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Śniegowska J, Biesiada A, Gasiński A. Influence of the Nitrogen Fertilization on the Yield, Biometric Characteristics and Chemical Composition of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni Grown in Poland. Molecules 2024; 29:1865. [PMID: 38675686 PMCID: PMC11054086 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant native to South America that has gathered much interest in recent decades thanks to diterpene glycosides, called steviosides, which it produces. These compounds are characterised by their sweetness, which is 250-300 times higher than saccharose, and they contain almost no caloric value. Stevia is currently also grown outside the South American continent, in various countries characterised by warm weather. This research aimed to determine whether it is viable to grow Stevia rebaudiana plants in Poland, a country characterised by a cooler climate than the native regions for stevia plants. Additionally, the impact of adding various dosages and forms of nitrogen fertiliser was analysed. It was determined that Stevia rebaudiana grown in Poland is characterised by a rather low concentration of steviosides, although proper nitrogen fertilisation can improve various characteristics of the grown plants. The addition of 100 kg or 150 kg of nitrogen per hectare of the field in the form of urea or ammonium nitrate increased the yield of the stevia plants. The stevioside content can be increased by applying fertilisation using 100 kg or 150 kg of nitrogen per hectare in the form of ammonium sulfate. The total yield of the stevia plants grown in Poland was lower than the yield typically recorded in warmer countries, and the low concentration of steviosides in the plant suggests that more research about growing Stevia rebaudiana in Poland would be needed to develop profitable methods of stevia cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Śniegowska
- Department of Horticulture, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland;
- Department of Fermentation and Cereals Technology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Anita Biesiada
- Department of Horticulture, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Alan Gasiński
- Department of Fermentation and Cereals Technology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland;
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Tachibana R, Abe S, Marugami M, Yamagami A, Akema R, Ohashi T, Nishida K, Nosaki S, Miyakawa T, Tanokura M, Kim JM, Seki M, Inaba T, Matsui M, Ifuku K, Kushiro T, Asami T, Nakano T. BPG4 regulates chloroplast development and homeostasis by suppressing GLK transcription factors and involving light and brassinosteroid signaling. Nat Commun 2024; 15:370. [PMID: 38191552 PMCID: PMC10774444 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44492-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Chloroplast development adapts to the environment for performing suitable photosynthesis. Brassinosteroids (BRs), plant steroid hormones, have crucial effects on not only plant growth but also chloroplast development. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms of BR signaling in chloroplast development remain unclear. Here, we identify a regulator of chloroplast development, BPG4, involved in light and BR signaling. BPG4 interacts with GOLDEN2-LIKE (GLK) transcription factors that promote the expression of photosynthesis-associated nuclear genes (PhANGs), and suppresses their activities, thereby causing a decrease in the amounts of chlorophylls and the size of light-harvesting complexes. BPG4 expression is induced by BR deficiency and light, and is regulated by the circadian rhythm. BPG4 deficiency causes increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and damage to photosynthetic activity under excessive high-light conditions. Our findings suggest that BPG4 acts as a chloroplast homeostasis factor by fine-tuning the expression of PhANGs, optimizing chloroplast development, and avoiding ROS generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Tachibana
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Susumu Abe
- CSRS, RIKEN, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
- School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Momo Marugami
- CSRS, RIKEN, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
- School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Ayumi Yamagami
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Rino Akema
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takao Ohashi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kaisei Nishida
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shohei Nosaki
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba University, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba-shi, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Takuya Miyakawa
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Masaru Tanokura
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Jong-Myong Kim
- CSRS, RIKEN, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
- Ac-Planta Inc., Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0044, Japan
| | - Motoaki Seki
- CSRS, RIKEN, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Takehito Inaba
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | | | - Kentaro Ifuku
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kushiro
- School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Tadao Asami
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nakano
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
- CSRS, RIKEN, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan.
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3
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Biswal AK, Pattanayak GK, Ruhil K, Kandoi D, Mohanty SS, Leelavati S, Reddy VS, Govindjee G, Tripathy BC. Reduced expression of chlorophyllide a oxygenase (CAO) decreases the metabolic flux for chlorophyll synthesis and downregulates photosynthesis in tobacco plants. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 30:1-16. [PMID: 38435853 PMCID: PMC10901765 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-023-01395-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Chlorophyll b is synthesized from chlorophyllide a, catalyzed by chlorophyllide a oxygenase (CAO). To examine whether reduced chlorophyll b content regulates chlorophyll (Chl) synthesis and photosynthesis, we raised CAO transgenic tobacco plants with antisense CAO expression, which had lower chlorophyll b content and, thus, higher Chl a/b ratio. Further, these plants had (i) lower chlorophyll b and total Chl content, whether they were grown under low or high light; (ii) decreased steady-state levels of chlorophyll biosynthetic intermediates, due, perhaps, to a feedback-controlled reduction in enzyme expressions/activities; (iii) reduced electron transport rates in their intact leaves, and reduced Photosystem (PS) I, PS II and whole chain electron transport activities in their isolated thylakoids; (iv) decreased carbon assimilation in plants grown under low or high light. We suggest that reduced synthesis of chlorophyll b by antisense expression of CAO, acting at the end of Chl biosynthesis pathway, downregulates the chlorophyll b biosynthesis, resulting in decreased Chl b, total chlorophylls and increased Chl a/b. We have previously shown that the controlled up-regulation of chlorophyll b biosynthesis and decreased Chl a/b ratio by over expression of CAO enhance the rates of electron transport and CO2 assimilation in tobacco. Conversely, our data, presented here, demonstrate that-antisense expression of CAO in tobacco, which decreases Chl b biosynthesis and increases Chl a/b ratio, leads to reduced photosynthetic electron transport and carbon assimilation rates, both under low and high light. We conclude that Chl b modulates photosynthesis; its controlled down regulation/ up regulation decreases/ increases light-harvesting, rates of electron transport, and carbon assimilation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-023-01395-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajaya K. Biswal
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Gopal K. Pattanayak
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Kamal Ruhil
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Deepika Kandoi
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
- Department of Life Sciences, Sharda University, Greater Noida, UP, India
| | - Sushree S. Mohanty
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Sadhu Leelavati
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Vanga S. Reddy
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Govindjee Govindjee
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
- Department of Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, and Center of Biophysics & Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Baishnab C. Tripathy
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
- Department of Biotechnology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, UP 201310 India
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Azarin K, Usatov A, Minkina T, Duplii N, Kasyanova A, Fedorenko A, Khachumov V, Mandzhieva S, Rajput VD. Effects of bulk and nano-ZnO particles on functioning of photosynthetic apparatus in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 216:114748. [PMID: 36370809 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The functioning of the photosynthetic apparatus in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) after 7-days of exposure to bulk (b-ZnO) and nanosized ZnO (n-ZnO) (300, 2000, and 10,000 mg/l) has been investigated. An impact on the amount of chlorophylls, photosynthetic efficiency, as well as the zinc accumulation in chloroplasts was demonstrated. Violation of the chloroplast fine structure was revealed. These changes were generally more pronounced with n-ZnO exposure, especially at high concentrations. For instance, the chlorophyll deficiency under 10,000 mg/l b-ZnO treatment was 31% and with exposure to 10,000 mg/l n-ZnO, the chlorophyll deficiency was already 52%. The expression analysis of the photosynthetic genes revealed their different sensitivity to b-ZnO and n-ZnO exposure. The genes encoding subunits of photosystem II (PSII) and, to a slightly lesser extent, photosystem I (PSI) showed the highest suppression of transcriptional levels. The mRNA levels of the subunits of cytochrome-b6f, NADH dehydrogenase, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and ATP synthase, which, in addition to linear electron flow (LEF), participate in cyclic electron flow (CEF) and autotrophic CO2 fixation, were more stable or increased under b-ZnO and n-ZnO treatments. At the same time, CEF was increased. It was assumed that under the action of b-ZnO and n-ZnO, the processes of LEF are disrupted, and CEF is activated. This allows the plant to prevent photo-oxidation and compensate for the lack of ATP for the CO2 fixation process, thereby ensuring the stability of photosynthetic function in the initial stages of stress factor exposure. The study of photosynthetic structures of crops is important from the point of view of understanding the risks of reducing the production potential and the level of food security due to the growing use of nanoparticles in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Azarin
- Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander Usatov
- Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana Minkina
- Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russian Federation
| | - Nadezhda Duplii
- Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russian Federation
| | | | - Aleksei Fedorenko
- Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russian Federation
| | | | | | - Vishnu D Rajput
- Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, 344090, Russian Federation.
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5
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Winichayakul S, Macknight R, Le Lievre L, Beechey-Gradwell Z, Lee R, Cooney L, Xue H, Crowther T, Anderson P, Richardson K, Zou X, Maher D, Bryan G, Roberts N. Insight into the regulatory networks underlying the high lipid perennial ryegrass growth under different irradiances. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275503. [PMID: 36227922 PMCID: PMC9560171 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Under favourable conditions, perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) engineered to accumulated high lipid (HL) carbon sink in their leaves was previously shown to also enhance photosynthesis and growth. The greater aboveground biomass was found to be diminished in a dense canopy compared to spaced pots. Besides, the underlying genetic regulatory network linking between leaf lipid sinks and these physiological changes remains unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that the growth advantage was not displayed in HL Lolium grown in spaced pots under low lights. Under standard lights, analysis of differentiating transcripts in HL Lolium reveals that the plants had elevated transcripts involved in lipid metabolism, light capturing, photosynthesis, and sugar signalling while reduced expression of genes participating in sugar biosynthesis and transportation. The plants also had altered several transcripts involved in mitochondrial oxidative respiration and redox potential. Many of the above upregulated or downregulated transcript levels were found to be complemented by growing the plants under low light. Overall, this study emphasizes the importance of carbon and energy homeostatic regulatory mechanisms to overall productivity of the HL Lolium through photosynthesis, most of which are significantly impacted by low irradiances.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Macknight
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Liam Le Lievre
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Robyn Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Luke Cooney
- AgResearch Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Hong Xue
- AgResearch Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | - Xiuying Zou
- AgResearch Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Nick Roberts
- AgResearch Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand
- * E-mail: (SW); (NR)
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6
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Wasilewska-Dębowska W, Zienkiewicz M, Drozak A. How Light Reactions of Photosynthesis in C4 Plants Are Optimized and Protected under High Light Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073626. [PMID: 35408985 PMCID: PMC8998801 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Most C4 plants that naturally occur in tropical or subtropical climates, in high light environments, had to evolve a series of adaptations of photosynthesis that allowed them to grow under these conditions. In this review, we summarize mechanisms that ensure the balancing of energy distribution, counteract photoinhibition, and allow the dissipation of excess light energy. They secure effective electron transport in light reactions of photosynthesis, which will lead to the production of NADPH and ATP. Furthermore, a higher content of the cyclic electron transport components and an increase in ATP production are observed, which is necessary for the metabolism of C4 for effective assimilation of CO2. Most of the data are provided by studies of the genus Flaveria, where species belonging to different metabolic subtypes and intermediate forms between C3 and C4 are present. All described mechanisms that function in mesophyll and bundle sheath chloroplasts, into which photosynthetic reactions are divided, may differ in metabolic subtypes as a result of the different organization of thylakoid membranes, as well as the different demand for ATP and NADPH. This indicates that C4 plants have plasticity in the utilization of pathways in which efficient use and dissipation of excitation energy are realized.
