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Chae JB, Shin SU, Kim S, Jo YM, Roh H, Chae H, Kim WG, Chae JS, Song H, Kang JW. The First Identification of Cryptosporidium parvum Virus-1 (CSpV1) in Hanwoo ( Bos taurus coreanae) Calves in Korea. Vet Sci 2023; 10:633. [PMID: 37999455 PMCID: PMC10674401 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10110633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is an obligate coccidian parasite that causes enteric diseases in bovine species. A double-stranded RNA virus associated with C. parvum oocysts, Cryptosporidium parvum virus-1 (CSpV1), has been characterized. However, the relationship between the abovementioned coccidian parasite and the virus has not been studied in the context of the known clinical outcomes. This study aimed to characterize the prevalence and molecular traits of CSpV1 in diarrheal feces of Hanwoo (Korean indigenous cattle) calves. Of the 140 fecal samples previously tested for C. parvum, which were obtained from Hanwoo calves aged 60 days, 70 tested positive and 70 tested negative. These samples were included in this study. By using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis targeting the RdRp gene of CSpV1, we detected CSpV1 in 28 samples (20.0%), with infection rates of 31.4% (22/70) in C. parvum-positive and 8.6% (6/70) in C. parvum-negative samples. CSpV1 samples detected in the same farm were clustered together. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report the prevalence and molecular characteristics of CSpV1 in Hanwoo calves in the Republic of Korea, providing important insights into the relationship between C. parvum and CSpV1 in bovine hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Byoung Chae
- Bio Team, Animal Industry Data Korea, Seoul 06152, Republic of Korea; (J.-B.C.); (S.-U.S.); (S.K.); (Y.-M.J.); (H.R.); (H.C.); (W.-G.K.)
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, BK21 FOUR Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education and Research Centre, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea;
| | - Seung-Uk Shin
- Bio Team, Animal Industry Data Korea, Seoul 06152, Republic of Korea; (J.-B.C.); (S.-U.S.); (S.K.); (Y.-M.J.); (H.R.); (H.C.); (W.-G.K.)
| | - Serim Kim
- Bio Team, Animal Industry Data Korea, Seoul 06152, Republic of Korea; (J.-B.C.); (S.-U.S.); (S.K.); (Y.-M.J.); (H.R.); (H.C.); (W.-G.K.)
| | - Young-Mi Jo
- Bio Team, Animal Industry Data Korea, Seoul 06152, Republic of Korea; (J.-B.C.); (S.-U.S.); (S.K.); (Y.-M.J.); (H.R.); (H.C.); (W.-G.K.)
| | - Hyunsoo Roh
- Bio Team, Animal Industry Data Korea, Seoul 06152, Republic of Korea; (J.-B.C.); (S.-U.S.); (S.K.); (Y.-M.J.); (H.R.); (H.C.); (W.-G.K.)
| | - Hansong Chae
- Bio Team, Animal Industry Data Korea, Seoul 06152, Republic of Korea; (J.-B.C.); (S.-U.S.); (S.K.); (Y.-M.J.); (H.R.); (H.C.); (W.-G.K.)
| | - Won-Gyeong Kim
- Bio Team, Animal Industry Data Korea, Seoul 06152, Republic of Korea; (J.-B.C.); (S.-U.S.); (S.K.); (Y.-M.J.); (H.R.); (H.C.); (W.-G.K.)
| | - Joon-Seok Chae
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, BK21 FOUR Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education and Research Centre, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hyuk Song
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Technology, Konkuk Institute of Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jung-Won Kang
- Bio Team, Animal Industry Data Korea, Seoul 06152, Republic of Korea; (J.-B.C.); (S.-U.S.); (S.K.); (Y.-M.J.); (H.R.); (H.C.); (W.-G.K.)
