1
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Wang M, Danz K, Ly V, Rojas-Pierce M. Microgravity enhances the phenotype of Arabidopsis zigzag-1 and reduces the Wortmannin-induced vacuole fusion in root cells. NPJ Microgravity 2022; 8:38. [PMID: 36064795 PMCID: PMC9445043 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-022-00226-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The spaceflight environment of the International Space Station poses a multitude of stresses on plant growth including reduced gravity. Plants exposed to microgravity and other conditions on the ISS display root skewing, changes in gene expression and protein abundance that may result in changes in cell wall composition, antioxidant accumulation and modification of growth anisotropy. Systematic studies that address the effects of microgravity on cellular organelles are lacking but altered numbers and sizes of vacuoles have been detected in previous flights. The prominent size of plant vacuoles makes them ideal models to study organelle dynamics in space. Here, we used Arabidopsiszigzag-1 (zig-1) as a sensitized genotype to study the effect of microgravity on plant vacuole fusion. Wortmannin was used to induce vacuole fusion in seedlings and a formaldehyde-based fixation protocol was developed to visualize plant vacuole morphology after sample return, using confocal microscopy. Our results indicate that microgravity enhances the zig-1 phenotype by reducing hypocotyl growth and vacuole fusion in some cells. This study demonstrates the feasibility of chemical inhibitor treatments for plant cell biology experiments in space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Wang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Katherine Danz
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Vanessa Ly
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Marcela Rojas-Pierce
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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2
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Kato S, Murakami M, Saika R, Soga K, Wakabayashi K, Hashimoto H, Yano S, Matsumoto S, Kasahara H, Kamada M, Shimazu T, Hashimoto T, Hoson T. Suppression of Cortical Microtubule Reorientation and Stimulation of Cell Elongation in Arabidopsis Hypocotyls under Microgravity Conditions in Space. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11030465. [PMID: 35161447 PMCID: PMC8837939 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
How microgravity in space influences plant cell growth is an important issue for plant cell biology as well as space biology. We investigated the role of cortical microtubules in the stimulation of elongation growth in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) hypocotyls under microgravity conditions with the Resist Tubule space experiment. The epidermal cells in the lower half of the hypocotyls of wild-type Columbia were longer in microgravity than at on-orbit 1 g, which precipitated an increase in the entire hypocotyl length. In the apical region, cortical microtubules adjacent to the outer tangential wall were predominantly transverse to the long axis of the cell, whereas longitudinal microtubules were predominant in the basal region. In the 9th to 12th epidermal cells (1 to 3 mm) from the tip, where the modification of microtubule orientation from transverse to longitudinal directions (reorientation) occurred, cells with transverse microtubules increased, whereas those with longitudinal microtubules decreased in microgravity, and the average angle with respect to the transverse cell axis decreased, indicating that the reorientation was suppressed in microgravity. The expression of tubulin genes was suppressed in microgravity. These results suggest that under microgravity conditions, the expression of genes related to microtubule formation was downregulated, which may cause the suppression of microtubule reorientation from transverse to longitudinal directions, thereby stimulating cell elongation in Arabidopsis hypocotyls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiho Kato
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan; (S.K.); (M.M.); (R.S.); (K.S.); (K.W.)
| | - Mana Murakami
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan; (S.K.); (M.M.); (R.S.); (K.S.); (K.W.)
| | - Ryo Saika
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan; (S.K.); (M.M.); (R.S.); (K.S.); (K.W.)
| | - Kouichi Soga
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan; (S.K.); (M.M.); (R.S.); (K.S.); (K.W.)
| | - Kazuyuki Wakabayashi
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan; (S.K.); (M.M.); (R.S.); (K.S.); (K.W.)
| | - Hirofumi Hashimoto
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan;
| | - Sachiko Yano
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Tsukuba 305-8505, Japan;
| | - Shohei Matsumoto
- Japan Manned Space Systems, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan; (S.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Haruo Kasahara
- Japan Manned Space Systems, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan; (S.M.); (H.K.)
| | | | | | - Takashi Hashimoto
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan;
| | - Takayuki Hoson
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan; (S.K.); (M.M.); (R.S.); (K.S.); (K.W.)
- Correspondence:
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3
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Circumnutation and Growth of Inflorescence Stems of Arabidopsis thaliana in Response to Microgravity under Different Photoperiod Conditions. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10030026. [PMID: 32197304 PMCID: PMC7151594 DOI: 10.3390/life10030026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Circumnutation is a periodic growth movement, which is an important physiological mechanism of plants to adapt to their growth environments. Gravity and photoperiod are two key environmental factors in regulating the circumnutation of plants, but the coordination mechanism between them is still unknown. In this study, the circumnutation of Arabidopsis thaliana inflorescence stems was investigated on board the Chinese recoverable satellite SJ-10 and the Chinese spacelab TG-2. Plants were cultivated in a special plant culture chamber under two photoperiod conditions [a long-day (LD) light: dark cycle of 16:8 h, and a short-day (SD) light: dark cycle of 8:16 h]. The plant growth and movements were followed by two charge-coupled device (CCD) cameras. The parameter revealed a daily (24 h) modulation on both TG-2 and SJ-10, under both the LD and the SD conditions. The inhibition of circumnutation was more apparent by microgravity under the SD in comparison with that under the LD condition, suggesting the synergistic effects of the combined microgravity and photoperiod on the circumnutation in space. In addition, an infradian rhythm (ca. 21 days long) on the TG-2 was also observed.
