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Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Profiling of the PDI Gene Family Reveals Their Probable Involvement in Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Tomato ( Solanum Lycopersicum L.). Genes (Basel) 2020; 12:genes12010023. [PMID: 33375673 PMCID: PMC7824348 DOI: 10.3390/genes12010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein disulfide isomerases (PDI) and PDI-like proteins catalyze the formation and isomerization of protein disulfide bonds in the endoplasmic reticulum and prevent the buildup of misfolded proteins under abiotic stress conditions. In the present study, we conducted the first comprehensive genome-wide exploration of the PDI gene family in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). We identified 19 tomato PDI genes that were unevenly distributed on 8 of the 12 tomato chromosomes, with segmental duplications detected for 3 paralogous gene pairs. Expression profiling of the PDI genes revealed that most of them were differentially expressed across different organs and developmental stages of the fruit. Furthermore, most of the PDI genes were highly induced by heat, salt, and abscisic acid (ABA) treatments, while relatively few of the genes were induced by cold and nutrient and water deficit (NWD) stresses. The predominant expression of SlPDI1-1, SlPDI1-3, SlPDI1-4, SlPDI2-1, SlPDI4-1, and SlPDI5-1 in response to abiotic stress and ABA treatment suggested they play regulatory roles in abiotic stress tolerance in tomato in an ABA-dependent manner. Our results provide new insight into the structure and function of PDI genes and will be helpful for the selection of candidate genes involved in fruit development and abiotic stress tolerance in tomato.
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Moretti AIS, Pavanelli JC, Nolasco P, Leisegang MS, Tanaka LY, Fernandes CG, Wosniak J, Kajihara D, Dias MH, Fernandes DC, Jo H, Tran NV, Ebersberger I, Brandes RP, Bonatto D, Laurindo FRM. Conserved Gene Microsynteny Unveils Functional Interaction Between Protein Disulfide Isomerase and Rho Guanine-Dissociation Inhibitor Families. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17262. [PMID: 29222525 PMCID: PMC5722932 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16947-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs) support endoplasmic reticulum redox protein folding and cell-surface thiol-redox control of thrombosis and vascular remodeling. The family prototype PDIA1 regulates NADPH oxidase signaling and cytoskeleton organization, however the related underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here we show that genes encoding human PDIA1 and its two paralogs PDIA8 and PDIA2 are each flanked by genes encoding Rho guanine-dissociation inhibitors (GDI), known regulators of RhoGTPases/cytoskeleton. Evolutionary histories of these three microsyntenic regions reveal their emergence by two successive duplication events of a primordial gene pair in the last common vertebrate ancestor. The arrangement, however, is substantially older, detectable in echinoderms, nematodes, and cnidarians. Thus, PDI/RhoGDI pairing in the same transcription orientation emerged early in animal evolution and has been largely maintained. PDI/RhoGDI pairs are embedded into conserved genomic regions displaying common cis-regulatory elements. Analysis of gene expression datasets supports evidence for PDI/RhoGDI coexpression in developmental/inflammatory contexts. PDIA1/RhoGDIα were co-induced in endothelial cells upon CRISP-R-promoted transcription activation of each pair component, and also in mouse arterial intima during flow-induced remodeling. We provide evidence for physical interaction between both proteins. These data support strong functional links between PDI and RhoGDI families, which likely maintained PDI/RhoGDI microsynteny along > 800-million years of evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I S Moretti
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Heart Institute (Incor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jessyca C Pavanelli
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Heart Institute (Incor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Nolasco
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Heart Institute (Incor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Leonardo Y Tanaka
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Heart Institute (Incor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina G Fernandes
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Heart Institute (Incor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Wosniak
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Heart Institute (Incor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela Kajihara
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Heart Institute (Incor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Matheus H Dias
- Special Laboratory for Cell Cycle, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling - CeTICS-Cepid, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denise C Fernandes
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Heart Institute (Incor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hanjoong Jo
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Ngoc-Vinh Tran
- Applied Bioinformatics Group, Institute of Cell Biology & Neuroscience, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ingo Ebersberger
- Applied Bioinformatics Group, Institute of Cell Biology & Neuroscience, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Center (BiK-F), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ralf P Brandes
- Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Diego Bonatto
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Francisco R M Laurindo
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Heart Institute (Incor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil.
