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Liu YL, Guo T, Zhang YJ, Tang SC, Zhao XM, He HY, Yu CL, Deng YH. Berberine Alleviates Ischemic Brain Injury by Enhancing Autophagic Flux via Facilitation of TFEB Nuclear Translocation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2024; 52:231-252. [PMID: 38328828 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x24500101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Berberine has been demonstrated to alleviate cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, but its neuroprotective mechanism has yet to be understood. Studies have indicated that ischemic neuronal damage was frequently driven by autophagic/lysosomal dysfunction, which could be restored by boosting transcription factor EB (TFEB) nuclear translocation. Therefore, this study investigated the pharmacological effects of berberine on TFEB-regulated autophagic/lysosomal signaling in neurons after cerebral stroke. A rat model of ischemic stroke and a neuronal ischemia model in HT22 cells were prepared using middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), respectively. Berberine was pre-administered at a dose of 100[Formula: see text]mg/kg/d for three days in rats and 90[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]M in HT22 neurons for 12[Formula: see text]h. 24[Formula: see text]h after MCAO and 2[Formula: see text]h after OGD, the penumbral tissues and OGD neurons were obtained to detect nuclear and cytoplasmic TFEB, and the key proteins in the autophagic/lysosomal pathway were examined using western blot and immunofluorescence, respectively. Meanwhile, neuron survival, infarct volume, and neurological deficits were assessed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy. The results showed that berberine prominently facilitated TFEB nuclear translocation, as indicated by increased nuclear expression in penumbral neurons as well as in OGD HT22 cells. Consequently, both autophagic activity and lysosomal capacity were simultaneously augmented to alleviate the ischemic injury. However, berberine-conferred neuroprotection could be greatly counteracted by lysosomal inhibitor Bafilomycin A1 (Baf-A1). Meanwhile, autophagy inhibitor 3-Methyladenine (3-MA) also slightly neutralized the pharmacological effect of berberine on ameliorating autophagic/lysosomal dysfunction. Our study suggests that berberine-induced neuroprotection against ischemic stroke is elicited by enhancing autophagic flux via facilitation of TFEB nuclear translocation in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Li Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Tao Guo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Jie Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Shun-Cong Tang
- Anning First People's Hospital Affiliated to Kunming, University of Science and Technology Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ming Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Yun He
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
- Anning First People's Hospital Affiliated to Kunming, University of Science and Technology Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Lei Yu
- Anning First People's Hospital Affiliated to Kunming, University of Science and Technology Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Hao Deng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
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Liu Y, Yang Q, Chen S, Li Z, Fu L. Targeting VPS34 in autophagy: An update on pharmacological small-molecule compounds. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 256:115467. [PMID: 37178482 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
VPS34 is well-known to be the unique member of the class III phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) family, forming VPS34 complex 1 and complex 2, which are involved in several key physiological processes. Of note, VPS34 complex 1 is an important node of autophagosome generation, which controls T cell metabolism and maintains cellular homeostasis through the autophagic pathway. And, VPS34 complex 2 is involved in endocytosis as well as vesicular transport, and is closely related to neurotransmission, antigen presentation and brain development. Due to the two important biological functions of VPS34, its dysregulation can lead to the development of cardiovascular disease, cancer, neurological disorders, and many types of human diseases by altering normal human physiology. Thus, in this review, we not only summarize the molecular structure and function of VPS34, but demonstrate the relationships between VPS34 and human diseases. Moreover, we further discuss the current small molecule inhibitors targeting VPS34 based upon the structure and function of VPS34, which may provide an insight into the future targeted drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Qilin Yang
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Siwei Chen
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Zixiang Li
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Leilei Fu
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China.
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3
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Yuyuan L, Xiaoming Z, Lei Z, Tao G, Hongyun H, Yihao D. Downregulation of Histone H4 Lysine 16 Acetylation Ameliorates Autophagic Flux by Resuming Lysosomal Functions in Ischemic Neurons. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:1834-1844. [PMID: 37130066 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagic/lysosomal dysfunction was a critical pathogenesis of neuronal death after an ischemic stroke, but what drove the impairment of autophagic flux remained elusive. Studies indicated that histone H4 lysine 16 acetylation (H4K16ac) drastically modulated the autophagic/lysosomal signaling pathway. Herein, we investigated whether the autophagic/lysosomal dysfunction in neurons could be restored by altering H4K16ac levels after cerebral ischemia. The rat model of ischemic stroke and the cell ischemia model in HT22 neurons were prepared by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), respectively. The result showed that H4K16ac could be effectively reduced by intracerebroventricular administration with MG149 (a H4K16ac inhibitor) after an ischemic stroke. Moreover, attenuated H4K16ac greatly alleviated the autophagic/lysosomal dysfunction in penumbral neurons, as indicated by decreased autophagic substrates of LC3-II, insoluble SQSTM1, and ubiquitinated proteins, accompanied by increased lysosomal cathepsin D. Conversely, treatment with trichostatin A (TSA, a H4K16ac facilitator) aggravated the impairment of autophagic flux. This regulative machinery of H4K16ac on the autophagic/lysosomal signaling pathway was also manifested in the OGD model of HT22 neurons. Furthermore, H4K16ac attenuation-ameliorated autophagic flux significantly alleviated stroke brain injury, as reflected by decreased infarct size, neuron loss, and neurological deficits. Similarly, the H4K16ac inhibition-mitigated autophagic/lysosomal dysfunction markedly promoted neuron survival and cell viability in OGD HT22 neurons. However, H4K16ac downregulation-ameliorated autophagic flux in neurons and thereby induced neuroprotection could be greatly counteracted by the lysosomal inhibitor bafilomycin A1 (Baf-A1). Our data indicate that cerebral ischemia-elevated H4K16ac creates the autophagic/lysosomal dysfunction due to lysosomal inefficiency, suggesting that H4K16ac attenuation benefits poststroke neuroprotection by resuming lysosomal functions in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yuyuan
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Zhao Xiaoming
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Zhang Lei
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Guo Tao
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - He Hongyun
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Deng Yihao
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
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Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 and Mitochondria: An Intimate Connection. Biomolecules 2022; 13:biom13010050. [PMID: 36671435 PMCID: PMC9855368 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The general objective of the review is to explain the interaction between HIF-1 and mitochondria. On the one hand, this review describes the effects of HIF-1 on mitochondrial structure, including quantity, distribution, and morphology, as well as on mitochondrial metabolism and respiratory function. On the other hand, various factors, including mitochondrial activation of enzymes, the respiratory chain, complex and decoupling proteins, affect the stability and activity of HIF-1. It is possible to develop future molecular therapeutic interventions by understanding the interrelationships between HIF-1 and mitochondria.