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4
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Kamada M, Oka M, Inoue R, Fujitaka Y, Miyamoto K, Uheda E, Yamazaki C, Shimazu T, Sano H, Kasahara H, Suzuki T, Higashibata A, Ueda J. Gravity-regulated localization of PsPIN1 is important for polar auxin transport in etiolated pea seedlings: Relevance to the International Space Station experiment. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2019; 22:29-37. [PMID: 31421846 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To clarify the mechanism of gravity-controlled polar auxin transport, we conducted the International Space Station (ISS) experiment "Auxin Transport" (identified by NASA's operation nomenclature) in 2016 and 2017, focusing on the expression of genes related to auxin efflux carrier protein PsPIN1 and its localization in the hook and epicotyl cells of etiolated Alaska pea seedlings grown for three days in the dark under microgravity (μg) and artificial 1 g conditions on a centrifuge in the Cell Biology Experiment Facility (CBEF) in the ISS, and under 1 g conditions on Earth. Regardless of gravity conditions, the accumulation of PsPIN1 mRNA in the proximal side of epicotyls of the seedlings was not different, but tended to be slightly higher as compared with that in the distal side. 2,3,5-Triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) also did not affect the accumulation of PsPIN1 mRNA in the proximal and distal sides of epicotyls. However, in the apical hook region, TIBA increased the accumulation of PsPIN1 mRNA under μg conditions as compared with that under artificial 1 g conditions in the ISS. The accumulation of PsPIN1 proteins in epicotyls determined by western blotting was almost parallel to that of mRNA of PsPIN1. Immunohistochemical analysis with a specific polyclonal antibody of PsPIN1 revealed that a majority of PsPIN1 in the apical hook and subapical regions of the seedlings grown under artificial 1 g conditions in the ISS localized in the basal side (rootward) of the plasma membrane of the endodermal tissues. Conversely, in the seedlings grown under μg conditions, localization of PsPIN1 was greatly disarrayed. TIBA substantially altered the cellular localization pattern of PsPIN1, especially under μg conditions. These results strongly suggest that the mechanisms by which gravity controls polar auxin transport are more likely to be due to the membrane localization of PsPIN1. This physiologically valuable report describes a close relationship between gravity-controlled polar auxin transport and the localization of auxin efflux carrier PsPIN1 in etiolated pea seedlings based on the μg experiment conducted in space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoshi Kamada
- Future Development Division, Advanced Engineering Services Co., Ltd., 1-6-1 Takezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0032, Japan.
| | - Mariko Oka
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyamacho-minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Riko Inoue
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyamacho-minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan
| | - Yayoi Fujitaka
- Future Development Division, Advanced Engineering Services Co., Ltd., 1-6-1 Takezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0032, Japan
| | - Kensuke Miyamoto
- Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Eiji Uheda
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Chiaki Yamazaki
- Technology and Research Promotion Department, Japan Space Forum, Shin-Otemachi Bldg., 2-2-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Toru Shimazu
- Technology and Research Promotion Department, Japan Space Forum, Shin-Otemachi Bldg., 2-2-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Hiromi Sano
- Utilization Engineering Department, Japan Manned Space System Corporation, Space Station Test Building, Tsukuba Space Center, 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan
| | - Haruo Kasahara
- Kibo Utilization Center, Human Spaceflight Technology Directorate, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan
| | - Tomomi Suzuki
- Kibo Utilization Center, Human Spaceflight Technology Directorate, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan
| | - Akira Higashibata
- Kibo Utilization Center, Human Spaceflight Technology Directorate, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan
| | - Junichi Ueda
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
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5
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Imura T, Otsuka T, Kawahara Y, Yuge L. "Microgravity" as a unique and useful stem cell culture environment for cell-based therapy. Regen Ther 2019; 12:2-5. [PMID: 31890760 PMCID: PMC6933149 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-based therapy using mesenchymal stem cells or pluripotent stem cells such as induced pluripotent stem cells has seen dramatic progress in recent years. Part of cell-based therapy are already covered by public medical insurance. Recently, researchers have attempted to improve therapeutic effects toward various diseases by cell transplantation. Culture environment is considered to be one of the most important factors affecting therapeutic effects, in particular factors such as physical stimuli, because cells have the potential to adapt to their surrounding environment. In this review, we provide an overview of the research on the effects of gravity alteration on cell kinetics such as proliferation or differentiation and on potential therapeutic effects, and we also summarize the remarkable possibilities of the use of microgravity culture in cell-based therapy for various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Imura
- Division of Bio-Environmental Adaptation Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Otsuka
- Division of Bio-Environmental Adaptation Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | - Louis Yuge
- Division of Bio-Environmental Adaptation Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Space Bio-Laboratories Co., Ltd., Hiroshima, Japan
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6
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Liu G, Bollier D, Gübeli C, Peter N, Arnold P, Egli M, Borghi L. Simulated microgravity and the antagonistic influence of strigolactone on plant nutrient uptake in low nutrient conditions. NPJ Microgravity 2018; 4:20. [PMID: 30345347 PMCID: PMC6193021 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-018-0054-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human-assisted space exploration will require efficient methods of food production. Large-scale farming in presence of an Earth-like atmosphere in space faces two main challenges: plant yield in microgravity and plant nutrition in extraterrestrial soils, which are likely low in nutrients compared to terrestrial farm lands. We propose a plant-fungal symbiosis (i.e. mycorrhiza) as an efficient tool to increase plant biomass production in extraterrestrial environments. We tested the mycorrhization of Solanaceae on the model plant Petunia hybrida using the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis under simulated microgravity (s0-g) conditions obtained through a 3-D random positioning machine. Our results show that s0-g negatively affects mycorrhization and plant phosphate uptake by inhibiting hyphal elongation and secondary branching. However, in low nutrient conditions, the mycorrhiza can still support plant biomass production in s0-g when colonized plants have increased SL root exudation. Alternatively, s0-g in high nutrient conditions boosts tissue-specific cell division and cell expansion and overall plant size in Petunia, which has been reported for other plants species. Finally, we show that the SL mimic molecule rac-GR24 can still induce hyphal branching in vitro under simulated microgravity. Based on these results, we propose that in nutrient limited conditions strigolactone root exudation can challenge the negative microgravity effects on mycorrhization and therefore might play an important role in increasing the efficiency of future space farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Liu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Bollier
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Gübeli
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Noemi Peter
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Arnold