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Graham ML, Li M, Gong AY, Deng S, Jin K, Wang S, Chen XM. Cryptosporidium parvum hijacks a host's long noncoding RNA U90926 to evade intestinal epithelial cell-autonomous antiparasitic defense. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1205468. [PMID: 37346046 PMCID: PMC10280636 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1205468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is a zoonotic apicomplexan parasite that infects the gastrointestinal epithelium and other mucosal surfaces in humans. It is an important opportunistic pathogen in AIDS patients and a leading cause of infectious diarrhea and diarrheal-related death in children worldwide. The intestinal epithelial cells provide the first line of defense against Cryptosporidium infection and play a central role in activating and regulating the host's antiparasitic response. Increasing evidence suggests that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) participate in host-pathogen interactions and play a regulatory role in the pathogenesis of diseases but the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. We previously identified a panel of host lncRNAs that are upregulated in murine intestinal epithelial cells following Cryptosporidium infection, including U90926. We demonstrate here that U90926 is acting in a pro-parasitic manner in regulating intestinal epithelial cell-autonomous antiparasitic defense. Inhibition of U90926 resulted in a decreased infection burden of the parasite while overexpression of U90926 showed an increase in infection burden in cultured murine intestinal epithelial cells. Induction of U90926 suppressed transcription of epithelial defense genes involved in controlling Cryptosporidium infection through epigenetic mechanisms. Specifically, transcription of Aebp1, which encodes the Aebp1 protein, a potent modulator of inflammation and NF-κB signaling, was suppressed by U90926. Gain- or loss-of-function of Aebp1 in the host's epithelial cells caused reciprocal alterations in the infection burden of the parasite. Interestingly, Cryptosporidium carries the Cryptosporidium virus 1 (CSpV1), a double-stranded (ds) RNA virus coding two dsRNA fragments, CSpV1-dsRdRp and CSpV1-dsCA. Both CSpV1-dsRdRp and CSpV1-dsCA can be delivered into infected cells as previously reported. We found that cells transfected with in vitro transcribed CSpV1-dsCA or CSpV1-dsRdRp displayed an increased level of U90926, suggesting that CSpV1 is involved in the upregulation of U90926 during Cryptosporidium infection. Our study highlights a new strategy by Cryptosporidium to hijack a host lncRNA to suppress epithelial cell-autonomous antiparasitic defense and allow for a robust infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion L. Graham
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Min Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Ai-Yu Gong
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Silu Deng
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Kehua Jin
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei, China
| | - Shuhong Wang
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Xian-Ming Chen
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
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Berber E, Şimşek E, Çanakoğlu N, Sürsal N, Gençay Göksu A. Newly identified Cryptosporidium parvum virus-1 from newborn calf diarrhoea in Turkey. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:2571-2580. [PMID: 33207084 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is a common enteric parasite that primarily affects those immunocompromised susceptible individuals and newborns. Detailed investigations have revealed that Cryptosporidium (C.) oocysts contain dsRNA segments which are recently classified under the Partitiviridae family. The relationship between parasite and virus whether or not affect the clinical outcomes of newborn calf diarrhoea is not apparent. The aim of this study was the identification and characterization of Cryptosporidium parvum virus-1 (CSpV1) from newborn calves. We also aimed to understand that parasite-virus symbiont relationship role in the severity of disease cases. Parasitic screening was performed with the help of morphological examinations, immunoassay and molecular polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. To further identification of C. parvum oocysts, confocal laser, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image analysis were used for the morphological investigations. Software-based in silico comparison and identity analyses were conducted from the CSpV1 genome for the genomic sequence characterizations. Cryptosporidium prevalence was 56.2% in newborn calf diarrhoeal cases. Virus dsRNA segments isolated from purified and clarified oocysts. Sequence results showed that we have successfully isolated CSpV1 from C. parvum oocysts. Virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) was found to be highly variable and showed a species-specific relationship with their carriers. We also identified that CSpV1 frequency was around 8.8% from diarrhoea-showing newborn calves. Cryptosporidium was strongly associated with diarrhoea at early ages of newborns, but the parasite and CSpV1 relationship is not associated with the severity of newborn calf diarrhoea. The current study provides the first report and molecular characterization of CSpV1 in Turkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Engin Berber
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Emrah Şimşek
- Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Nurettin Çanakoğlu
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.,Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Muğla Sitki Kocman University, Muğla, Turkey
| | - Neslihan Sürsal
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aksaray University, Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Gençay Göksu
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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Kashnikov AY, Epifanova NV, Novikova NA. Picobirnaviruses: prevalence, genetic diversity, detection methods. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2020; 24:661-672. [PMID: 33659852 PMCID: PMC7716564 DOI: 10.18699/vj20.660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This article presents a general overview of the prevalence, genetic diversity and detection methods of picobirnaviruses (PBVs), which are small, non-enveloped icosahedral viruses with a segmented double-stranded RNA genome consisting of two segments taxonomically related to the genus Picobirnavirus of the family Picobirnaviridae. This review of scientific papers published in 1988-2019 provides data on the PBV distribution in the nature and a broad host range. PBV infection is characterized as opportunistic, the lack of understanding of the etiological role of PBVs in diarrhea is emphasized, since these viruses are detected both in symptomatic and asymptomatic cases. The concept of PBV infection as a chronic disease caused by a long-lasting persistence of the virus in the host is considered. Such factors as stress syndrome, physiological conditions, immune status and host age at the time of primary PBV infection influence the virus detection rate in humans and animals. The possible zoonotic nature of human PBV infection is noted due to the capacity for interspecies PBV transmission acquired during evolution as a result of the reassortment of the genome segments of different viruses infecting the same host. Data providing evidence that PBVs belong to eukaryotes and a challenging hypothesis stating that PBVs are bacterial viruses are presented. The need to intensify work on PBV detection because of their wide distribution, despite the complexity due to the lack of the cultivation system, is emphasized. Two strategies of RT-PCR as main PBV detection methods are considered. The genomes of individual representatives of the genus isolated from different hosts are characterized. Emphasis is placed on the feasibility of developing primers with broader specificity for expanding the range of identifiable representatives of the genus PBV due to a huge variety of their genotypes. The importance of effective monitoring of PBV prevalence for studying the zoonotic and anthroponotic potential using metagenomic analysis is highlighted, and so is the possibility of using PBV as a marker for environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yu Kashnikov