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A disulphide isomerase gene (PDI-V) from Haynaldia villosa contributes to powdery mildew resistance in common wheat. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24227. [PMID: 27071705 PMCID: PMC4829865 DOI: 10.1038/srep24227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report the contribution of a PDI-like gene from wheat wild relative Haynaldia villosa in combating powdery mildew. PDI-V protein contains two conserved thioredoxin (TRX) active domains (a and a′) and an inactive domain (b). PDI-V interacted with E3 ligase CMPG1-V protein, which is a positive regulator of powdery mildew response. PDI-V was mono-ubiquitinated by CMPG1-V without degradation being detected. PDI-V was located on H. villosa chromosome 5V and encoded for a protein located in the endoplasmic reticulum. Bgt infection in leaves of H. villosa induced PDI-V expression. Virus induced gene silencing of PDIs in a T. durum-H. villosa amphiploid compromised the resistance. Single cell transient over-expression of PDI-V or a truncated version containing the active TXR domain a decreased the haustorial index in moderately susceptible wheat cultivar Yangmai 158. Stable transgenic lines over-expressing PDI-V in Yangmai 158 displayed improved powdery mildew resistance at both the seedling and adult stages. By contrast over-expression of point-mutated PDI-VC57A did not increase the level of resistance in Yangmai 158. The above results indicate a pivotal role of PDI-V in powdery mildew resistance and showed that conserved TRX domain a is critical for its function.
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Li P, Li X, Saravanan R, Li CM, Leong SSJ. Antimicrobial macromolecules: synthesis methods and future applications. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra01297a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Cho EJ, Yuen CY, Kang BH, Ondzighi CA, Staehelin LA, Christopher DA. Protein disulfide isomerase-2 of Arabidopsis mediates protein folding and localizes to both the secretory pathway and nucleus, where it interacts with maternal effect embryo arrest factor. Mol Cells 2011; 32:459-75. [PMID: 21909944 PMCID: PMC3887692 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-011-0150-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 08/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is a thiodisulfide oxidoreductase that catalyzes the formation, reduction and rearrangement of disulfide bonds in proteins of eukaryotes. The classical PDI has a signal peptide, two CXXC-containing thioredoxin catalytic sites (a,a'), two noncatalytic thioredoxin fold domains (b,b'), an acidic domain (c) and a C-terminal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention signal. Although PDI resides in the ER where it mediates the folding of nascent polypeptides of the secretory pathway, we recently showed that PDI5 of Arabidopsis thaliana chaperones and inhibits cysteine proteases during trafficking to vacuoles prior to programmed cell death of the endothelium in developing seeds. Here we describe Arabidopsis PDI2, which shares a primary structure similar to that of classical PDI. Recombinant PDI2 is imported into ER-derived microsomes and complements the E. coli protein-folding mutant, dsbA. PDI2 interacted with proteins in both the ER and nucleus, including ER-resident protein folding chaperone, BiP1, and nuclear embryo transcription factor, MEE8. The PDI2-MEE8 interaction was confirmed to occur in vitro and in vivo. Transient expression of PDI2-GFP fusions in mesophyll protoplasts resulted in labeling of the ER, nucleus and vacuole. PDI2 is expressed in multiple tissues, with relatively high expression in seeds and root tips. Immunoelectron microscopy with GFP- and PDI2-specific antisera on transgenic seeds (PDI2-GFP) and wild type roots demonstrated that PDI2 was found in the secretory pathway (ER, Golgi, vacuole, cell wall) and the nuclei. Our results indicate that PDI2 mediates protein folding in the ER and has new functional roles in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Byung-Ho Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, USA
| | - Christine A. Ondzighi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, USA
| | - L. Andrew Staehelin
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, USA
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Comparative genomic study of protein disulfide isomerases from photosynthetic organisms. Genomics 2011; 97:37-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Hatahet F, Ruddock LW. Protein disulfide isomerase: a critical evaluation of its function in disulfide bond formation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009; 11:2807-50. [PMID: 19476414 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 496] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Disulfide bond formation is probably involved in the biogenesis of approximately one third of human proteins. A central player in this essential process is protein disulfide isomerase or PDI. PDI was the first protein-folding catalyst reported. However, despite more than four decades of study, we still do not understand much about its physiological mechanisms of action. This review examines the published literature with a critical eye. This review aims to (a) provide background on the chemistry of disulfide bond formation and rearrangement, including the concept of reduction potential, before examining the structure of PDI; (b) detail the thiol-disulfide exchange reactions that are catalyzed by PDI in vitro, including a critical examination of the assays used to determine them; (c) examine oxidation and reduction of PDI in vivo, including not only the role of ERo1 but also an extensive assessment of the role of glutathione, as well as other systems, such as peroxide, dehydroascorbate, and a discussion of vitamin K-based systems; (d) consider the in vivo reactions of PDI and the determination and implications of the redox state of PDI in vivo; and (e) discuss other human and yeast PDI-family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feras Hatahet
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oulu , Oulu, Finland
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Yi Z, Jingting C, Yu Z. Proteomics Reveals Protein Profile Changes in Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitor-Treated Endometrial Cancer Cells. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2009; 19:326-33. [DOI: 10.1111/igc.0b013e31819f1b4d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective:To examine effects of an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, NS-398, on the proliferation, apoptosis and invasion characteristics of endometrial cancer cell RL95-2.Methods:(1) Western blotting was carried out to determine COX-2 protein expression in RL95-2 cells and normal endometrium specimens. (2) The effect of NS-398 treatment on the cell proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion was assessed by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay, flow cytometry, and matrigel invasion assay, respectively. (3) Finally, the proteomic analysis was used to find out proteins that are differentially expressed because of NS-398 treatment.Results:(1) COX-2 protein in RL95-2 cell line was significantly higher than that in normal endometrium. (2) NS-398 had significant growth inhibition effects on RL95-2 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. (3) NS-398 increased the proportion of cells in G1 and decreased the proportion of cells in the G2 phase in RL95-2 cells. (4) NS-398 could restrain endometrial cancer cells invasion. (5) The proteomic analysis revealed several proteins that are differentially expressed because of NS-398 treatment; the down-regulated proteins identified are hnRNP K, α enolase, Hsp70, tropomyosin, and protein disulfide isomerase, the up-regulated protein is phosphatidylethanolamine binding protein.Conclusions:The expression of COX-2 plays an important role in tumorigenesis of endometrial cancer. NS-398 can inhibit the ability of RL95-2 cell proliferation, viability, and invasion. In this study, the well-resolved reproducible 2-DE maps of NS-398 treated and control RL95-2 cells were established, and the significantly different expressed proteins are preliminary identified.