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Egli
- Institute of Medical Engineering, HSLU Lucerne, Obermattweg 9, 6052 Hergiswil, Switzerland
| | - Lorenzo Borghi
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
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7
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Soga K, Wakabayashi K, Hoson T. Growth and cortical microtubule dynamics in shoot organs under microgravity and hypergravity conditions. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2018; 13:e1422468. [PMID: 29286875 PMCID: PMC5790418 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2017.1422468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The body shape of plants varied in proportion to the logarithm of the magnitude of gravity in the range from microgravity to hypergravity to resist the gravitational force. Here we discuss the roles of cortical microtubule and 65 kDa microtubule-associated protein-1 (MAP65-1) in gravity-induced modification of growth anisotropy. Microgravity stimulated elongation growth and suppressed lateral expansion in shoot organs, such as hypocotyls and epicotyls. On the other hand, hypergravity inhibited elongation growth and promoted lateral expansion in shoot organs. The number of cells with transverse microtubules was increased by microgravity, but decreased by hypergravity. Furthermore, the levels of MAP65-1, which is involved in the maintenance of the transverse microtubule orientation, were increased by microgravity, but decreased by hypergravity. Therefore, the regulation of orientation of cortical microtubules via changes in the levels of MAP65-1 may contribute to the modification of the body shape of plants to resist the gravitational force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouichi Soga
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
- CONTACT Kouichi Soga Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | | | - Takayuki Hoson
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
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8
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Soga K, Yamazaki C, Kamada M, Tanigawa N, Kasahara H, Yano S, Kojo KH, Kutsuna N, Kato T, Hashimoto T, Kotake T, Wakabayashi K, Hoson T. Modification of growth anisotropy and cortical microtubule dynamics in Arabidopsis hypocotyls grown under microgravity conditions in space. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2018; 162:135-144. [PMID: 28862767 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We carried out a space experiment, denoted as Aniso Tubule, to examine the effects of microgravity on the growth anisotropy and cortical microtubule dynamics in Arabidopsis hypocotyls, using lines in which microtubules are visualized by labeling tubulin or microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) with green fluorescent protein (GFP). In all lines, GFP-tubulin6 (TUB6)-, basic proline-rich protein1 (BPP1)-GFP- and spira1-like3 (SP1L3)-GFP-expressing using a constitutive promoter, and spiral2 (SPR2)-GFP- and GFP-65 kDa MAP-1 (MAP65-1)-expressing using a native promoter, the length of hypocotyls grown under microgravity conditions in space was longer than that grown at 1 g conditions on the ground. In contrast, the diameter of hypocotyls grown under microgravity conditions was smaller than that of the hypocotyls grown at 1 g. The percentage of cells with transverse microtubules was increased under microgravity conditions, irrespective of the lines. Also, the average angle of the microtubules with respect to the transverse cell axis was decreased in hypocotyls grown under microgravity conditions. When GFP fluorescence was quantified in hypocotyls of GFP-MAP65-1 and SPR2-GFP lines, microgravity increased the levels of MAP65-1, which appears to be involved in the maintenance of transverse microtubule orientation. However, the levels of SPR2 under microgravity conditions were comparable to those at 1 g. These results suggest that the microgravity-induced increase in the levels of MAP65-1 is involved in increase in the transverse microtubules, which may lead to modification of growth anisotropy, thereby developing longer and thinner hypocotyls under microgravity conditions in space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouichi Soga
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | | | - Motoshi Kamada
- Advanced Engineering Services Co., Ltd, Tsukuba, 305-0032, Japan
| | | | - Haruo Kasahara
- Japan Manned Space Systems Corporation, Tokyo, 100-0004, Japan
| | - Sachiko Yano
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Tsukuba, 305-8505, Japan
| | - Kei H Kojo
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Tokyo, 102-8554, Japan
| | - Natsumaro Kutsuna
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8561, Japan
- LPixel Inc, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takehide Kato
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Takashi Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Kotake
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | | | - Takayuki Hoson
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
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9
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Abstract
The study on aerial plant organs (leaves and stems) motions is reviewed. The history of observations and studies is put in the perspective of the ideas surrounding them, leading to a presentation of the current classification of these motions. After showing the shortcomings of such a classification, we present, following an idea of Darwin's, the various movements in a renewed and observation-based perspective of the plant development. With this perspective, the different movements fit together logically, and in particular we point out that the mature reversible movements, such as the sensitive or circadian movements, are just partial regressions of the developmental ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Rivière
- Laboratoire Matière & Systèmes Complexes UMR 7057, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS, F-75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
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10
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Suppression of Hydroxycinnamate Network Formation in Cell Walls of Rice Shoots Grown under Microgravity Conditions in Space. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137992. [PMID: 26378793 PMCID: PMC4574559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Network structures created by hydroxycinnamate cross-links within the cell wall architecture of gramineous plants make the cell wall resistant to the gravitational force of the earth. In this study, the effects of microgravity on the formation of cell wall-bound hydroxycinnamates were examined using etiolated rice shoots simultaneously grown under artificial 1 g and microgravity conditions in the Cell Biology Experiment Facility on the International Space Station. Measurement of the mechanical properties of cell walls showed that shoot cell walls became stiff during the growth period and that microgravity suppressed this stiffening. Amounts of cell wall polysaccharides, cell wall-bound phenolic acids, and lignin in rice shoots increased as the shoot grew. Microgravity did not influence changes in the amounts of cell wall polysaccharides or phenolic acid monomers such as ferulic acid (FA) and p-coumaric acid, but it suppressed increases in diferulic acid (DFA) isomers and lignin. Activities of the enzymes phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and cell wall-bound peroxidase (CW-PRX) in shoots also increased as the shoot grew. PAL activity in microgravity-grown shoots was almost comparable to that in artificial 1 g-grown shoots, while CW-PRX activity increased less in microgravity-grown shoots than in artificial 1 g-grown shoots. Furthermore, the increases in expression levels of some class III peroxidase genes were reduced under microgravity conditions. These results suggest that a microgravity environment modifies the expression levels of certain class III peroxidase genes in rice shoots, that the resultant reduction of CW-PRX activity may be involved in suppressing DFA formation and lignin polymerization, and that this suppression may cause a decrease in cross-linkages within the cell wall architecture. The reduction in intra-network structures may contribute to keeping the cell wall loose under microgravity conditions.
