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Effect of bovine lactoferrin on recurrent urinary tract infections: in vitro and in vivo evidences. Biometals 2022; 36:491-507. [PMID: 35768747 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-022-00409-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) strains are the primary cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs). UPEC strains are able to invade, multiply and persisting in host cells. Therefore, UPEC strains are associated to recurrent UTIs requiring long-term antibiotic therapy. However, this therapy is suboptimal due to the increase of multidrug-resistant UPEC. The use of non-antibiotic treatments for managing UTIs is required. Among these, bovine lactoferrin (bLf), a multifunctional cationic glycoprotein, could be a promising tool because inhibits the entry into the host cells of several intracellular bacteria. Here, we demonstrate that 100 μg/ml bLf hinders the invasion of 2.0 ± 0.5 × 104 CFU/ml E. coli CFT073, prototype of UPEC, infecting 2.0 ± 0.5 × 105 cells/ml urinary bladder T24 epithelial cells. The highest protection (100%) is due to the bLf binding with host surface components even if an additional binding to bacterial surface components cannot be excluded. Of note, in the absence of bLf, UPEC survives and multiplies, while bLf significantly decreases bacterial intracellular survival. After these encouraging results, an observational survey on thirty-three patients affected by recurrent cystitis was performed. The treatment consisted in the oral administration of bLf alone or in combination with antibiotics and/or probiotics. After the observation period, a marked reduction of cystitis episodes was observed (p < 0.001) in all patients compared to the episodes occurred during the 6 months preceding the bLf-treatment. Twenty-nine patients did not report cystitis episodes (87.9%) whereas the remaining four (12.1%) experienced only one episode, indicating that bLf could be a worthwhile and safe treatment in counteracting recurrent cystitis.
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2
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Protective effect of bovine lactoferrin against Cronobacter sakazakii in human intestinal Caco-2/TC7 cells. Int Dairy J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2022.105428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Cutone A, Ianiro G, Lepanto MS, Rosa L, Valenti P, Bonaccorsi di Patti MC, Musci G. Lactoferrin in the Prevention and Treatment of Intestinal Inflammatory Pathologies Associated with Colorectal Cancer Development. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3806. [PMID: 33348646 PMCID: PMC7766217 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The connection between inflammation and cancer is well-established and supported by genetic, pharmacological and epidemiological data. The inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, have been described as important promoters for colorectal cancer development. Risk factors include environmental and food-borne mutagens, dysbalance of intestinal microbiome composition and chronic intestinal inflammation, with loss of intestinal epithelial barrier and enhanced cell proliferation rate. Therapies aimed at shutting down mucosal inflammatory response represent the foundation for IBDs treatment. However, when applied for long periods, they can alter the immune system and promote microbiome dysbiosis and carcinogenesis. Therefore, it is imperative to find new safe substances acting as both potent anti-inflammatory and anti-pathogen agents. Lactoferrin (Lf), an iron-binding glycoprotein essential in innate immunity, is generally recognized as safe and used as food supplement due to its multifunctionality. Lf possesses a wide range of immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties against different aseptic and septic inflammatory pathologies, including IBDs. Moreover, Lf exerts anti-adhesive, anti-invasive and anti-survival activities against several microbial pathogens that colonize intestinal mucosa of IBDs patients. This review focuses on those activities of Lf potentially useful for the prevention/treatment of intestinal inflammatory pathologies associated with colorectal cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antimo Cutone
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, 86090 Pesche, Italy; (A.C.); (G.I.)
| | - Giusi Ianiro
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, 86090 Pesche, Italy; (A.C.); (G.I.)
| | - Maria Stefania Lepanto
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.S.L.); (L.R.); (P.V.)
| | - Luigi Rosa
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.S.L.); (L.R.); (P.V.)
| | - Piera Valenti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.S.L.); (L.R.); (P.V.)
| | | | - Giovanni Musci
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, 86090 Pesche, Italy; (A.C.); (G.I.)
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A Whey Fraction Rich in Immunoglobulin G Combined with Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis ATCC 15697 Exhibits Synergistic Effects against Campylobacter jejuni. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134632. [PMID: 32610704 PMCID: PMC7369907 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence that whey proteins and peptides have health benefits beyond basic infant nutrition has increased dramatically in recent years. Previously, we demonstrated that a whey-derived immunoglobulin G-enriched powder (IGEP) enhanced adhesion of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis ATCC 15697 (B. infantis) to HT-29 cells. In this study, we investigated the synergistic effect of IGEP-treated B. infantis on preventing the attachment of highly invasive Campylobacter jejuni 81–176 (C. jejuni) to intestinal HT-29 cells. The combination decreased the adherence of C. jejuni to the HT-29 cells by an average of 48% compared to the control (non-IGEP-treated B. infantis). We also confirmed that treatment of IGEP with sodium metaperiodate, which disables the biological recognition of the conjugated oligosaccharides, reduced adhesion of B. infantis to the intestinal cells. Thus, glycosylation of the IGEP components may be important in enhancing B. infantis adhesion. Interestingly, an increased adhesion phenotype was not observed when B. infantis was treated with bovine serum-derived IgG, suggesting that bioactivity was unique to milk-derived immunoglobulin-rich powders. Notably, IGEP did not induce growth of B. infantis within a 24 hours incubation period, as demonstrated by growth curves and metabolite analysis. The current study provides insight into the functionality of bovine whey components and highlights their potential in positively impacting the development of a healthy microbiota.