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7
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Saeid Nia M, Repnik U, Krupinska K, Bilger W. The plastid-nucleus localized DNA-binding protein WHIRLY1 is required for acclimation of barley leaves to high light. PLANTA 2022; 255:84. [PMID: 35279792 PMCID: PMC8918454 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03854-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In accordance with a key role of WHIRLY1 in light-acclimation mechanisms, typical features of acclimation to high light, including photosynthesis and leaf morphology, are compromised in WHIRLY1 deficient plants. Acclimation to the environment requires efficient communication between chloroplasts and the nucleus. Previous studies indicated that the plastid-nucleus located WHIRLY1 protein is required for the communication between plastids and the nucleus in situations of high light exposure. To investigate the consequences of WHIRLY1 deficiency on the light acclimation of photosynthesis and leaf anatomy, transgenic barley plants with an RNAi-mediated knockdown of HvWHIRLY1 were compared to wild-type plants when growing at low and high irradiance. While wild-type plants showed the typical light acclimation responses, i.e. higher photosynthetic capacity and thicker leaves, the WHIRLY1 deficient plants were not able to respond to differences in irradiance. The results revealed a systemic role of WHIRLY1 in light acclimation by coordinating responses at the level of the chloroplast and the level of leaf morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Urska Repnik
- Central Microscopy, Department of Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Karin Krupinska
- Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Bilger
- Institute of Botany, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
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8
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Gorski C, Riddle R, Toporik H, Da Z, Dobson Z, Williams D, Mazor Y. The structure of the Physcomitrium patens photosystem I reveals a unique Lhca2 paralogue replacing Lhca4. NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:307-316. [PMID: 35190662 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01099-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The moss Physcomitrium patens diverged from green algae shortly after the colonization of land by ancient plants. This colonization posed new environmental challenges, which drove evolutionary processes. The photosynthetic machinery of modern flowering plants is adapted to the high light conditions on land. Red-shifted Lhca4 antennae are present in the photosystem I light-harvesting complex of many green-lineage plants but absent in P. patens. The cryo-EM structure of the P. patens photosystem I light-harvesting complex I supercomplex (PSI-LHCI) at 2.8 Å reveals that Lhca4 is replaced by a unique Lhca2 paralogue in moss. This PSI-LHCI supercomplex also retains the PsaM subunit, present in Cyanobacteria and several algal species but lost in vascular plants, and the PsaO subunit responsible for binding light-harvesting complex II. The blue-shifted Lhca2 paralogue and chlorophyll b enrichment relative to flowering plants make the P. patens PSI-LHCI spectroscopically unique among other green-lineage supercomplexes. Overall, the structure represents an evolutionary intermediate PSI with the crescent-shaped LHCI common in vascular plants, and contains a unique Lhca2 paralogue that facilitates the moss's adaptation to low-light niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gorski
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - R Riddle
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - H Toporik
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Z Da
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Z Dobson
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - D Williams
- John M. Cowley Center for High Resolution Electron Microscopy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Y Mazor
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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High Light Acclimation Mechanisms Deficient in a PsbS-Knockout Arabidopsis Mutant. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052695. [PMID: 35269832 PMCID: PMC8910700 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The photosystem II PsbS protein of thylakoid membranes is responsible for regulating the energy-dependent, non-photochemical quenching of excess chlorophyll excited states as a short-term mechanism for protection against high light (HL) stress. However, the role of PsbS protein in long-term HL acclimation processes remains poorly understood. Here we investigate the role of PsbS protein during long-term HL acclimation processes in wild-type (WT) and npq4-1 mutants of Arabidopsis which lack the PsbS protein. During long-term HL illumination, photosystem II photochemical efficiency initially dropped, followed by a recovery of electron transport and photochemical quenching (qL) in WT, but not in npq4-1 mutants. In addition, we observed a reduction in light-harvesting antenna size during HL treatment that ceased after HL treatment in WT, but not in npq4-1 mutants. When plants were adapted to HL, more reactive oxygen species (ROS) were accumulated in npq4-1 mutants compared to WT. Gene expression studies indicated that npq4-1 mutants failed to express genes involved in plastoquinone biosynthesis. These results suggest that the PsbS protein regulates recovery processes such as electron transport and qL during long-term HL acclimation by maintaining plastoquinone biosynthetic gene expression and enhancing ROS homeostasis.
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10
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Catteau A, Porcher JM, Bado-Nilles A, Bonnard I, Bonnard M, Chaumot A, David E, Dedourge-Geffard O, Delahaut L, Delorme N, François A, Garnero L, Lopes C, Nott K, Noury P, Palluel O, Palos-Ladeiro M, Quéau H, Ronkart S, Sossey-Alaoui K, Turiès C, Tychon B, Geffard O, Geffard A. Interest of a multispecies approach in active biomonitoring: Application in the Meuse watershed. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 808:152148. [PMID: 34864038 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A biomonitoring approach based on a single model species cannot be representative of the contaminations impacts on the ecosystem overall. As part of the Interreg DIADeM program ("Development of an integrated approach for the diagnosis of the water quality of the River Meuse"), a study was conducted to establish the proof of concept that the use of a multispecies active biomonitoring approach improves diagnostic of aquatic systems. The complementarity of the biomarker responses was tested in four model species belonging to various ecological compartments: the bryophyte Fontinalis antipyretica, the bivalve Dreissena polymorpha, the amphipod Gammarus fossarum and the fish Gasterosteus aculeatus. The species have been caged upstream and downstream from five wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in the Meuse watershed. After the exposure, a battery of biomarkers was measured and results were compiled in an Integrated Biomarker Response (IBR) for each species. A multispecies IBR value was then proposed to assess the quality of the receiving environment upstream the WWTPs. The effluent toxicity was variable according to the caged species and the WWTP. However, the calculated IBR were high for all species and upstream sites, suggesting that the water quality was already downgraded upstream the WWTP. This contamination of the receiving environment was confirmed by the multispecies IBR which has allowed to rank the rivers from the less to the most contaminated. This study has demonstrated the interest of the IBR in the assessment of biological impacts of a point-source contamination (WWTP effluent) but also of the receiving environment, thanks to the use of independent references. Moreover, this study has highlighted the complementarity between the different species and has emphasized the interest of this multispecies approach to consider the variability of the species exposition pathway and sensibility as well as the mechanism of contaminants toxicity in the final diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Catteau
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), UMR-I 02 SEBIO, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Campus Moulin de la Housse, BP 1039, 51687 Reims, France.
| | - Jean-Marc Porcher
- Institut National de l'Environnement et des Risques (INERIS), UMR-I 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des milieux aquatiques), BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Anne Bado-Nilles
- Institut National de l'Environnement et des Risques (INERIS), UMR-I 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des milieux aquatiques), BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Isabelle Bonnard
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), UMR-I 02 SEBIO, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Campus Moulin de la Housse, BP 1039, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Marc Bonnard
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), UMR-I 02 SEBIO, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Campus Moulin de la Housse, BP 1039, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Arnaud Chaumot
- INRAE, UR RiverLy, Laboratoire d'écotoxicologie, F-69625 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Elise David
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), UMR-I 02 SEBIO, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Campus Moulin de la Housse, BP 1039, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Odile Dedourge-Geffard
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), UMR-I 02 SEBIO, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Campus Moulin de la Housse, BP 1039, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Laurence Delahaut
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), UMR-I 02 SEBIO, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Campus Moulin de la Housse, BP 1039, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Nicolas Delorme
- INRAE, UR RiverLy, Laboratoire d'écotoxicologie, F-69625 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Adeline François
- INRAE, UR RiverLy, Laboratoire d'écotoxicologie, F-69625 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Laura Garnero
- INRAE, UR RiverLy, Laboratoire d'écotoxicologie, F-69625 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christelle Lopes
- Université de Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR 5558, Villeurbanne 69622, France
| | - Katherine Nott
- La société wallonne des eaux, rue de la Concorde 41, 4800 Verviers, Belgium
| | - Patrice Noury
- INRAE, UR RiverLy, Laboratoire d'écotoxicologie, F-69625 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Olivier Palluel
- Institut National de l'Environnement et des Risques (INERIS), UMR-I 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des milieux aquatiques), BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Mélissa Palos-Ladeiro
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), UMR-I 02 SEBIO, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Campus Moulin de la Housse, BP 1039, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Hervé Quéau
- INRAE, UR RiverLy, Laboratoire d'écotoxicologie, F-69625 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sébastien Ronkart
- La société wallonne des eaux, rue de la Concorde 41, 4800 Verviers, Belgium
| | - Khadija Sossey-Alaoui
- Département des Sciences et Gestion de L'environnement (Arlon Campus Environnement), Eau, Environnement, Développement Sphères Bât. BE-009 Eau, Environnement, Développement, Avenue de Longwy 185, 6700 Arlon, Belgium
| | - Cyril Turiès
- Institut National de l'Environnement et des Risques (INERIS), UMR-I 02 SEBIO (Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des milieux aquatiques), BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Bernard Tychon
- Département des Sciences et Gestion de L'environnement (Arlon Campus Environnement), Eau, Environnement, Développement Sphères Bât. BE-009 Eau, Environnement, Développement, Avenue de Longwy 185, 6700 Arlon, Belgium
| | - Olivier Geffard
- INRAE, UR RiverLy, Laboratoire d'écotoxicologie, F-69625 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Alain Geffard
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA), UMR-I 02 SEBIO, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Campus Moulin de la Housse, BP 1039, 51687 Reims, France.