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11
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Rioux D, Lagacé M, Cohen LY, Beaulieu J. Variation in stem morphology and movement of amyloplasts in white spruce grown in the weightless environment of the International Space Station. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2015; 4:67-78. [PMID: 26177622 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
One-year-old white spruce (Picea glauca) seedlings were studied in microgravity conditions in the International Space Station (ISS) and compared with seedlings grown on Earth. Leaf growth was clearly stimulated in space whereas data suggest a similar trend for the shoots. Needles on the current shoots of ground-based seedlings were more inclined towards the stem base than those of seedlings grown in the ISS. Amyloplasts sedimented in specialized cells of shoots and roots in seedlings grown on Earth while they were distributed at random in similar cells of seedlings tested in the ISS. In shoots, such amyloplasts were found in starch sheath cells located between leaf traces and cortical cells whereas in roots they were constituents of columella cells of the cap. Nuclei were regularly observed just above the sedimented amyloplasts in both organs. It was also frequent to detect vacuoles with phenolic compounds and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) close to the sedimented amyloplasts. The ER was mainly observed just under these amyloplasts. Thus, when amyloplasts sediment, the pressure exerted on the ER, the organelle that can for instance secrete proteins destined for the plasma membrane, might influence their functioning and play a role in signaling pathways involved in gravity-sensing white spruce cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Rioux
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du P.E.P.S., P.O. Box 10380, Stn. Sainte-Foy, Quebec, QC, G1V 4C7, Canada.
| | - Marie Lagacé
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, 1055 du P.E.P.S., P.O. Box 10380, Stn. Sainte-Foy, Quebec, QC, G1V 4C7, Canada
| | - Luchino Y Cohen
- Canadian Space Agency, 6767, route de l'Aéroport, St-Hubert, QC, J3Y 8Y9, Canada
| | - Jean Beaulieu
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Canadian Wood Fibre Centre, 1055 du P.E.P.S., P.O. Box 10380, Stn. Sainte-Foy, Quebec, QC, G1V 4C7, Canada
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12
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Plant Growth and Morphogenesis under Different Gravity Conditions: Relevance to Plant Life in Space. Life (Basel) 2014; 4:205-16. [PMID: 25370193 PMCID: PMC4187158 DOI: 10.3390/life4020205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth and morphogenesis of plants are entirely dependent on the gravitational acceleration of earth. Under microgravity conditions in space, these processes are greatly modified. Recent space experiments, in combination with ground-based studies, have shown that elongation growth is stimulated and lateral expansion suppressed in various shoot organs and roots under microgravity conditions. Plant organs also show automorphogenesis in space, which consists of altered growth direction and spontaneous curvature in the dorsiventral (back and front) directions. Changes in cell wall properties are responsible for these modifications of growth and morphogenesis under microgravity conditions. Plants live in space with interesting new sizes and forms.
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13
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Soga K, Club B, Kurita A, Yano S, Ichikawa T, Kamada M, Takaoki M. Growth and Morphogenesis of Azuki Bean Seedlings in Space during SSAF2013 Program. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.2187/bss.28.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Ueda J, Miyamoto K, Uheda E, Oka M, Yano S, Higashibata A, Ishioka N. Close relationships between polar auxin transport and graviresponse in plants. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2014; 16 Suppl 1:43-49. [PMID: 24128007 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Gravitational force on Earth is one of the major environmental factors affecting plant growth and development. Spacecraft and the International Space Station (ISS), and a three-dimensional (3-D) clinostat have been available to clarify the effects of gravistimulation on plant growth and development in space and on ground conditions, respectively. Under a stimulus-free environment such as space conditions, plants show a growth and developmental habit designated as 'automorphosis' or 'automorphogenesis'. Recent studies in hormonal physiology, together with space and molecular biology, have demonstrated the close relationships between automorphosis and polar auxin transport. Reduced polar auxin transport in space conditions, or induced by the application of polar auxin transport inhibitors, substantially induced automorphosis or automorphosis-like growth and development, indicating that polar auxin transport is responsible for graviresponse in plants. This concise review covers graviresponse in plants and automorphosis observed in space conditions, and polar auxin transport related to graviresponse in etiolated Alaska and ageotropum pea seedlings. Molecular aspects of polar auxin transport clarified in recent studies are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ueda
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
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15
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Soga K. Resistance of plants to gravitational force. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2013; 126:589-96. [PMID: 23732635 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-013-0572-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Developing resistance to gravitational force is a critical response for terrestrial plants to survive under 1 × g conditions. We have termed this reaction "gravity resistance" and have analyzed its nature and mechanisms using hypergravity conditions produced by centrifugation and microgravity conditions in space. Our results indicate that plants develop a short and thick body and increase cell wall rigidity to resist gravitational force. The modification of body shape is brought about by the rapid reorientation of cortical microtubules that is caused by the action of microtubule-associated proteins in response to the magnitude of the gravitational force. The modification of cell wall rigidity is regulated by changes in cell wall metabolism that are caused by alterations in the levels of cell wall enzymes and in the pH of apoplastic fluid (cell wall fluid). Mechanoreceptors on the plasma membrane may be involved in the perception of the gravitational force. In this review, we discuss methods for altering gravitational conditions and describe the nature and mechanisms of gravity resistance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouichi Soga
- Department of Biology and Geosciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan.
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Paul AL, Wheeler RM, Levine HG, Ferl RJ. Fundamental plant biology enabled by the space shuttle. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2013; 100:226-34. [PMID: 23281389 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1200338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between fundamental plant biology and space biology was especially synergistic in the era of the Space Shuttle. While all terrestrial organisms are influenced by gravity, the impact of gravity as a tropic stimulus in plants has been a topic of formal study for more than a century. And while plants were parts of early space biology payloads, it was not until the advent of the Space Shuttle that the science of plant space biology enjoyed expansion that truly enabled controlled, fundamental experiments that removed gravity from the equation. The Space Shuttle presented a science platform that provided regular science flights with dedicated plant growth hardware and crew trained in inflight plant manipulations. Part of the impetus for plant biology experiments in space was the realization that plants could be important parts of bioregenerative life support on long missions, recycling water, air, and nutrients for the human crew. However, a large part of the impetus was that the Space Shuttle enabled fundamental plant science essentially in a microgravity environment. Experiments during the Space Shuttle era produced key science insights on biological adaptation to spaceflight and especially plant growth and tropisms. In this review, we present an overview of plant science in the Space Shuttle era with an emphasis on experiments dealing with fundamental plant growth in microgravity. This review discusses general conclusions from the study of plant spaceflight biology enabled by the Space Shuttle by providing historical context and reviews of select experiments that exemplify plant space biology science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lisa Paul
- Horticultural Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA
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17
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Wei N, Tan C, Qi B, Zhang Y, Xu G, Zheng H. Changes in gravitational forces induce the modification of Arabidopsis thaliana silique pedicel positioning. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:3875-84. [PMID: 20603285 PMCID: PMC2935865 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The laterals of both shoots and roots often maintain a particular angle with respect to the gravity vector, and this angle can change during organ development and in response to environmental stimuli. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the lateral organ gravitropic response are still poorly understood. Here it is demonstrated that the young siliques of Arabidopsis thalinana plants subjected to 3-D clinostat rotation exhibited automorphogenesis with increased growth angles between pedicels and the main stem. In addition, the 3-D clinostat rotation treatment significantly influenced the development of vascular bundles in the pedicel and caused an enlargement of gap cells at the branch point site together with a decrease in KNAT1 expression. Comparisons performed between normal and empty siliques revealed that only the pedicels of siliques with normally developing seeds could change their growth angle under the 3-D clinostat rotational condition, while the pedicels of the empty siliques lost the ability to respond to the altered gravity environment. These results indicate that the response of siliques to altered gravity depends on the normal development of seeds, and may be mediated by vascular bundle cells in the pedicel and gap cells at branch point sites.
