Institute for Mental Impairments and Neurological Disorders (MIND), University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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33
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Smith ED, Prieto GA, Tong L, Sears-Kraxberger I, Rice JD, Steward O, Cotman CW. Rapamycin and interleukin-1β impair brain-derived neurotrophic factor-dependent neuron survival by modulating autophagy. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:20615-29. [PMID: 24917666 PMCID: PMC4110274 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.568659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway has multiple important physiological functions, including regulation of protein synthesis, cell growth, autophagy, and synaptic plasticity. Activation of mTOR is necessary for the many beneficial effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), including dendritic translation and memory formation in the hippocampus. At present, however, the role of mTOR in BDNF's support of survival is not clear. We report that mTOR activation is necessary for BDNF-dependent survival of primary rat hippocampal neurons, as either mTOR inhibition by rapamycin or genetic manipulation of the downstream molecule p70S6K specifically blocked BDNF rescue. Surprisingly, however, BDNF did not promote neuron survival by up-regulating mTOR-dependent protein synthesis or through mTOR-dependent suppression of caspase-3 activation. Instead, activated mTOR was responsible for BDNF's suppression of autophagic flux. shRNA against the autophagic machinery Atg7 or Atg5 prolonged the survival of neurons co-treated with BDNF and rapamycin, suggesting that suppression of mTOR in BDNF-treated cells resulted in excessive autophagy. Finally, acting as a physiological analog of rapamycin, IL-1β impaired BDNF signaling by way of inhibiting mTOR activation as follows: the cytokine induced caspase-independent neuronal death and accelerated autophagic flux in BDNF-treated cells. These findings reveal a novel mechanism of BDNF neuroprotection; BDNF not only prevents apoptosis through inhibiting caspase activation but also promotes neuron survival through modulation of autophagy. This protection mechanism is vulnerable under chronic inflammation, which deregulates autophagy through impairing mTOR signaling. These results may be relevant to age-related changes observed in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica D. Smith
- From the Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, and
| | - G. Aleph Prieto
- From the Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, and
| | - Liqi Tong
- From the Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, and
| | - Ilse Sears-Kraxberger
- the Reeve-Irvine Research Center, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Jeffrey D. Rice
- From the Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, and
| | - Oswald Steward
- the Reeve-Irvine Research Center, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Carl W. Cotman
- From the Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, and
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34
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Abstract
Exercise has been shown to reduce age-related losses in cognitive function including learning and memory, but the mechanisms underlying this effect remain poorly understood. Memory formation occurs in stages that include an initial acquisition phase, an intermediate labile phase, and then a process of consolidation which leads to long-term memory formation. An effective way to examine the mechanism by which exercise improves memory is to introduce the intervention (exercise), post-acquisition, making it possible to selectively examine memory storage and consolidation. Accordingly we evaluated the effects of post-trial exercise (10 min on a treadmill) on memory consolidation in aged canines both right after, an hour after, and 24 h after acute exercise training in concurrent discrimination, object location memory (OLM), and novel object recognition tasks. Our study shows that post-trial exercise facilitates memory function by improving memory consolidation in aged animals in a time-dependent manner. The improvements were significant at 24 h post-exercise and not right after or 1 h after exercise. Aged animals were also tested following chronic exercise (10 min/day for 14 consecutive days) on OLM or till criterion were reached (for reversal learning task). We found improvements from a chronic exercise design in both the object location and reversal learning tasks. Our studies suggest that mechanisms to improve overall consolidation and cognitive function remain accessible even with progressing age and can be re-engaged by both acute and chronic exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Snigdha
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Carl W Cotman
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, CA, USA