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Lepanto MS, Rosa L, Cutone A, Scotti MJ, Conte AL, Marazzato M, Zagaglia C, Longhi C, Berlutti F, Musci G, Valenti P, Conte MP. Bovine Lactoferrin Pre-Treatment Induces Intracellular Killing of AIEC LF82 and Reduces Bacteria-Induced DNA Damage in Differentiated Human Enterocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225666. [PMID: 31726759 PMCID: PMC6888356 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
LF82, a prototype of adherent-invasive E. coli (AIEC), is able to adhere to, invade, survive and replicate into intestinal epithelial cells. LF82 is able to enhance either its adhesion and invasion by up-regulating carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 6 (CEACAM-6), the main cell surface molecule for bacterial adhesion, and its intracellular survival by inducing host DNA damage, thus blocking the cellular cycle. Lactoferrin (Lf) is a multifunctional cationic glycoprotein of natural immunity, exerting an anti-invasive activity against LF82 when added to Caco-2 cells at the moment of infection. Here, the infection of 12 h Lf pre-treated Caco-2 cells was carried out at a time of 0 or 3 or 10 h after Lf removal from culture medium. The effect of Lf pre-treatment on LF82 invasiveness, survival, cell DNA damage, CEACAM-6 expression, apoptosis induction, as well as on Lf subcellular localization, has been evaluated. Lf, even if removed from culture medium, reduced LF82 invasion and survival as well as bacteria-induced DNA damage in Caco-2 cells independently from induction of apoptosis, modulation of CEACAM-6 expression and Lf sub-cellular localization. At our knowledge, this is the first study showing that the sole Lf pre-treatment can activate protective intracellular pathways, reducing LF82 invasiveness, intracellular survival and cell-DNA damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Stefania Lepanto
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.S.L.); (L.R.); (M.J.S.); (A.L.C.); (M.M.); (C.Z.); (C.L.); (F.B.); (P.V.)
| | - Luigi Rosa
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.S.L.); (L.R.); (M.J.S.); (A.L.C.); (M.M.); (C.Z.); (C.L.); (F.B.); (P.V.)
| | - Antimo Cutone
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, 86090 Pesche, Italy; (A.C.); (G.M.)
| | - Mellani Jinnett Scotti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.S.L.); (L.R.); (M.J.S.); (A.L.C.); (M.M.); (C.Z.); (C.L.); (F.B.); (P.V.)
| | - Antonietta Lucia Conte
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.S.L.); (L.R.); (M.J.S.); (A.L.C.); (M.M.); (C.Z.); (C.L.); (F.B.); (P.V.)
| | - Massimiliano Marazzato
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.S.L.); (L.R.); (M.J.S.); (A.L.C.); (M.M.); (C.Z.); (C.L.); (F.B.); (P.V.)
| | - Carlo Zagaglia
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.S.L.); (L.R.); (M.J.S.); (A.L.C.); (M.M.); (C.Z.); (C.L.); (F.B.); (P.V.)
| | - Catia Longhi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.S.L.); (L.R.); (M.J.S.); (A.L.C.); (M.M.); (C.Z.); (C.L.); (F.B.); (P.V.)
| | - Francesca Berlutti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.S.L.); (L.R.); (M.J.S.); (A.L.C.); (M.M.); (C.Z.); (C.L.); (F.B.); (P.V.)
| | - Giovanni Musci
- Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, 86090 Pesche, Italy; (A.C.); (G.M.)
| | - Piera Valenti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.S.L.); (L.R.); (M.J.S.); (A.L.C.); (M.M.); (C.Z.); (C.L.); (F.B.); (P.V.)
| | - Maria Pia Conte
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.S.L.); (L.R.); (M.J.S.); (A.L.C.); (M.M.); (C.Z.); (C.L.); (F.B.); (P.V.)
- Correspondence:
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Quinn EM, Slattery H, Thompson AP, Kilcoyne M, Joshi L, Hickey RM. Mining Milk for Factors which Increase the Adherence of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis to Intestinal Cells. Foods 2018; 7:E196. [PMID: 30513877 PMCID: PMC6306836 DOI: 10.3390/foods7120196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bifidobacteria play a vital role in human nutrition and health by shaping and maintaining the gut ecosystem. In order to exert a beneficial effect, a sufficient population of bifidobacteria must colonise the host. In this study, we developed a miniaturised high-throughput in vitro assay for assessing the colonising ability of bacterial strains in human cells. We also investigated a variety of components isolated from different milk sources for their ability to increase the adherence of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis ATCC 15697, a common member of the gastrointestinal microbiota of breastfed infants, to HT-29 cells. Both conventional and miniaturised colonisation assays were employed to examine the effect of 13 different milk-derived powders on bacterial adherence, including positive controls which had previously resulted in increased bifidobacterial adherence (human milk oligosaccharides and a combination of 3'- and 6'-sialylactose) to intestinal cells. Immunoglobulin G enriched from bovine whey and goat milk oligosaccharides resulted in increased adhesion (3.3- and 8.3-fold, respectively) of B. infantis to the intestinal cells and the miniaturised and conventional assays were found to yield comparable and reproducible results. This study highlights the potential of certain milk components to favourably modulate adhesion of bifidobacteria to human intestinal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erinn M Quinn
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork P61 C996, Ireland.
- Advanced Glycoscience Research Cluster, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland.
| | - Helen Slattery
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork P61 C996, Ireland.
| | - Aoife P Thompson
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork P61 C996, Ireland.
| | - Michelle Kilcoyne
- Advanced Glycoscience Research Cluster, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland.
| | - Lokesh Joshi
- Advanced Glycoscience Research Cluster, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway H91 TK33, Ireland.
| | - Rita M Hickey
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork P61 C996, Ireland.