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11
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Ekwealor JTB, Clark TA, Dautermann O, Russell A, Ebrahimi S, Stark LR, Niyogi KK, Mishler BD. Natural ultraviolet radiation exposure alters photosynthetic biology and improves recovery from desiccation in a desert moss. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:4161-4179. [PMID: 33595636 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants in dryland ecosystems experience extreme daily and seasonal fluctuations in light, temperature, and water availability. We used an in situ field experiment to uncover the effects of natural and reduced levels of ultraviolet radiation (UV) on maximum PSII quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm), relative abundance of photosynthetic pigments and antioxidants, and the transcriptome in the desiccation-tolerant desert moss Syntrichia caninervis. We tested the hypotheses that: (i) S. caninervis plants undergo sustained thermal quenching of light [non-photochemical quenching (NPQ)] while desiccated and after rehydration; (ii) a reduction of UV will result in improved recovery of Fv/Fm; but (iii) 1 year of UV removal will de-harden plants and increase vulnerability to UV damage, indicated by a reduction in Fv/Fm. All field-collected plants had extremely low Fv/Fm after initial rehydration but recovered over 8 d in lab-simulated winter conditions. UV-filtered plants had lower Fv/Fm during recovery, higher concentrations of photoprotective pigments and antioxidants such as zeaxanthin and tocopherols, and lower concentrations of neoxanthin and Chl b than plants exposed to near natural UV levels. Field-grown S. caninervis underwent sustained NPQ that took days to relax and for efficient photosynthesis to resume. Reduction of solar UV radiation adversely affected recovery of Fv/Fm following rehydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna T B Ekwealor
- Department of Integrative Biology, and University and Jepson Herbaria, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Theresa A Clark
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Oliver Dautermann
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Sotodeh Ebrahimi
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Lloyd R Stark
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Krishna K Niyogi
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Brent D Mishler
- Department of Integrative Biology, and University and Jepson Herbaria, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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12
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Gjindali A, Herrmann HA, Schwartz JM, Johnson GN, Calzadilla PI. A Holistic Approach to Study Photosynthetic Acclimation Responses of Plants to Fluctuating Light. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:668512. [PMID: 33936157 PMCID: PMC8079764 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.668512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants in natural environments receive light through sunflecks, the duration and distribution of these being highly variable across the day. Consequently, plants need to adjust their photosynthetic processes to avoid photoinhibition and maximize yield. Changes in the composition of the photosynthetic apparatus in response to sustained changes in the environment are referred to as photosynthetic acclimation, a process that involves changes in protein content and composition. Considering this definition, acclimation differs from regulation, which involves processes that alter the activity of individual proteins over short-time periods, without changing the abundance of those proteins. The interconnection and overlapping of the short- and long-term photosynthetic responses, which can occur simultaneously or/and sequentially over time, make the study of long-term acclimation to fluctuating light in plants challenging. In this review we identify short-term responses of plants to fluctuating light that could act as sensors and signals for acclimation responses, with the aim of understanding how plants integrate environmental fluctuations over time and tailor their responses accordingly. Mathematical modeling has the potential to integrate physiological processes over different timescales and to help disentangle short-term regulatory responses from long-term acclimation responses. We review existing mathematical modeling techniques for studying photosynthetic responses to fluctuating light and propose new methods for addressing the topic from a holistic point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armida Gjindali
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Helena A. Herrmann
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Evolution & Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Marc Schwartz
- Division of Evolution & Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Giles N. Johnson
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Pablo I. Calzadilla
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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13
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Cooney LJ, Beechey-Gradwell Z, Winichayakul S, Richardson KA, Crowther T, Anderson P, Scott RW, Bryan G, Roberts NJ. Changes in Leaf-Level Nitrogen Partitioning and Mesophyll Conductance Deliver Increased Photosynthesis for Lolium perenne Leaves Engineered to Accumulate Lipid Carbon Sinks. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:641822. [PMID: 33897730 PMCID: PMC8063613 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.641822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol acyl-transferase (DGAT) and cysteine oleosin (CO) expression confers a novel carbon sink (of encapsulated lipid droplets) in leaves of Lolium perenne and has been shown to increase photosynthesis and biomass. However, the physiological mechanism by which DGAT + CO increases photosynthesis remains unresolved. To evaluate the relationship between sink strength and photosynthesis, we examined fatty acids (FA), water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC), gas exchange parameters and leaf nitrogen for multiple DGAT + CO lines varying in transgene accumulation. To identify the physiological traits which deliver increased photosynthesis, we assessed two important determinants of photosynthetic efficiency, CO2 conductance from atmosphere to chloroplast, and nitrogen partitioning between different photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic pools. We found that DGAT + CO accumulation increased FA at the expense of WSC in leaves of L. perenne and for those lines with a significant reduction in WSC, we also observed an increase in photosynthesis and photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency. DGAT + CO L. perenne displayed no change in rubisco content or Vcmax but did exhibit a significant increase in specific leaf area (SLA), stomatal and mesophyll conductance, and leaf nitrogen allocated to photosynthetic electron transport. Collectively, we showed that increased carbon demand via DGAT+CO lipid sink accumulation can induce leaf-level changes in L. perenne which deliver increased rates of photosynthesis and growth. Carbon sinks engineered within photosynthetic cells provide a promising new strategy for increasing photosynthesis and crop productivity.
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14
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Hussain S, Shuxian L, Mumtaz M, Shafiq I, Iqbal N, Brestic M, Shoaib M, Sisi Q, Li W, Mei X, Bing C, Zivcak M, Rastogi A, Skalicky M, Hejnak V, Weiguo L, Wenyu Y. Foliar application of silicon improves stem strength under low light stress by regulating lignin biosynthesis genes in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 401:123256. [PMID: 32629356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In order to improve soybean's resistance to lodging, silicon (Si) solutions at concentrations of 0,100, 200,300 mg kg-1 were applied during the seedling stage. The Si accumulation in different parts of the plants, the photosynthetic parameters of leaves and chlorophyll content, the stem bending resistance, the expression of genes of lignin biosynthesis and associated enzyme activity and sap flow rates were measured at early and late growth stages. The potential mechanisms for how Si improve growth and shade tolerance, enhances lodging resistance and improves photosynthesis were analyzed to provide a theoretical basis for the use of Si amendments in agriculture. After application of Si at 200 mg kg-1, the net photosynthetic rate of soybeans increased by 46.4 % in the light and 33.3 % under shade. The application of Si increased chlorophyll content, and fresh weight of leaves, reduced leaf area and enhanced photosynthesis by increasing stomatal conductance. The activity of peroxidase (POD), 4-coumarate:CoA ligase (4CL), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) increased during pre-and post-growth periods, whereas Si also increased lignin accumulation and inhibited lodging. We concluded that Si affects the composition of plant cell walls components, mostly by altering linkages of non-cellulosic polymers and lignin. The modifications of the cell wall network through Si application could be a useful strategy to reduce shading stress in intercropping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Hussain
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211-Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, PR China.
| | - Li Shuxian
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211-Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Maryam Mumtaz
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211-Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Iram Shafiq
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211-Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Nasir Iqbal
- School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, The University of Adelaide, PMB1, Glen Osmond, Adelaide 5064, Australia
| | - Marian Brestic
- Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak University of Agriculture, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia; Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Muhammad Shoaib
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, PR China
| | - Qin Sisi
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211-Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Wang Li
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211-Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Xu Mei
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211-Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Chen Bing
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211-Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Marek Zivcak
- Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak University of Agriculture, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia
| | - Anshu Rastogi
- Laboratory of Bioclimatology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Piątkowska 94, 60-649 Poznan, Poland
| | - Milan Skalicky
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vaclav Hejnak
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Liu Weiguo
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211-Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, PR China.
| | - Yang Wenyu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211-Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, PR China.
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15
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Wang L, Wang X, Han X, Gao Y, Liu B, Zhang X, Wang G. Potamogeton crispus responses to varying water depth in morphological plasticity and physiological traits. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:4253-4261. [PMID: 32939652 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10806-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Submerged macrophytes, important primary producers in shallow lakes, play a crucial role in maintaining ecosystem structure and function. By altering a series of environmental factors, especially light intensity, water depth has great influences on growth of submerged macrophytes. Here, by hanging pots statically at water depths of 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200, and 220 cm, respectively, we investigated effects of water depths on morphological plasticity and physiological traits of Potamogeton crispus. At 40 and 60 cm water depths versus other water depths, P. crispus showed lower plant height, larger stem diameter, thicker leaves, and smaller leaf area, leaf length, and specific leaf area. With water depth increasing, the plant height, leaf area, and leaf length gradually increased until 160 cm water depth, while the stem diameter and leaf thickness gradually decreased until 200 cm water depth. In comparison, the plant height, leaf length, and leaf number significantly decreased when the water depth further increased to 180-220 cm. The leaves contained lower concentrations of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase at 100-160 cm water depth, and lower catalase concentrations at 40-140 cm water depth, especially at 80-100 cm. In shallow waters, the concentration of chlorophyll a and b in leaves were both lower, while the ratio of chlorophyll a to b was relatively higher. As the water depth of 40-220 cm, the chlorophyll a and b concentrations increased significantly with increasing water depth, while their ratio gradually decreased. The present study provides new insights into the adaptation strategies of submerged macrophytes to the variation in water levels, and our findings are beneficial for ecosystem construction and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xiaohui Han
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Yuxuan Gao
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Baogui Liu
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xinhou Zhang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Guoxiang Wang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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16
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Estimation of Leaf Chlorophyll a, b and Carotenoid Contents and Their Ratios Using Hyperspectral Reflectance. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12193265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Japanese horseradish (wasabi) grows in very specific conditions, and recent environmental climate changes have damaged wasabi production. In addition, the optimal culture methods are not well known, and it is becoming increasingly difficult for incipient farmers to cultivate it. Chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid contents, as well as their allocation, could be an adequate indicator in evaluating its production and environmental stress; thus, developing an in situ method to monitor photosynthetic pigments based on reflectance could be useful for agricultural management. Besides original reflectance (OR), five pre-processing techniques, namely, first derivative reflectance (FDR), continuum-removed (CR), de-trending (DT), multiplicative scatter correction (MSC), and standard normal variate transformation (SNV), were compared to assess the accuracy of the estimation. Furthermore, five machine learning algorithms—random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), kernel-based extreme learning machine (KELM), Cubist, and Stochastic Gradient Boosting (SGB)—were considered. To classify the samples under different pH or sulphur ion concentration conditions, the end of the red edge bands was effective for OR, FDR, DT, MSC, and SNV, while a green-peak band was effective for CR. Overall, KELM and Cubist showed high performance and incorporating pre-processing techniques was effective for obtaining estimated values with high accuracy. The best combinations were found to be DT–KELM for chl a (RPD = 1.511–5.17, RMSE = 1.23–3.62 μg cm−2) and chl a:b (RPD = 0.73–3.17, RMSE = 0.13–0.60); CR–KELM for chl b (RPD = 1.92–5.06, RMSE = 0.41–1.03 μg cm−2) and chl a:car (RPD = 1.31–3.23, RMSE = 0.26–0.50); SNV–Cubist for car (RPD = 1.63–3.32, RMSE = 0.31–1.89 μg cm−2); and DT–Cubist for chl:car (RPD = 1.53–3.96, RMSE = 0.27–0.74).