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Rice RA, Berchtold NC, Cotman CW, Green KN. Age-related downregulation of the CaV3.1 T-type calcium channel as a mediator of amyloid beta production. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 35:1002-11. [PMID: 24268883 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.10.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's is a crippling neurodegenerative disease that largely affects aged individuals. Decades of research have highlighted age-related changes in calcium homeostasis that occur before and throughout the duration of the disease, and the contributions of such dysregulation to Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. We report an age-related decrease in expression of the CaV3.1 T-type calcium channel at the level of messenger RNA and protein in both humans and mice that is exacerbated with the presence of Alzheimer's disease. Downregulating T-type calcium channels in N2a cells and the 3xTg-AD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, by way of pharmacologic inhibition with NNC-55-0396, results in a rapid increase in amyloid beta production via reductions in non-amyloidogenic processing, whereas genetic overexpression of the channel in human embryonic kidney cells expressing amyloid precursor protein produces complementary effects. The age-related decline in CaV3.1 expression may therefore contribute to a pro-amyloidogenic environment in the aging brain and represents a novel opportunity to intervene in the course of Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Rice
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Nicole C Berchtold
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Carl W Cotman
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Kim N Green
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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36
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Intlekofer KA, Berchtold NC, Malvaez M, Carlos AJ, McQuown SC, Cunningham MJ, Wood MA, Cotman CW. Exercise and sodium butyrate transform a subthreshold learning event into long-term memory via a brain-derived neurotrophic factor-dependent mechanism. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:2027-34. [PMID: 23615664 PMCID: PMC3746687 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that exercise enables hippocampal-dependent learning in conditions that are normally subthreshold for encoding and memory formation, and depends on hippocampal induction of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) as a key mechanism. Using a weak training paradigm in an object location memory (OLM) task, we show that sedentary mice are unable to discriminate 24 h later between familiar and novel object locations. In contrast, 3 weeks of prior voluntary exercise enables strong discrimination in the spatial memory task. Cognitive benefits of exercise match those attained with post-training sodium butyrate (NaB), a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor previously shown to enable subthreshold learning. We demonstrate that the enabling effects of exercise and NaB on subthreshold OLM learning are dependent on hippocampal BDNF upregulation, and are blocked by hippocampal infusion of BDNF short-interfering RNA. Exercise and NaB increased bdnf transcripts I and IV, and the increases were associated with BDNF promoter acetylation on H4K8 but not H4K12. These data provide support for the concept that exercise engages epigenetic control mechanisms and serves as a natural stimulus that operates in part like NaB and potentially other HDAC inhibitors, placing the brain into a state of readiness for plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlie A Intlekofer
- Institute for Memory Impairments and
Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, Irvine,
CA, USA
| | - Nicole C Berchtold
- Institute for Memory Impairments and
Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, Irvine,
CA, USA
| | - Melissa Malvaez
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior,
Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California,
Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Anthony J Carlos
- Institute for Memory Impairments and
Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, Irvine,
CA, USA
| | - Susan C McQuown
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior,
Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California,
Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Marcelo A Wood
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior,
Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California,
Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Carl W Cotman
- Institute for Memory Impairments and
Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, Irvine,
CA, USA
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37
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Intlekofer KA, Cotman CW. Exercise counteracts declining hippocampal function in aging and Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 57:47-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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38