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7
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Rosa L, Cutone A, Lepanto MS, Paesano R, Valenti P. Lactoferrin: A Natural Glycoprotein Involved in Iron and Inflammatory Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:1985. [PMID: 28914813 PMCID: PMC5618634 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091985&n948647=v984776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human lactoferrin (hLf), an iron-binding multifunctional cationic glycoprotein secreted by exocrine glands and by neutrophils, is a key element of host defenses. HLf and bovine Lf (bLf), possessing high sequence homology and identical functions, inhibit bacterial growth and biofilm dependently from iron binding ability while, independently, bacterial adhesion to and the entry into cells. In infected/inflamed host cells, bLf exerts an anti-inflammatory activity against interleukin-6 (IL-6), thus up-regulating ferroportin (Fpn) and transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) and down-regulating ferritin (Ftn), pivotal actors of iron and inflammatory homeostasis (IIH). Consequently, bLf inhibits intracellular iron overload, an unsafe condition enhancing in vivo susceptibility to infections, as well as anemia of inflammation (AI), re-establishing IIH. In pregnant women, affected by AI, bLf oral administration decreases IL-6 and increases hematological parameters. This surprising effect is unrelated to iron supplementation by bLf (80 μg instead of 1-2 mg/day), but to its role on IIH. AI is unrelated to the lack of iron, but to iron delocalization: cellular/tissue overload and blood deficiency. BLf cures AI by restoring iron from cells to blood through Fpn up-expression. Indeed, anti-inflammatory activity of oral and intravaginal bLf prevents preterm delivery. Promising bLf treatments can prevent/cure transitory inflammation/anemia/oral pathologies in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Rosa
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Antimo Cutone
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Stefania Lepanto
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Rosalba Paesano
- Department of Gynecological-Obstetric and Urological Sciences, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Piera Valenti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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8
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Rosa L, Cutone A, Lepanto MS, Paesano R, Valenti P. Lactoferrin: A Natural Glycoprotein Involved in Iron and Inflammatory Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1985. [PMID: 28914813 PMCID: PMC5618634 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human lactoferrin (hLf), an iron-binding multifunctional cationic glycoprotein secreted by exocrine glands and by neutrophils, is a key element of host defenses. HLf and bovine Lf (bLf), possessing high sequence homology and identical functions, inhibit bacterial growth and biofilm dependently from iron binding ability while, independently, bacterial adhesion to and the entry into cells. In infected/inflamed host cells, bLf exerts an anti-inflammatory activity against interleukin-6 (IL-6), thus up-regulating ferroportin (Fpn) and transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) and down-regulating ferritin (Ftn), pivotal actors of iron and inflammatory homeostasis (IIH). Consequently, bLf inhibits intracellular iron overload, an unsafe condition enhancing in vivo susceptibility to infections, as well as anemia of inflammation (AI), re-establishing IIH. In pregnant women, affected by AI, bLf oral administration decreases IL-6 and increases hematological parameters. This surprising effect is unrelated to iron supplementation by bLf (80 μg instead of 1-2 mg/day), but to its role on IIH. AI is unrelated to the lack of iron, but to iron delocalization: cellular/tissue overload and blood deficiency. BLf cures AI by restoring iron from cells to blood through Fpn up-expression. Indeed, anti-inflammatory activity of oral and intravaginal bLf prevents preterm delivery. Promising bLf treatments can prevent/cure transitory inflammation/anemia/oral pathologies in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Rosa
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Antimo Cutone
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Stefania Lepanto
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Rosalba Paesano
- Department of Gynecological-Obstetric and Urological Sciences, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Piera Valenti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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Sessa R, Di Pietro M, Filardo S, Bressan A, Rosa L, Cutone A, Frioni A, Berlutti F, Paesano R, Valenti P. Effect of bovine lactoferrin on Chlamydia trachomatis infection and inflammation. Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 95:34-40. [PMID: 28094551 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2016-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate, intracellular pathogen responsible for the most common sexually transmitted bacterial disease worldwide, causing acute and chronic infections. The acute infection is susceptible to antibiotics, whereas the chronic one needs prolonged therapies, thus increasing the risk of developing antibiotic resistance. Novel alternative therapies are needed. The intracellular development of C. trachomatis requires essential nutrients, including iron. Iron-chelating drugs inhibit C. trachomatis developmental cycle. Lactoferrin (Lf), a pleiotropic iron binding glycoprotein, could be a promising candidate against C. trachomatis infection. Similarly to the efficacy against other intracellular pathogens, bovine Lf (bLf) could both interfere with C. trachomatis entry into epithelial cells and exert an anti-inflammatory activity. In vitro and in vivo effects of bLf against C. trachomatis infectious and inflammatory process has been investigated. BLf inhibits C. trachomatis entry into host cells when incubated with cell monolayers before or at the moment of the infection and down-regulates IL-6/IL-8 synthesized by infected cells. Six out of 7 pregnant women asymptomatically infected by C. trachomatis, after 30 days of bLf intravaginal administration, were negative for C. trachomatis and showed a decrease of cervical IL-6 levels. This is the first time that the bLf protective effect against C. trachomatis infection has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Sessa
- a Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome, La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Marisa Di Pietro
- a Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome, La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Filardo
- a Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome, La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Bressan
- a Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome, La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Rosa
- a Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome, La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Antimo Cutone
- a Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome, La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Frioni
- a Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome, La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Berlutti
- a Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome, La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosalba Paesano
- b Department of Gynecological-Obstetric and Urological Sciences, University of Rome, La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Piera Valenti