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Plin5 Bidirectionally Regulates Lipid Metabolism in Oxidative Tissues. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:4594956. [PMID: 35401929 PMCID: PMC8989587 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4594956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic lipid droplets (LDs) can store neutral lipids as an energy source when needed and also regulate the key metabolic processes of intracellular lipid accumulation, which is associated with several metabolic diseases. The perilipins (Plins) are a family of proteins that associate with the surface of LDs. As a member of Plins superfamily, perilipin 5 (Plin5) coats LDs in cardiomyocytes, which is significantly related to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production originated from mitochondria in the heart, consequently determining the progression of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Plin5 may play a bidirectional function in lipid metabolism which is in a state of dynamic balance. In the basic state, Plin5 inhibited the binding of comparative gene identification-58 (CGI-58) to adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) by binding CGI-58, thus inhibiting lipolysis. However, when the body is under stress (such as cold, fasting, exercise, and other stimuli), protein kinase A (PKA) phosphorylates and activates Plin5, which then causes Plin5 to release the binding site of CGI-58 and ATGL, prompting CGI-58 to bind to ATGL and activate ATGL activity, thus accelerating the lipolysis process, revealing the indispensable role of Plin5 in lipid turnover. Here, the purpose of this review is to summarize the present understanding of the bidirectional regulation role of Plin5 in oxidative tissues and to reveal its potential role in diabetic cardiomyopathy protection.
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Nowosad A, Besson A. Lysosomes at the Crossroads of Cell Metabolism, Cell Cycle, and Stemness. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042290. [PMID: 35216401 PMCID: PMC8879101 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Initially described as lytic bodies due to their degradative and recycling functions, lysosomes play a critical role in metabolic adaptation to nutrient availability. More recently, the contribution of lysosomal proteins to cell signaling has been established, and lysosomes have emerged as signaling hubs that regulate diverse cellular processes, including cell proliferation and cell fate. Deciphering these signaling pathways has revealed an extensive crosstalk between the lysosomal and cell cycle machineries that is only beginning to be understood. Recent studies also indicate that a number of lysosomal proteins are involved in the regulation of embryonic and adult stem cell fate and identity. In this review, we will focus on the role of the lysosome as a signaling platform with an emphasis on its function in integrating nutrient sensing with proliferation and cell cycle progression, as well as in stemness-related features, such as self-renewal and quiescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Nowosad
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Department (MCD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), University of Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France;
- Department of Oncology, KULeuven, Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Besson
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Department (MCD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), University of Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-561558486
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GSK-3β inhibition elicits a neuroprotection by restoring lysosomal dysfunction in neurons via facilitation of TFEB nuclear translocation after ischemic stroke. Brain Res 2021; 1778:147768. [PMID: 34968440 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lysosomal dysfunction is an essential pathogenesis of autophagic neuronal injury after ischemic stroke. As a result of cerebral ischemia, transcription factor EB (TFEB) is greatly phosphorylated by prominently activated glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β). This increased TFEB phosphorylation decreases its nuclear translocation and subsequently leads to reduced lysosomal biosynthesis, which ultimately results in lysosomal dysfunction. The present study is to investigate whether the lysosomal dysfunction in neurons can be restored to alleviate post-stroke damage by GSK-3β inhibition. The GSK-3β activity was inhibited by pre-treatment with CHIR-99021 (CHIR) for 3 days before middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) surgery in rats. Besides, the lysosomal capacity was altered by pre-administration with Bafilomycin A1 (Baf-A1) and EN6, respectively. Twenty-four hours after MCAO/reperfusion, the penumbral tissues were obtained to detect the GSK-3β, cytoplasmic and nuclear TFEB, and proteins in autophagic/lysosomal pathway by western blot and immunofluorescence, respectively. Meanwhile, the infarct volume, neurological deficits and neuron survival were assessed to evaluate the neurological outcomes elicited by GSK-3β inhibition. The results demonstrated that the neurological injury could be significantly mitigated by GSK-3β inhibition in MCAO+CHIR group, compared with that in MCAO group. Moreover, CHIR-facilitated TFEB nuclear translocation in neurons was coupled with reinforced lysosomal activities and attenuated autophagic substrates. However, GSK-3β inhibition-induced neuroprotection was greatly counteracted by Baf-A1-weakened lysosomal capacity. Conversely, EN6-reinforced lysosomal activities further ameliorated the autophagic/lysosomal signaling, and synergistically alleviated the neurological damage upon GSK-3β inhibition after MCAO/reperfusion. Our data suggests that GSK-3β inhibition-augmented neuroprotection against ischemic stroke is elicited by restoring the lysosomal dysfunction in neurons.