- I.N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - N V Epifanova
- I.N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - N A Novikova
- I.N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
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Malik YS, Sircar S, Saurabh S, Kattoor JJ, Singh R, Ganesh B, Ghosh S, Dhama K, Singh RK. Epidemiologic Status of Picobirnavirus in India, A Less Explored Viral Disease. Open Virol J 2018; 12:99-109. [PMID: 30288198 PMCID: PMC6142670 DOI: 10.2174/1874357901812010099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the unexpected discovery of picobirnaviruses (PBV) in 1988, they have been reported in many animals including mammals and birds, which comprises both terrestrial and marine species. Due to their divergent characteristics to other viral taxa they are classified into a new family Picobirnaviridae. Although their pathogenicity and role in causing diarrhea still remains a question since they have been discovered in symptomatic and asymptomatic cases both. Recent studies employing state-of-art molecular tools have described their presence in various clinical samples, like stool samples from different mammals and birds, respiratory tracts of pigs and humans, sewage water, different foods, etc. Furthermore, their epidemiological status from different parts of the world in different hosts has also increased. Due to their diverse host and irregular host pattern their role in causing diarrhea remains alien. The heterogeneity nature can be ascribed to segmented genome of PBV, which renders them prone to continuous reassortment. Studies have been hampered on PBVs due to their non-adaptability to cell culture system. Here, we describe the molecular epidemiological data on PBVs in India and discusses the overall status of surveillance studies carried out till date in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashpal Singh Malik
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shubhankar Sircar
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sharad Saurabh
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jobin Jose Kattoor
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rashmi Singh
- College of Veterinary Sciences, DUVASU, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh - 281001, India
| | - Balasubramanian Ganesh
- Indian Council of Medical Research -National Institute of Epidemiology, R-127; 2nd Main Road, TNHB Layout, Ayapakkam, Chennai - 600 077, India
| | - Souvik Ghosh
- One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P. O. Box 334, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Raj Kumar Singh
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Xu L, Zhu Y, Ren L, Xu B, Liu C, Xie Z, Shen K. Characterization of the nasopharyngeal viral microbiome from children with community-acquired pneumonia but negative for Luminex xTAG respiratory viral panel assay detection. J Med Virol 2017; 89:2098-2107. [PMID: 28671295 PMCID: PMC7166964 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, 50 nasopharyngeal swabs from children with community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP) but negative for 18 common respiratory viruses, as measured by the Luminex xTAG Respiratory Viral Panel Assay, were subjected to multiplex metagenomic analyses using a next‐generation sequencing platform. Taxonomic analysis showed that all sequence reads could be assigned to a specific species. An average of 95.13% were assigned to the Bacteria kingdom, whereas, only 0.72% were potentially virus derived. This snapshot of the respiratory tract virome revealed most viral reads to be respiratory tract related, classified into four known virus families: Paramyxoviridae, Herpesviridae, Anelloviridae, and Polyomaviridae. Importantly, we detected a novel human parainfluenza virus 3 (HPIV 3) strain with a 32‐bp insertion in the haemagglutinin‐neuraminidase (HN) gene that produced a negative result in the Luminex assay, highlighting the strength of virome metagenomic analysis to identify not only novel viruses but also viruses likely to be missed by ordinary clinical tests. Thus, virome metagenomic analysis could become a viable clinical diagnostic method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection diseases, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection diseases, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Ren
- Institute of Pathogen Biology (IPB), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, China
| | - Baoping Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection diseases, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunyan Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection diseases, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengde Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection diseases, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kunling Shen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection diseases, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Epidemiology, phylogeny, and evolution of emerging enteric Picobirnaviruses of animal origin and their relationship to human strains. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:780752. [PMID: 25136620 PMCID: PMC4124650 DOI: 10.1155/2014/780752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Picobirnavirus (PBV) which has been included in the list of viruses causing enteric infection in animals is highly versatile because of its broad host range and genetic diversity. PBVs are among the most recent and emerging small, nonenveloped viruses with a bisegmented double-stranded RNA genome, classified under a new family “Picobirnaviridae.” PBVs have also been detected from respiratory tract of pigs, but needs further close investigation for their inhabitant behavior. Though, accretion of genomic data of PBVs from different mammalian species resolved some of the ambiguity, quite a few questions and hypotheses regarding pathogenesis, persistence location, and evolution of PBVs remain unreciprocated. Evolutionary analysis reveals association of PBVs with partitiviruses especially fungi partitiviruses. Although, PBVs may have an ambiguous clinical implication, they do pose a potential public health concern in humans and control of PBVs mainly relies on nonvaccinal approach. Based upon the published data, from 1988 to date, generated from animal PBVs across the globe, this review provides information and discussion with respect to genetic analysis as well as evolution of PBVs of animal origin in relation to human strains.