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Kamada M, Omori K, Yokoyama R, Nishitani K, Hoson T, Shimazu T, Ishioka N. Preparation and Outline of Space-Based Studies on Gravity Responses and Cell Wall Formation in Plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.2187/bss.23.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Driss-Ecole D, Legué V, Carnero-Diaz E, Perbal G. Gravisensitivity and automorphogenesis of lentil seedling roots grown on board the International Space Station. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2008; 134:191-201. [PMID: 18429941 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2008.01121.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The GRAVI-1 experiment was brought on board the International Space Station by Discovery (December 2006) and carried out in January 2007 in the European Modular Cultivation System facility. For the first run of this experiment, lentil seedlings were hydrated and grown in microgravity for 15 h and then subjected for 13 h 40 min to centrifugal accelerations ranging from 0.29 x 10(-2) g to 0.99 x 10(-2) g. During the second run, seedlings were grown either for 30 h 30 min in microgravity (this sample was the control) or for 21 h 30 min and then subjected to centrifugal accelerations ranging from 1.2 x 10(-2) g to 2.0 x 10(-2) g for 9 h. In both cases, root orientation and root curvature were followed by time-lapse photography. Still images were downlinked in near real time to ground Norwegian User Support and Operations Center during the experiment. The position of the root tip and the root curvature were analyzed as a function of time. It has been shown that in microgravity, the embryonic root curved strongly away from the cotyledons (automorphogenesis) and then straightened out slowly from 17 to 30 h following hydration (autotropism). Because of the autotropic straightening of roots in microgravity, their tip was oriented at an angle close to the optimal angle of curvature (120 degrees -135 degrees ) for a period of 2 h during centrifugation. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that lentil roots grown in microgravity before stimulation were more sensitive than roots grown in 1 g. In these conditions, the threshold acceleration perceived by these organs was found to be between 0 and 2.0 x 10(-3) g and estimated punctually at 1.4 x 10(-5) g by using the hyperbolic model for fitting the experimental data and by assuming that autotropism had no or little impact on the gravitropic response. Gravisensing by statoliths should be possible at such a low level of acceleration because the actomyosin system could provide the necessary work to overcome the activation energy for gravisensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Driss-Ecole
- Laboratoire CEMV, Site d'Ivry-Le Raphaël, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris Cedex 05, France.
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21
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Hoshino T, Miyamoto K, Ueda J. Gravity-controlled asymmetrical transport of auxin regulates a gravitropic response in the early growth stage of etiolated pea (Pisum sativum) epicotyls: studies using simulated microgravity conditions on a three-dimensional clinostat and using an agravitropic mutant, ageotropum. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2007; 120:619-28. [PMID: 17712525 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-007-0103-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Accepted: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Increased expression of the auxin-inducible gene PsIAA4/5 was observed in the elongated side of epicotyls in early growth stages of etiolated pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Alaska) seedlings grown in a horizontal or an inclined position under 1 g conditions. Under simulated microgravity conditions on a 3D clinostat, accumulation of PsIAA4/5 mRNA was found throughout epicotyls showing automorphosis. Polar auxin transport in the proximal side of epicotyls changed when the seedlings were grown in a horizontal or an inclined position under 1 g conditions, but that under clinorotation did not, regardless of the direction of seed setting. Accumulation of PsPIN1 and PsPIN2 mRNAs in epicotyls was affected by gravistimulation, but not by clinorotation. Under 1 g conditions, auxin-transport inhibitors made epicotyls of seedlings grown in a horizontal or inclined position grow toward the proximal direction to cotyledons. These inhibitors led to epicotyl bending toward the cotyledons in seedlings grown in an inclined position under clinorotation. Polar auxin transport, as well as growth direction, of epicotyls of the agravitropic mutant ageotropum did not respond to various gravistimulation. These results suggest that alteration of polar auxin transport in the proximal side of epicotyls regulates the graviresponse of pea epicotyls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Hoshino
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
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22
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Yoshihara T, Iino M. Circumnutation of rice coleoptiles: its relationships with gravitropism and absence in lazy mutants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2006; 29:778-92. [PMID: 17087462 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2005.01444.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Although circumnutation occurs widely in higher plants, its mechanism is little understood. The idea that circumnutation is based on gravitropism has long been investigated, but the reported results have been controversial. We used dark-grown coleoptiles of rice (Oryza sativa L.) to re-investigate this issue. The following results supported the existence of a close relationship between gravitropism and circumnutation: (1) circumnutation disappears on a horizontal clinostat; (2) circumnutation is interrupted by a gravitropic response and re-initiated at a definable phase after gravitropic curvature; (3) circumnutation can be re-established by submergence and a brief gravitropic stimulation in the coleoptiles that have stopped nutating in response to red light; and (4) lazy mutants show no circumnutation. In spite of these results, however, there were cases in which gravitropism and circumnutation could be separated. Firstly, the non-circumnutating lazy coleoptile showed nearly a wild-type level of gravitropic responsiveness in its upper half, although this part was an active site of both gravitropism and circumnutation in wild-type coleoptiles. Secondly, coleoptiles could nutate without overshooting the vertical when developing phototropic curvature. It is concluded that gravitropism influences, but it is not directly involved in the process of circumnutation. It is further suggested that a gravity signal, shared with gravitropism, contributes to the maintenance of circumnutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Yoshihara
- Botanical Gardens, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Kisaichi, Katano-shi, Osaka 576-0004, Japan
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23
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Saiki M, Fujita H, Soga K, Wakabayashi K, Kamisaka S, Yamashita M, Hoson T. Cellular basis for the automorphic curvature of rice coleoptiles on a three-dimensional clinostat: possible involvement of reorientation of cortical microtubules. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2005; 118:199-205. [PMID: 15937724 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-005-0210-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2004] [Accepted: 03/31/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Coleoptiles of rice (Oryza sativa L.) show a spontaneous (automorphic) curvature toward the caryopsis under microgravity conditions. The possible involvement of the reorientation of cortical microtubules in automorphic curvature was studied in rice coleoptiles grown on a three-dimensional clinostat. When rice seedlings that had been grown in the normal gravitational field were transferred to the clinostat in the dark, cortical microtubules of epidermal cells in the dorsal side of the coleoptiles oriented more transversely than the ventral side within 0.5 h. The rotation on the clinostat also increased the cell wall extensibility in the dorsal side and decreased the extensibility in the ventral side, and induced automorphic curvature. The reorientation of cortical microtubules preceded the changes in the cell wall extensibility and the curvature. The irradiation of rice seedlings with white light from above inhibited microtubule reorientation and changes in the cell wall extensibility, as well as curvature of coleoptiles. Also, colchicine, applied to the bending region of coleoptiles, partially inhibited the automorphic curvature. These results suggest that reorientation of cortical microtubules is involved in causing automorphic curvature in rice coleoptiles on the clinostat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizue Saiki