- a Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome, La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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Breakey AA, Hinde K, Valeggia CR, Sinofsky A, Ellison PT. Illness in breastfeeding infants relates to concentration of lactoferrin and secretory Immunoglobulin A in mother's milk. EVOLUTION MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 2015:21-31. [PMID: 25608691 PMCID: PMC4334701 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eov002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES This study aims to better understand the relationship between immune compounds in human milk and infant health. We hypothesized that the concentration of immune compounds in milk would relate to infant illness symptoms according to two possible theoretical paradigms. In the 'protective' paradigm, high concentrations of immune compounds prevent infant illness. The converse, the 'responsive' framework, posits that concentrations of immune compounds are elevated in response to infection. METHODOLOGY Milk samples (n = 110) and illness data were collected among the Toba of Argentina from 30 mother-infant dyads. Samples were assayed for two immune proteins, lactoferrin and secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA). Generalized estimating equations were used to assess the relationship between immune composition of milk and symptoms of illness in infants. RESULTS Lactoferrin was positively associated with symptoms of illness in infants (odds ratios >1), both in the month preceding the sample collection and the subsequent month. sIgA was negatively associated with symptoms (odds ratios <1) in the preceding and subsequent months, an association which was particularly strong for gastrointestinal symptoms. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The two compounds investigated in our study had opposite relationships with symptoms of illness; the positive relationship between lactoferrin and illness lends support to our 'responsive' paradigm, and the negative relationship between sIgA and symptoms of illness was consistent with our 'protective' framework. That elevated lactoferrin is restricted to periods of illness suggests that there may be a cost to mother or infant associated with persistently elevated lactoferrin that is not incurred with elevated sIgA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia A Breakey
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge MA 02138, USA, Department of Anthropology, Yale University, 10 Sachem St., New Haven CT 06511, USA
| | - Katie Hinde
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge MA 02138, USA, Department of Anthropology, Yale University, 10 Sachem St., New Haven CT 06511, USA
| | - Claudia R Valeggia
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge MA 02138, USA, Department of Anthropology, Yale University, 10 Sachem St., New Haven CT 06511, USA
| | - Allison Sinofsky
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge MA 02138, USA, Department of Anthropology, Yale University, 10 Sachem St., New Haven CT 06511, USA
| | - Peter T Ellison
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge MA 02138, USA, Department of Anthropology, Yale University, 10 Sachem St., New Haven CT 06511, USA
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11
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Human lactoferrin increases Helicobacter pylori internalisation into AGS cells. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 28:1871-80. [PMID: 22806010 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-011-0984-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori has high global infection rates and can cause other undesirable clinical manifestations such as duodenal ulcer (DU) and gastric cancer (GC). Frequencies of re-infection after therapeutic clearance and rates of DU versus GC vary geographically and differ markedly between developed and developing countries, which suggests additional factors may be involved. The possibility that, in vivo, lactoferrin (Lf) may play a subtle role in modulating micronutrient availability or bacterial internalisation with implications for disease etiology is considered. Lf is an iron binding protein produced in mammals that has antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties. Some bacteria that regularly colonise mammalian hosts have adapted to living in high Lf environments and we investigated if this included the gastric pathogen H. pylori. We found that H. pylori was able to use iron from fully iron-saturated human Lf (hLf) whereas partially iron-saturated hLf (apo) did not increase H. pylori growth. Instead, apo-hLf increased adherence to and internalisation of bacteria into cultured epithelial cells. By increasing internalisation, we speculate that apo-human lactoferrin may contribute to H. pylori's ability to persistence in the human stomach, an observation that potentially has implications for the risk of H. pylori-associated disease.
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Ammendolia MG, Bertuccini L, Iosi F, Minelli F, Berlutti F, Valenti P, Superti F. Bovine lactoferrin interacts with cable pili of Burkholderia cenocepacia. Biometals 2010; 23:531-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-010-9333-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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13
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Soukka T, Roger V, Söderling E, Tenovuo J. Binding ofStreptococcus mutans, Serotype c, to Saliva-coated Hydroxyapatite in the Presence and Absence of Human Lactoferrin. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/08910609409141343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Soukka
- Department of Cariology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, SF-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - V. Roger
- Department of Oral Biology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, SF-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - E. Söderling
- Department of Oral Biology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Clermont-Ferrand, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - J. Tenovuo
- Department of Cariology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, SF-20520, Turku, Finland
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Lactoferrin Structure and Functions. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2007; 606:163-94. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-74087-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Caraher EM, Gumulapurapu K, Taggart CC, Murphy P, McClean S, Callaghan M. The effect of recombinant human lactoferrin on growth and the antibiotic susceptibility of the cystic fibrosis pathogen Burkholderia cepacia complex when cultured planktonically or as biofilms. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007; 60:546-54. [PMID: 17595284 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkm222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The cystic fibrosis (CF) pathogen Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) is innately resistant to antibiotics and the development of effective therapeutic strategies to treat these infections is a major challenge. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of recombinant human lactoferrin (rHL) on planktonic and biofilm cultures of Bcc organisms and to establish whether lactoferrin alters the susceptibility of these cultures to a range of antibiotic therapies. METHODS Planktonic and biofilm cultures of strains representative of three species of Bcc, Burkholderia multivorans, Burkholderia cenocepacia and Burkholderia dolosa, were exposed to 0-900 mg/L lactoferrin over 0-48 h. Growth was determined using both spectrophotometric and plate counting methods. The ability of these strains to form and develop biofilms in vitro was also examined. Antimicrobial susceptibility in the presence/absence of lactoferrin was assessed using conventional MICs and a modified method was used to determine biofilm susceptibility to various antibiotics. RESULTS We found that physiological concentrations of lactoferrin inhibited the growth of both planktonic and biofilm cultures of Bcc in vitro. The addition of lactoferrin to rifampicin enhanced the antibiotic susceptibility of the Bcc strains when grown planktonically and as biofilms. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates the growth inhibitory and antibiofilm activity of rHL against different species of Bcc. Furthermore, the enhanced susceptibility of both planktonic and biofilm cultures to rifampicin in the presence of lactoferrin offers the potential for novel uses of antibiotics in combination with lactoferrin to treat Bcc infections in CF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma M Caraher
- Centre of Microbial Host Interaction, Department of Science, Institute of Technology Tallaght (ITT-Dublin), Tallaght, Dublin 24, Ireland
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16