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Lin XT, Wu QN, Qin S, Fan DJ, Lv MY, Chen X, Cai JW, Weng JR, Zou YF, Rong YM, Gao F. Identification of an Autophagy-Related Gene Signature for the Prediction of Prognosis in Early-Stage Colorectal Cancer. Front Genet 2021; 12:755789. [PMID: 34899841 PMCID: PMC8657766 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.755789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: A certain number of early-stage colorectal cancer (CRC) patients suffer tumor recurrence after initial curative resection. In this context, an effective prognostic biomarker model is constantly in need. Autophagy exhibits a dual role in tumorigenesis. Our study aims to develop an autophagy-related gene (ATG) signature-based on high-throughput data analysis for disease-free survival (DFS) prognosis of patients with stage I/II CRC. Methods: Gene expression profiles and clinical information of CRC patients extracted from four public datasets were distributed to discovery and training cohort (GSE39582), validation cohort (TCGA CRC, n = 624), and meta-validation cohort (GSE37892 and GSE14333, n = 420). Autophagy genes significantly associated with prognosis were identified. Results: Among 655 autophagy-related genes, a 10-gene ATG signature, which was significantly associated with DFS in the training cohort (HR, 2.76[1.56–4.82]; p = 2.06 × 10–4), was constructed. The ATG signature, stratifying patients into high and low autophagy risk groups, was validated in the validation (HR, 2.29[1.15–4.55]; p = 1.5 × 10–2) and meta-validation cohorts (HR, 2.5[1.03–6.06]; p = 3.63 × 10–2) and proved to be prognostic in a multivariate analysis. Functional analysis revealed enrichment of several immune/inflammatory pathways in the high autophagy risk group, where increased infiltration of T regulatory cells (Tregs) and decreased infiltration of M1 macrophages were observed. Conclusion: Our study established a prognostic ATG signature that effectively predicted DFS for early-stage CRC patients. Meanwhile, the study also revealed the possible relationship among autophagy process, immune/inflammatory response, and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Tao Lin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiu-Ning Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Si Qin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Medical Ultrasonics, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - De-Jun Fan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min-Yi Lv
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Wei Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Rong Weng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Feng Zou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Ming Rong
- Department of VIP Region, Cancer Center of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Melibiose Confers a Neuroprotection against Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Ameliorating Autophagy Flux via Facilitation of TFEB Nuclear Translocation in Neurons. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11090948. [PMID: 34575099 PMCID: PMC8465207 DOI: 10.3390/life11090948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagic/lysosomal dysfunction is a critical pathogenesis of neuronal injury after ischemic stroke. Trehalose has been validated to restore the impaired autophagy flux by boosting transcription factor EB (TFEB) nuclear translocation, but orally administrated trehalose can be greatly digested by intestinal trehalase before entering into brain. Melibiose (MEL), an analogue of trehalose, may thoroughly exert its pharmacological effects through oral administration due to absence of intestinal melibiase. The present study was to investigate whether melibiose could also confer a neuroprotection by the similar pharmacological mechanism as trehalose did after ischemic stroke. The rats were pretreated with melibiose for 7 days before middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) surgery. Twenty-four hours following MCAO/reperfusion, the cytoplasmic and nuclear TFEB, and the proteins in autophagic/lysosomal pathway at the penumbra were detected by western blot and immunofluorescence, respectively. Meanwhile, the neurological deficit, neuron survival, and infarct volume were assessed to evaluate the therapeutic outcomes. The results showed that the neurological injury was significantly mitigated in MCAO+MEL group, compared with that in MCAO group. Meanwhile, nuclear TFEB expression in neurons at the penumbra was significantly promoted by melibiose. Moreover, melibiose treatment markedly enhanced autophagy flux, as reflected by the reinforced lysosomal capacity and reduced autophagic substrates. Furthermore, the melibiose-elicited neuroprotection was prominently counteracted by lysosomal inhibitor Bafilomycin A1 (Baf-A1). Contrarily, reinforcement of lysosomal capacity with EN6 further improved the neurological performance upon melibiose treatment. Our data suggests that melibiose-augmented neuroprotection may be achieved by ameliorating autophagy flux via facilitation of TFEB nuclear translocation in neurons after ischemic stroke.
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Yihao D, Tao G, Zhiyuan W, Xiaoming Z, Lingling D, Hongyun H. Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (EGb-761) elicits neuroprotection against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by enhancement of autophagy flux in neurons in the penumbra. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021; 24:1138-1145. [PMID: 34804431 PMCID: PMC8591756 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2021.46318.10694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective(s): Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (EGb-761) injection has been widely used as adjuvant therapy for cerebral stroke in China. However, its underlying pharmacological mechanism is not completely understood. The present study aimed to investigate whether the therapeutic effects of EGb-761 are exerted by modulating autophagy flux. Materials and Methods: Ischemic cerebral stroke was prepared in male Sprague-Dawley rats by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by reperfusion. The MCAO/reperfusion rats were then treated with EGb-761 injection once daily for 7 days. Thereafter, the brain tissues in the ischemic penumbra were obtained to detect the key proteins in the autophagic/lysosomal pathway with Beclin1, LC3, (SQSTM1)/p62, ubiquitin, LAMP-1, cathepsin B, and cathepsin D antibodies by western blot and immunofluorescence. Meanwhile, the infarct volume, neurological deficits, and neuronal apoptosis were assessed to evaluate the therapeutic outcomes. Results: The results illustrated that EGb-761 treatment was not only able to promote the autophagic activities of Beclin1 and LC3-II in neurons, but also could enhance the autophagic clearance, as indicated by reinforced lysosomal activities of LAMP-1, cathepsin B, and cathepsin D, as well as alleviating autophagic accumulation of ubiquitin and insoluble p62 in the MCAO+EGb-761 group, compared with those in the MCAO+saline group. Meanwhile, cerebral ischemia-induced neurological deficits, infarct volume, and neuronal apoptosis were significantly attenuated by 7 days of EGb-761 therapy. Conclusion: Our data suggest that EGb-761 injection can elicit a neuroprotective efficacy against MCAO/reperfusion injury, and this neuroprotection may be exerted by enhancement of autophagy flux in neurons in the ischemic penumbra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng Yihao
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Guo Tao
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Wu Zhiyuan
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Zhao Xiaoming
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Dong Lingling
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - He Hongyun
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