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Japan
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24
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Miyamoto K, Hoshino T, Yamashita M, Ueda J. Automorphosis of etiolated pea seedlings in space is simulated by a three-dimensional clinostat and the application of inhibitors of auxin polar transport. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2005; 123:467-74. [PMID: 15844285 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2005.00472.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Etiolated pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Alaska) seedlings grown under microgravity conditions in space show automorphosis: bending of epicotyls, inhibition of hook formation and changes in root growth direction. In order to determine the mechanisms of microgravity conditions that induce automorphosis, we used a three-dimensional clinostat and obtained the successful induction of automorphosis-like growth of etiolated pea seedlings. Kinetic studies revealed that epicotyls bent at their basal region towards the clockwise direction far from the cotyledons from the vertical line (0 degrees) at approximately 40 degrees in seedlings grown both at 1 g and in the clinostat within 48 h after watering. Thereafter, epicotyls retained this orientation during growth in the clinostat, whereas those at 1 g changed their growth direction against the gravity vector and exhibited a negative gravitropic response. On the other hand, the plumular hook that had already formed in the embryo axis tended to open continuously by growth at the inner basal portion of the elbow; thus, the plumular hook angle initially increased; this was followed by equal growth on the convex and concave sides at 1 g, resulting in normal hook formation; in contrast, hook formation was inhibited on the clinostat. The automorphosis-like growth and development of etiolated pea seedlings was induced by auxin polar transport inhibitors (9-hydroxyfluorene-9-carboxylic acid, N-(1-naphthyl)phthalamic acid and 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid), but not by anti-auxin (p-chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid) at 1 g. An ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor, 1-aminooxyacetic acid, inhibited hook formation at 1 g, and ethylene production of etiolated seedlings was suppressed on the clinostat. Clinorotation on the clinostat strongly reduced the activity of auxin polar transport of epicotyls in etiolated pea seedlings, similar to that observed in space experiments (Ueda J, Miyamoto K, Yuda T, Hoshino T, Fujii S, Mukai C, Kamigaichi S, Aizawa S, Yoshizaki I, Shimazu T, Fukui K (1999) Growth and development, and auxin polar transport in higher plants under microgravity conditions in space: BRIC-AUX on STS-95 space experiment. J Plant Res 112: 487492). These results suggest that clinorotation on a three-dimensional clinostat is a valuable tool for simulating microgravity conditions, and that automorphosis of etiolated pea seedlings is induced by the inhibition of auxin polar transport and ethylene biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Miyamoto
- College of Integrated Arts & Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, Japan.
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25
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Kern VD, Schwuchow JM, Reed DW, Nadeau JA, Lucas J, Skripnikov A, Sack FD. Gravitropic moss cells default to spiral growth on the clinostat and in microgravity during spaceflight. PLANTA 2005; 221:149-57. [PMID: 15660206 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-004-1467-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2004] [Accepted: 11/24/2004] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In addition to shoots and roots, the gravity (g)-vector orients the growth of specialized cells such as the apical cell of dark-grown moss protonemata. Each apical cell of the moss Ceratodon purpureus senses the g-vector and adjusts polar growth accordingly producing entire cultures of upright protonemata (negative gravitropism). The effect of withdrawing a constant gravity stimulus on moss growth was studied on two NASA Space Shuttle (STS) missions as well as during clinostat rotation on earth. Cultures grown in microgravity (spaceflight) on the STS-87 mission exhibited two successive phases of non-random growth and patterning, a radial outgrowth followed by the formation of net clockwise spiral growth. Also, cultures pre-aligned by unilateral light developed clockwise hooks during the subsequent dark period. The second spaceflight experiment flew on STS-107 which disintegrated during its descent on 1 February 2003. However, most of the moss experimental hardware was recovered on the ground, and most cultures, which had been chemically fixed during spaceflight, were retrieved. Almost all intact STS-107 cultures displayed strong spiral growth. Non-random culture growth including clockwise spiral growth was also observed after clinostat rotation. Together these data demonstrate the existence of default non-random growth patterns that develop at a population level in microgravity, a response that must normally be overridden and masked by a constant g-vector on earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker D Kern
- Department of Plant Cellular and Molecular Biology, Ohio State University, 318 W. 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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26
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Hoson T, Soga K, Mori R, Saiki M, Nakamura Y, Wakabayashi K, Kamisaka S. Cell wall changes involved in the automorphic curvature of rice coleoptiles under microgravity conditions in space. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2004; 117:449-55. [PMID: 15538652 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-004-0182-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2004] [Accepted: 09/27/2004] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Seedlings of rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Koshihikari and cv. Tan-ginbozu) were cultivated on board the Space Shuttle STS-95 mission and changes in the morphology and the cell wall properties of coleoptiles were analyzed. In space, rice coleoptiles showed a spontaneous (automorphic) curvature toward the caryopsis in the elongating region. The angle of automorphic curvature was larger in Koshihikari than in a gibberellin-deficient dwarf cultivar, Tan-ginbozu, and the angle gradually decreased during the growth of coleoptiles in both cultivars. The more quickly expanding convex side of the bending region of the rice coleoptiles showed a greater extensibility of the cell wall than the opposite side. There was a significant correlation between the angle of curvature and the difference in the cell wall extensibility between the convex and the concave sides. Both the levels of the cell wall polysaccharides per unit length of coleoptile and the ratio of high-molecular-mass polysaccharides in the hemicellulose fraction were lower in the convex side than the concave one. Also, the activity of (1-->3),(1-->4)-beta-glucanases in the cell wall was higher in the convex side than the concave one. These results suggest that the uneven modifications of cell wall metabolism bring about the difference in the levels and the molecular size of the cell wall polysaccharides, thereby causing the difference in capacity of the cell wall to expand between the dorsal and the ventral sides, leading to the automorphic curvature of rice coleoptiles in space. The data also suggest the involvement of gibberellins in inducing the automorphic curvature under microgravity conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Hoson
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan.