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Frost JL, Le KX, Cynis H, Ekpo E, Kleinschmidt M, Palmour RM, Ervin FR, Snigdha S, Cotman CW, Saido TC, Vassar RJ, St George-Hyslop P, Ikezu T, Schilling S, Demuth HU, Lemere CA. Pyroglutamate-3 amyloid-β deposition in the brains of humans, non-human primates, canines, and Alzheimer disease-like transgenic mouse models. Am J Pathol 2013; 183:369-81. [PMID: 23747948 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides, starting with pyroglutamate at the third residue (pyroGlu-3 Aβ), are a major species deposited in the brain of Alzheimer disease (AD) patients. Recent studies suggest that this isoform shows higher toxicity and amyloidogenecity when compared to full-length Aβ peptides. Here, we report the first comprehensive and comparative IHC evaluation of pyroGlu-3 Aβ deposition in humans and animal models. PyroGlu-3 Aβ immunoreactivity (IR) is abundant in plaques and cerebral amyloid angiopathy of AD and Down syndrome patients, colocalizing with general Aβ IR. PyroGlu-3 Aβ is further present in two nontransgenic mammalian models of cerebral amyloidosis, Caribbean vervets, and beagle canines. In addition, pyroGlu-3 Aβ deposition was analyzed in 12 different AD-like transgenic mouse models. In contrast to humans, all transgenic models showed general Aβ deposition preceding pyroGlu-3 Aβ deposition. The findings varied greatly among the mouse models concerning age of onset and cortical brain region. In summary, pyroGlu-3 Aβ is a major species of β-amyloid deposited early in diffuse and focal plaques and cerebral amyloid angiopathy in humans and nonhuman primates, whereas it is deposited later in a subset of focal and vascular amyloid in AD-like transgenic mouse models. Given the proposed decisive role of pyroGlu-3 Aβ peptides for the development of human AD pathology, this study provides insights into the usage of animal models in AD studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Frost
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Poon WW, Carlos AJ, Aguilar BL, Berchtold NC, Kawano CK, Zograbyan V, Yaopruke T, Shelanski M, Cotman CW. β-Amyloid (Aβ) oligomers impair brain-derived neurotrophic factor retrograde trafficking by down-regulating ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase, UCH-L1. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:16937-16948. [PMID: 23599427 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.463711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously found that BDNF-dependent retrograde trafficking is impaired in AD transgenic mouse neurons. Utilizing a novel microfluidic culture chamber, we demonstrate that Aβ oligomers compromise BDNF-mediated retrograde transport by impairing endosomal vesicle velocities, resulting in impaired downstream signaling driven by BDNF/TrkB, including ERK5 activation, and CREB-dependent gene regulation. Our data suggest that a key mechanism mediating the deficit involves ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1), a deubiquitinating enzyme that functions to regulate cellular ubiquitin. Aβ-induced deficits in BDNF trafficking and signaling are mimicked by LDN (an inhibitor of UCH-L1) and can be reversed by increasing cellular UCH-L1 levels, demonstrated here using a transducible TAT-UCH-L1 strategy. Finally, our data reveal that UCH-L1 mRNA levels are decreased in the hippocampi of AD brains. Taken together, our data implicate that UCH-L1 is important for regulating neurotrophin receptor sorting to signaling endosomes and supporting retrograde transport. Further, our results support the idea that in AD, Aβ may down-regulate UCH-L1 in the AD brain, which in turn impairs BDNF/TrkB-mediated retrograde signaling, compromising synaptic plasticity and neuronal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne W Poon
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, California 92697.
| | - Anthony J Carlos
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Brittany L Aguilar
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Nicole C Berchtold
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Crystal K Kawano
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Vahe Zograbyan
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Tim Yaopruke
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Michael Shelanski
- Department of Pathology and the Taub Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
| | - Carl W Cotman
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
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40
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Hoffmann K, Frederiksen KS, Sobol NA, Beyer N, Vogel A, Simonsen AH, Johannsen P, Lolk A, Terkelsen O, Cotman CW, Hasselbalch SG, Waldemar G. Preserving Cognition, Quality of Life, Physical Health and Functional Ability in Alzheimer's Disease: The Effect of Physical Exercise (ADEX Trial): Rationale and Design. Neuroepidemiology 2013; 41:198-207. [DOI: 10.1159/000354632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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41