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Zhang Y, Zhang YL, Feng C, Wu YT, Liu AX, Sheng JZ, Cai J, Huang HF. Comparative proteomic analysis of human placenta derived from assisted reproductive technology. Proteomics 2008; 8:4344-56. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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10
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Lu DP, Christopher DA. Endoplasmic reticulum stress activates the expression of a sub-group of protein disulfide isomerase genes and AtbZIP60 modulates the response in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Genet Genomics 2008; 280:199-210. [DOI: 10.1007/s00438-008-0356-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 06/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Appenzeller-Herzog C, Ellgaard L. The human PDI family: versatility packed into a single fold. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2007; 1783:535-48. [PMID: 18093543 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2007.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2007] [Revised: 11/16/2007] [Accepted: 11/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The enzymes of the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family are thiol-disulfide oxidoreductases of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). They contain a CXXC active-site sequence where the two cysteines catalyze the exchange of a disulfide bond with or within substrates. The primary function of the PDIs in promoting oxidative protein folding in the ER has been extended in recent years to include roles in other processes such as ER-associated degradation (ERAD), trafficking, calcium homeostasis, antigen presentation and virus entry. Some of these functions are performed by non-catalytic members of the family that lack the active-site cysteines. Regardless of their function, all human PDIs contain at least one domain of approximately 100 amino acid residues with structural homology to thioredoxin. As we learn more about the individual proteins of the family, a complex picture is emerging that emphasizes as much their differences as their similarities, and underlines the versatility of the thioredoxin fold. Here, we primarily explore the diversity of cellular functions described for the human PDIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Appenzeller-Herzog
- Department of Molecular Biology, Universitetsparken 13, University of Copenhagen, DK - 2100 Copenhagen Ø., Denmark
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Maeda R, Ado K, Takeda N, Taniguchi Y. Promotion of insulin aggregation by protein disulfide isomerase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2007; 1774:1619-27. [PMID: 17920002 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2007.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2007] [Revised: 07/31/2007] [Accepted: 08/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We examined the aggregation of insulin as a result of reduction of disulfide bonds catalyzed by protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) using various techniques. We demonstrated the kinetic correlation between PDI-catalyzed insulin reduction and the aggregate formation, the relationship between aggregation and amyloid formation, and the structural information on the secondary structure of the aggregates. The initial rate of PDI-catalyzed reduction of insulin, apparent rate constants of aggregate growth for sigmoidal features, and lag times were obtained by changing the PDI concentration, temperature, and insulin concentration. In situ kinetics were studied using the dyes; thioflavin T (ThT) and Congo red (CR) in addition to turbidimetry with the insulin reduction by PDI. The ThT and CR binding assay revealed sigmoidal kinetics, and the spectrum of binding CR showed a red shift against time, suggesting an orderly formation of insulin aggregates. The secondary structure of the PDI-promoted insulin aggregates showed antiparallel beta-sheet conformation by FT-IR measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Maeda
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Kitakyushu National College of Technology, 5-20-1 Shii, Kokuraminami-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 802-0985, Japan
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Wang ZQ, Han YH, Shao XX, Chi CW, Guo ZY. Molecular cloning, expression and characterization of protein disulfide isomerase from Conus marmoreus. FEBS J 2007; 274:4778-87. [PMID: 17697113 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.06003.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The oxidative folding of disulfide-rich conotoxins is essential for their biological functions. In vivo, disulfide bond formation is mainly catalyzed by protein disulfide isomerase. To elucidate the physiologic roles of protein disulfide isomerase in the folding of conotoxins, we have cloned a novel full-length protein disulfide isomerase from Conus marmoreus. Its ORF encodes a 500 amino acid protein that shares sequence homology with protein disulfide isomerases from other species, and 70% homology with human protein disulfide isomerase. Enzymatic analyses of recombinant C. marmoreus protein disulfide isomerase showed that it shared functional similarities with human protein disulfide isomerase. Using conotoxins tx3a and sTx3.1 as substrate, we analyzed the oxidase and isomerase activities of the C. marmoreus protein disulfide isomerase and found that it was much more efficient than glutathione in catalyzing oxidative folding and disulfide isomerization of conotoxins. We further demonstrated that macromolecular crowding had little effect on the protein disulfide isomerase-catalyzed oxidative folding and disulfide isomerization of conotoxins. On the basis of these data, we propose that the C. marmoreus protein disulfide isomerase plays a key role during in vivo folding of conotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qiang Wang