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Decker CJ, Parker R. Analysis of double-stranded RNA from microbial communities identifies double-stranded RNA virus-like elements. Cell Rep 2014; 7:898-906. [PMID: 24767992 PMCID: PMC4117469 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) can function as genetic information and may have served as genomic material before the existence of DNA-based life. By developing a method to purify dsRNA, we have investigated the diversity of dsRNA in microbial populations. We detect large dsRNAs in multiple microbial populations. Analysis of an aquatic microbial population reveals that some dsRNA sequences match metagenomic DNA, suggesting that microbes contain pools of sense-antisense transcripts. In addition, ∼30% of the dsRNA sequences are not present in the corresponding DNA pool and are strongly biased toward encoding novel proteins. Of these "dsRNA unique" sequences, only a small percentage share similarity to known viruses, a large fraction assemble into RNA virus-like contigs, and the remaining fraction has an unexplained origin. These results have uncovered dsRNA virus-like elements and underscore that dsRNA potentially represents an additional reservoir of genetic information in microbial populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn J Decker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Roy Parker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA.
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Ganesh B, Masachessi G, Mladenova Z. Animal picobirnavirus. Virusdisease 2014; 25:223-38. [PMID: 25674589 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-014-0207-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Picobirnavirus (PBV) is a small, non-enveloped, bisegmented double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus of vertebrate hosts. The name 'Picobirnavirus' derives from the prefix 'pico' (latin for 'small') in reference to the small virion size, plus the prefix 'bi' (latin for 'two') and the word 'RNA' to indicate the nature of the viral genome. The serendipitous discovery of PBV dates back to 1988 from Brazil, when human fecal samples collected during the acute gastroenteritis outbreaks were subjected for routine rotavirus surveillance by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and silver straining (S/S). The PAGE gels after silver staining showed a typical 'two RNA band' pattern, and it was identified as Picobirnavirus. Likewise, the feces of wild black-footed pigmy rice rats (Oryzomys nigripes) subjected for PAGE assay by the same research group in Brazil reported the presence of PBV (Pereira et al., J Gen Virol 69:2749-2754, 1988). PBVs have been detected in faeces of humans and wide range of animal species with or without diarrhoea, worldwide. The probable role of PBV as either a 'primary diarrhoeal agent' in 'immunocompetent children'; or a 'potential pathogen' in 'immunocompromised individuals' or an 'innocuous virus' in the intestine remains elusive and needs to be investigated despite the numerous reports of the presence of PBV in fecal samples of various species of domestic mammals, wild animals, birds and snakes; our current knowledge of their biology, etiology, pathogenicity or their transmission characteristics remains subtle. This review aims to analyse the veterinary and zoonotic aspects of animal Picobirnavirus infections since its discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balasubramanian Ganesh
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED), P-33, C. I. T. Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata, 700 010 West Bengal India
| | - Gisela Masachessi
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Zornitsa Mladenova
- National Reference Laboratory of Enteroviruses, Department of Virology, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, 44A, Stoletov Blvd., 1233 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Lin J, Ganesh A. Water quality indicators: bacteria, coliphages, enteric viruses. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2013; 23:484-506. [PMID: 23438312 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2013.769201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Water quality through the presence of pathogenic enteric microorganisms may affect human health. Coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli and coliphages are normally used as indicators of water quality. However, the presence of above-mentioned indicators do not always suggest the presence of human enteric viruses. It is important to study human enteric viruses in water. Human enteric viruses can tolerate fluctuating environmental conditions and survive in the environment for long periods of time becoming causal agents of diarrhoeal diseases. Therefore, the potential of human pathogenic viruses as significant indicators of water quality is emerging. Human Adenoviruses and other viruses have been proposed as suitable indices for the effective identification of such organisms of human origin contaminating water systems. This article reports on the recent developments in the management of water quality specifically focusing on human enteric viruses as indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnson Lin
- a School of Life Sciences , University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban , South Africa