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Berlutti F, Schippa S, Morea C, Sarli S, Perfetto B, Donnarumma G, Valenti P. Lactoferrin downregulates pro-inflammatory cytokines upexpressed in intestinal epithelial cells infected with invasive or noninvasive Escherichia coli strainsThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue, entitled 7th International Conference on Lactoferrin: Structure, Function, and Applications, and has undergone the Journal’s usual peer review process. Biochem Cell Biol 2006; 84:351-7. [PMID: 16936806 DOI: 10.1139/o06-039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells are able to differentially interact with commensal or pathogenic microorganisms, triggering a physiological or destructive inflammation, respectively. To mimic commensal–enteroinvasive bacteria–host cell interaction, we infected Caco-2 cells with noninvasive Escherichia coli HB101 and with recombinant invasive E. coli HB101(pRI203). Using DNA microarray mRNA profiling and ELISA assays, we studied the expression of several cytokine and cytokine-related genes in infected Caco-2 cells in the absence or presence of bovine lactoferrin (bLf). Infection of Caco-2 cells with the noninvasive strain induced a slight increase in the expression of interleukin 8 (IL-8), whereas infection with invasive E. coli HB101(pRI203) induced a significant increase in the expression of IL-8 as well as other pro-inflammatory cytokines. The addition of bLf, in native- or holo-form, did not influence expression of cytokine genes by uninfected Caco-2 cells, but it decreased expression of IL-8 by cells infected with E.coli HB101. Moreover, except for IL-8, bLfs dramatically downregulated pro-inflammatory cytokines upexpressed by Caco-2 cells infected with the invasive strain. Although IL-8 was decreased by bLfs, it remained upregulated, suggesting that it could be a signal of persistence of intracellular bacteria. The bLf ability to reduce expression of some pro-inflammatory cytokines, which appears independent of its iron saturation, might represent an important natural mechanism in regulating epithelial cell responses to pathogenic bacteria and in limiting cell damage and the spread of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Berlutti
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
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17
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Eberhard J, Drosos Z, Tiemann M, Jepsen S, Schröder JM. Immunolocalization of lactoferrin in healthy and inflamed gingival tissues. J Periodontol 2006; 77:472-8. [PMID: 16512762 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2006.050186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been reported that lactoferrin prevents biofilm formation and exerts antimicrobial activity. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the cellular source of lactoferrin in healthy and inflamed gingiva. METHODS Lactoferrin synthesis was examined in relation to disease manifestation in biopsies of the marginal gingiva by immunohistochemistry. The expression of lactoferrin in cell cultures was studied by immunocytochemistry and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS Healthy gingiva demonstrated no immunoreactivity to lactoferrin in epithelial and connective tissue cells. In inflamed specimens, lactoferrin staining was related to inflammatory cells. These results were confirmed by cell cultures of keratinocytes that did not show any immunoreactivity against lactoferrin. No mRNA message for lactoferrin was detected by RT-PCR in keratinocytes. CONCLUSIONS These data provide evidence that lactoferrin is not synthesized in healthy gingival tissues. Therefore, elevated lactoferrin levels in the crevicular fluid of inflamed tissues originate from invading cells of the inflammatory reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Eberhard
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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18
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Sherman MP, Petrak K. Lactoferrin-enhanced anoikis: a defense against neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Med Hypotheses 2005; 65:478-82. [PMID: 15950395 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2005.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2005] [Accepted: 04/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Enteral nutrition with human milk lowers the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm human infants. Lactoferrin, the major whey protein in human milk, has many functions related to host defense against bacterial infection. Here, we hypothesize that lactoferrin also helps terminate bacterial invasion of enterocytes via a detachment-induced apoptosis called anoikis. Death of infected epithelia by anoikis prevents local spread of bacterial pathogens because the bacteria are trapped within the cell. Such infected, apoptotic and sloughed epithelia also cannot infect the lower gastrointestinal tract, and the epithelia exit the body in the stool. Currently, anoikis is a phenomenon related to the renewal of enterocytes, and it is not recognized as an anti-bacterial host defense. We suggest that anoikis of infected enterocytes is a process in which lactoferrin plays an important role. In a pilot study in which neonatal rats were pre-treated with intra-gastric recombinant human lactoferrin, we found evidence of epithelia with anoikis in ileal fluid after enteric infection. This finding was rarely seen in infected neonatal rats without pre-treatment with lactoferrin. Quantitative analysis of intestinal lavage specimens and quantitative stereology of apoptotic epithelia in this model will be required to verify the theory. We propose that oral use of recombinant human lactoferrin might have these hypothesized and other anti-bacterial effects in preterm infants, and hence, this protein might prevent necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants who cannot take human milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Sherman
- Division of Neonatology, School of Medicine, University of California, Surge I, Suite 1121, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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19
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Superti F, Pietrantoni A, Di Biase AM, Longhi C, Valenti P, Tinari A. Inv-mediated apoptosis of epithelial cells infected with enteropathogenic Yersinia: A protective effect of lactoferrin. Res Microbiol 2005; 156:728-37. [PMID: 15950128 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2005.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2004] [Revised: 02/15/2005] [Accepted: 02/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Yersinia spp., Gram-negative bacteria infecting animals and humans, contain plasmid and chromosomal genes coding for different virulence factors, of which outer membrane proteins are the most important. Among these, the inv gene product allows bacterial adherence and penetration of cells exposed at the intestinal lumen surface, and subsequent colonization of lymph nodes. In this research, we have studied the effects of bovine lactoferrin (bLf) on Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis Inv-mediated interactions with epithelial cells. In particular, we analyzed bLf activity toward adhesion, invasion, and cell death induction by Yersinia spp. and the Escherichia coli HB101 (pRI203) strain (expressing the cloned Yersinia inv gene). Results showed that bLf was ineffective in bacterial adhesivity and invasivity whereas it inhibited apoptosis with a dose-dependent relationship. As epithelial cell apoptosis helps enteropathogenic Yersinia to attack the host and to gain access to the tissue, our results demonstrate a new potential antimicrobial application for bLf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Superti
- Department of Technology and Health, National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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20
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Baron F, Briandet R, Lesne J, Humbert F, Ablain W, Gautier M. Influence of a nonfavorable environment, egg white, on resistance to heat and disinfectant, adhesion, and virulence of Salmonella enteritidis. J Food Prot 2004; 67:2269-73. [PMID: 15508640 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-67.10.2269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Although liquid egg white may be subjected to limited heat treatment when it is used in the fabrication of various foodstuffs, pathogenic bacteria such Salmonella Enteritidis could persist in this environment. Liquid egg white is not a favorable medium for Salmonella growth because of its alkaline pH and iron deficiency and the presence of ovotransferrin. Microorganisms adapted to a nonfavorable environment are often more resistant to stresses than are their laboratory-cultured counterparts. The objective of this study was to determine whether Salmonella exposed to an environment mimicking egg white conditions exhibited modified behavior that could have an impact on food safety. A medium resembling egg white (filtrate of egg white with added ovotransferrin) was used as an adaptation treatment to mimic the stress imparted by the egg white environment. There were no changes in resistance to heat and disinfection, in stainless steel adhesion, or in the virulence of Salmonella Enteritidis cultivated in the egg white medium. Egg white conditions do not appear to make Salmonella more virulent or more difficult to inactivate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Baron
- Equipe de Microbiologie, UMR ENSA-INRA 1253, Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique, 65 rue de saint brieuc, 35042 Rennes, France.