- Institute of Protein Research, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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14
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Liao M, Hatta T, Umemiya R, Huang P, Jia H, Gong H, Zhou J, Nishikawa Y, Xuan X, Fujisaki K. Identification of three protein disulfide isomerase members from Haemaphysalis longicornis tick. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 37:641-54. [PMID: 17550821 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2007.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2007] [Revised: 03/05/2007] [Accepted: 03/26/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Three genes encoding putative protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) were isolated from the Haemaphysalis longicornis EST database and designed as HlPDI-1, HlPDI-2, and HlPDI-3. All three PDI genes contain two typical PDI active sites CXXC and encode putative 435, 499, and 488 amino acids, respectively. The recombinant proteins expressed in Escherichia coli all show PDI activities, and the activities were inhibited by a PDI-specific inhibitor, zinc bacitracin. Western blot analysis and real-time PCR revealed that three HlPDIs were present in all the developmental stages of the tick as well as in the midgut, salivary glands, ovary, hemolymph, and fatbody of adult female ticks, but the three genes were expressed at the highest level in the egg stage. HlPDI-1 is expressed primarily in the ovary and secondarily in the salivary glands. HlPDI-2 and HlPDI-3 are expressed primarily in the salivary gland, suggesting that the PDI genes are important for tick biology, especially for egg development, and that they play distinct roles in different tissues. Blood feeding induced significantly increased expression of HlPDI-1 and HlPDI-3 in both partially fed nymphs and adults. Babesia gibsoni-infected larval ticks expressed HlPDI-1 and HlPDI-3 2.0 and 4.0 times higher than uninfected normal larval ticks, respectively. The results indicate that HlPDI-1 and HlPDI-3 might be involved in tick blood feeding and Babesia parasite infection in ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liao
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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15
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Knizetova P, Vancova I, Kocakova P, Slovak M, Proost P, Kopacek J. New member of the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family identified in Amblyomma variegatum tick. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 36:943-53. [PMID: 17098169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2006.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2006] [Revised: 08/15/2006] [Accepted: 09/12/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Ticks belonging to arthropoda are blood feeding, geographically widespread ectoparasites of mammals, reptiles and birds. Their saliva contains active substances that protect them from host immune attack and allow for transmission of various pathogens during the feeding process. Characterization of tick saliva components can therefore contribute to the development of effective methods for the control of tick-borne diseases. Here we describe the identification and basic characterization of a gene encoding a 55kDa protein found in the salivary glands (SG) of Amblyomma variegatum tick. Based on the primary structure and homology to the family of protein disulfide isomerases (PDI; EC 5.3.4.1) the gene was named AvPDI. The 1461nt long AvPDI open reading frame codes for a 487 amino acid protein. In vitro expressed AvPDI was exclusively localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. RT-PCR and Western blot analysis revealed that AvPDI expression is not restricted to the SG of the tick. More detailed analysis on tissue slides from SG detected an AvPDI specific signal in granular cells of the acini type II and III. Finally, reductase activity of AvPDI was confirmed in an insulin assay. The structural and functional characteristics suggest that AvPDI is another member of the PDI protein family and represents the first more closely characterized PDI in the ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Knizetova
- Centre of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, Bratislava 845 05, Slovakia
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16
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Kozlov G, Maattanen P, Schrag JD, Pollock S, Cygler M, Nagar B, Thomas DY, Gehring K. Crystal Structure of the bb′ Domains of the Protein Disulfide Isomerase ERp57. Structure 2006; 14:1331-9. [PMID: 16905107 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2006.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2006] [Revised: 06/10/2006] [Accepted: 06/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is limited by the rate of correct disulfide bond formation. This process is carried out by protein disulfide isomerases, a family of ER proteins which includes general enzymes such as PDI that recognize unfolded proteins and others that are selective for specific proteins or classes. Using small-angle X-ray scattering and X-ray crystallography, we report the structure of a selective isomerase, ERp57, and its interactions with the lectin chaperone calnexin. Using isothermal titration calorimetry and NMR spectroscopy, we show that the b' domain of ERp57 binds calnexin with micromolar affinity through a conserved patch of basic residues. Disruption of this binding site by mutagenesis abrogates folding of RNase B in an in vitro assay. The relative positions of the ERp57 catalytic sites and calnexin binding site suggest that activation by calnexin is due to substrate recruitment rather than a direct stimulation of ERp57 oxidoreductase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guennadi Kozlov
- Biochemistry Department, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada