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Berchtold NC, Coleman PD, Cribbs DH, Rogers J, Gillen DL, Cotman CW. Synaptic genes are extensively downregulated across multiple brain regions in normal human aging and Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 34:1653-61. [PMID: 23273601 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Synapses are essential for transmitting, processing, and storing information, all of which decline in aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Because synapse loss only partially accounts for the cognitive declines seen in aging and AD, we hypothesized that existing synapses might undergo molecular changes that reduce their functional capacity. Microarrays were used to evaluate expression profiles of 340 synaptic genes in aging (20-99 years) and AD across 4 brain regions from 81 cases. The analysis revealed an unexpectedly large number of significant expression changes in synapse-related genes in aging, with many undergoing progressive downregulation across aging and AD. Functional classification of the genes showing altered expression revealed that multiple aspects of synaptic function are affected, notably synaptic vesicle trafficking and release, neurotransmitter receptors and receptor trafficking, postsynaptic density scaffolding, cell adhesion regulating synaptic stability, and neuromodulatory systems. The widespread declines in synaptic gene expression in normal aging suggests that function of existing synapses might be impaired, and that a common set of synaptic genes are vulnerable to change in aging and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C Berchtold
- Institute for Mental Impairments and Neurological Disorders (MIND), University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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42
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Winchester J, Dick MB, Gillen D, Reed B, Miller B, Tinklenberg J, Mungas D, Chui H, Galasko D, Hewett L, Cotman CW. Walking stabilizes cognitive functioning in Alzheimer's disease (AD) across one year. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2012; 56:96-103. [PMID: 22959822 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2012.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
AD is a public health epidemic, which seriously impacts cognition, mood and daily activities; however, one type of activity, exercise, has been shown to alter these states. Accordingly, we sought to investigate the relationship between exercise and mood, in early-stage AD patients (N=104) from California, over a 1-year period. Patients completed the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), and Blessed-Roth Dementia Rating Scale (BRDRS), while their caregivers completed the Yale Physical Activity Survey (YALE), Profile of Mood States (POMS), the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) and Functional Abilities Questionnaire (FAQ). Approximately half of the participants were female, from a variety of ethnic groups (Caucasian=69.8%; Latino/Hispanic Americans=20.1%). Our results demonstrated that the patients spent little time engaged in physical activity in general, their overall activity levels decreased over time, and this was paired with a change in global cognition (e.g., MMSE total score) and affect/mood (e.g., POMS score). Patients were parsed into Active and Sedentary groups based on their Yale profiles, with Active participants engaged in walking activities, weekly, over 1 year. Here, Sedentary patients had a significant decline in MMSE scores, while the Active patients had an attenuation in global cognitive decline. Importantly, among the Active AD patients, those individuals who engaged in walking for more than 2 h/week had a significant improvement in MMSE scores. Structured clinical trials which seek to increase the amount of time AD patients were engaged in walking activities and evaluate the nature and scope of beneficial effects in the brain are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Winchester
- Institute for Memory Impairments & Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
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43