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21
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Abstract
Lactoferrin, an iron-binding glycoprotein synthesized by neutrophils and exocrine glands, plays an important role in human innate defense mechanisms against bacteria, fungi, and viruses. First, a bacteriostatic activity of lactoferrin, depending on iron withholding to bacteria, and successively a bactericidal iron-independent effect, related to its binding on bacterial surfaces, was recognized. Many other functions have been ascribed to this cationic protein, including the inhibiting action toward bacterial adhesion and invasion of target host cells. Recent research also reported the lactoferrin influence on bacterial aggregation and biofilm development of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus mutans. The different lactoferrin functions can be justified by different physicochemical properties of the molecule, which include the iron-binding capability, the binding to anionic cell surfaces and molecules, and serine protease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piera Valenti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, II University of Naples, Italy.
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22
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Di Biase AM, Tinari A, Pietrantoni A, Antonini G, Valenti P, Conte MP, Superti F. Effect of bovine lactoferricin on enteropathogenic Yersinia adhesion and invasion in HEp-2 cells. J Med Microbiol 2004; 53:407-412. [PMID: 15096550 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.05410-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine lactoferricin, a pepsin-generated antimicrobial peptide from bovine lactoferrin active against a wide range of bacteria, was tested for its ability to influence the adhesion and invasion of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in HEp-2 cells. The addition of non-cytotoxic and non-bactericidal concentrations of lactoferricin to cell monolayers before infection, under different bacterial growth experimental conditions, was ineffective or resulted in about a 10-fold increase in bacterial adhesion, whereas, in bacteria grown in conditions allowing maximal inv gene expression, a 10-fold inhibition of cell invasion by lactoferricin was observed. To confirm that the anti-invasive activity of lactoferricin was exerted against invasin-mediated bacterial entry, experiments were also performed utilizing Escherichia coli strain HB101 (pRI203), harbouring the inv gene from Y. pseudotuberculosis, which allows penetration of mammalian cells. Under these experimental conditions, lactoferricin was able to inhibit bacterial entry into epithelial cells, demonstrating that this peptide acts on inv-mediated Yersinia species invasion. As the inv gene product is the most important virulence factor in enteropathogenic Yersinia, being responsible for bacterial adherence and penetration within epithelial cells of the intestinal lumen and for the subsequent colonization of regional lymph nodes, these data provide additional information on the protective role of lactoferricin against bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assunta Maria Di Biase
- Laboratory of Ultrastructure, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy 2Department of Biology, III University of Rome, Italy 3Department of Experimental Medicine, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy 4Department of Public Health Sciences, University 'La Sapienza', Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Tinari
- Laboratory of Ultrastructure, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy 2Department of Biology, III University of Rome, Italy 3Department of Experimental Medicine, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy 4Department of Public Health Sciences, University 'La Sapienza', Rome, Italy
| | - Agostina Pietrantoni
- Laboratory of Ultrastructure, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy 2Department of Biology, III University of Rome, Italy 3Department of Experimental Medicine, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy 4Department of Public Health Sciences, University 'La Sapienza', Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Antonini
- Laboratory of Ultrastructure, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy 2Department of Biology, III University of Rome, Italy 3Department of Experimental Medicine, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy 4Department of Public Health Sciences, University 'La Sapienza', Rome, Italy
| | - Piera Valenti
- Laboratory of Ultrastructure, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy 2Department of Biology, III University of Rome, Italy 3Department of Experimental Medicine, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy 4Department of Public Health Sciences, University 'La Sapienza', Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Conte
- Laboratory of Ultrastructure, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy 2Department of Biology, III University of Rome, Italy 3Department of Experimental Medicine, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy 4Department of Public Health Sciences, University 'La Sapienza', Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiana Superti
- Laboratory of Ultrastructure, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy 2Department of Biology, III University of Rome, Italy 3Department of Experimental Medicine, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy 4Department of Public Health Sciences, University 'La Sapienza', Rome, Italy
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23
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Abstract
The alarming increase in drug-resistant bacteria makes a search for novel means of fighting bacterial infections imperative. An attractive approach is the use of agents that interfere with the ability of the bacteria to adhere to tissues of the host, since such adhesion is one of the initial stages of the infectious process. The validity of this approach has been unequivocally demonstrated in experiments performed in a wide variety of animals, from mice to monkeys, and recently also in humans. Here we review various approaches to anti-adhesion therapy, including the use of receptor and adhesin analogs, dietary constituents, sublethal concentrations of antibiotics and adhesin-based vaccines. Because anti-adhesive agents are not bactericidal, the propagation and spread of resistant strains is much less likely to occur than as a result of exposure to bactericidal agents, such as antibiotics. Anti-adhesive drugs, once developed, may, therefore, serve as a new means to fight infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itzhak Ofek
- Department of Human Microbiology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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24
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Abstract
Lactoferrin is a multifunctional member of the transferrin family of nonheme iron-binding glycoproteins. Lactoferrin is found at the mucosal surface where it functions as a prominent component of the first line of host defense against infection and inflammation. The protein is also an abundant component of the specific granules of neutrophils and can be released into the serum upon neutrophil degranulation. While the iron-binding properties were originally believed to be solely responsible for the host defense properties ascribed to lactoferrin, it is now known that other mechanisms contribute to the broad spectrum anti-infective and anti-inflammatory roles of this protein. In this article, current information on the functions and mechanism of action of lactoferrin are reviewed, with particular emphasis on the activities that contribute to this protein's role in host defense. In addition, studies demonstrating that lactoferrin inhibits allergen-induced skin inflammation in both mice and humans, most likely secondary to TNF-alpha (tumor necrosis factor alpha) production, are summarized. Collectively, these results suggest that lactoferrin functions as a key component of mammalian host defense at the mucosal surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline P Ward