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Ganesh B, Bányai K, Martella V, Jakab F, Masachessi G, Kobayashi N. Picobirnavirus infections: viral persistence and zoonotic potential. Rev Med Virol 2012; 22:245-56. [PMID: 22311513 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Picobirnaviruses (PBVs) are small, non-enveloped, bisegmented double-stranded RNA genomic viruses of vertebrate hosts. Since their discovery in the late 1980s in clinical specimens from outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in children, significant efforts have been made to investigate the role of PBV in diarrheic diseases. PBV has been detected in sporadic episodes of diarrhea as sole pathogen or coinfection as well as in outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis and in immunocompromised patients with diarrhea. However, PBV is frequently detected in non-diarrheic healthy hosts, and prolonged shedding has been observed in some individuals. Of interest, similar patterns of PBV infection have also been observed in pigs and other animal hosts. The increasing amount of PBV sequence data gathered from molecular epidemiological studies has evidenced a great sequence diversity of PBVs in various hosts and environmental samples. Importantly, evidence has been found for genetic relatedness between human and animal PBV strains, suggesting extant crossing points in the ecology and evolution of heterologous PBV strains. At present, no cell culture and animal model exists for PBVs. Well-structured epidemiological studies are still the only alternative to demonstrate the potential etiological role of PBVs in acute gastroenteritis or other diseases. This review aims to analyze the public health aspects of PBV infection, especially its possible association with zoonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balasubramanian Ganesh
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED), Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
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Nates SV, Gatti MSV, Ludert JE. The picobirnavirus: an integrated view on its biology, epidemiology and pathogenic potential. Future Virol 2011. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.10.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Picobirnaviruses (PBV) are a group of small, nonenveloped viruses with bi-segmented dsRNA genomes. The large genomic segment encodes for the capsid protein while the small segment encodes for the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. PBV are widely distributed and have been detected in the feces of a large variety of vertebrate species, including farm and captive animals and also in humans. Their etiological role as a cause of diarrhea remains elusive. Still, compelling evidence indicates that PBV may be opportunistic pathogens associated with diarrhea in immunocompromised individuals. The partial molecular characterization of human and animal strains revealed that PBVs are highly variable, and at least two distinct genogroups have been recognized. In addition, the possibility of interspecies transmission has been suggested. This article examines the molecular epidemiology and the biology of PBV and highlights the major challenges in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia V Nates
- Institute for Virology ‘Dr JM Vanella’, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Cordoba National University, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Maria Silvia Viccari Gatti
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juan E Ludert
- Department of Infectomics & Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research & Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV), Mexico City, Mexico and Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN. Av. IPN 2508, Colonia San Pedro Zacatenco, Mexico, D.F., C.P. 07360, Mexico
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13
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Glass RI, Bresee JS. Astroviruses, Enteric Adenoviruses, and Other Gastroenteritis Viral Infections. TROPICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES: PRINCIPLES, PATHOGENS AND PRACTICE 2011. [PMCID: PMC7149586 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-3935-5.00063-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Ganesh B, Nataraju SM, Rajendran K, Ramamurthy T, Kanungo S, Manna B, Nagashima S, Sur D, Kobayashi N, Krishnan T. Detection of closely related Picobirnaviruses among diarrhoeic children in Kolkata: evidence of zoonoses? INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2010; 10:511-6. [PMID: 20178864 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2010.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The genus, Picobirnavirus (PBV), Spanish 'pico'='small', birna for 'bipartite RNA' genome, belongs to the family Picobirnaviridae under the proposed order Diplornavirales. PBV infections have been reported from diarrhoeic animal species and humans as well as from asymptomatic cases. The detection of Picobirnaviruses (PBVs) in diarrhoeic faecal specimens from children aged <5 years, suggestive of zoonotic transmission is being reported. 23 Picobirnavirus positive faecal specimens were detected by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and silver staining from a set of 1112 faecal specimens collected from an urban slum community in Kolkata between July and October 2007. The Picobirnaviruses showed either large profile (n=22) or small profile (n=1) for their bisegmented genomic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). 13/23 positives were amplified by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) as 201bp amplicon with genogroup I primers [PicoB25(+) and PicoB43(-) specific for RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene fragment encoded by genomic segment 2] and seven amplicons were sequenced [GPBV1-5, 7 and 8]. Sequence analyses showed that four PBV strains [GPBV1-3 and 8] resembled different clones of porcine PBV strains (D4, D6 and C10) reported in 2008 from Hungary and two PBV strains [GPBV4 and 7] resembled human PBV strains (P597, Kolkata and 2-GA-91, USA) with the maximum nucleotide (nt) identity ranging from 78% to 92%. One strain GPBV5 clustered with human PBVs and porcine PBVs that were reported from Hungary, Venezuela and Argentina showing close homology to human-like PBVs. Therefore, the close monitoring of their global spread as well as in-depth molecular characterization is essential for better understanding of emerging PBV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balasubramanian Ganesh
