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Vipin VA, Blesson CS, Yallampalli C. Maternal low protein diet and fetal programming of lean type 2 diabetes. World J Diabetes 2022; 13:185-202. [PMID: 35432755 PMCID: PMC8984567 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v13.i3.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal nutrition is found to be the key factor that determines fetal health in utero and metabolic health during adulthood. Metabolic diseases have been primarily attributed to impaired maternal nutrition during pregnancy, and impaired nutrition has been an immense issue across the globe. In recent years, type 2 diabetes (T2D) has reached epidemic proportion and is a severe public health problem in many countries. Although plenty of research has already been conducted to tackle T2D which is associated with obesity, little is known regarding the etiology and pathophysiology of lean T2D, a variant of T2D. Recent studies have focused on the effects of epigenetic variation on the contribution of in utero origins of lean T2D, although other mechanisms might also contribute to the pathology. Observational studies in humans and experiments in animals strongly suggest an association between maternal low protein diet and lean T2D phenotype. In addition, clear sex-specific disease prevalence was observed in different studies. Consequently, more research is essential for the understanding of the etiology and pathophysiology of lean T2D, which might help to develop better disease prevention and treatment strategies. This review examines the role of protein insufficiency in the maternal diet as the central driver of the developmental programming of lean T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidyadharan Alukkal Vipin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Chellakkan Selvanesan Blesson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States
- Family Fertility Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Chandra Yallampalli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States
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2
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Roberts VHJ, Gaffney JE, Morgan TK, Frias AE. Placental adaptations in a nonhuman primate model of gestational protein restriction. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2021; 12:908-914. [PMID: 33308351 PMCID: PMC8200369 DOI: 10.1017/s204017442000121x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated decreased placental perfusion, reduced amniotic fluid protein content, and increased pregnancy loss in a nonhuman primate model of gestational protein restriction. Here, our objective was to link these detrimental findings with a functional placental assessment. As blood flow is critical to maternal-fetal exchange, we hypothesized that a protein-restricted diet would impair placental taurine uptake. Pregnant rhesus macaques were maintained on either control chow (CON, n = 5), a 33% protein-restricted diet (PR33, n = 5), or a 50% PR diet (PR50, n = 5) prior to and throughout pregnancy. Animals were delivered on gestational day 135 (G135; term is G168). Taurine activity was determined in fresh placental villous explants. Taurine transporter (TauT) protein expression, placental growth factor (PLGF), and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and IGF-2 protein concentrations were measured, and histological assessment was performed. Fetal body weights and placental weights were comparable between all three groups at G135. Placental taurine uptake was decreased in PR33- and PR50-fed animals compared to CON, yet TauT expression was unchanged across groups. PLGF was significantly increased in PR50 vs. CON, with no change in IGF-1 or IGF-2 expression in placental homogenate from PR-fed animals. Accelerated villous maturation was observed in all PR50 cases, three of five PR33, and was absent in CON. We demonstrate conserved fetal growth, despite a decrease in placental taurine uptake. Increased expression of PLGF and expansion of the syncytiotrophoblast surface area in the severely protein-restricted animals suggest a compensatory mechanism by the placenta to maintain fetal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria H J Roberts
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center (ONPRC), Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jessica E Gaffney
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center (ONPRC), Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, USA
| | - Terry K Morgan
- Department of Pathology, OHSU, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, OHSU, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Antonio E Frias
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center (ONPRC), Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, OHSU, Portland, OR, USA
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Kabasakal Çetin A, Alkan Tuğ T, Güleç A, Akyol A. Effects of maternal taurine supplementation on maternal dietary intake, plasma metabolites and fetal growth and development in cafeteria diet fed rats. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11547. [PMID: 34141487 PMCID: PMC8180190 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal obesity may disrupt the developmental process of the fetus during gestation in rats. Recent evidence suggests that taurine can exert protective role against detrimental influence of obesogenic diets. This study aimed to examine the effect of maternal cafeteria diet and/or taurine supplementation on maternal dietary intake, plasma metabolites, fetal growth and development. METHODS Female Wistar rats were fed a control diet (CON), CON supplemented with 1.5% taurine in drinking water (CONT), cafeteria diet (CAF) or CAF supplemented with taurine (CAFT) from weaning. After 8 weeks all animals were mated and maintained on the same diets during pregnancy and lactation. RESULTS Dietary intakes were significantly different between the groups. Both CAF and CAFT fed dams consumed less water in comparison to CON and CONT dams. Taurine supplementation only increased plasma taurine concentrations in CONT group. Maternal plasma adiponectin concentrations increased in CAF and CAFT fed dams compared to CON and CONT fed dams and there was no effect of taurine. Hyperleptinemia was observed in CAF fed dams but not in CAFT fed dams. Malondialdehyde was significantly increased only in CAF fed dams. Litter size, sex ratio and birth weight were similar between the groups. There was an increase in neonatal mortality in CONT group. DISCUSSION This study showed that maternal taurine supplementation exerted modest protective effects on cafeteria diet induced maternal obesity. The increased neonatal mortality in CONT neonates indicates possible detrimental effects of taurine supplementation in the setting of normal pregnancy. Therefore, future studies should investigate the optimal dose of taurine supplementation and long term potential effects on the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arzu Kabasakal Çetin