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Brandão SR, Ferreira R, Rocha H. Exploring the contribution of mitochondrial dynamics to multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency-related phenotype. Arch Physiol Biochem 2021; 127:210-216. [PMID: 31215835 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2019.1628065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation disorders (FAOD) are among the diseases detected by newborn screening in most developed countries. Alterations of mitochondrial functionality are characteristic of these metabolic disorders. However, many questions remain to be clarified, namely how the interplay between the signaling pathways harbored in mitochondria contributes to the disease-related phenotype. Herein, we overview the role of mitochondria on the regulation of cell homeostasis through the production of ROS, mitophagy, apoptosis, and mitochondrial biogenesis. Emphasis is given to the signaling pathways involving MnSOD, sirtuins and PGC-1α, which seem to contribute to FAOD phenotype, namely to multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD). The association between phenotype and genotype is not straightforward, suggesting that specific molecular mechanisms may contribute to MADD pathogenesis, making MADD an interesting model to better understand this interplay. However, more work needs to be done envisioning the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia R Brandão
- Mass Spectrometry Group, QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rita Ferreira
- Mass Spectrometry Group, QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Hugo Rocha
- Newborn Screening, Metabolism and Genetics Unit, Human Genetics Department, National Institute of Health Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal
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Ling J, Cai H, Lin M, Qi S, Du J, Chen L. RTN1-C mediates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury via modulating autophagy. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2021; 53:170-178. [PMID: 33372676 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmaa162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been widely accepted that autophagic cell death exacerbates the progression of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Our previous study revealed that overexpression of reticulon protein 1-C (RTN1-C) is involved in cerebral I/R injury. However, the underlying mechanisms have not been studied intensively. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of RTN1-C on autophagy under cerebral I/R. Using an in vitro oxygen-glucose deprivation followed by reoxygenation and a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion model in rats, we found that the expression of RTN1-C protein was significantly upregulated. We also revealed that RTN1-C knockdown suppressed overactivated autophagy both in vivo and in vitro, as indicated by decreased expressions of autophagic proteins. The number of Beclin-1/propidium iodide-positive cells was significantly less in the LV-shRTN1-C group than in the LV-shNC group. In addition, rapamycin, an activator of autophagy, aggravated cerebral I/R injury. RTN1-C knockdown reduced brain infarct volume, improved neurological deficits, and attenuated cell vulnerability to cerebral I/R injury after rapamycin treatment. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that the modulation of autophagy from RTN1-C may play vital roles in cerebral I/R injury, providing a potential therapeutic treatment for ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ling
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Haijian Cai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology & Parasitology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Muya Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Shunli Qi
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jian Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbiology & Parasitology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Lijian Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
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Deng YH, Dong LL, Zhang YJ, Zhao XM, He HY. Enriched environment boosts the post-stroke recovery of neurological function by promoting autophagy. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:813-819. [PMID: 33229714 PMCID: PMC8178758 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.297084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis, and can be activated after ischemic stroke. It also participates in nerve injury and repair. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether an enriched environment has neuroprotective effects through affecting autophagy. A Sprague-Dawley rat model of transient ischemic stroke was prepared by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery followed by reperfusion. One week after surgery, these rats were raised in either a standard environment or an enriched environment for 4 successive weeks. The enriched environment increased Beclin-1 expression and the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio in the autophagy/lysosomal pathway in the penumbra of middle cerebral artery-occluded rats. Enriched environment-induced elevations in autophagic activity were mainly observed in neurons. Enriched environment treatment also promoted the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes, enhanced the lysosomal activities of lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1, cathepsin B, and cathepsin D, and reduced the expression of ubiquitin and p62. After 4 weeks of enriched environment treatment, neurological deficits and neuronal death caused by middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion were significantly alleviated, and infarct volume was significantly reduced. These findings suggest that neuronal autophagy is likely the neuroprotective mechanism by which an enriched environment promotes recovery from ischemic stroke. This study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the Kunming University of Science and Technology, China (approval No. 5301002013855) on March 1, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hao Deng
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Ling-Ling Dong
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yong-Jie Zhang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Zhao
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Hong-Yun He
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
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14
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Shi Y, He R, Yang Y, He Y, Zhan L, Wei B. Potential relationship between Sirt3 and autophagy in ovarian cancer. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:162. [PMID: 32934730 PMCID: PMC7471650 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin 3 (Sirt3) is an important member of the sirtuin protein family. It is a deacetylase that was previously reported to modulate the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and limit the extent of oxidative damage in cellular components. As an important member of the class III type of histone deacetylases, Sirt3 has also been documented to mediate nuclear gene expression, metabolic control, neuroprotection, cell cycle and proliferation. In ovarian cancer (OC), Sirt3 has been reported to regulate cellular metabolism, apoptosis and autophagy. Sirt3 can regulate autophagy through a variety of different molecular signaling pathways, including the p62, 5'AMP-activated protein kinase and mitochondrial ROS-superoxide dismutase pathways. However, autophagy downstream of Sirt3 and its association with OC remains poorly understood. In the present review, the known characteristics of Sirt3 and autophagy were outlined, and their potential functional roles were discussed. Following a comprehensive analysis of the current literature, Sirt3 and autophagy may either serve positive or negative roles in the regulation of OC. Therefore, it is important to identify the appropriate expression level of Sirt3 to control the activation of autophagy in OC cells. This strategy may prove to be a novel therapeutic method to reduce the mortality of patients with OC. Finally, potential research directions into the association between Sirt3 and other signaling pathways were provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchuan Shi
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China
| | - Runhua He
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China
| | - Yu He
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhan
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Bing Wei
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China