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Cribbs DH, Berchtold NC, Perreau V, Coleman PD, Rogers J, Tenner AJ, Cotman CW. Extensive innate immune gene activation accompanies brain aging, increasing vulnerability to cognitive decline and neurodegeneration: a microarray study. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:179. [PMID: 22824372 PMCID: PMC3419089 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study undertakes a systematic and comprehensive analysis of brain gene expression profiles of immune/inflammation-related genes in aging and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Methods In a well-powered microarray study of young (20 to 59 years), aged (60 to 99 years), and AD (74 to 95 years) cases, gene responses were assessed in the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, superior frontal gyrus, and post-central gyrus. Results Several novel concepts emerge. First, immune/inflammation-related genes showed major changes in gene expression over the course of cognitively normal aging, with the extent of gene response far greater in aging than in AD. Of the 759 immune-related probesets interrogated on the microarray, approximately 40% were significantly altered in the SFG, PCG and HC with increasing age, with the majority upregulated (64 to 86%). In contrast, far fewer immune/inflammation genes were significantly changed in the transition to AD (approximately 6% of immune-related probesets), with gene responses primarily restricted to the SFG and HC. Second, relatively few significant changes in immune/inflammation genes were detected in the EC either in aging or AD, although many genes in the EC showed similar trends in responses as in the other brain regions. Third, immune/inflammation genes undergo gender-specific patterns of response in aging and AD, with the most pronounced differences emerging in aging. Finally, there was widespread upregulation of genes reflecting activation of microglia and perivascular macrophages in the aging brain, coupled with a downregulation of select factors (TOLLIP, fractalkine) that when present curtail microglial/macrophage activation. Notably, essentially all pathways of the innate immune system were upregulated in aging, including numerous complement components, genes involved in toll-like receptor signaling and inflammasome signaling, as well as genes coding for immunoglobulin (Fc) receptors and human leukocyte antigens I and II. Conclusions Unexpectedly, the extent of innate immune gene upregulation in AD was modest relative to the robust response apparent in the aged brain, consistent with the emerging idea of a critical involvement of inflammation in the earliest stages, perhaps even in the preclinical stage, of AD. Ultimately, our data suggest that an important strategy to maintain cognitive health and resilience involves reducing chronic innate immune activation that should be initiated in late midlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Cribbs
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, 1226 Gillespie NRF, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Kim HJ, Park JW, Byun JH, Poon WW, Cotman CW, Fowlkes CC, Jeon NL. Quantitative analysis of axonal transport by using compartmentalized and surface micropatterned culture of neurons. ACS Chem Neurosci 2012; 3:433-8. [PMID: 24358503 DOI: 10.1021/cn3000026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria, synaptic vesicles, and other cytoplasmic constituents have to travel long distance along the axons from cell bodies to nerve terminals. Interruption of this axonal transport may contribute to many neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). It has been recently shown that exposure of cultured neurons to β-amyloid (Aβ) resulted in severe impairment of mitochondrial transport. This Letter describes an integrated microfluidic platform that establishes surface patterned and compartmentalized culture of neurons for studying the effect of Aβ on mitochondria trafficking in full length of axons. We have successfully quantified the trafficking of fluorescently labeled mitochondria in distal and proximal axons using image processing. Selective treatment of Aβ in the somal or axonal compartments resulted in considerable decrease in mitochondria movement in a location dependent manner such that mitochondria trafficking slowed down more significantly proximal to the location of Aβ exposure. Furthermore, this result suggests a promising application of microfluidic technology for investigating the dysfunction of axonal transport related to neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Joon Kim
- Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697,
United States
| | - Jeong Won Park
- Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697,
United States
| | - Jae Hwan Byun
- School of
Mechanical and Aerospace
Engineering, Seoul National University,
Seoul 151-744, Korea
| | - Wayne W. Poon
- Institute
for Memory Impairments
and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Carl W. Cotman
- Institute
for Memory Impairments
and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Charless C. Fowlkes
- School of Information and Computer
Science, University of California, Irvine,
California 92697, United States
| | - Noo Li Jeon
- School of
Mechanical and Aerospace
Engineering, Seoul National University,
Seoul 151-744, Korea
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45