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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25
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Ajello M, Greco R, Giansanti F, Massucci MT, Antonini G, Valenti P. Anti-invasive activity of bovine lactoferrin towards group A streptococci. Biochem Cell Biol 2002; 80:119-24. [PMID: 11908635 DOI: 10.1139/o01-211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A streptococci (GAS) are able to invade cultured epithelial and endothelial cells without evidence of intracellular replication. GAS, like other facultative intracellular bacterial pathogens, evolved such ability to enter and to survive within host cells avoiding the host defences, and bacterial intracellular survival could explain the recurrence of infections. We report here that 1 mg bovine lactoferrin (bLf)/mL significantly hindered the in vitro invasion of cultured epithelial cells by GAS isolated from patients suffering from pharyngitis and completely inhibited the invasiveness of GAS pretreated with subinhibiting concentrations of erythromycin or ampicillin. One milligram of bLf per millilitre was also able to increase the number of epithelial cells undergoing apoptosis following GAS invasion, although the number of intracellular GAS in the presence of bLf decreased by about 10-fold. The ability of bLf to decrease GAS invasion was confirmed by an in vivo trial carried out on 12 children suffering from pharyngitis and already scheduled for tonsillectomy. In tonsil specimens from children treated for 15 days before tonsillectomy with both oral erythromycin (500 mg t.i.d. (three times daily)) and bLf gargles (100 mg t.i.d.), a lower number of intracellular GAS was found in comparison with that retrieved in tonsil specimens from children treated with erythromycin alone (500 mg t.i.d.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ajello
- Department of Experimental Medicine, II University of Naples, Napoli, Italy
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26
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Valenti P, Greco R, Pitari G, Rossi P, Ajello M, Melino G, Antonini G. Apoptosis of Caco-2 intestinal cells invaded by Listeria monocytogenes: protective effect of lactoferrin. Exp Cell Res 1999; 250:197-202. [PMID: 10388533 DOI: 10.1006/excr.1999.4500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The apoptosis of infected hepatocytes is a critical step in nonspecific defense against Listeria monocytogenes infection. We have observed that infection by L. monocytogenes in enterocyte-like cells (Caco-2) results in apoptosis. However, a large fraction of infected intestinal epithelial cells escape from cellular condensation and fragmentation, typical of programmed cell death, and become necrotic. The balance between apoptosis and necrosis seems to be influenced by the number of internalized bacteria. The presence of 1 mg/ml of bovine lactoferrin, an iron-binding protein, added to monolayers before the bacterial infection, decreases the number of internalized bacteria and therefore the overall number of dead cells, and, more importantly, all dead cells are killed by apoptosis and not necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Valenti
- Faculty of Medicine, II University of Naples, Naples, 80138, Italy.
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27
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Li YM. Glycation ligand binding motif in lactoferrin. Implications in diabetic infection. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1998; 443:57-63. [PMID: 9781343 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-9068-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Lactoferrin and lysozyme are two important, naturally occurring antibacterial proteins found in saliva, nasal secretions, milk, mucus, serum and in the lysosomes of neutrophils and macrophages. Both proteins bind specifically to glucose-modified proteins bearing advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs). Exposure to AGE-modified proteins blocks the bacterial agglutination and bacterial killing activities of lactoferrin and also inhibits the bactericidal and enzymatic activity of lysozyme. Peptide mapping by AGE ligand blot revealed two AGE-binding domains in lactoferrin, and a single AGE-binding domain in lysozyme. None of these AGE-binding domains displayed any significant homology in their primary sequences; however, a common 17-18 amino acid cysteine loop motif (CX15-16C) was identified among them, which we named an ABCD motif (AGE-Binding Cysteine-bounded Domain). Similar domains are also present in other antimicrobial proteins such as defesins. Hydrophilicity analysis indicated that each of these ABCD loops is markedly hydrophilic. Synthetic peptides, corresponding to these motifs in lactoferrin and lysozyme, exhibited AGE-binding activity. Since diabetes is associated with abnormally high levels of tissue and serum AGEs, the elevated AGEs may inhibit endogenous antibacterial proteins by binding to the conserved ABCD motif, thereby increasing susceptibility to bacterial infections in diabetic individuals. These results may provide a basis for the development of new approaches to prevent diabetic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Li
- Picower Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York 11030, USA
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28
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Valenti P, Marchetti M, Superti F, Amendolia MG, Puddu P, Gessani S, Borghi P, Belardelli F, Antonini G, Seganti L. Antiviral activity of lactoferrin. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1998; 443:199-203. [PMID: 9781359 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-9068-9_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Valenti
- Institute of Microbiology, II University of Naples, Italy
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29
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Pöllänen MT, Häkkinen L, Overman DO, Salonen JI. Lactoferrin impedes epithelial cell adhesion in vitro. J Periodontal Res 1998; 33:8-16. [PMID: 9524316 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.1998.tb02286.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the process of host defence against microbial challenge, neutrophils release granule contents with the potential side effect of damaging structural tissues. In the junctional epithelium such damage may contribute to the degeneration and renewal of the epithelial cells attached directly to the tooth (DAT cells), and subsequently to periodontal pocket formation. This study reports on lactoferrin, one of the substances released by neutrophils, and its effects on epithelial cell adhesion, growth, DNA synthesis and spreading of cell colonies at concentrations recorded in the crevicular fluid. We show that, in opposition to what has been reported on bacterial cells, lactoferrin has no effect on the DNA synthesis of attached epithelial cells in model systems attempting to simulate the DAT cells in vivo. However, both iron-saturated and unsaturated lactoferrin hampered cell adhesion, growth and spreading of cell colonies in a dose-dependent manner. These findings suggest that lactoferrin does not affect epithelial cell proliferation but it may have a role in delaying the repair of the DAT cell population during inflammation by interfering with cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Pöllänen
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Finland.