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17
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Adomas B, Sikorski Ł, Bęś A, Warmiński K. Exposure of Lemna minor L. to gentian violet or Congo red is associated with changes in the biosynthesis pathway of biogenic amines. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 254:126752. [PMID: 32335436 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In the literature, there is a lack of data on the effect of gentian violet (GV) and congo red (CR) dyes on the biosynthesis pathway of biogenic amines (BAs) in Lemna minor L. (common duckweed). This plant species is an important link in the food chain. Both dyes inhibited growth, biomass yield and the biosynthesis of chlorophyll a in common duckweed. The predicted toxic units demonstrated that GV had a more toxic effect on the growth rate and biomass yield of common duckweed than CR. Decarboxylase activity in the biosynthesis of BAs in common duckweed is also a useful indicator for evaluating the toxicity of both dyes. Gentian violet also exerted more phytotoxic effects on the analyzed biochemical features of common duckweed because it changed the putrescine (Put) biosynthesis pathway, increased tyramine content 1.6 fold, inhibited the activity of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase by 40% and the activity of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) by 80%. Tyrosine decarboxylase (TDC) was most active in plants exposed to the highest concentration of GV. Similarly to control plants, in common duckweed exposed to CR, Put was synthesized from ornithine; however, spermidine content was 86% higher, Put content was 51% lower, and ODC activity was 86% lower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Adomas
- University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Department of Chemistry, Research Group of Environmental Toxicology, ul. Prawocheńskiego 17, 10-720, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Łukasz Sikorski
- University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Department of Chemistry, Research Group of Environmental Toxicology, ul. Prawocheńskiego 17, 10-720, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Bęś
- University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Department of Chemistry, Research Group of Environmental Toxicology, ul. Prawocheńskiego 17, 10-720, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Warmiński
- University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Department of Chemistry, Research Group of Environmental Toxicology, ul. Prawocheńskiego 17, 10-720, Olsztyn, Poland
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18
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Sonobe R, Hirono Y, Oi A. Non-Destructive Detection of Tea Leaf Chlorophyll Content Using Hyperspectral Reflectance and Machine Learning Algorithms. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E368. [PMID: 32192044 PMCID: PMC7154821 DOI: 10.3390/plants9030368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tea trees are kept in shaded locations to increase their chlorophyll content, which influences green tea quality. Therefore, monitoring change in chlorophyll content under low light conditions is important for managing tea trees and producing high-quality green tea. Hyperspectral remote sensing is one of the most frequently used methods for estimating chlorophyll content. Numerous studies based on data collected under relatively low-stress conditions and many hyperspectral indices and radiative transfer models show that shade-grown tea performs poorly. The performance of four machine learning algorithms-random forest, support vector machine, deep belief nets, and kernel-based extreme learning machine (KELM)-in evaluating data collected from tea leaves cultivated under different shade treatments was tested. KELM performed best with a root-mean-square error of 8.94 ± 3.05 μg cm-2 and performance to deviation values from 1.70 to 8.04 for the test data. These results suggest that a combination of hyperspectral reflectance and KELM has the potential to trace changes in the chlorophyll content of shaded tea leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rei Sonobe
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Yuhei Hirono
- Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Shimada 428-8501, Japan
| | - Ayako Oi
- Institute of Fruit Tree and Tea Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Shimada 428-8501, Japan
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19
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Stress Responses of Shade-Treated Tea Leaves to High Light Exposure after Removal of Shading. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9030302. [PMID: 32121552 PMCID: PMC7154902 DOI: 10.3390/plants9030302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
High-quality green tea is produced from buds and young leaves grown by the covering-culture method, which employs shading treatment for tea plants (Camellia sinensis L.). Shading treatment improves the quality of tea, but shaded tea plants undergo sudden exposures to high light (HL) at the end of the treatment by shade removal. In this study, the stress response of shaded tea plants to HL illumination was examined in field condition. Chl a/b ratio was lower in shaded plants than nonshaded control, but it increased due to exposure to HL after 14 days. Rapid decline in Fv/Fm values and increases in carbonylated protein level were induced by HL illumination in the shaded leaves on the first day, and they recovered thereafter between a period of one and two weeks. These results revealed that shaded tea plants temporarily suffered from oxidative damages caused by HL exposure, but they could also recover from these damages in 2 weeks. The activities of antioxidant enzymes, total ascorbate level, and ascorbate/dehydroascorbate ratio were decreased and increased in response to low light and HL conditions, respectively, suggesting that the upregulation of antioxidant defense systems plays a role in the protection of the shaded tea plants from HL stress.
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20
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Sagun JV, Badger MR, Chow WS, Ghannoum O. Cyclic electron flow and light partitioning between the two photosystems in leaves of plants with different functional types. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2019; 142:321-334. [PMID: 31520186 PMCID: PMC6874625 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-019-00666-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic electron flow (CEF) around photosystem I (PSI) is essential for generating additional ATP and enhancing efficient photosynthesis. Accurate estimation of CEF requires knowledge of the fractions of absorbed light by PSI (fI) and PSII (fII), which are only known for a few model species such as spinach. No measures of fI are available for C4 grasses under different irradiances. We developed a new method to estimate (1) fII in vivo by concurrently measuring linear electron flux through both photosystems [Formula: see text] in leaf using membrane inlet mass spectrometry (MIMS) and total electron flux through PSII (ETR2) using chlorophyll fluorescence by a Dual-PAM at low light and (2) CEF as ETR1-[Formula: see text]. For a C3 grass, fI was 0.5 and 0.4 under control (high light) and shade conditions, respectively. C4 species belonging to NADP-ME and NAD-ME subtypes had fI of 0.6 and PCK subtype had 0.5 under control. All shade-grown C4 species had fI of 0.6 except for NADP-ME grass which had 0.7. It was also observed that fI ranged between 0.3 and 0.5 for gymnosperm, liverwort and fern species. CEF increased with irradiance and was induced at lower irradiances in C4 grasses and fern relative to other species. CEF was greater in shade-grown plants relative to control plants except for C4 NADP-ME species. Our study reveals a range of CEF and fI values in different plant functional groups. This variation must be taken into account for improved photosynthetic calculations and modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Ver Sagun
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751 Australia
| | - Murray R. Badger
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Wah Soon Chow
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Oula Ghannoum
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751 Australia
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21
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Evans JR, Clarke VC. The nitrogen cost of photosynthesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:7-15. [PMID: 30357381 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Global food security depends on three main cereal crops (wheat, rice and maize) achieving and maintaining high yields, as well as increasing their future yields. Fundamental to the production of this biomass is photosynthesis. The process of photosynthesis involves a large number of proteins that together account for the majority of the nitrogen in leaves. As large amounts of nitrogen are removed in the harvested grain, this needs to be replaced either from synthetic fertilizer or biological nitrogen fixation. Knowledge about photosynthetic properties of leaves in natural ecosystems is also important, particularly when we consider the potential impacts of climate change. While the relationship between nitrogen and photosynthetic capacity of a leaf differs between species, leaf nitrogen content provides a useful way to incorporate photosynthesis into models of ecosystems and the terrestrial biosphere. This review provides a generalized nitrogen budget for a C3 leaf cell and discusses the potential for improving photosynthesis from a nitrogen perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Evans
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Victoria C Clarke
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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22
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Li L, Gu W, Li J, Li C, Xie T, Qu D, Meng Y, Li C, Wei S. Exogenously applied spermidine alleviates photosynthetic inhibition under drought stress in maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings associated with changes in endogenous polyamines and phytohormones. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 129:35-55. [PMID: 29793181 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress (DS) is a major environmental factor limiting plant growth and crop productivity worldwide. It has been established that exogenous spermidine (Spd) stimulates plant tolerance to DS. The effects of exogenous Spd on plant growth, photosynthetic performance, and chloroplast ultrastructure as well as changes in endogenous polyamines (PAs) and phytohormones were investigate in DS-resistant (Xianyu 335) and DS-sensitive (Fenghe 1) maize seedlings under well-watered and DS treatments. Exogenous Spd alleviated the stress-induced reduction in growth, photosynthetic pigment content, photosynthesis rate (Pn) and photochemical quenching (qP) parameters, including the maximum photochemistry efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) (Fv/Fm), PSII operating efficiency (ФPSII), and qP coefficient. Exogenous Spd further enhanced stress-induced elevation in non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and the de-epoxidation state of the xanthophyll cycle (DEPS). Microscopic analysis revealed that seedlings displayed a more ordered arrangement of chloroplast ultrastructure upon Spd application during DS. Exogenous Spd increased the endogenous PA concentrations in the stressed plants. Additionally, exogenous Spd increased indoleacetic acid (IAA), zeatin riboside (ZR) and gibberellin A3 (GA3) and decreased salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonate (JA) concentrations under DS. These results indicate that exogenous Spd can alleviate the growth inhibition and damage to the structure and function of the photosynthetic apparatus caused by DS and that this alleviation may be associated with changes in endogenous PAs and phytohormones. This study contributes to advances in the knowledge of Spd-induced drought tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Li
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wanrong Gu
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Congfeng Li
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 10081, China
| | - Tenglong Xie
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Danyang Qu
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yao Meng
- Heilongjiang Academy of Land Reclamation Sciences, Harbin, 150038, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Caifeng Li
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shi Wei
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, Heilongjiang, China.