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15
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Yu B, Yu B, Yu L. Commentary: Reconciling Hygiene and Cleanliness: A New Perspective from Human Microbiome. Indian J Microbiol 2020; 60:259-261. [PMID: 32255860 PMCID: PMC7105528 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-020-00863-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human beings have co-evolved with the microorganisms in our environment for millions of years, and have developed into a symbiosis in a mutually beneficial/defensive way. Human beings have significant multifaceted relationships with the diverse microbial community. Apart from the important protective role of microbial community exposure in development of early immunity, millions of inimitable bacterial genes of the diverse microbial community are the indispensable source of essential nutrients like essential amino acids and essential fatty acids for human body. The essential nutrition from microbiome is harvested through xenophagy. As an immune effector, xenophagy will capture any microorganisms that touch the epithelial cells of our gastrointestinal tract, degrade them and turn them into nutrients for the use of our body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boxuan Yu
- Hwa Chong Institution, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bowei Yu
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ligen Yu
- grid.59025.3b0000 0001 2224 0361Talent Recruitment and Career Support (TRACS) Office, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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16
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Li N, Zhang RX, Xie XJ, Gu HF. Autophagy in chronic stress induced atherosclerosis. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 503:70-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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17
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Let-7c-3p Regulates Autophagy under Oxidative Stress by Targeting ATG3 in Lens Epithelial Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:6069390. [PMID: 32258130 PMCID: PMC7102475 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6069390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Oxidative stress is an important factor during age-related cataract formation. Apoptosis and autophagy induced by oxidative stress have been reported as key factors in age-related cataract. In our research, we investigated the role of let-7c-3p in the regulation of autophagy and apoptosis during the formation of age-related cataract. Material and Methods. Real-time PCR and western blot were employed to detect the expression of let-7c-3p in the tissues of age-related cataract. Human lens epithelial cells (LECs) were treated with H2O2 as an age-related cataract model. The extent of apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry and western blot. To detect autophagy, immunofluorescence was used to analyze the spot number of LC3, and western blot was used to detect the expression of LC3-II/I and ATG3. The molecular mechanisms of let-7c-3p regulating autophagy via ATG3 under oxidative stress were performed by a luciferase report gene assay and rescue experiment. Results Downregulation of let-7c-3p was found in the age-related cataract group aged >65 years relative to the age-related cataract group aged ≤65 years. Consistently, the expression of let-7c-3p was also lower under oxidative stress. The activities of LEC apoptosis and autophagy induced by oxidative stress were inhibited by let-7c-3p. By the bioinformatics database and the luciferase reporter assay, ATG3 was found to be a direct target of let-7c-3p. Let-7c-3p reduced the ATG3-mediated autophagy level, which was induced by oxidative stress in LECs. Conclusion Let-7c-3p inhibits autophagy by targeting ATG3 in LECs in age-related cataract.
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18
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Shen M, Wang L, Kuang L, Liu D. Knockdown of mitofilin inhibits autophagy and facilitates starvation-induced apoptosis in HeLa cells. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020; 22:1132-1137. [PMID: 31998453 PMCID: PMC6885394 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2019.36173.8617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Mitofilin contributes to the maintenance of mitochondrial structure and functions. This study was undertaken to determine the mechanisms underlying its regulation of apoptosis. Materials and Methods Mitofilin was knockdowned by specific short hairpin RNA (shRNA) and the stable HeLa cell clone was selected. The autophagy activity were assessed with LC3-II conversion and puncta formation by western blot and fluorescence imaging in starved and normal cultured HeLa cells. Autophagy flux was measured in the presence of NH4Cl. Wortmannin was used to inhibit autophagy. Cell viability and apoptosis were detected with cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) assay, respectively. Results Mitofilin expression was down-regulated in starved HeLa cells. In established mitofilin stable knockdown cell lines, LC3-II conversion and puncta formation were detected, which are both hallmarks of autophagy, under both basal and starvation conditions. Mitofilin down-regulation decreased LC3-II conversion and puncta formation, which indicates that loss of mitofilin function inhibits both basal and starvation-induced autophagy activity. CCK-8 and FACS analysis confirmed mitofilin involvement in the regulation of cell survival since mitofilin down-regulation facilitated starvation-induced apoptosis in HeLa cells. Conclusion Taken together, mitofilin is a potent regulator of autophagy and it may modulate cell survival through regulation of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengli Shen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035
| | - Li Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035
| | - Lingyun Kuang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035
| | - Danhui Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035
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19
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Borek S, Stefaniak S, Śliwiński J, Garnczarska M, Pietrowska-Borek M. Autophagic Machinery of Plant Peroxisomes. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4754. [PMID: 31557865 PMCID: PMC6802006 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are cell organelles that play an important role in plants in many physiological and developmental processes. The plant peroxisomes harbor enzymes of the β-oxidation of fatty acids and the glyoxylate cycle; photorespiration; detoxification of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species; as well as biosynthesis of hormones and signal molecules. The function of peroxisomes in plant cells changes during plant growth and development. They are transformed from organelles involved in storage lipid breakdown during seed germination and seedling growth into leaf peroxisomes involved in photorespiration in green parts of the plant. Additionally, intensive oxidative metabolism of peroxisomes causes damage to their components. Therefore, unnecessary or damaged peroxisomes are degraded by selective autophagy, called pexophagy. This is an important element of the quality control system of peroxisomes in plant cells. Despite the fact that the mechanism of pexophagy has already been described for yeasts and mammals, the molecular mechanisms by which plant cells recognize peroxisomes that will be degraded via pexophagy still remain unclear. It seems that a plant-specific mechanism exists for the selective degradation of peroxisomes. In this review, we describe the physiological role of pexophagy in plant cells and the current hypotheses concerning the mechanism of plant pexophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Borek
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Szymon Stefaniak
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Jan Śliwiński
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK.
| | - Małgorzata Garnczarska
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Pietrowska-Borek
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agronomy and Bioengineering, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznań, Poland.