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30
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Alugupalli KR, Kalfas S. Characterization of the lactoferrin-dependent inhibition of the adhesion of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Prevotella intermedia and Prevotella nigrescens to fibroblasts and to a reconstituted basement membrane. APMIS 1997; 105:680-8. [PMID: 9350211 DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1997.tb05071.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lactoferrin was previously shown to inhibit the adhesion of A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. intermedia and P. nigrescens to human cells. Lactoferrin was also shown to competitively inhibit the binding of these bacteria to the basement membrane protein laminin. The present study aimed to determine the type of interactions inhibited by lactoferrin. Lactoferrin binds to fibroblast monolayers and Matrigel, a reconstituted basement membrane, through ionic interactions. The adhesion of A. actinomycetemcomitans to these substrata was mainly dependent on the ionic strength of the environment. P. intermedia and P. nigrescens also adhere to fibroblasts mainly by ionic interactions, while their adhesion to Matrigel seems to be mediated by specific mechanisms. Lectin-type interactions were not found to be involved in the binding of these bacteria to the substrata. Treatment of either A. actinomycetemcomitans or fibroblasts with lactoferrin decreased the adhesion in a dose-dependent manner, while lactoferrin treatment of Matrigel alone had no adhesion-counteracting effect. Adhesion of P. intermedia and P. nigrescens to Matrigel was not significantly affected by the ionic strength, but the presence of lactoferrin inhibited the adhesion. Lactoferrin bound to Matrigel, P. intermedia and P. nigrescens was rapidly released, while lactoferrin bound to A. actinomycetemcomitans and fibroblasts was retained. These findings indicate that lactoferrin-dependent inhibition of the adhesion of A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. intermedia and P. nigrescens to fibroblasts and Matrigel can involve binding of lactoferrin to both the bacteria and substrata. The decreased adhesion may be due to blocking of both specific adhesin-ligand as well as non-specific charge-dependent interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Alugupalli
- Department of Oral Microbiology, University Hospital MAS, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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Teraguchi S, Shin K, Fukuwatari Y, Shimamura S. Glycans of bovine lactoferrin function as receptors for the type 1 fimbrial lectin of Escherichia coli. Infect Immun 1996; 64:1075-7. [PMID: 8641764 PMCID: PMC173885 DOI: 10.1128/iai.64.3.1075-1077.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine lactoferrin strongly inhibited the hemagglutination activity of type 1 fimbriated Escherichia coli. In addition, it agglutinated these bacteria. The agglutination reaction was specifically inhibited by glycopeptides derived from bovine lactoferrin or alpha-methyl-D-mannoside. These observations indicate that the glycans of bovine lactoferrin can serve as receptors for type 1 fimbrial lectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Teraguchi
- Nutritional Science Laboratory, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd., Zama City, Japan
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Marchetti M, Longhi C, Conte MP, Pisani S, Valenti P, Seganti L. Lactoferrin inhibits herpes simplex virus type 1 adsorption to Vero cells. Antiviral Res 1996; 29:221-31. [PMID: 8739601 DOI: 10.1016/0166-3542(95)00840-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the ability of human and bovine lactoferrins (HLf; BLf), iron-binding proteins belonging to the non-immune defense system, to interfere with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection. Since lactoferrins are known to bind to heparan sulphate proteoglycans and to low density lipoprotein receptor, which in turn act as binding sites for the initial interaction of HSV-1 with host cells, we tested the effect of these proteins on HSV-1 multiplication in Vero cells. Both HLf and BLf are found to be potent inhibitors of HSV-1 infection, the concentrations required to inhibit the vital cytopathic effect in Vero cells by 50% being 1.41 microM and 0.12 microM, respectively. HLf and BLf exerted their activity through the inhibition of adsorption of virions to the cells independently of their iron withholding property showing similar activity in the apo- and iron-saturated form. The binding of [35S]methionine-labelled HSV-1 particles to Vero cells was strongly inhibited when BLf was added during the attachment step. BLf interacts with both Vero cell surfaces and HSV-1 particles, suggesting that the hindrance of cellular receptors and/or of viral attachment proteins may be involved in its antiviral mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Marchetti
- Microbiology Institute, University of Rome, La Sapienza, Italy
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Alugupalli KISHORER, Kalfas SOTIRIOS. Inhibitory effect of lactoferrin on the adhesion ofActinobacillus actinomycetemcotnitansandPrevotella intermediato fibroblasts and epithelial cells. APMIS 1995. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1995.tb01091.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Longhi C, Conte MP, Bellamy W, Seganti L, Valenti P. Effect of lactoferricin B, a pepsin-generated peptide of bovine lactoferrin, on Escherichia coli HB101 (pRI203) entry into HeLa cells. Med Microbiol Immunol 1994; 183:77-85. [PMID: 7935162 DOI: 10.1007/bf00277158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Bovine lactoferrin and a pepsin-generated peptide of bovine lactoferrin, known as lactoferricin B, were tested for an ability to influence the cell-invasive properties of an Escherichia coli HB101 strain carrying the plasmid pRI203, which encodes the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis inv gene. At non-cytotoxic and non-bactericidal concentration (0.5 mg/ml) lactoferricin B lowered by about tenfold the cell invasion capability of E. coli HB101 (pRI203), whereas no effect was observed when bovine lactoferrin was added during the infection of HeLa cell monolayers. The step of the invasion process affected by lactoferrin B was the internalization since the adhesion of bacteria to HeLa cells was unaltered in the presence of the peptide. Latex beads coated with lactoferrin B bound to HeLa cell monolayers and induced the agglutination of bacterial cells, indicating that this highly cationic peptide interacts directly with both eukaryotic and bacterial surfaces. Moreover, we demonstrated that the anti-invasive effect induced by lactoferrin B was reversed when the medium was supplemented with Ca2+, Mg2+ and Fe2+ ions which diminished its affinity binding. Our findings suggest that lactoferrin B effectiveness towards E. coli HB101 (pRI203) invasion is correlated to its binding capability on the eukaryotic and bacterial cell surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Longhi
- Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rome La Sapienza, Italy
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