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Gruber CW, Cemazar M, Heras B, Martin JL, Craik DJ. Protein disulfide isomerase: the structure of oxidative folding. Trends Biochem Sci 2006; 31:455-64. [PMID: 16815710 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2006.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2006] [Revised: 05/11/2006] [Accepted: 06/12/2006] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cellular functions hinge on the ability of proteins to adopt their correct folds, and misfolded proteins can lead to disease. Here, we focus on the proteins that catalyze disulfide bond formation, a step in the oxidative folding pathway that takes place in specialized cellular compartments. In the endoplasmic reticulum of eukaryotes, disulfide formation is catalyzed by protein disulfide isomerase (PDI); by contrast, prokaryotes produce a family of disulfide bond (Dsb) proteins, which together achieve an equivalent outcome in the bacterial periplasm. The recent crystal structure of yeast PDI has increased our understanding of the function and mechanism of PDI. Comparison of the structure of yeast PDI with those of bacterial DsbC and DsbG reveals some similarities but also striking differences that suggest directions for future research aimed at unraveling the catalytic mechanism of disulfide bond formation in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian W Gruber
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Australian Research Council Special Research Centre for Functional and Applied Genomics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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Persson S, Rosenquist M, Knoblach B, Khosravi-Far R, Sommarin M, Michalak M. Diversity of the protein disulfide isomerase family: identification of breast tumor induced Hag2 and Hag3 as novel members of the protein family. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2005; 36:734-40. [PMID: 15935701 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2005.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2004] [Revised: 02/09/2005] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Staffan Persson
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden.
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Ramos MA, Sanchez-Lopez R, Mares RE, Olvera F, Alagón A. Identification of an Entamoeba histolytica gene encoding a protein disulfide isomerase that functionally complements the dsbA mutation in Escherichia coli. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2005; 143:236-40. [PMID: 15990181 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2005.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2004] [Revised: 04/13/2005] [Accepted: 04/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Ramos
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Calzada Tecnológico 14418, Tijuana, Baja California 22390, México
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20
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Kimura T, Nishida A, Ohara N, Yamagishi D, Horibe T, Kikuchi M. Functional analysis of the CXXC motif using phage antibodies that cross-react with protein disulphide-isomerase family proteins. Biochem J 2005; 382:169-76. [PMID: 15137910 PMCID: PMC1133927 DOI: 10.1042/bj20040116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2004] [Revised: 04/27/2004] [Accepted: 05/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Polyclonal antibodies that had been raised against particular PDI (protein disulphide-isomerase) family proteins did not cross-react with other PDI family proteins. To evade immune tolerance to the important self-motif Cys-Xaa-Xaa-Cys, which is present in PDI family proteins, we used the phage display library [established by Griffiths, Williams, Hartley, Tomlinson, Waterhouse, Crosby, Kontermann, Jones, Low, Allison et al. (1994) EMBO J. 13, 3245-3260] to isolate successfully the phage antibodies that can cross-react with human and bovine PDIs, human P5, human PDI-related protein and yeast PDI. By measuring the binding of scFv (single-chain antibody fragment of variable region) to synthetic peptides and to mutants of PDI family proteins in a surface plasmon resonance apparatus, we identified clones that recognized sequences containing the CGHC motif or the CGHCK sequence. By using the isolated phage antibodies, we demonstrated for the first time that a lysine residue following the CXXC motif significantly increases the isomerase activities of PDI family proteins. Moreover, we demonstrated that the affinity of isolated scFvs for mutant PDI family proteins is proportional to the isomerase activities of their active sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiji Kimura
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Ai Nishida
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Nobutoshi Ohara
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamagishi
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Horibe
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Masakazu Kikuchi
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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21