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Wang F, Zhang Z, Leung WT, Chen J, Yi J, Ying C, Yuan M, Wang M, Zhang N, Qiu X, Wang L, Wei H. Hydroxychloroquine reverses the drug resistance of leukemic K562/ADM cells by inhibiting autophagy. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:3883-3892. [PMID: 31485616 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an essential metabolic pathway mediated by lysosomal degradation, which is involved in scavenging and recycling senescent or damaged organelles and biological macromolecules in eukaryotic cells. The present study explored the association between the autophagic activity and chemotherapy resistance of leukaemia cells, and the possibility of using autophagy inhibitors to combat leukemic drug resistance. It was found that the levels of basic autophagy in multidrug‑resistant leukaemia cells (K562/ADM) were significantly higher compared with sensitive cells (K562), and that Adriamycin (ADM) was capable of inducing autophagic activity in K562 and K562/ADM cells. K562 and K562/ADM cells were treated with a series of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) concentrations to inhibit cellular autophagy and detect cell sensitivity to ADM. The results demonstrated that the sensitivity of K562 cells to ADM was mildly enhanced by HCQ, and that the sensitivity of K562/ADM cells to ADM was markedly strengthened by HCQ. In addition, more typical morphological changes associated with apoptosis emerged, and the ratio of Bax/Bcl‑2 and activity of caspase‑3 were markedly increased in K562/ADM cells treated with HCQ. Notably, the expression of mdr1 mRNA and P‑glycoprotein (P‑gp) in drug‑resistant K562/ADM cells was upregulated along with increasing autophagic activity induced by ADM. Furthermore, HCQ significantly reduced the increase in P‑gp expression by inhibiting autophagic activity. Collectively, these findings indicated that the inhibition of autophagy significantly promoted the sensitivity of K562/ADM cells to ADM by facilitating apoptosis. Furthermore, inhibition of autophagy attenuated the expression of P‑gp; therefore, P‑gp may be involved in autophagic regulation in drug‑resistant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Zhewen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Wing Ting Leung
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital and Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Juan Yi
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Chunmei Ying
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Minmin Yuan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Mingyan Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Na Zhang
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital and Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Xuemin Qiu
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital and Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Ling Wang
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital and Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Hulai Wei
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
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Molina V, Rodríguez-Vázquez L, Martí J. Patterns of Apoptosis and Autophagy Activation After Hydroxyurea Exposure in the Rat Cerebellar External Granular Layer: an Immunoperoxidase and Ultrastructural Analysis. Neurotox Res 2019; 37:93-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00094-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Song D, Guo R, Huang H, Zheng P, Huang H, Oyang Q, Xiao X, Wang B, Rong J, Liu R. 2-Amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5- f]quinoxaline Alters Autophagosome Maturation, Cellular Lipidomic Profiles, and Expression of Core Pluripotent Factors. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:7977-7985. [PMID: 30932489 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
2-Amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx), one of the most abundant heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) found in the human diet, is primarily produced during high-temperature meat or fish cooking. While MeIQx has been investigated as a potential carcinogen, the cytotoxicity and related molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that autophagosome maturation is blocked by MeIQx. Mechanistically, MeIQx inhibits acidification of lysosomes rather than prevents autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Moreover, cellular lipid profiles are altered by MeIQx treatment. Notably, many phospholipids and sphingolipids are significantly upregulated after exposure to MeIQx. Furthermore, MeIQx decreases expression of pluripotency-associated proteins in mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Together, MeIQx blocks autophagosome maturation through inhibiting acidification of lysosomes, alters lipid metabolism, and decreases expression of pluripotent factors. Our studies provide more cytotoxic evidence and elucidate related mechanisms on the risk of HAA exposure and are expected to promote supervision of food safety and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Song
- Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210095 , People's Republic of China
| | - Renpeng Guo
- Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210095 , People's Republic of China
| | - Haibo Huang
- Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210095 , People's Republic of China
| | - Peixiang Zheng
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , Hubei 430073 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Huang
- Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210095 , People's Republic of China
| | - Qinqin Oyang
- Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210095 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyue Xiao
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , Hubei 430073 , People's Republic of China
| | - Binran Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , Hubei 430073 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jingtong Rong
- Department of Mental Health , Jining Medical University , Jining , Shandong 272067 , People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Liu
- Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210095 , People's Republic of China
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210095 , People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210095 , People's Republic of China
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Mechanisms of lipid droplet biogenesis. Biochem J 2019; 476:1929-1942. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are organelles that compartmentalize nonbilayer-forming lipids in the aqueous cytoplasm of cells. They are ubiquitous in most organisms, including in animals, protists, plants and microorganisms. In eukaryotes, LDs are believed to be derived by a budding and scission process from the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum, and this occurs concomitantly with the accumulation of neutral lipids, most often triacylglycerols and steryl esters. Overall, the mechanisms underlying LD biogenesis are difficult to generalize, in part because of the involvement of different sets of both evolutionarily conserved and organism-specific LD-packaging proteins. Here, we briefly compare and contrast these proteins and the allied processes responsible for LD biogenesis in cells of animals, yeasts and plants.
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Zhang Y, Xie Y, Liu W, Deng W, Peng D, Wang C, Xu H, Ruan C, Deng Y, Guo Y, Lu C, Yi C, Ren J, Xue Y. DeepPhagy: a deep learning framework for quantitatively measuring autophagy activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Autophagy 2019; 16:626-640. [PMID: 31204567 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1632622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Seeing is believing. The direct observation of GFP-Atg8 vacuolar delivery under confocal microscopy is one of the most useful end-point measurements for monitoring yeast macroautophagy/autophagy. However, manually labelling individual cells from large-scale sets of images is time-consuming and labor-intensive, which has greatly hampered its extensive use in functional screens. Herein, we conducted a time-course analysis of nitrogen starvation-induced autophagy in wild-type and knockout mutants of 35 AuTophaGy-related (ATG) genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and obtained 1,944 confocal images containing > 200,000 cells. We manually labelled 8,078 autophagic and 18,493 non-autophagic cells as a benchmark dataset and developed a new deep learning tool for autophagy (DeepPhagy), which exhibited superior accuracy in recognizing autophagic cells compared to other existing methods, with an area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.9710 from 10-fold cross-validations. We further used DeepPhagy to automatically analyze all the images and quantitatively classified the autophagic phenotypes of the 35 atg knockout mutants into 3 classes. The high consistency in our computational and biochemical results indicated the reliability of DeepPhagy for measuring autophagic activity. Moreover, we used DeepPhagy to analyze 3 additional types of autophagic phenotypes, including the targeting of Atg1-GFP to the vacuole, the vacuolar delivery of GFP-Atg19, and the