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Karadar M, Neuner G, Kranner I, Holzinger A, Buchner O. Solar irradiation levels during simulated long- and short-term heat waves significantly influence heat survival, pigment and ascorbate composition, and free radical scavenging activity in alpine Vaccinium gaultherioides. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2018; 163:211-230. [PMID: 29274132 PMCID: PMC6033156 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In the 20th century, annual mean temperatures in the European Alps rose by almost 1 K and are predicted to rise further, increasing the impact of temperature on alpine plants. The role of light in the heat hardening of plants is still not fully understood. Here, the alpine dwarf shrub Vaccinium gaultherioides was exposed in situ to controlled short-term heat spells (150 min with leaf temperatures 43-49°C) and long-term heat waves (7 days, 30°C) under different irradiation intensities. Lethal leaf temperatures (LT50 ) were calculated. Low solar irradiation [max. 250 photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD)] during short-term heat treatments mitigated the heat stress, shown by reduced leaf tissue damage and higher Fv /Fm (potential quantum efficiency of photosystem 2) than in darkness. The increase in xanthophyll cycle activity and ascorbate concentration was more pronounced under low light, and free radical scavenging activity increased independent of light conditions. During long-term heat wave exposure, heat tolerance increased from 3.7 to 6.5°C with decreasing mean solar irradiation intensity (585-115 PPFD). Long-term exposure to heat under low light enhanced heat hardening and increased photosynthetic pigment, dehydroascorbate and violaxanthin concentration. In conclusion, V. gaultherioides is able to withstand temperatures of around 50°C, and its heat hardening can be enhanced by low light during both short- and long-term heat treatment. Data showing the specific role of light during short- and long-term heat exposure and the potential risk of lethal damage in alpine shrubs as a result of rising temperature are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Karadar
- Institute of Botany, Functional Plant BiologyUniversity of Innsbruck6020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Gilbert Neuner
- Institute of Botany, Functional Plant BiologyUniversity of Innsbruck6020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Ilse Kranner
- Institute of Botany, Functional Plant BiologyUniversity of Innsbruck6020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Andreas Holzinger
- Institute of Botany, Functional Plant BiologyUniversity of Innsbruck6020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Othmar Buchner
- Institute of Botany, Functional Plant BiologyUniversity of Innsbruck6020InnsbruckAustria
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Chartrand KM, Szabó M, Sinutok S, Rasheed MA, Ralph PJ. Living at the margins - The response of deep-water seagrasses to light and temperature renders them susceptible to acute impacts. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 136:126-138. [PMID: 29503105 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Seagrasses inhabit environments where light varies at different timescales, nonetheless are acutely sensitive to reductions in light beyond some conditional bounds. Two tropical deep-water seagrasses, Halophila decipiens and Halophila spinulosa, from the Great Barrier Reef were tested for their response to defined light and temperature regimes to identify their growth requirements and potential thresholds of mortality. Species were exposed to two light intensities, saturating (75 μmol photons m-2 s-1) and limiting (25 μmol photons m-2 s-1) light and two temperature treatments (26 °C and 30 °C) over a four-week period. Wavelength-specific parameters of PSII photochemistry were evaluated for seagrass leaves, as well as shoot density, gas exchange, and pigment content. Both species were sustained under saturating light levels (3.2 mol photons m-2 d-1) while limiting light led to decreased shoot density for H. decipiens and H. spinulosa after two and four weeks, respectively. Wavelength-specific photochemistry was also affected under light-limiting treatments for both species while the functional absorption cross section was highly conserved. Photoacclimation and physiological adjustments by either species was not adequate to compensate for reduced irradiance suggesting these plants reside at the margins of their functional limits. As such, relatively short periods of light attenuating events, like dredging or flood plumes, may be detrimental to deep-water seagrass populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Chartrand
- Centre for Tropical Water & Aquatic Ecosystem Research, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia; Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Milán Szabó
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, New South Wales, Australia; Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Sutinee Sinutok
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, New South Wales, Australia; Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand; Coastal Oceanography and Climate Change Research Center, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| | - Michael A Rasheed
- Centre for Tropical Water & Aquatic Ecosystem Research, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter J Ralph
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, New South Wales, Australia
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25
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Belgio E, Trsková E, Kotabová E, Ewe D, Prášil O, Kaňa R. High light acclimation of Chromera velia points to photoprotective NPQ. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2018; 135:263-274. [PMID: 28405863 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-017-0385-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
It has previously been shown that the long-term treatment of Arabidopsis thaliana with the chloroplast inhibitor lincomycin leads to photosynthetic membranes enriched in antennas, strongly reduced in photosystem II reaction centers (PSII) and with enhanced nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) (Belgio et al. Biophys J 102:2761-2771, 2012). Here, a similar physiological response was found in the microalga Chromera velia grown under high light (HL). In comparison to cells acclimated to low light, HL cells displayed a severe re-organization of the photosynthetic membrane characterized by (1) a reduction of PSII but similar antenna content; (2) partial uncoupling of antennas from PSII; (3) enhanced NPQ. The decrease in the number of PSII represents a rather unusual acclimation response compared to other phototrophs, where a smaller PSII antenna size is more commonly found under high light. Despite the diminished PSII content, no net damage could be detected on the basis of the Photosynthesis versus irradiance curve and electron transport rates pointing at the excess capacity of PSII. We therefore concluded that the photoinhibition is minimized under high light by a lower PSII content and that cells are protected by NPQ in the antennas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Belgio
- Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Opatovický mlýn, 379 81, Třeboň, Czech Republic.
| | - Eliška Trsková
- Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Opatovický mlýn, 379 81, Třeboň, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 37005, Czech Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Kotabová
- Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Opatovický mlýn, 379 81, Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Ewe
- Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Opatovický mlýn, 379 81, Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Prášil
- Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Opatovický mlýn, 379 81, Třeboň, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 37005, Czech Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Kaňa
- Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Opatovický mlýn, 379 81, Třeboň, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 37005, Czech Budejovice, Czech Republic
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Zhang L, Hu T, Amombo E, Wang G, Xie Y, Fu J. The Alleviation of Heat Damage to Photosystem II and Enzymatic Antioxidants by Exogenous Spermidine in Tall Fescue. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1747. [PMID: 29075277 PMCID: PMC5644155 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb) is a typical cool-season grass that is widely used in turf and pasture. However, high temperature as an abiotic stress seriously affects its utilization. The objective of this study was to explore the effect of spermidine (Spd) on heat stress response of tall fescue. The samples were exposed to 22°C (normal condition) or 44°C (heat stress) for 4 h. The results showed that exogenous Spd partially improved the quality of tall fescue leaves under normal temperature conditions. Nevertheless, after heat stress treatment, exogenous Spd significantly decreased the electrolyte leakage of tall fescue leaves. Spd also profoundly reduced the H2O2 and O2⋅- content and increased antioxidant enzymes activities. In addition, PAs can also regulate antioxidant enzymes activities including SOD, POD, and APX which could help to scavenge ROS. Moreover, application of Spd could also remarkably increase the chlorophyll content and had a positive effect on the chlorophyll α fluorescence transients under high temperature. The Spd reagent enhanced the performance of photosystem II (PSII) as observed by the JIP-test. Under heat stress, the Spd profoundly improved the partial potentials at the steps of energy bifurcations (PIABS and PItotal) and the quantum yields and efficiencies (φP0, δR0, φR0, and γRC). Exogenous Spd could also reduce the specific energy fluxes per QA- reducing PSII reaction center (RC) (TP0/RC and ET0/RC). Additionally, exogenous Spd improved the expression level of psbA and psbB, which encoded the proteins of PSII core reaction center complex. We infer that PAs can stabilize the structure of nucleic acids and protect RNA from the degradation of ribonuclease. In brief, our study indicates that exogenous Spd enhances the heat tolerance of tall fescue by maintaining cell membrane stability, increasing antioxidant enzymes activities, improving PSII, and relevant gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Erick Amombo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guangyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinmin Fu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai, China
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27
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Yeh TJ, Tseng YF, Chen YC, Hsiao Y, Lee PC, Chen TJ, Chen CY, Kao CY, Chang JS, Chen JC, Lee TM. Transcriptome and physiological analysis of a lutein-producing alga Desmodesmus sp. reveals the molecular mechanisms for high lutein productivity. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Duarte-Aké F, Castillo-Castro E, Pool FB, Espadas F, Santamaría JM, Robert ML, De-la-Peña C. Physiological differences and changes in global DNA methylation levels in Agave angustifolia Haw. albino variant somaclones during the micropropagation process. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2016; 35:2489-2502. [PMID: 27590059 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-016-2049-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Global DNA methylation changes caused by in vitro conditions are associated with the subculturing and phenotypic variation in Agave angustifolia Haw. While the relationship between the development of albinism and in vitro culture is well documented, the role of epigenetic processes in this development leaves some important questions unanswered. During the micropropagation of Agave angustifolia Haw., we found three different phenotypes, green (G), variegated (V) and albino (A). To understand the physiological and epigenetic differences among the somaclones, we analyzed several morphophysiological parameters and changes in the DNA methylation patterns in the three phenotypes during their in vitro development. We found that under in vitro conditions, the V plantlets maintained their CAM photosynthetic capacity, while the A variant showed no pigments and lost its CAM photosynthetic ability. Epigenetic analysis revealed that global DNA methylation increased in the G phenotype during the first two subcultures. However, after that time, DNA methylation levels declined. This hypomethylation correlated with the appearance of V shoots in the G plantlets. A similar correlation occurred in the V phenotype, where an increase of 2 % in the global DNA methylation levels was correlated with the generation of A shoots in the V plantlets. This suggests that an "epigenetic stress memory" during in vitro conditions causes a chromatin shift that favors the generation of variegated and albino shoots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Duarte-Aké
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Unidad de Biotecnología, Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34. Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Castillo-Castro
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Unidad de Biotecnología, Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34. Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Felipe Barredo Pool
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Unidad de Biotecnología, Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34. Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Francisco Espadas
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Unidad de Biotecnología, Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34. Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Jorge M Santamaría
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Unidad de Biotecnología, Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34. Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Manuel L Robert
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Unidad de Biotecnología, Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34. Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Clelia De-la-Peña
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Unidad de Biotecnología, Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34. Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
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Light piping driven photosynthesis in the soil: Low-light adapted active photosynthetic apparatus in the under-soil hypocotyl segments of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 161:422-9. [PMID: 27318297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic activity was identified in the under-soil hypocotyl part of 14-day-old soil-grown bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Magnum) cultivated in pots under natural light-dark cycles. Electron microscopic, proteomic and fluorescence kinetic and imaging methods were used to study the photosynthetic apparatus and its activity. Under-soil shoots at 0-2cm soil depth featured chloroplasts with low grana and starch grains and with pigment-protein compositions similar to those of the above-soil green shoot parts. However, the relative amounts of photosystem II (PSII) supercomplexes were higher; in addition a PIP-type aquaporin protein was identified in the under-soil thylakoids. Chlorophyll-a fluorescence induction measurements showed that the above- and under-soil hypocotyl segments had similar photochemical yields at low (10-55μmolphotonsm(-2)s(-1)) light intensities. However, at higher photon flux densities the electron transport rate decreased in the under-soil shoot parts due to inactivation of the PSII reaction centers. These properties show the development of a low-light adapted photosynthetic apparatus driven by light piping of the above-soil shoot. The results of this paper demonstrate that the classic model assigning source and sink functions to above- and under-soil tissues is to be refined, and a low-light adapted photosynthetic apparatus in under-soil bean hypocotyls is capable of contributing to its own carbon supply.