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Rubotham J, Woods K, Garcia-Salcedo JA, Pays E, Nolan DP. Characterization of Two Protein Disulfide Isomerases from the Endocytic Pathway of Bloodstream Forms of Trypanosoma brucei. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:10410-8. [PMID: 15642735 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m409375200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins from the endocytic pathway in bloodstream forms of Trypanosome brucei are modified by the addition of linear poly-N-acetyllactosamine side chains, which permits their isolation by tomato lectin affinity chromatography. Antibodies against this tomato lectin binding fraction were employed to screen a cDNA expression library from bloodstream forms of T. brucei. Two cDNAs were prominent among those selected. These cDNAs coded for two putative protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs) that respectively contained one and two double-cysteine redox-active sites and corresponded to a single domain PDI and a class 1 PDI. Assays of the purified recombinant proteins demonstrated that both proteins possess isomerase activity, but only the single domain PDI had a reducing activity. These PDIs possess a number of unusual features that distinguish them from previously characterized PDIs. The expression of both is developmentally regulated, they both co-localize with markers of the endocytic pathway, and both are modified by N-glycosylation. The larger PDI possesses N-glycans containing poly-N-acetyllactosamine, a modification that is indicative of processing in the Golgi and suggests the presence of a novel trafficking pathway for PDIs in trypanosomes. Although generally PDIs are considered essential, neither activity appeared to be essential for the growth of trypanosomes, at least in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Rubotham
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Free University of Brussels-Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicine, 12 Rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
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22
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Houston NL, Fan C, Xiang JQY, Schulze JM, Jung R, Boston RS. Phylogenetic analyses identify 10 classes of the protein disulfide isomerase family in plants, including single-domain protein disulfide isomerase-related proteins. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 137:762-78. [PMID: 15684019 PMCID: PMC1065376 DOI: 10.1104/pp.104.056507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2004] [Revised: 12/02/2004] [Accepted: 12/02/2004] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs) are molecular chaperones that contain thioredoxin (TRX) domains and aid in the formation of proper disulfide bonds during protein folding. To identify plant PDI-like (PDIL) proteins, a genome-wide search of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) was carried out to produce a comprehensive list of 104 genes encoding proteins with TRX domains. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted for these sequences using Bayesian and maximum-likelihood methods. The resulting phylogenetic tree showed that evolutionary relationships of TRX domains alone were correlated with conserved enzymatic activities. From this tree, we identified a set of 22 PDIL proteins that constitute a well-supported clade containing orthologs of known PDIs. Using the Arabidopsis PDIL sequences in iterative BLAST searches of public and proprietary sequence databases, we further identified orthologous sets of 19 PDIL sequences in rice (Oryza sativa) and 22 PDIL sequences in maize (Zea mays), and resolved the PDIL phylogeny into 10 groups. Five groups (I-V) had two TRX domains and showed structural similarities to the PDIL proteins in other higher eukaryotes. The remaining five groups had a single TRX domain. Two of these (quiescin-sulfhydryl oxidase-like and adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate reductase-like) had putative nonisomerase enzymatic activities encoded by an additional domain. Two others (VI and VIII) resembled small single-domain PDIs from Giardia lamblia, a basal eukaryote, and from yeast. Mining of maize expressed sequence tag and RNA-profiling databases indicated that members of all of the single-domain PDIL groups were expressed throughout the plant. The group VI maize PDIL ZmPDIL5-1 accumulated during endoplasmic reticulum stress but was not found within the intracellular membrane fractions and may represent a new member of the molecular chaperone complement in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma L Houston
- Department of Botany, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7612, USA
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23
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Urade R, Okudo H, Kato H, Moriyama T, Arakaki Y. ER-60 domains responsible for interaction with calnexin and calreticulin. Biochemistry 2004; 43:8858-68. [PMID: 15236594 DOI: 10.1021/bi0493315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
ER-60 is a thiol oxidoreductase family protein of the endoplasmic reticulum that facilitates the oxidative folding of glycoproteins via interaction with calnexin (CNX) and calreticulin (CRT). In this study, we tried to identify the site of interaction with CNX and CRT in the ER-60 molecule. ER-60 was shown to be composed of at least four domains, named a, b, b', and a', by limited proteolysis. Recombinant fragments of ER-60, a, b', and a'c, were each expressed in Escherichia coli as an individual soluble folded protein that underwent a cooperative unfolding transition along a urea gradient. These fragments each gave the circular dichroism (CD) spectrum of the folded protein. On the other hand, fragment b, which did not undergo the cooperative unfolding transition along a urea gradient gel, did not show any sign of the folded structure on the CD measurement. However, subtraction of the spectra showed that the b domain was folded in wild-type ER-60 or abb'. Both a and a'c, which have a catalytic center CGHC motif, showed activity almost equivalent to half of that of wild-type ER-60. Extension from a or a'c to ab and abb' or b'a'c had little effect on their isomerase activity, suggesting that the b and b' domains hardly contribute to the catalytic activity of ER-60. The contribution of both the b and b' domains to the binding with CNX and CRT was revealed by surface plasmon resonance analysis and oxidative-refolding experiments of monoglucosylated RNase B with addition of the luminal domain of CNX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Urade
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.