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Allen M, Zou F, Chai HS, Younkin CS, Crook J, Pankratz VS, Carrasquillo MM, Rowley CN, Nair AA, Middha S, Maharjan S, Nguyen T, Ma L, Malphrus KG, Palusak R, Lincoln S, Bisceglio G, Georgescu C, Schultz D, Rakhshan F, Kolbert CP, Jen J, Haines JL, Mayeux R, Pericak-Vance MA, Farrer LA, Schellenberg GD, Petersen RC, Graff-Radford NR, Dickson DW, Younkin SG, Ertekin-Taner N, Apostolova LG, Arnold SE, Baldwin CT, Barber R, Barmada MM, Beach T, Beecham GW, Beekly D, Bennett DA, Bigio EH, Bird TD, Blacker D, Boeve BF, Bowen JD, Boxer A, Burke JR, Buros J, Buxbaum JD, Cairns NJ, Cantwell LB, Cao C, Carlson CS, Carney RM, Carroll SL, Chui HC, Clark DG, Corneveaux J, Cotman CW, Crane PK, Cruchaga C, Cummings JL, De Jager PL, DeCarli C, DeKosky ST, Demirci FY, Diaz-Arrastia R, Dick M, Dombroski BA, Duara R, Ellis WD, Evans D, Faber KM, Fallon KB, Farlow MR, Ferris S, Foroud TM, Frosch M, Galasko DR, Gallins PJ, Ganguli M, Gearing M, Geschwind DH, Ghetti B, Gilbert JR, Gilman S, Giordani B, Glass JD, Goate AM, Green RC, Growdon JH, Hakonarson H, Hamilton RL, Hardy J, Harrell LE, Head E, Honig LS, Huentelman MJ, Hulette CM, Hyman BT, Jarvik GP, Jicha GA, Jin LW, Jun G, Kamboh MI, Karlawish J, Karydas A, Kauwe JSK, Kaye JA, Kennedy N, Kim R, Koo EH, Kowall NW, Kramer P, Kukull WA, Lah JJ, Larson EB, Levey AI, Lieberman AP, Lopez OL, Lunetta KL, Mack WJ, Marson DC, Martin ER, Martiniuk F, Mash DC, Masliah E, McCormick WC, McCurry SM, McDavid AN, McKee AC, Mesulam M, Miller BL, Miller CA, Miller JW, Montine TJ, Morris JC, Myers AJ, Naj AC, Nowotny P, Parisi JE, Perl DP, Peskind E, Poon WW, Potter H, Quinn JF, Raj A, Rajbhandary RA, Raskind M, Reiman EM, Reisberg B, Reitz C, Ringman JM, Roberson ED, Rogaeva E, Rosenberg RN, Sano M, Saykin AJ, Schneider JA, Schneider LS, Seeley W, Shelanski ML, Slifer MA, Smith CD, Sonnen JA, Spina S, St George-Hyslop P, Stern RA, Tanzi RE, Trojanowski JQ, Troncoso JC, Tsuang DW, Van Deerlin VM, Vardarajan BN, Vinters HV, Vonsattel JP, Wang LS, Weintraub S, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Williamson J, Woltjer RL. Novel late-onset Alzheimer disease loci variants associate with brain gene expression. Neurology 2012; 79:221-8. [PMID: 22722634 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e3182605801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of late-onset Alzheimer disease (LOAD) identified 9 novel risk loci. Discovery of functional variants within genes at these loci is required to confirm their role in Alzheimer disease (AD). Single nucleotide polymorphisms that influence gene expression (eSNPs) constitute an important class of functional variants. We therefore investigated the influence of the novel LOAD risk loci on human brain gene expression. METHODS We measured gene expression levels in the cerebellum and temporal cortex of autopsied AD subjects and those with other brain pathologies (∼400 total subjects). To determine whether any of the novel LOAD risk variants are eSNPs, we tested their cis-association with expression of 6 nearby LOAD candidate genes detectable in human brain (ABCA7, BIN1, CLU, MS4A4A, MS4A6A, PICALM) and an additional 13 genes ±100 kb of these SNPs. To identify additional eSNPs that influence brain gene expression levels of the novel candidate LOAD genes, we identified SNPs ±100 kb of their location and tested for cis-associations. RESULTS CLU rs11136000 (p = 7.81 × 10(-4)) and MS4A4A rs2304933/rs2304935 (p = 1.48 × 10(-4)-1.86 × 10(-4)) significantly influence temporal cortex expression levels of these genes. The LOAD-protective CLU and risky MS4A4A locus alleles associate with higher brain levels of these genes. There are other cis-variants that significantly influence brain expression of CLU and ABCA7 (p = 4.01 × 10(-5)-9.09 × 10(-9)), some of which also associate with AD risk (p = 2.64 × 10(-2)-6.25 × 10(-5)). CONCLUSIONS CLU and MS4A4A eSNPs may at least partly explain the LOAD risk association at these loci. CLU and ABCA7 may harbor additional strong eSNPs. These results have implications in the search for functional variants at the novel LOAD risk loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariet Allen
- Department of Neuroscience, Biostatistics Unit, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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Abstract
Human cognitive aging has been too long neglected and underappreciated for its critical importance to quality of life in old age. The articles in this session present novel approaches to improving cognitive function in normal aging persons with drugs and interventions that are based on findings in epidemiology, studies in aged animals, and in vitro research. In addition, since aging is the primary risk factor for Alzheimer's disease, these studies also have implications as interventions for prevention and treatment. As a field of research, new knowledge regarding the causes and mechanisms of cognitive aging are ripe for translation into human studies, with the application of this knowledge leading the development of interventions and therapeutics for the prevention of cognitive decline in old age and Alzheimer's disease.