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27
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Ueda J, Miyamoto K. [Graviresponse in higher plants and its regulation in molecular bases: relevance to growth and development, and auxin polar transport in etiolated pea seedlings]. UCHU SEIBUTSU KAGAKU 2003; 17:116-25. [PMID: 14555809 DOI: 10.2187/bss.17.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We review the graviresponse under true and simulated microgravity conditions on a clinostat in higher plants, and its regulation in molecular bases, especially on the aspect of auxin polar transport in etiolated pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Alaska) seedlings which were the plant materials subjected to STS-95 space experiments. True and simulated microgravity conditions substantially affected growth and development in etiolated pea seedlings, especially the direction of growth of stems and roots, resulting in automorphosis. In etiolated pea seedlings grown in space, epicotyls were the most oriented toward the direction far from the cotyledons, and roots grew toward the aerial space of Plant Growth Chamber. Automorphosis observed in space were well simulated by a clinorotation on a 3-dimensional clinostat and also phenocopied by the application of auxin polar transport inhibitors of 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid, N-(1-naphtyl)phthalamic acid and 9-hydroxyfluorene-9-carboxylic acid. Judging from the results described above together with the fact that activities of auxin polar transport in epicotyls of etiolated pea seedlings grown in space substantially were reduced, auxin polar transport seems to be closely related to automorphosis. Strenuous efforts to learn in molecular levels how gravity contributes to the auxin polar transport in etiolated pea epicotyls resulted in successful identification of PsPIN2 and PsAUX1 genes located in plasma membrane which products are considered to be putative efflux and influx carriers of auxin, respectively. Based on the results of expression of PsPIN2 and PsAUX1 genes under various gravistimulations, a possible role of PsPIN2 and PsAUX1 genes for auxin polar transport in etiolated pea seedlings will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Ueda
- College of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, Japan.
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28
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Hoson T, Soga K. New aspects of gravity responses in plant cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2003; 229:209-44. [PMID: 14669957 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(03)29005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Plants show two distinct responses to gravity: gravity-dependent morphogenesis (gravimorphogenesis) and gravity resistance. In gravitropism, a typical mechanism of gravimorphogenesis, gravity is utilized as a signal to establish an appropriate form. The response has been studied in a gravity-free environment, where plant seedlings were found to perform spontaneous morphogenesis, termed automorphogenesis. Automorphogenesis consists of a change in growth direction and spontaneous curvature in dorsiventral directions. The spontaneous curvature is caused by a difference in the capacity of the cell wall to expand between the dorsal and the ventral sides of organs, which originates from the inherent structural anisotropy. Gravity resistance is a response that enables the plant to develop against the gravitational force. To resist the force, the plant constructs a tough body by increasing the cell wall rigidity that suppresses growth. The mechanical properties of the cell wall are changed by modification of the cell wall metabolism and cell wall environment, especially pH. In gravitropism, gravity is perceived by amyloplasts in statocytes, whereas gravity resistance may be mediated by mechanoreceptors on the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Hoson
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
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29
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Hoson T, Soga K, Mori R, Saiki M, Nakamura Y, Wakabayashi K, Kamisaka S. Stimulation of elongation growth and cell wall loosening in rice coleoptiles under microgravity conditions in space. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 43:1067-71. [PMID: 12354926 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcf126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed the growth rate and the cell wall properties of coleoptiles of rice seedlings grown at 23.6 degrees C for 68.5, 91.5 and 136 h during the Space Shuttle STS-95 mission. In space, elongation growth of coleoptiles was stimulated and the cell wall extensibility increased. Also, the levels of the cell wall polysaccharides per unit length of coleoptiles and the relative content of the high molecular mass matrix polysaccharides decreased in space. These differences in the cell wall polysaccharides could be involved in increasing the cell wall extensibility, leading to growth stimulation of rice coleoptiles in space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Hoson
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Japan.