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24
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Pirneskoski A, Klappa P, Lobell M, Williamson RA, Byrne L, Alanen HI, Salo KEH, Kivirikko KI, Freedman RB, Ruddock LW. Molecular Characterization of the Principal Substrate Binding Site of the Ubiquitous Folding Catalyst Protein Disulfide Isomerase. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:10374-81. [PMID: 14684740 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m312193200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Disulfide bond formation in the endoplasmic reticulum of eukaryotes is catalyzed by the ubiquitously expressed enzyme protein disulfide isomerase (PDI). The effectiveness of PDI as a catalyst of native disulfide bond formation in folding polypeptides depends on the ability to catalyze disulfide-dithiol exchange, to bind non-native proteins, and to trigger conformational changes in the bound substrate, allowing access to buried cysteine residues. It is known that the b' domain of PDI provides the principal peptide binding site of PDI and that this domain is critical for catalysis of isomerization but not oxidation reactions in protein substrates. Here we use homology modeling to define more precisely the boundaries of the b' domain and show the existence of an intradomain linker between the b' and a' domains. We have expressed the recombinant b' domain thus defined; the stability and conformational properties of the recombinant product confirm the validity of the domain boundaries. We have modeled the tertiary structure of the b' domain and identified the primary substrate binding site within it. Mutations within this site, expressed both in the isolated domain and in full-length PDI, greatly reduce the binding affinity for small peptide substrates, with the greatest effect being I272W, a mutation that appears to have no structural effect.
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25
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Horibe T, Gomi M, Iguchi D, Ito H, Kitamura Y, Masuoka T, Tsujimoto I, Kimura T, Kikuchi M. Different Contributions of the Three CXXC Motifs of Human Protein-disulfide Isomerase-related Protein to Isomerase Activity and Oxidative Refolding. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:4604-11. [PMID: 14627699 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m310922200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human protein-disulfide isomerase (hPDI)-related protein (hPDIR), which we previously cloned from a human placental cDNA library (Hayano, T., and Kikuchi, M. (1995) FEBS Lett. 372, 210-214), and its mutants were expressed in the Escherichia coli pET system and purified by sequential nickel affinity resin chromatography. Three thioredoxin motifs (CXXC) of purified hPDIR were found to contribute to its isomerase activity with a rank order of CGHC > CPHC > CSMC, although both the isomerase and chaperone activities of this protein were lower than those of hPDI. Screening for hPDIR-binding proteins using a T7 phage display system revealed that alpha1-antitrypsin binds to hPDIR. Surface plasmon resonance experiments demonstrated that alpha1-antitrypsin interacts with hPDIR, but not with hPDI or human P5 (hP5). Interestingly, the rate of oxidative refolding of alpha1-antitrypsin with hPDIR was much higher than with hPDI or hP5. Thus, the substrate specificity of hPDIR differed from that associated with isomerase activity, and the contribution of the CSMC motif to the oxidative refolding of alpha1-antitrypsin was the most definite of the three (CSMC, CGHC, CPHC). Substitution of SM and PH in the CXXC motifs with GH increased isomerase activity and decreased oxidative refolding. In contrast, substitution of GH and PH with SM decreased isomerase activity and increased oxidative refolding. Because CXXC motif mutants lacking isomerase activity retain chaperone activity for the substrate rhodanese, it is clear that, similar to PDI and hP5, the isomerase and chaperone activities of hPDIR are independent. These results suggest that the central dipeptide of the CXXC motif is critical for both redox activity and substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Horibe
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
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26
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Segawa T, Nau ME, Xu LL, Chilukuri RN, Makarem M, Zhang W, Petrovics G, Sesterhenn IA, McLeod DG, Moul JW, Vahey M, Srivastava S. Androgen-induced expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response genes in prostate cancer cells. Oncogene 2002; 21:8749-58. [PMID: 12483528 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2002] [Revised: 08/19/2002] [Accepted: 08/20/2002] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Evaluations of androgen regulated gene (ARG) repertoire provide new insights into the androgen receptor (AR) mediated signaling at the transcriptional level. Definition of ARGs having critical functions in the biology of normal and malignant prostate should aid in identifying new bio-markers and therapeutic targets for prostate cancer (CaP). Using Affymetrix HuGene FL oligonucleotide arrays, temporal expression profiles of ARGs in widely used hormone responsive LNCaP cells, were analysed by hierarchical clustering methods and functional classification. ARGs in response to different androgen concentrations showed temporal co-regulation of genes involved in specific biochemical pathways. This study focuses on our new observations of the coordinated androgen induction of genes (NDRG1, PDIR, HERPUD1, ORP150) involved in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response pathway. Expression analysis of the two selected ER stress responsive genes, NDRG1 and HERPUD1 in primary CaPs revealed a significantly reduced tumor associated expression. Intriguing linkage of the androgen signaling to ER stress responsive genes, a protective response to protein unfolding or protein damage resulting from cellular stress signals, suggests that androgens may induce such stress signals in CaP cells. Decreased CaP associated expression of two ER stress responsive genes also suggests that possible abrogation of this pathway in prostate tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Segawa
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Rockville, Maryland, MD 20852, USA
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27