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Ware MA, Belgio E, Ruban AV. Photoprotective capacity of non-photochemical quenching in plants acclimated to different light intensities. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2015; 126:261-74. [PMID: 25702085 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-015-0102-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis plants grown at low light were exposed to a gradually increasing actinic light routine. This method allows for the discerning of the photoprotective component of NPQ, pNPQ and photoinhibition. They exhibited lower values of Photosystem II (PSII) yield in comparison to high-light grown plants, and higher calculated dark fluorescence level (F'o calc.) than the measured one (F'o act.). As a result, in low-light grown plants, the values of qP measured in the dark appeared higher than 1. Normally, F'o act. and F'o calc. match well at moderate light intensities but F'o act. becomes higher at increasing intensities due to reaction centre (RCII) damage; this indicates the onset of photoinhibition. To explain the unusual increase of qP in the dark in low-light grown plants, we have undertaken an analysis of PSII antenna size using biochemical and spectroscopic approaches. Sucrose gradient separation of thylakoid membrane complexes and fast fluorescence induction experiments illustrated that the relative PSII cross section does not increase appreciably with the rise in PSII antenna size in the low-light grown plants. This suggests that part of the increased LHCII antenna is less efficiently coupled to the RCII. A model based upon the existence of an uncoupled population LHCII is proposed to explain the discrepancies in calculated and measured values of F'o.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell A Ware
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Erica Belgio
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Alexander V Ruban
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK.
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31
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Haque MS, Kjaer KH, Rosenqvist E, Ottosen CO. Continuous light increases growth, daily carbon gain, antioxidants, and alters carbohydrate metabolism in a cultivated and a wild tomato species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:522. [PMID: 26217371 PMCID: PMC4499675 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cultivated tomato species develop leaf injury while grown in continuous light (CL). Growth, photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism and antioxidative enzyme activities of a cultivated (Solanum lycopersicum L. 'Aromata') and a wild tomato species (Solanum pimpinellifolium L.) were compared in this study aiming to analyze the species-specific differences and thermoperiod effects in responses to CL. The species were subjected to three photoperiodic treatments for 12 days in climate chambers: 16-h photoperiod with a light/dark temperature of 26/16°C (P16D10 or control); CL with a constant temperature of 23°C (P24D0); CL with a variable temperature of 26/16°C (P24D10). The results showed that both species grown in CL had higher dry matter production due to the continuous photosynthesis and a subsequent increase in carbon gain. In S. lycopersicum, the rate of photosynthesis and the maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II declined in CL with the development of leaf chlorosis, reduction in the leaf chlorophyll content and a higher activity of antioxidative enzymes. The normal diurnal patterns of starch and sugar were only present under control conditions. The results demonstrated that CL conditions mainly affected the photosynthetic apparatus of a cultivated species (S. lycopersicum), and to a less degree to the wild species (S. pimpinellifolium). The negative effects of the CL could be alleviated by diurnal temperature variations, but the physiological mechanisms behind these are less clear. The results also show that the genetic potential for reducing the negative effects of CL does exist in the tomato germplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eva Rosenqvist
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenTaastrup, Denmark
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Caffarri S, Tibiletti T, Jennings RC, Santabarbara S. A comparison between plant photosystem I and photosystem II architecture and functioning. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2015; 15:296-331. [PMID: 24678674 PMCID: PMC4030627 DOI: 10.2174/1389203715666140327102218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Oxygenic photosynthesis is indispensable both for the development and maintenance of life on earth by converting
light energy into chemical energy and by producing molecular oxygen and consuming carbon dioxide. This latter
process has been responsible for reducing the CO2 from its very high levels in the primitive atmosphere to the present low
levels and thus reducing global temperatures to levels conducive to the development of life. Photosystem I and photosystem
II are the two multi-protein complexes that contain the pigments necessary to harvest photons and use light energy to
catalyse the primary photosynthetic endergonic reactions producing high energy compounds. Both photosystems are
highly organised membrane supercomplexes composed of a core complex, containing the reaction centre where electron
transport is initiated, and of a peripheral antenna system, which is important for light harvesting and photosynthetic activity
regulation. If on the one hand both the chemical reactions catalysed by the two photosystems and their detailed structure
are different, on the other hand they share many similarities. In this review we discuss and compare various aspects of
the organisation, functioning and regulation of plant photosystems by comparing them for similarities and differences as
obtained by structural, biochemical and spectroscopic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stefano Santabarbara
- Laboratoire de Génétique et de Biophysique des Plantes (LGBP), Aix-Marseille Université, Faculté des Sciences de Luminy, 163 Avenue de Luminy, 13009, Marseille, France.
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Larbi A, Vázquez S, El-Jendoubi H, Msallem M, Abadía J, Abadía A, Morales F. Canopy light heterogeneity drives leaf anatomical, eco-physiological, and photosynthetic changes in olive trees grown in a high-density plantation. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2015; 123:141-55. [PMID: 25344757 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-014-0052-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In the field, leaves may face very different light intensities within the tree canopy. Leaves usually respond with light-induced morphological and photosynthetic changes, in a phenomenon known as phenotypic plasticity. Canopy light distribution, leaf anatomy, gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, and pigment composition were investigated in an olive (Olea europaea, cvs. Arbequina and Arbosana) orchard planted with a high-density system (1,250 trees ha(-1)). Sampling was made from three canopy zones: a lower canopy (<1 m), a central one (1-2 m), and an upper one (>2 m). Light interception decreased significantly in the lower canopy when compared to the central and top ones. Leaf angle increased and photosynthetic rates and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) decreased significantly and progressively from the upper canopy to the central and the lower canopies. The largest leaf areas were found in the lower canopy, especially in the cultivar Arbequina. The palisade and spongy parenchyma were reduced in thickness in the lower canopy when compared to the upper one, in the former due to a decrease in the number of cell layers from three to two (clearly distinguishable in the light and fluorescence microscopy images). In both cultivars, the concentration of violaxanthin-cycle pigments and β-carotene was higher in the upper than in the lower canopy. Furthermore, the de-epoxidized forms zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin increased significantly in those leaves from the upper canopy, in parallel to the NPQ increases. In conclusion, olive leaves react with morphological and photosynthetic changes to within-crown light gradients. These results strengthen the idea of olive trees as "modular organisms" that adjust the modules morphology and physiology in response to light intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajmi Larbi
- Institut de l'Olivier, BP 208, Cité Mahrajène, 1082, Tunis, Tunisia
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Kalaji HM, Schansker G, Ladle RJ, Goltsev V, Bosa K, Allakhverdiev SI, Brestic M, Bussotti F, Calatayud A, Dąbrowski P, Elsheery NI, Ferroni L, Guidi L, Hogewoning SW, Jajoo A, Misra AN, Nebauer SG, Pancaldi S, Penella C, Poli D, Pollastrini M, Romanowska-Duda ZB, Rutkowska B, Serôdio J, Suresh K, Szulc W, Tambussi E, Yanniccari M, Zivcak M. Frequently asked questions about in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence: practical issues. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2014; 122:121-58. [PMID: 25119687 PMCID: PMC4210649 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-014-0024-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this educational review is to provide practical information on the hardware, methodology, and the hands on application of chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence technology. We present the paper in a question and answer format like frequently asked questions. Although nearly all information on the application of Chl a fluorescence can be found in the literature, it is not always easily accessible. This paper is primarily aimed at scientists who have some experience with the application of Chl a fluorescence but are still in the process of discovering what it all means and how it can be used. Topics discussed are (among other things) the kind of information that can be obtained using different fluorescence techniques, the interpretation of Chl a fluorescence signals, specific applications of these techniques, and practical advice on different subjects, such as on the length of dark adaptation before measurement of the Chl a fluorescence transient. The paper also provides the physiological background for some of the applied procedures. It also serves as a source of reference for experienced scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazem M. Kalaji
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Gert Schansker
- Avenue des Amazones 2, 1226 Chêne-Bougeries, Switzerland
| | - Richard J. Ladle
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Praça Afrânio Jorge, s/n, Prado, Maceió, AL Brazil
| | - Vasilij Goltsev
- Department of Biophysics and Radiobiology, Faculty of Biology, St. Kliment Ohridski University of Sofia, 8 Dr. Tzankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Karolina Bosa
- Department of Pomology, Faculty of Horticulture, Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Suleyman I. Allakhverdiev
- Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, Moscow, 127276 Russia
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290 Russia
| | - Marian Brestic
- Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak Agricultural University, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Filippo Bussotti
- Department of Agri-Food Production and Environmental Science (DISPAA), University of Florence, Piazzale delle Cascine 28, 50144 Florence, Italy
| | - Angeles Calatayud
- Departamento de Horticultura, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Ctra. Moncada-Náquera Km 4.5, Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain
| | - Piotr Dąbrowski
- Department of Environmental Improvement, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Nabil I. Elsheery
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Lorenzo Ferroni
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Ferrara, Corso Ercole I d’Este 32, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Lucia Guidi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Anjana Jajoo
- School of Life Sciences, Devi Ahilya University, Indore, 452 001 M.P India
| | - Amarendra N. Misra
- Centre for Life Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ratu-Lohardaga Road, Ranchi, 835205 India
| | - Sergio G. Nebauer
- Departamento de Producción vegetal, Universitat Politècnica de València, C de Vera sn, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Simonetta Pancaldi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Ferrara, Corso Ercole I d’Este 32, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Consuelo Penella
- Departamento de Horticultura, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Ctra. Moncada-Náquera Km 4.5, Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain
| | - DorothyBelle Poli
- Department of Biology, Roanoke College, 221 College Lane, Salem, VA 24153 USA
| | - Martina Pollastrini