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Coppola G, Chinnathambi S, Lee JJ, Dombroski BA, Baker MC, Soto-Ortolaza AI, Lee SE, Klein E, Huang AY, Sears R, Lane JR, Karydas AM, Kenet RO, Biernat J, Wang LS, Cotman CW, Decarli CS, Levey AI, Ringman JM, Mendez MF, Chui HC, Le Ber I, Brice A, Lupton MK, Preza E, Lovestone S, Powell J, Graff-Radford N, Petersen RC, Boeve BF, Lippa CF, Bigio EH, Mackenzie I, Finger E, Kertesz A, Caselli RJ, Gearing M, Juncos JL, Ghetti B, Spina S, Bordelon YM, Tourtellotte WW, Frosch MP, Vonsattel JPG, Zarow C, Beach TG, Albin RL, Lieberman AP, Lee VM, Trojanowski JQ, Van Deerlin VM, Bird TD, Galasko DR, Masliah E, White CL, Troncoso JC, Hannequin D, Boxer AL, Geschwind MD, Kumar S, Mandelkow EM, Wszolek ZK, Uitti RJ, Dickson DW, Haines JL, Mayeux R, Pericak-Vance MA, Farrer LA, Ross OA, Rademakers R, Schellenberg GD, Miller BL, Mandelkow E, Geschwind DH. Evidence for a role of the rare p.A152T variant in MAPT in increasing the risk for FTD-spectrum and Alzheimer's diseases. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 21:3500-12. [PMID: 22556362 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Rare mutations in the gene encoding for tau (MAPT, microtubule-associated protein tau) cause frontotemporal dementia-spectrum (FTD-s) disorders, including FTD, progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and corticobasal syndrome, and a common extended haplotype spanning across the MAPT locus is associated with increased risk of PSP and Parkinson's disease. We identified a rare tau variant (p.A152T) in a patient with a clinical diagnosis of PSP and assessed its frequency in multiple independent series of patients with neurodegenerative conditions and controls, in a total of 15 369 subjects. Tau p.A152T significantly increases the risk for both FTD-s (n = 2139, OR = 3.0, CI: 1.6-5.6, P = 0.0005) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) (n = 3345, OR = 2.3, CI: 1.3-4.2, P = 0.004) compared with 9047 controls. Functionally, p.A152T (i) decreases the binding of tau to microtubules and therefore promotes microtubule assembly less efficiently; and (ii) reduces the tendency to form abnormal fibers. However, there is a pronounced increase in the formation of tau oligomers. Importantly, these findings suggest that other regions of the tau protein may be crucial in regulating normal function, as the p.A152 residue is distal to the domains considered responsible for microtubule interactions or aggregation. These data provide both the first genetic evidence and functional studies supporting the role of MAPT p.A152T as a rare risk factor for both FTD-s and AD and the concept that rare variants can increase the risk for relatively common, complex neurodegenerative diseases, but since no clear significance threshold for rare genetic variation has been established, some caution is warranted until the findings are further replicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Coppola
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Snigdha S, Christie LA, De Rivera C, Araujo JA, Milgram NW, Cotman CW. Age and distraction are determinants of performance on a novel visual search task in aged Beagle dogs. Age (Dordr) 2012; 34:67-73. [PMID: 21336566 PMCID: PMC3260365 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-011-9219-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Aging has been shown to disrupt performance on tasks that require intact visual search and discrimination abilities in human studies. The goal of the present study was to determine if canines show age-related decline in their ability to perform a novel simultaneous visual search task. Three groups of canines were included: a young group (N = 10; 3 to 4.5 years), an old group (N = 10; 8 to 9.5 years), and a senior group (N = 8; 11 to 15.3 years). Subjects were first tested for their ability to learn a simple two-choice discrimination task, followed by the visual search task. Attentional demands in the task were manipulated by varying the number of distracter items; dogs received an equal number of trials with either