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McArthur AG, Knodler LA, Silberman JD, Davids BJ, Gillin FD, Sogin ML. The evolutionary origins of eukaryotic protein disulfide isomerase domains: new evidence from the Amitochondriate protist Giardia lamblia. Mol Biol Evol 2001; 18:1455-63. [PMID: 11470836 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A phylogenetic analysis of protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) domain evolution was performed with the inclusion of recently reported PDIs from the amitochondriate protist Giardia lamblia, yeast PDIs that contain a single thioredoxin-like domain, and PDIs from a diverse selection of protists. We additionally report and include two new giardial PDIs, each with a single thioredoxin-like domain. Inclusion of protist PDIs in our analyses revealed that the evolutionary history of the endoplasmic reticulum may not be simple. Phylogenetic analyses support common ancestry of all eukaryotic PDIs from a thioredoxin ancestor and independent duplications of thioredoxin-like domains within PDIs throughout eukaryote evolution. This was particularly evident for Acanthamoeba PDI, Dictyostelium PDI, and mammalian erp5 domains. In contrast, gene duplication, instead of domain duplication, produces PDI diversity in G. lamblia. Based on our results and the known diversity of PDIs, we present a new hypothesis that the five single-domain PDIs of G. lamblia may reflect an ancestral mechanism of protein folding in the eukaryotic endoplasmic reticulum. The PDI complement of G. lamblia and yeast suggests that a combination of PDIs may be used as a redox chain analogous to that known for bacterial Dsb proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G McArthur
- Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543-1015, USA
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28
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Ren B, Ladenstein R. Protein disulfide oxidoreductase from Pyrococcus furiosus: structural properties. Methods Enzymol 2001; 334:74-88. [PMID: 11398487 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(01)34460-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B Ren
- Center for Structural Biochemistry, Karolinska Institutet NOVUM, Huddinge S-14157, Sweden
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29
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Gillece P, Luz JM, Lennarz WJ, de la Cruz FJ, Römisch K. Export of a cysteine-free misfolded secretory protein from the endoplasmic reticulum for degradation requires interaction with protein disulfide isomerase. J Cell Biol 1999; 147:1443-56. [PMID: 10613903 PMCID: PMC2174254 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.147.7.1443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/1998] [Accepted: 11/18/1999] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) interacts with secretory proteins, irrespective of their thiol content, late during translocation into the ER; thus, PDI may be part of the quality control machinery in the ER. We used yeast pdi1 mutants with deletions in the putative peptide binding region of the molecule to investigate its role in the recognition of misfolded secretory proteins in the ER and their export to the cytosol for degradation. Our pdi1 deletion mutants are deficient in the export of a misfolded cysteine-free secretory protein across the ER membrane to the cytosol for degradation, but ER-to-Golgi complex transport of properly folded secretory proteins is only marginally affected. We demonstrate by chemical cross-linking that PDI specifically interacts with the misfolded secretory protein and that mutant forms of PDI have a lower affinity for this protein. In the ER of the pdi1 mutants, a higher proportion of the misfolded secretory protein remains associated with BiP, and in export-deficient sec61 mutants, the misfolded secretory protein remain bounds to PDI. We conclude that the chaperone PDI is part of the quality control machinery in the ER that recognizes terminally misfolded secretory proteins and targets them to the export channel in the ER membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Gillece
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Center for the Study of Molecular Mechanisms in Disease, Cambridge CB2 2XY, United Kingdom
| | - José Manuel Luz
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5215
| | - William J. Lennarz
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5215
| | | | - Karin Römisch
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Center for the Study of Molecular Mechanisms in Disease, Cambridge CB2 2XY, United Kingdom
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30
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Knodler LA, Noiva R, Mehta K, McCaffery JM, Aley SB, Svärd SG, Nystul TG, Reiner DS, Silberman JD, Gillin FD. Novel protein-disulfide isomerases from the early-diverging protist Giardia lamblia. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:29805-11. [PMID: 10514458 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.42.29805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-disulfide isomerase is essential for formation and reshuffling of disulfide bonds during nascent protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum. The two thioredoxin-like active sites catalyze a variety of thiol-disulfide exchange reactions. We have characterized three novel protein-disulfide isomerases from the primitive eukaryote Giardia lamblia. Unlike other protein-disulfide isomerases, the giardial enzymes have only one active site. The active-site sequence motif in the giardial proteins (CGHC) is characteristic of eukaryotic protein-disulfide isomerases, and not other members of the thioredoxin superfamily that have one active site, such as thioredoxin and Dsb proteins from Gram-negative bacteria. The three giardial proteins have very different amino acid sequences and molecular masses (26, 50, and 13 kDa). All three enzymes were capable of rearranging disulfide bonds, and giardial protein-disulfide isomerase-2 also displayed oxidant and reductant activities. Surprisingly, the three giardial proteins also had Ca(2+)-dependent transglutaminase activity. This is the first report of protein-disulfide isomerases with a single active site that have diverse roles in protein cross-linking. This study may provide clues to the evolution of key functions of the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotic cells, protein disulfide formation, and isomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Knodler
- Department of Pathology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, California 92103-8416, USA
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