- Department of Agri-Food Production and Environmental Science (DISPAA), University of Florence, Piazzale delle Cascine 28, 50144 Florence, Italy
| | | | - Beata Rutkowska
- Agricultural Chemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - João Serôdio
- Departamento de Biologia, CESAM – Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Kancherla Suresh
- Directorate of Oil Palm Research, West Godavari Dt., Pedavegi, 534 450 Andhra Pradesh India
| | - Wiesław Szulc
- Agricultural Chemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Eduardo Tambussi
- Institute of Plant Physiology, INFIVE (Universidad Nacional de La Plata – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Diagonal 113 N°495, 327 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Marcos Yanniccari
- Institute of Plant Physiology, INFIVE (Universidad Nacional de La Plata – Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Diagonal 113 N°495, 327 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Marek Zivcak
- Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak Agricultural University, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic
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Abstract
Chlorophylls are magnesium-tetrapyrrole molecules that play essential roles in photosynthesis. All chlorophylls have similar five-membered ring structures, with variations in the side chains and/or reduction states. Formyl group substitutions on the side chains of chlorophyll a result in the different absorption properties of chlorophyll b, chlorophyll d, and chlorophyll f. These formyl substitution derivatives exhibit different spectral shifts according to the formyl substitution position. Not only does the presence of various types of chlorophylls allow the photosynthetic organism to harvest sunlight at different wavelengths to enhance light energy input, but the pigment composition of oxygenic photosynthetic organisms also reflects the spectral properties on the surface of the Earth. Two major environmental influencing factors are light and oxygen levels, which may play central roles in the regulatory pathways leading to the different chlorophylls. I review the biochemical processes of chlorophyll biosynthesis and their regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia;
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Zivcak M, Brestic M, Kalaji HM. Photosynthetic responses of sun- and shade-grown barley leaves to high light: is the lower PSII connectivity in shade leaves associated with protection against excess of light? PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2014; 119:339-54. [PMID: 24445618 PMCID: PMC3923118 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-014-9969-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we have compared photosynthetic performance of barley leaves (Hordeum vulgare L.) grown under sun and shade light regimes during their entire growth period, under field conditions. Analyses were based on measurements of both slow and fast chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence kinetics, gas exchange, pigment composition; and of light incident on leaves during their growth. Both the shade and the sun barley leaves had similar Chl a/b and Chl/carotenoid ratios. The fluorescence induction analyses uncovered major functional differences between the sun and the shade leaves: lower connectivity among Photosystem II (PSII), decreased number of electron carriers, and limitations in electron transport between PSII and PSI in the shade leaves; but only low differences in the size of PSII antenna. We discuss the possible protective role of low connectivity between PSII units in shade leaves in keeping the excitation pressure at a lower, physiologically more acceptable level under high light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Zivcak
- Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak Agricultural University, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Marian Brestic
- Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak Agricultural University, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Hazem M. Kalaji
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw Agricultural University SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
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Nishio JN, Ting IP. Photosynthetic Characteristics of the Palisade Mesophyll and Spongy Mesophyll in the CAM/C4Intermediate Plant,Peperomia camptotricha*. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1993.tb00347.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Demmig-Adams B, Winter K, Winkelmann E, Krüger A, Czygan FC. Photosynthetic Characteristics and the Ratios of Chlorophyll, β-Carotene, and the Components of the Xanthophyll Cycle Upon a Sudden Increase in Growth Light Regime in Several Plant Species*. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1989.tb00112.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lee TA, Vande Wetering SW, Brusslan JA. Stromal protein degradation is incomplete in Arabidopsis thaliana autophagy mutants undergoing natural senescence. BMC Res Notes 2013; 6:17. [PMID: 23327451 PMCID: PMC3724497 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-6-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Degradation of highly abundant stromal proteins plays an important role in the nitrogen economy of the plant during senescence. Lines of evidence supporting proteolysis within the chloroplast and outside the chloroplast have been reported. Two extra-plastidic degradation pathways, chlorophagy and Rubisco Containing Bodies, rely on cytoplasmic autophagy. Results In this work, levels of three stromal proteins (Rubisco large subunit, chloroplast glutamine synthetase and Rubisco activase) and one thylakoid protein (the major light harvesting complex protein of photosystem II) were measured during natural senescence in WT and in two autophagy T-DNA insertion mutants (atg5 and atg7). Thylakoid-localized protein decreased similarly in all genotypes, but stromal protein degradation was incomplete in the two atg mutants. In addition, degradation of two stromal proteins was observed in chloroplasts isolated from mid-senescence leaves. Conclusions These data suggest that autophagy does contribute to the complete proteolysis of stromal proteins, but does not play a major degenerative role. In addition, support for in organello degradation is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis A Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Boulevard, Long Beach, CA 90840-9502, USA
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40
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Grieco M, Tikkanen M, Paakkarinen V, Kangasjärvi S, Aro EM. Steady-state phosphorylation of light-harvesting complex II proteins preserves photosystem I under fluctuating white light. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 160:1896-910. [PMID: 23033142 PMCID: PMC3510119 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.206466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
According to the "state transitions" theory, the light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) phosphorylation in plant chloroplasts is essential to adjust the relative absorption cross section of photosystem II (PSII) and PSI upon changes in light quality. The role of LHCII phosphorylation upon changes in light intensity is less thoroughly investigated, particularly when changes in light intensity are too fast to allow the phosphorylation/dephosphorylation processes to occur. Here, we demonstrate that the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) stn7 (for state transition7) mutant, devoid of the STN7 kinase and LHCII phosphorylation, shows a growth penalty only under fluctuating white light due to a low amount of PSI. Under constant growth light conditions, stn7 acquires chloroplast redox homeostasis by increasing the relative amount of PSI centers. Thus, in plant chloroplasts, the steady-state LHCII phosphorylation plays a major role in preserving PSI upon rapid fluctuations in white light intensity. Such protection of PSI results from LHCII phosphorylation-dependent equal distribution of excitation energy to both PSII and PSI from the shared LHCII antenna and occurs in cooperation with nonphotochemical quenching and the proton gradient regulation5-dependent control of electron flow, which are likewise strictly regulated by white light intensity. LHCII phosphorylation is concluded to function both as a stabilizer (in time scales of seconds to minutes) and a dynamic regulator (in time scales from tens of minutes to hours and days) of redox homeostasis in chloroplasts, subject to modifications by both environmental and metabolic cues. Exceeding the capacity of LHCII phosphorylation/dephosphorylation to balance the distribution of excitation energy between PSII and PSI results in readjustment of photosystem stoichiometry.
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Biswal AK, Pattanayak GK, Pandey SS, Leelavathi S, Reddy VS, Govindjee, Tripathy BC. Light intensity-dependent modulation of chlorophyll b biosynthesis and photosynthesis by overexpression of chlorophyllide a oxygenase in tobacco. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 159:433-49. [PMID: 22419827 PMCID: PMC3375976 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.195859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll b is synthesized by the oxidation of a methyl group on the B ring of a tetrapyrrole molecule to a formyl group by chlorophyllide a oxygenase (CAO). The full-length CAO from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) was overexpressed in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) that grows well at light intensities much higher than those tolerated by Arabidopsis. This resulted in an increased synthesis of glutamate semialdehyde, 5-aminolevulinic acid, magnesium-porphyrins, and chlorophylls. Overexpression of CAO resulted in increased chlorophyll b synthesis and a decreased chlorophyll a/b ratio in low light-grown as well as high light-grown tobacco plants; this effect, however, was more pronounced in high light. The increased potential of the protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase activity and chlorophyll biosynthesis compensated for the usual loss of chlorophylls in high light. Increased chlorophyll b synthesis in CAO-overexpressed plants was accompanied not only by an increased abundance of light-harvesting chlorophyll proteins but also of other proteins of the electron transport chain, which led to an increase in the capture of light as well as enhanced (40%-80%) electron transport rates of photosystems I and II at both limiting and saturating light intensities. Although the quantum yield of carbon dioxide fixation remained unchanged, the light-saturated photosynthetic carbon assimilation, starch content, and dry matter accumulation increased in CAO-overexpressed plants grown in both low- and high-light regimes. These results demonstrate that controlled up-regulation of chlorophyll b biosynthesis comodulates the expression of several thylakoid membrane proteins that increase both the antenna size and the electron transport rates and enhance carbon dioxide assimilation, starch content, and dry matter accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shiv S. Pandey
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India (A.K.B., G.K.P., S.S.P., G., B.C.T.); International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India (S.L., V.S.R.); and Department of Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Center of Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801 (G.)
| | - Sadhu Leelavathi
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India (A.K.B., G.K.P., S.S.P., G., B.C.T.); International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India (S.L., V.S.R.); and Department of Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Center of Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801 (G.)
| | - Vanga S. Reddy
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India (A.K.B., G.K.P., S.S.P., G., B.C.T.); International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India (S.L., V.S.R.); and Department of Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Center of Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801 (G.)
| | - Govindjee
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India (A.K.B., G.K.P., S.S.P., G., B.C.T.); International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India (S.L., V.S.R.); and Department of Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Center of Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801 (G.)
| | - Baishnab C. Tripathy
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India (A.K.B., G.K.P., S.S.P., G., B.C.T.); International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India (S.L., V.S.R.); and Department of Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Center of Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801 (G.)