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, CIT Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700 010, West Bengal, India
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15
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Nibert ML, Woods KM, Upton SJ, Ghabrial SA. Cryspovirus: a new genus of protozoan viruses in the family Partitiviridae. Arch Virol 2009; 154:1959-65. [PMID: 19856142 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-009-0513-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The family Partitiviridae includes plant and fungal viruses with bisegmented dsRNA genomes and isometric virions in which the two genome segments are packaged separately and used as templates for semiconservative transcription by the viral polymerase. A new genus, Cryspovirus, has been approved for this family. Its name is based on that of the host genus, Cryptosporidium, which encompasses several species of apicomplexan parasites that infect a wide range of mammals, birds, and reptiles, and are a major cause of human diarrheal illness worldwide. The type species of the new genus is Cryptosporidium parvum virus 1. Distinguishing characteristics include infection of a protozoan host, a smaller capsid protein than found in other members of the family Partitiviridae, and sequence-based phylogenetic divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max L Nibert
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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16
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The picobirnavirus crystal structure provides functional insights into virion assembly and cell entry. EMBO J 2009; 28:1655-65. [PMID: 19407816 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2009.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Double-stranded (ds) RNA virus particles are organized around a central icosahedral core capsid made of 120 identical subunits. This core capsid is unable to invade cells from outside, and animal dsRNA viruses have acquired surrounding capsid layers that are used to deliver a transcriptionally active core particle across the membrane during cell entry. In contrast, dsRNA viruses infecting primitive eukaryotes have only a simple core capsid, and as a consequence are transmitted only vertically. Here, we report the 3.4 A X-ray structure of a picobirnavirus--an animal dsRNA virus associated with diarrhoea and gastroenteritis in humans. The structure shows a simple core capsid with a distinctive icosahedral arrangement, displaying 60 two-fold symmetric dimers of a coat protein (CP) with a new 3D-fold. We show that, as many non-enveloped animal viruses, CP undergoes an autoproteolytic cleavage, releasing a post-translationally modified peptide that remains associated with nucleic acid within the capsid. Our data also show that picobirnavirus particles are capable of disrupting biological membranes in vitro, indicating that its simple 120-subunits capsid has evolved animal cell invasion properties.
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17
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Molecular characterization of picobirnaviruses from new hosts. Virus Res 2009; 143:134-6. [PMID: 19463731 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2009.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2008] [Revised: 03/07/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Picobirnaviruses (PBVs) have recently been classified into the Picobirnaviridae family. They are small, non-enveloped viruses with bisegmented, double-stranded (ds) RNA genomes. Although they are found in the feces of a broad range of hosts, information regarding their genomes is limited to viruses detected from humans, rabbits, and porcine. Identification of PBVs has been done using PAGE and reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). In this study, we present a phylogenetic analysis of PBVs detected in the feces of dogs, snakes, and rats. In addition, we compare these strains to those from human and porcine hosts. To do so, 487 fecal specimens from dogs, snakes and rats were analyzed by PAGE. The positive specimens for PBV were tested by RT-PCR using primers for genogroup I of the PBVs. From the 11 genogroup I PBV samples, at least one from each host was sequenced and submitted for phylogenetic analysis. All of the sequences showed high homology with the human and porcine genogroup I PBV sequences. In this study we report the first detection of PBVs in snakes (8.5%). We also report a phylogenetic analysis that goes beyond humans and pigs to include dogs, rats, and snakes. However, more hosts must be included in the analysis so that we may reach better conclusions regarding the spread of these viruses.