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30
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Mizuno H, Kobayashi A, Fujii N, Yamashita M, Takahashi H. Hydrotropic response and expression pattern of auxin-inducible gene, CS-IAA1, in the primary roots of clinorotated cucumber seedlings. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 43:793-801. [PMID: 12154142 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcf093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Primary roots of cucumber seedlings showed positive hydrotropism when exposed to a moisture gradient and rotated on a two-axis clinostat. To examine the role of auxin in the differential growth of the hydrotropically responding roots, we first examined the expression of auxin-inducible genes, CS-AUX/IAAs, in cucumber roots. After auxin starvation, mRNA levels of CS-IAA1 and CS-IAA3 decreased in the roots. Applying auxin to the auxin-starved roots resulted in accumulation of CS-IAA1 and CS-IAA3 mRNA. The level of expression of these genes increased when the auxin concentration was increased. CS-IAA1 mRNA accumulated in response to 10(-8) M auxin, and the level increased further, depending on the dose. Auxin starvation did not result in a decrease in the level of CS-IAA2 mRNA; however, adding exogenous auxin at concentrations higher than 10(-7) M increased its accumulation. In the primary roots responding hydrotropically or gravitropically, CS-IAA1 expression was greater on the concave side of the curving roots than on the convex side. The difference could be detected 30 min following stimulation by gravity or a moisture gradient, and that difference increased with time. These results support the idea that asymmetry of localization of auxin is associated with differential growth in hydrotropically responding roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Mizuno
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577 Japan
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Miyamoto K, Yuda T, Shimazu T, Ueda J. Leaf senescence under various gravity conditions: relevance to the dynamics of plant hormones. ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE COMMITTEE ON SPACE RESEARCH (COSPAR) 2001; 27:1017-1022. [PMID: 11596632 DOI: 10.1016/s0273-1177(01)00177-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Effects of simulated microgravity and hypergravity on the senescence of oat leaf segments excised from the primary leaves of 8-d-old green seedlings were studied using a 3-dimensional (D) clinostat as a simulator of weightlessness and a centrifuge, respectively. During the incubation with water under 1-g conditions at 25 degrees C in the dark, the loss of chlorophyll of the segments was found dramatically immediately after leaf excision, and leaf color completely turned to yellow after 3-d to 4-d incubation. In this case kinetin (10 micromolar) was effective in retarding senescence. The application of simulated microgravity conditions on a 3-D clinostat enhanced chlorophyll loss in the presence or absence of kinetin. The loss of chlorophyll was also enhanced by hypergravity conditions (ca. 8 to 16 g), but the effect was smaller than that of simulated microgravity conditions on the clinostat. Jasmonates (JAs) and abscisic acid (ABA) promoted senescence under simulated microgravity conditions on the clinostat as well as under 1-g conditions. After 2-d incubation with water or 5-d incubation with kinetin, the endogenous levels of JAs and ABA of the segments kept under simulated microgravity conditions on the clinostat remained higher than those kept under 1-g conditions. These findings suggest that physiological processes of leaf senescence and the dynamics of endogenous plant hormone levels are substantially affected by gravity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Miyamoto
- College of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
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Hoson T, Saiki M, Kamisaka S, Yamashita M. Automorphogenesis and gravitropism of plant seedlings grown under microgravity conditions. ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE COMMITTEE ON SPACE RESEARCH (COSPAR) 2001; 27:933-40. [PMID: 11596636 DOI: 10.1016/s0273-1177(01)00157-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant seedlings exhibit automorphogenesis on clinostats. The occurrence of automorphogenesis was confirmed under microgravity in Space Shuttle STS-95 flight. Rice coleoptiles showed an inclination toward the caryopsis in the basal region and a spontaneous curvature in the same adaxial direction in the elongating region both on a three-dimensional (3-D) clinostat and in space. Both rice roots and Arabidopsis hypocotyls also showed a similar morphology in space and on the 3-D clinostat. In rice coleoptiles, the mechanisms inducing such an automorphic curvature were studied. The faster-expanding convex side of rice coleoptiles showed a higher extensibility of the cell wall than the opposite side. Also, in the convex side, the cell wall thickness was smaller, the turnover of the matrix polysaccharides was more active, and the microtubules oriented more transversely than the concave side, and these differences appear to be causes of the curvature. When rice coleoptiles grown on the 3-D clinostat were placed horizontally, the gravitropic curvature was delayed as compared with control coleoptiles. In clinostatted coleoptiles, the corresponding suppression of the amyloplast development was also observed. Similar results were obtained in Arabidopsis hypocotyls. Thus, the induction of automorphogenesis and a concomitant decrease in graviresponsiveness occurred in plant shoots grown under microgravity conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hoson
- Department of Biology, Osaka City University, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
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Shimazu T, Yuda T, Miyamoto K, Yamashita M, Ueda J. Growth and development in higher plants under simulated microgravity conditions on a 3-dimensional clinostat. ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE COMMITTEE ON SPACE RESEARCH (COSPAR) 2001; 27:995-1000. [PMID: 11596646 DOI: 10.1016/s0273-1177(01)00165-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Growth and development of etiolated pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Alaska) and maize (Zea mays L. cv. Golden Cross Bantam) seedlings grown under simulated microgravity conditions were intensively studied using a 3-dimensional clinostat as a simulator of weightlessness. Epicotyls of etiolated pea seedlings grown on the clinostat were the most oriented toward the direction far from cotyledons. Mesocotyls of etiolated maize seedlings grew at random and coleoptiles curved slightly during clinostat rotation. Clinostat rotation promoted the emergence of the 3rd internodes in etiolated pea seedlings, while it significantly inhibited the growth of the 1st internodes. In maize seedlings, the growth of coleoptiles was little affected by clinostat rotation, but that of mesocotyls was suppressed, and therefore, the emergence of the leaf out of coleoptile was promoted. Clinostat rotation reduced the osmotic concentration in the 1st internodes of pea seedlings, although it has little effect on the 2nd and the 3rd internodes. Clinostat rotation also reduced the osmotic concentrations in both coleoptiles and mesocotyls of maize seedlings. Cell-wall extensibilities of the 1st and the 3rd internodes of pea seedlings grown on the clinostat were significantly lower and higher as compared with those on 1 g conditions, respectively. Cell-wall extensibility of mesocotyls in seedlings grown on the clinostat also decreased. Changes in cell wall properties seem to be well correlated to the growth of each organ in pea and maize seedlings. These results suggest that the growth and development of plants is controlled under gravity on earth, and that the growth responses of higher plants to microgravity conditions are regulated by both cell-wall mechanical properties and osmotic properties of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Shimazu
- College of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
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Abstract
In this review, we attempted to summarize the effect of gravity on growth of woody plants, broad leaved trees, on earth. It is well known that in tilted broad leaved trees, tension wood formed in the secondary xylem causes negative gravitropism. Gibberellin has been shown to induce tension wood in weeping branch, causing its upright growth. Recent study has shown that seedling of Japanese cherry tree grown on three dimensional clinostat, a device that simulates microgravity, grew at random angles, and that the formation of secondary xylem, as supporting tissue for upright growth, decreased. In the decreased xylem formation, the inhibition of the differentiation and development of fiber cell was clearly observed. These results suggest that in attitude control and morphogenesis of stem in woody plant, secondary xylem formation seriously relates to gravity on earth. In woody plant, the mechanism of gravity perception and the following signal transduction have not yet been elucidated, although the recent study reported the possibility that endodermal starch sheath cells and plant hormones may play some role in the mechanism. Space experiment for woody plant is expected to study these problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nakamura
- Faculty of Science, Japan Women's Univ, Tokyo.
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