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Dinç E, Ceppi MG, Tóth SZ, Bottka S, Schansker G. The chl a fluorescence intensity is remarkably insensitive to changes in the chlorophyll content of the leaf as long as the chl a/b ratio remains unaffected. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2012; 1817:770-9. [PMID: 22342617 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The effects of changes in the chlorophyll (chl) content on the kinetics of the OJIP fluorescence transient were studied using two different approaches. An extensive chl loss (up to 5-fold decrease) occurs in leaves suffering from either an Mg(2+) or SO(4)(2-) deficiency. The effects of these treatments on the chl a/b ratio, which is related to antenna size, were very limited. This observation was confirmed by the identical light intensity dependencies of the K, J and I-steps of the fluorescence rise for three of the four treatments and by the absence of changes in the F(685 nm)/F(695 nm)-ratio of fluorescence emission spectra measured at 77K. Under these conditions, the F(0) and F(M)-values were essentially insensitive to the chl content. A second experimental approach consisted of the treatment of wheat leaves with specifically designed antisense oligodeoxynucleotides that interfered with the translation of mRNA of the genes coding for chl a/b binding proteins. This way, leaves with a wide range of chl a/b ratios were created. Under these conditions, an inverse proportional relationship between the F(M) values and the chl a/b ratio was observed. A strong effect of the chl a/b ratio on the fluorescence intensity was also observed for barley Chlorina f2 plants that lack chl b. The data suggest that the chl a/b ratio (antenna size) is a more important determinant of the maximum fluorescence intensity than the chl content of the leaf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Dinç
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary
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Mishra Y, Johansson Jänkänpää H, Kiss AZ, Funk C, Schröder WP, Jansson S. Arabidopsis plants grown in the field and climate chambers significantly differ in leaf morphology and photosystem components. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 12:6. [PMID: 22236032 PMCID: PMC3296669 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants exhibit phenotypic plasticity and respond to differences in environmental conditions by acclimation. We have systematically compared leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana plants grown in the field and under controlled low, normal and high light conditions in the laboratory to determine their most prominent phenotypic differences. RESULTS Compared to plants grown under field conditions, the "indoor plants" had larger leaves, modified leaf shapes and longer petioles. Their pigment composition also significantly differed; indoor plants had reduced levels of xanthophyll pigments. In addition, Lhcb1 and Lhcb2 levels were up to three times higher in the indoor plants, but differences in the PSI antenna were much smaller, with only the low-abundance Lhca5 protein showing altered levels. Both isoforms of early-light-induced protein (ELIP) were absent in the indoor plants, and they had less non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). The field-grown plants had a high capacity to perform state transitions. Plants lacking ELIPs did not have reduced growth or seed set rates, but their mortality rates were sometimes higher. NPQ levels between natural accessions grown under different conditions were not correlated. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that comparative analysis of field-grown plants with those grown under artificial conditions is important for a full understanding of plant plasticity and adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Mishra
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Anett Z Kiss
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Christiane Funk
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Wolfgang P Schröder
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stefan Jansson
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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Timperio AM, Gevi F, Ceci LR, Zolla L. Acclimation to intense light implies changes at the level of trimeric subunits involved in the structural organization of the main light-harvesting complex of photosystem II (LHCII) and their isoforms. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2012; 50:8-14. [PMID: 22099514 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2011.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
When plants are grown under stable light conditions their photosynthetic apparatus undergoes a long-term acclimation process. Acclimation to different light intensities involves changes in the organization and/or abundance of protein complexes in the thylakoid membranes. In this study, spinach plants were exposed to differing light intensities, and the structural organization of the major light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-protein complex of photosystem II (LHCII) was investigated by analysing their trimeric subunits. Plants were exposed to three different light intensities, 100 μmol quanta m⁻² s⁻¹, 200 μmol quanta m⁻² s⁻¹ and an elevated light intensity, 400 μmol quanta m⁻² s⁻¹, sufficient to provoke a moderate stress response in the form of down regulation of PSII. "MicroRotofor" analysis showed the presence of LHCII with different pIs and revealed a clear decline in their abundance as light intensity increased from 100 to 400 μmol quanta m⁻² s⁻¹. The three subunits (Lhcb1, Lhcb2, Lhcb3) behaved differently from each other as: Lhcb1 decreased more significantly than Lhcb2, whereas Lhcb3 was reduced only at a light window at which Lhcb1 and Lhcb2 abundance has already been depleted under intense irradiation. Interestingly, we also found that isoforms of Lhcb1 subunit (Lhcb1.1; 1.2; 1.3) behaved differently in response to elevated light intensity, suggesting an essential role of these isoforms to light adaption and consequently explaining the presence of this multigenic family, often identified among higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Timperio
- Department of Ecology and Biology, Tuscia University, Largo dell'Università Snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
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Martin RE, Asner GP. Leaf Chemical and Optical Properties ofMetrosideros polymorphaAcross Environmental Gradients in Hawaii. Biotropica 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2009.00491.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Effects of light quality on CO2 assimilation, chlorophyll-fluorescence quenching, expression of Calvin cycle genes and carbohydrate accumulation in Cucumis sativus. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2009; 96:30-7. [PMID: 19410482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2009.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2008] [Revised: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Light quality is thought to affect many plant physiological processes during growth and development, particularly photosynthesis. We examined how light quality influences plant photosynthesis by analyzing changes in photosynthetic parameters and expression levels of some photosynthesis related genes of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Jinyou No. 1) plants. The plants were grown under different light qualities: purple (P), blue (B), green (G), yellow (Y), red (R) and white light (W) of the same photosynthetic photon flux density (PFD) about 350 micromol m(-2)s(-1) for 5 days. The results show that all plants grown under monochromatic light had reduced growth, CO(2) assimilation rate (Pn) and quantum yield of PSII electron transport (Phi(PSII)) as compared with plants grown under W, and these reductions were more significant in the plants under G, Y and R. The decrease in Phi(PSII) is mostly due to the reduction in photochemical quenching (qP). Interestingly, P- and B-grown plants had higher stomatal conductance (Gs), total and initial Rubisco activities and higher transcriptional levels of 10 genes which encode key enzymes in the Calvin cycle together with higher total soluble sugars, sucrose and starch contents as compared with W-grown plants, whereas in G-, Y-, and R-grown plants these parameters declined. Therefore, the reduction in Pn under P and B is likely the result of inactivation of photosystems, whilst under Y, G and R it is caused by, in addition to photosystem inactivation, the closure of stomata and the transcriptional down-regulation of genes for the Calvin cycle enzymes such as rbc L and rca. In conclusion, light quality alters plant photosynthesis by the effects on the activity of photosynthetic apparatus in leaves and the effects on the expression and/or activity of the Calvin cycle enzymes.
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Ballottari M, Dall'Osto L, Morosinotto T, Bassi R. Contrasting Behavior of Higher Plant Photosystem I and II Antenna Systems during Acclimation. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:8947-58. [PMID: 17229724 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m606417200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work we analyzed the photosynthetic apparatus in Arabidopsis thaliana plants acclimated to different light intensity and temperature conditions. Plants showed the ability to acclimate into different environments and avoid photoinhibition. When grown in high light, plants had a faster activation rate for energy dissipation (qE). This ability was correlated to higher accumulation levels of a specific photosystem II subunit, PsbS. The photosystem II antenna size was also regulated according to light exposure; smaller antenna size was observed in high light-acclimated plants with respect to low light plants. Different antenna polypeptides did not behave similarly, and Lhcb1, Lchb2, and Lhcb6 (CP24) are shown to undergo major levels of regulation, whereas Lhcb4 and Lhcb5 (CP29 and CP26) maintained their stoichiometry with respect to the reaction center in all growth conditions. The effect of acclimation on photosystem I antenna was different; in fact, the stoichiometry of any Lhca antenna proteins with respect to photosystem I core complex was not affected by growth conditions. Despite this stability in antenna stoichiometry, photosystem I light harvesting function was shown to be regulated through different mechanisms like the control of photosystem I to photosystem II ratio and the association or dissociation of Lhcb polypeptides to photosystem I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Ballottari
- Dipartimento Scientifico e Tecnologico, Università di Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 15 37134 Verona, Italy
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Rascher U, Nedbal L. Dynamics of photosynthesis in fluctuating light. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2006; 9:671-8. [PMID: 17011815 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2006.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2006] [Accepted: 09/19/2006] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of plant photosynthesis is expanding from insights into static fluxes in constant irradiance to an understanding of complex dynamic patterns in fluctuating light. Knowledge about regulatory interactions, information about relevant biological features that emerge in fluctuating light, and the new standards for sharing biological models allow world-wide consortia aimed at the comprehensive modeling of photosynthetic dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Rascher
- Institute of Chemistry and Dynamics of the Geosphere ICG-III: Phytosphere, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Stetternicher Forst, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
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Drozak A, Romanowska E. Acclimation of mesophyll and bundle sheath chloroplasts of maize to different irradiances during growth. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2006; 1757:1539-46. [PMID: 17034754 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2006.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2006] [Revised: 09/04/2006] [Accepted: 09/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The regulation by light of the photosynthetic apparatus, and composition of light-harvesting complexes in mesophyll and bundle sheath chloroplasts was investigated in maize. Leaf chlorophyll content, level of plastoquinone, PSI and PSII activities and Lhc polypeptide compositions were determined in plants grown under high, moderate and low irradiances. Photochemical efficiency of PSII, photochemical fluorescence quenching and non-photochemical fluorescence quenching over a range of actinic irradiances were also determined, using chlorophyll a fluorescence analysis. Acclimation of plants to different light conditions caused marked changes in light-harvesting complexes, LHCI and LHCII, and antenna complexes were also reorganized in these types of chloroplasts. The level of LHCII increased in plants grown in low light, even in agranal bundle sheath chloroplasts where the amount of PSII was strongly reduced. Irradiance also affected LHCI complex and the number of structural polypeptides, in this complex, generally decreased in chloroplasts from plants grown under lower light. Surprisingly moderate and low irradiances during growth do not affect the light reaction and fluorescence parameters of plants but generated differences in composition of light-harvesting complexes in chloroplasts. On the other hand, the changes in photosynthetic apparatus in plants acclimated to high light, resulted in a higher efficiency of photosynthesis. Based on these observations we propose that light acclimation to high light in maize is tightly coordinated adjustment of light reaction components/activity in both mesophyll and bundle sheath chloroplasts. Acclimation is concerned with balancing light utilization and level of the content of LHC complexes differently in both types of chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Drozak
- Department of Plant Physiology, Warsaw University, 02 096 Warszawa, Miecznikowa 1, Poland.
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Yamazaki JY, Suzuki T, Maruta E, Kamimura Y. The stoichiometry and antenna size of the two photosystems in marine green algae, Bryopsis maxima and Ulva pertusa, in relation to the light environment of their natural habitat. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2005; 56:1517-1523. [PMID: 15797939 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eri147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The stoichiometry and antenna sizes of the two photosystems in two marine green algae, Bryopsis maxima and Ulva pertusa, were investigated to examine whether the photosynthetic apparatus of the algae can be related to the light environment of their natural habitat. Bryopsis maxima and Ulva pertusa had chlorophyll (Chl) a/b ratios of 1.5 and 1.8, respectively, indicating large levels of Chl b, which absorbs blue-green light, relative to Chl a. The level of photosystem (PS) II was equivalent to that of PS I in Bryopsis maxima but lower than that of PS I in Ulva pertusa. Analysis of Q(A) photoreduction and P-700 photo-oxidation with green light revealed that >50% of PS II centres are non-functional in electron transport. Thus, the ratio of the functional PS II to PS I is only 0.46 in Bryopsis maxima and 0.35 in Ulva pertusa. Light-response curves of electron transport also provided evidence that PS I had a larger light-harvesting capacity than did the functional PS II. Thus, there was a large imbalance in the light absorption between the two photosystems, with PS I showing a larger total light-harvesting capacity than PS II. Furthermore, as judged from the measurements of low temperature fluorescence spectra, the light energy absorbed by Chl b was efficiently transferred to PS I in both algae. Based on the above results, it is hypothesized that marine green algae require a higher ATP:NADPH ratio than do terrestrial plants to grow and survive under a coastal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ya Yamazaki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan.
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