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Bhattacharya R, Sahoo GC, Nayak MK, Saha DR, Sur D, Naik TN, Bhattacharya SK, Krishnan T. Molecular epidemiology of human picobirnaviruses among children of a slum community in Kolkata, India. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2006; 6:453-8. [PMID: 16616879 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2006.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2005] [Revised: 02/21/2006] [Accepted: 02/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Picobirnaviruses are a group of unclassified, non-enveloped, small spherical viruses, 35-41 nm in diameter without any apparent surface morphology. They have characteristic bisegmented double stranded RNA genome of two types namely large profile (2.3-2.6 kbp for the larger and 1.5-1.9 kbp for the smaller segment, respectively) or small profile (1.75 and 1.55 kbp for segments 1 and 2, respectively). Human picobirnaviruses (n=12 positives; 2/56 diarrhoeic children and 10/607 non-diarrhoeic children) with large (n=11) or small (n=1) genome pattern were observed in faecal specimens of children from a slum community by silver stained PAGE gels. Faecal specimen from four asymptomatic cases (P597_02_IND, K135_02_IND, A373_03_IND, A356_03_IND) and one diarrhoeic case (K135_03_IND) had genogroup I picobirnaviruses (1-CHN-97 like) showing amplicons within the 201 bp region, with primers PicoB25-PicoB43, targeting the conserved domain of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene. It was interesting to note that only the PBV strain P597_02_IND from Kolkata with large genome was closely related to a reported strain (similarity with 2-GA-91 from USA was 87% at the nucleotide level and 90% at the amino acid level). Sequence analysis showed three conserved amino acid domains as well as a highly conserved D-S-D motif, characteristic of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene of bisegmented, double stranded RNA viruses. Sequence data of the picobirnavirus A356_03_IND indicated strong heterogeneity with all other picobirnavirus strains sequenced till date. After nearly a decade a genogroup II picobirnavirus strain (R227_03_IND) was isolated from a diarrhoea case in the community, with small genome profile and amplified with specific primers PicoB23-PicoB24; but the sequence data showed that it was divergent from the hitherto reported prototype strain 4-GA-91 of genogroup II human picobirnaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rittwika Bhattacharya
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, P33 CIT Road, Scheme XM, Beliaghata, Kolkata 700010, India
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19
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Abstract
Picobirnavirus is named after the small birnavirus which contains two double-stranded RNA segments as a genome. However, their properties are quite different to each other. Although the virus has been detected mainly from the stools of gastroenteritis patients and several mammals and birds, the pathogenicity of the virus has not been established. Characterizations of the virus are hampered due to the lack in the system for multiplication of the virus in cultured cells or experimental animals. Recently, complete nucleotide sequences of two RNA segments of a human picobirnavirus detected in Thailand were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Taniguchi
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan.
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20
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Wakuda M, Pongsuwanna Y, Taniguchi K. Complete nucleotide sequences of two RNA segments of human picobirnavirus. J Virol Methods 2005; 126:165-9. [PMID: 15847933 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2004] [Revised: 02/07/2005] [Accepted: 02/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Picobirnaviruses are unclassified, non-enveloped, spherical, small viruses with a genome comprising two double-stranded RNA segments. Only incomplete sequence data on picobirnaviruses are available so far. By cloning involving single primer amplification, full-length cDNAs were prepared corresponding to RNA segments 1 and 2 of a picobirnavirus (strain Hy005102) isolated from a stool specimen from an infant with acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis in Thailand, and the complete nucleotide sequences were determined. RNA segments 1 and 2 are 2,525 and 1,745 base pairs in length, respectively. RNA segment 1 encodes two open reading frames (ORFs) of 224 and 552 amino acids, and RNA segment 2 codes for a single ORF of 534 amino acids. On comparison with a part of the nucleotide sequences of the RNA segment, 2 of the other published picobirnavirus strains, the Thai strain was found to be related most closely to one of the US strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsutaka Wakuda
- Department of Virology and Parasitology, Fujita Health University, School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
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21
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Buzinaro MG, Freitas PPS, Kisiellius JJ, Ueda M, Jerez JA. Identification of a bisegmented double-stranded RNA virus (picobirnavirus) in calf faeces. Vet J 2003; 166:185-7. [PMID: 12902184 DOI: 10.1016/s1090-0233(03)00031-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
To determine the incidence of rotavirus infection among dairy herds in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, 576 faecal samples obtained from calves aged 1-45 days with and without diarrhoea, reared on 63 dairy cattle farms, were analyzed. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) identified 28 samples positive for group A rotavirus, while four samples, two diarrhoeic and two non-diarrhoeic, showed a bisegmented genome with a typical picobirnavirus pattern. Electron microscopy revealed spherical virus particles with a diameter of 37 nm and without a defined surface structure. The present study is the first report of a bisegmented virus identified in cattle in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Buzinaro
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Reprodução Animal, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, s/n, 14884-900 Jaboticabal, Estado de São Paulo, Brazil.