zero, one, two, or three distracters. Performance on the two-choice discrimination task varied with age, with senior canines making significantly more errors than the young. Performance accuracy on the visual search task also varied with age; senior animals were significantly impaired compared to both the young and old, and old canines were intermediate in performance between young and senior. Accuracy decreased significantly with added distracters in all age groups. These results suggest that aging impairs the ability of canines to discriminate between task-relevant and -irrelevant stimuli. This is likely to be derived from impairments in cognitive domains such as visual memory and learning and selective attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Snigdha
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, 1226 Gillespie NRF, Irvine, CA 92697-4540, USA.
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Deeny SP, Winchester J, Nichol K, Roth SM, Wu JC, Dick M, Cotman CW. Cardiovascular fitness is associated with altered cortical glucose metabolism during working memory in ɛ4 carriers. Alzheimers Dement 2012; 8:352-6. [PMID: 22226798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2011.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The possibility that ɛ4 may modulate the effects of fitness in the brain remains controversial. The present exploratory FDG-PET study aimed to better understand the relationship among ɛ4, fitness, and cerebral metabolism in 18 healthy aged women (nine carriers, nine noncarriers) during working memory. METHODS Participants were evaluated using maximal level of oxygen consumption, California Verbal Learning Test, and FDG-PET, which were collected at rest and during completion of the Sternberg working memory task. RESULTS Resting FDG-PET did not differ between carriers and noncarriers. Significant effects of fitness on FDG-PET during working memory were noted in the ɛ4 carriers only. High fit ɛ4 carriers had greater glucose uptake in the temporal lobe than the low fit ɛ4 carriers, but low fit ɛ4 carriers had greater glucose uptake in the frontal and parietal lobes. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that fitness differentially affects cerebral metabolism in ɛ4 carriers only, consistent with previous findings that the effects of fitness may be more pronounced in populations genetically at risk for cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Deeny
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, USA
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Segal SK, Cotman CW, Cahill LF. Exercise-induced noradrenergic activation enhances memory consolidation in both normal aging and patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment. J Alzheimers Dis 2012; 32:1011-8. [PMID: 22914593 PMCID: PMC3951984 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2012-121078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Post-trial pharmacological activation of the noradrenergic system can facilitate memory consolidation. Because exercise activates the locus coeruleus and increases brain norepinephrine release, we hypothesized that post-trial exercise could function as a natural stimulus to enhance memory consolidation. We investigated this in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and cognitively normal elderly individuals by examining the effects of an acute bout of post-learning, aerobic exercise (6 minutes at 70% VO2 max on a stationary bicycle) on memory for some emotional images. Exercise significantly elevated endogenous norepinephrine (measured via the biomarker, salivary alpha-amylase) in both aMCI patients and controls. Additionally, exercise retrogradely enhanced memory in both aMCI patients and controls. Acute exercise that activates the noradrenergic system may serve as a beneficial, natural, and practical therapeutic intervention for cognitive decline in the aging population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina K Segal
- Center for Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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