disintegration of autophagic bodies indicated by GFP-Atg8, all with satisfying accuracies. Taken together, our study not only enables the GFP-Atg8 fluorescence assay to become a quantitative measurement for analyzing autophagic phenotypes in S. cerevisiae but also demonstrates that deep learning-based methods could potentially be applied to different types of autophagy.Abbreviations: Ac: accuracy; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; ALR: autophagic lysosomal reformation; ATG: AuTophaGy-related; AUC: area under the curve; CNN: convolutional neural network; Cvt: cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting; DeepPhagy: deep learning for autophagy; fc_2: second fully connected; GFP: green fluorescent protein; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; HAT: histone acetyltransferase; HemI: Heat map Illustrator; JRE: Java Runtime Environment; KO: knockout; LRN: local response normalization; MCC: Mathew Correlation Coefficient; OS: operating system; PAS: phagophore assembly site; PC: principal component; PCA: principal component analysis; PPI: protein-protein interaction; Pr: precision; QPSO: Quantum-behaved Particle Swarm Optimization; ReLU: rectified linear unit; RF: random forest; ROC: receiver operating characteristic; ROI: region of interest; SD: systematic derivation; SGD: stochastic gradient descent; Sn: sensitivity; Sp: specificity; SRG: seeded region growing; t-SNE: t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding; 2D: 2-dimensional; WT: wild-type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yubin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenzhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wankun Deng
- Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Di Peng
- Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chenwei Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Haodong Xu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Ruan
- Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongjie Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yaping Guo
- Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chenjun Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Program in Molecular and Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cong Yi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Program in Molecular and Cell Biology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Xue
- Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Singh S, Kumari R, Chinchwadkar S, Aher A, Matheshwaran S, Manjithaya R. Exocyst Subcomplex Functions in Autophagosome Biogenesis by Regulating Atg9 Trafficking. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:2821-2834. [PMID: 31103773 PMCID: PMC6698439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
During autophagy, double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes capture and degrade the intracellular cargo. The de novo formation of autophagosomes requires several vesicle transport and membrane fusion events which are not completely understood. We studied the involvement of exocyst, an octameric tethering complex, which has a primary function in tethering post-Golgi secretory vesicles to plasma membrane, in autophagy. Our findings indicate that not all subunits of exocyst are involved in selective and general autophagy. We show that in the absence of autophagy specific subunits, autophagy arrest is accompanied by accumulation of incomplete autophagosome-like structures. In these mutants, impaired Atg9 trafficking leads to decreased delivery of membrane to the site of autophagosome biogenesis thereby impeding the elongation and completion of the autophagosomes. The subunits of exocyst, which are dispensable for autophagic function, do not associate with the autophagy specific subcomplex of exocyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunaina Singh
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore, 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Ruchika Kumari
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore, 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Sarika Chinchwadkar
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore, 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Amol Aher
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore, 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Saravanan Matheshwaran
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ravi Manjithaya
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore, 560064, Karnataka, India.
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26
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Puri D, Subramanyam D. Stress - (self) eating: Epigenetic regulation of autophagy in response to psychological stress. FEBS J 2019; 286:2447-2460. [PMID: 30927484 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a constitutive and cytoprotective catabolic process. Aberrations in autophagy lead to a multitude of degenerative disorders, with neurodegeneration being one of the most widely studied autophagy-related disorders. While the field has largely been focusing on the cytosolic constituents and processes of autophagy, recent studies are increasingly appreciating the role of chromatin modifications and epigenetic regulation in autophagy maintenance. Autophagy has been implicated in the regulation of neurogenesis, and disruption of neurogenesis in response to psychological stress is a proximal risk factor for development of neuropsychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder (MDD). In this review, we will discuss the regulation of autophagy in normal neurogenesis as well as during chronic psychological stress, focusing on the epigenetic control of autophagy in these contexts, and also highlight the lacunae in our understanding of this process. The systematic study of these regulatory mechanisms will provide a novel therapeutic strategy, based on the use epigenetic regulators of autophagy to enhance neurogenesis and potentially alleviate stress-related behavioral disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Puri
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Deepa Subramanyam
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
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27
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Furlong K, Hwang S. Autophagy and Noroviruses. Viruses 2019; 11:E244. [PMID: 30871000 PMCID: PMC6466346 DOI: 10.3390/v11030244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an essential cellular process by which a cell degrades materials within its cytoplasm. Intracellular pathogens like viruses must deal with autophagy, either positively or negatively, for their own survival and replication. For some viruses, autophagy can even play proviral roles, helping their replication or dissemination. For other viruses, including noroviruses, the exact role of autophagy is more complex. This short review seeks to summarize the known interactions between autophagy, autophagy proteins and norovirus, and to address remaining questions relevant to these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Furlong
- Committee on Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Seungmin Hwang
- Committee on Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
- Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
- Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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28
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Zheng Y, Shi B, Ma M, Wu X, Lin X. The novel relationship between Sirt3 and autophagy in myocardial ischemia–reperfusion. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:5488-5495. [PMID: 30485429 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yitian Zheng
- Cardiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University Hefei City, Anhui Province China
| | - Binhao Shi
- Cardiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University Hefei City, Anhui Province China
| | - Mengqing Ma
- Cardiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University Hefei City, Anhui Province China
| | - Xiaoqin Wu
- Cardiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University Hefei City, Anhui Province China
| | - Xianhe Lin
- Cardiology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University Hefei City, Anhui Province China
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29
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Brown HM, Biering SB, Zhu A, Choi J, Hwang S. Demarcation of Viral Shelters Results in Destruction by Membranolytic GTPases: Antiviral Function of Autophagy Proteins and Interferon-Inducible GTPases. Bioessays 2018; 40:e1700231. [PMID: 29603284 PMCID: PMC5986617 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201700231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A hallmark of positive-sense RNA viruses is the formation of membranous shelters for safe replication in the cytoplasm. Once considered invisible to the immune system, these viral shelters are now found to be antagonized through the cooperation of autophagy proteins and anti-microbial GTPases. This coordinated effort of autophagy proteins guiding GTPases functions against not only the shelters of viruses but also cytoplasmic vacuoles containing bacteria or protozoa, suggesting a broad immune-defense mechanism against disparate vacuolar pathogens. Fundamental questions regarding this process remain: how the host recognizes these membranous structures as a target, how the autophagy proteins bring the GTPases to the shelters, and how the recruited GTPases disrupt these shelters. In this review, these questions are discussed, the answers to which will significantly advance our understanding of the response to vacuole-like structures of pathogens, thereby paving the way for the development of broadly effective anti-microbial strategies for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailey M. Brown
- Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Scott B. Biering
- Committee on Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Allen Zhu
- Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jayoung Choi
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Seungmin Hwang
- Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Committee on Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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30
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Li R, Yi X, Wei X, Huo B, Guo X, Cheng C, Fang ZM, Wang J, Feng X, Zheng P, Su YS, Masau JF, Zhu XH, Jiang DS. EZH2 inhibits autophagic cell death of aortic vascular smooth muscle cells to affect aortic dissection. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:180. [PMID: 29416002 PMCID: PMC5833461 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0213-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), a methyltransferase that di- and tri-methylates lysine-27 of histone H3, largely functions as a transcriptional repressor, and plays a critical role in various kinds of cancers. Here we report a novel function of EZH2 in regulating autophagic cell death (ACD) of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) that affect aortic dissection (AD). Inhibition of EZH2 activity by UNC1999 or knockdown EZH2 resulted in VSMC loss, while overexpression of EZH2 facilitated VSMC growth, and these effects of EZH2 on VSMCs were independent of proliferation and apoptosis. Interestingly, more autophagic vacuoles and increased LC3II protein levels were identified in VSMCs with EZH2 inhibition or deficiency. Moreover, when compared with counterparts, chloroquine alone, or chloroquine with rapamycin treatment led to more LC3II accumulation in EZH2 inhibited or knockdown VSMCs, which indicated that EZH2 negatively regulated autophagosome formation. In conjunction to this, ATG5 and ATG7 protein levels were remarkably increased in EZH2 inhibited or deficient VSMCs, and ATG5 or ATG7 knockdown virtually rescued VSMC loss induced by EZH2 inhibition or knockdown. In addition, we found that the MEK-ERK1/2 signaling pathway, but not AMPKα, mTOR, or AKT pathway, is responsible for the impact of EZH2 on ACD of VSMCs. Additionally, the adverse effects of EZH2 inhibition or knockdown on VSMCs were largely reversed by PD98059, an inhibitor of MEK1. More importantly, decreased EZH2 expression levels in the aortic wall of patients with AD indicated its contribution to VSMC loss and AD occurrence. Overall, these findings revealed that EZH2 affects ACD of VSMCs and the pathologic process of AD via regulating ATG5 and ATG7 expression and MEK-ERK1/2 signaling. Our hitherto unrecognized findings indicate that EZH2 activation has therapeutic or preventive potential for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xin Yi
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Xiang Wei
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Bo Huo
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xian Guo
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Cai Cheng
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ze-Min Fang
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xin Feng
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yun-Shu Su
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jackson Ferdinand Masau
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xue-Hai Zhu
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ding-Sheng Jiang
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Health, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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31
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Fries GR, Gassen NC, Rein T. The FKBP51 Glucocorticoid Receptor Co-Chaperone: Regulation, Function, and Implications in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122614. [PMID: 29206196 PMCID: PMC5751217 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the chaperones and co-chaperones regulating the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), FK506 binding protein (FKBP) 51 is the most intensely investigated across different disciplines. This review provides an update on the role of the different co-chaperones of Hsp70 and Hsp90 in the regulation of GR function. The development leading to the focus on FKBP51 is outlined. Further, a survey of the vast literature on the mechanism and function of FKBP51 is provided. This includes its structure and biochemical function, its regulation on different levels—transcription, post-transcription, and post-translation—and its function in signaling pathways. The evidence portraying FKBP51 as a scaffolding protein organizing protein complexes rather than a chaperone contributing to the folding of individual proteins is collated. Finally, FKBP51’s involvement in physiology and disease is outlined, and the promising efforts in developing drugs targeting FKBP51 are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel R Fries
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
| | - Nils C Gassen
- Department of Translational Science in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany.
| | - Theo Rein
- Department of Translational Science in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany.
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32
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Wang F, Chen J, Zhang Z, Yi J, Yuan M, Wang M, Zhang N, Qiu X, Wei H, Wang L. Differences of basic and induced autophagic activity between K562 and K562/ADM cells. Intractable Rare Dis Res 2017; 6:281-290. [PMID: 29259857 PMCID: PMC5735282 DOI: 10.5582/irdr.2017.01069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) often have a poor prognosis due to drug resistance, which is regarded as a tough problem during the period of clinical therapeutics. It has been reported that autophagy, an important event in various cellular processes, plays a crucial role in mediating drug-resistance to cancer cells. Our study attempts to comparatively investigate the differences of basic and induced autophagic activity between drug-sensitive and multidrug-resistant AML cells. The level of basic autophagy in K562/ADM cells was higher than that in K562 cells, which could be characterized by more cytosolic contents-packaged autophagic vacuoles in K562/ADM cells when compared to that in K562 cells. The observation of MDC staining showed that the fluorescent intensity of autophagosomes in K562/ADM cells was stronger than that in K562 cells. The expression of Beclin1 and the ratio of LC3-II to LC3-I were distinctly higher in K562/ADM cells, however, P62 protein was relatively lower in K562/ADM cells. Furthermore, we found that nutrient depletion could induce autophagic activity of both cell lines. However, autophagic activity of K562/ADM cells was always maintained at a higher level in contrast with K562 cells. ADM (Adriamycin) was also capable of inducing autophagic activity of K562 and K562/ADM cells, but the autophagic alteration in K562 cells appeared earlier. Taken together, our findings suggest that autophagy exerts an important effect on formation and maintenance of drug-resistance in AML cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Wang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- The Academy of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital & Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Zhewen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Juan Yi
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Minmin Yuan
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- The Academy of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital & Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyan Wang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- The Academy of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital & Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- The Academy of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital & Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuemin Qiu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- The Academy of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital & Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Hulai Wei
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
- Dr. Hulai Wei, Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, 199 Donggang West Road, Lanzhou, 730000 Gansu Province, China. E-mail:
| | - Ling Wang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- The Academy of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital & Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Address correspondence to: Dr. Ling Wang, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, 413 Zhaozhou Road, Shanghai 200011, China. E-mail:
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