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22
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Leoni F, Gallimore CI, Green J, McLauchlin J. A rapid method for identifying diversity within PCR amplicons using a heteroduplex mobility assay and synthetic polynucleotides: application to characterisation of dsRNA elements associated with Cryptosporidium. J Microbiol Methods 2003; 54:95-103. [PMID: 12732426 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7012(03)00014-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A 173-bp fragment of the small extra-chromosomal double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) element of Cryptosporidium parvum was generated by reverse transcriptase PCR from nucleic acid extracted from whole faeces of 18 epidemiologically unrelated cases of cryptosporidiosis. Eleven different sequences were detected and two selected as reference DNA in a heteroduplex mobility assay (HMA). Although sequence diversity was detected, this was difficult to characterise because of the similarity in electrophoretic mobility of the homo- and heteroduplex bands. A PCR method was devised to generate synthetic polynucleotides of greater sequence diversity for use in the HMA. The presence of the synthetic 173-bp fragments was enriched by using, as template for the PCR, material excised from the area of the heteroduplex bands in stained electrophoresis gels. Nine novel sequences were generated and evaluated as reference sequences in the HMA. One of these with 20 bp different from the original sequence was selected for use in the HMA for improved resolution of heteroduplex and homoduplex bands and number of patterns easily resolved (nine different patterns corresponding to different DNA sequences). This method may be useful for analysis of DNA where there is limited natural variation or little sequence variation is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Leoni
- PHLS Food Safety Microbiology Laboratory, Central Public Health Laboratory, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5HT, UK
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23
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VI, 2. Molecular characterization and epidemiology of picobirnaviruses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0168-7069(03)09039-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Rosen BI, Fang ZY, Glass RI, Monroe SS. Cloning of human picobirnavirus genomic segments and development of an RT-PCR detection assay. Virology 2000; 277:316-29. [PMID: 11080479 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2000.0594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nearly full-length genomic segments 2 and a partial-length genomic segment 1 of human picobirnavirus were cloned and sequenced. The clones were derived from viruses obtained from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients in Atlanta, Georgia (strains 3-GA-91 and 4-GA-91) and a nonHIV-infected person from China (strain 1-CHN-97). The picobirnavirus genomic segments lacked sequence similarities with other viral sequences in GenBank and EMBL. Comparison of genomic segment 1 from a human and a rabbit picobirnavirus identified a region of 127 nucleotides with 54.7% identity. The genomic segments 2 of the 4-GA-91 and 1-CHN-97 strains had 41.4% nucleic acid identity and 30.0% amino acid similarity and contained amino acid motifs typical of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase genes. Reverse transcription-PCR detection assays were developed with primers targeted to the genomic segments 2 of strains 4-GA-91 or 1-CHN-97. Picobirnaviruses related to the China strain were the predominant viruses detected in stool samples from people in four countries on three continents. Picobirnaviruses were detected in samples from two outbreaks of gastroenteritis in long-term elder care facilities but were not determined to be the primary pathogen. Our findings support the view that picobirnaviruses constitute a distinct family of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- B I Rosen
- Viral Gastroenteritis Section, Respiratory and Enteric Viruses Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Disease, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
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Haga IR, Martins SS, Hosomi ST, Vicentini F, Tanaka H, Gatti MS. Identification of a bisegmented double-stranded RNA virus (Picobirnavirus) in faeces of giant anteaters (Myrmecophaga tridactyla). Vet J 1999; 158:234-6. [PMID: 10558845 DOI: 10.1053/tvjl.1999.0369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I R Haga
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, 13081-970 Campinas, Brazil
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González GG, Pujol FH, Liprandi F, Deibis L, Ludert JE. Prevalence of enteric viruses in human immunodeficiency virus seropositive patients in Venezuela. J Med Virol 1998; 55:288-92. [PMID: 9661837 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9071(199808)55:4<288::aid-jmv6>3.0.co;2-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of enteric viruses associated with gastroenteritis was determined in 125 stool samples from patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), with or without diarrhea. Diagnostic assays included enzyme immunoassays for the identification of rotavirus, adenovirus, and Norwalk virus; polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for atypical rotaviruses and picobirnaviruses and polymerase chain reaction for astrovirus. Enteric viruses were detected in 6.4% (8 of 125) of the stools collected: five (4.0%) samples positive for adenoviruses, and three (2.3%) samples positive for picobirnaviruses were detected. No rotavirus, astrovirus, or Norwalk virus were observed. Only one of the viruses identified (adenovirus) was found in a sample from a patient with diarrhea. Viruses were detected in 10% of the patients with AIDS, 14% of the symptomatic patients, and none of the asymptomatic persons. These results do not support a major role for enteric viruses in the diarrhea suffered by HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- G G González
- Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela
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