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Tuǧba Alkan Tuğ
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Atila Güleç
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Aslı Akyol
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Türkiye
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Protein malnutrition early in life increased apoptosis but did not alter the β-cell mass during gestation. Br J Nutr 2020; 125:1111-1124. [PMID: 32912341 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114520003554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated whether early-life protein restriction alters structural parameters that affect β-cell mass on the 15th day and 20th day of gestation in control pregnant (CP), control non-pregnant (CNP), low-protein pregnant (LPP) and low-protein non-pregnant (LPNP) rats from the fetal to the adult life stage as well as in protein-restricted rats that recovered after weaning (recovered pregnant (RP) and recovered non-pregnant). On the 15th day of gestation, the CNP group had a higher proportion of smaller islets, whereas the CP group exhibited a higher proportion of islets larger than the median. The β-cell mass was lower in the low-protein group than that in the recovered and control groups. Gestation increased the β-cell mass, β-cell proliferation frequency and neogenesis frequency independently of the nutritional status. The apoptosis frequency was increased in the recovered groups compared with that in the other groups. On the 20th day of gestation, a higher proportion of islets smaller than the median was observed in the non-pregnant groups, whereas a higher proportion of islets larger than the median was observed in the RP, LPP and CP groups. β-Cell mass was lower in the low-protein group than that in the recovered and control groups, regardless of the physiological status. The β-cell proliferation frequency was lower, whereas the apoptosis rate was higher in recovered rats compared with those in the low-protein and control rats. Thus, protein malnutrition early in life did not alter the mass of β-cells, especially in the first two-thirds of gestation, despite the increase in apoptosis.
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Abstract
Amino acids are not only the building blocks of proteins, an indispensable component of cells, but also play versatile roles in regulating cell metabolism, proliferation, differentiation and growth by themselves or through their derivatives. At the whole body level, the bioavailability and metabolism of amino acids, interacting with other macronutrients, is critical for the physiological processes of reproduction including gametogenesis, fertilization, implantation, placentation, fetal growth and development. In fertilization and early pregnancy, histotroph in oviductal and uterine secretions provides nutrients and microenvironment for conceptus (embryo and extraembryonic membranes) development. These nutrients include select amino acids in histotroph (arginine, leucine and glutamine of particular interest) that stimulate conceptus growth and development, as well as interactions between maternal uterus and the conceptus, thus impacting maintenance of pregnancy, placental growth, development and functions, fetal growth and development, and consequential pregnancy outcomes. Gestational protein undernutrition causes fetal growth restriction and predisposes cardiovascular, metabolic diseases and others in offspring via multiple mechanisms, whereas the supplementation of glycine, leucine and taurine during pregnancy partially rescues growth restriction and beneficially modulates fetal programming. Thus, amino acids are essential for the fertility of humans and all animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Gao
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.
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Rashid CS, Bansal A, Simmons RA. Oxidative Stress, Intrauterine Growth Restriction, and Developmental Programming of Type 2 Diabetes. Physiology (Bethesda) 2019; 33:348-359. [PMID: 30109821 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00023.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) leads to reduced birth weight and the development of metabolic diseases such as Type 2 diabetes in adulthood. Mitochondria dysfunction and oxidative stress are commonly found in key tissues (pancreatic islets, liver, and skeletal muscle) of IUGR individuals. In this review, we explore the role of oxidative stress in IUGR-associated diabetes etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cetewayo S Rashid
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women's Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Amita Bansal
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women's Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Rebecca A Simmons
- Center for Research on Reproduction and Women's Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Larsen LH, Sandø-Pedersen S, Ørstrup LKH, Grunnet N, Quistorff B, Mortensen OH. Gestational Protein Restriction in Wistar Rats; Effect of Taurine Supplementation on Properties of Newborn Skeletal Muscle. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 975 Pt 1:413-433. [PMID: 28849472 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-1079-2_34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Taurine ameliorates changes occurring in newborn skeletal muscle as a result of gestational protein restriction in C57BL/6 mice, but taurine supplementation effects may be exaggerated in C57BL/6 mice due to their inherent excessive taurinuria.We examined if maternal taurine supplementation could ameliorate changes in gene expression levels, properties of mitochondria, myogenesis, and nutrient transport and sensing, in male newborn skeletal muscle caused by a maternal low protein (LP) diet in Wistar rats.LP diet resulted in an 11% non-significant decrease in birth weight, which was not rescued by taurine supplementation (LP-Tau). LP-Tau offspring had significantly lower birth weight compared to controls. Gene expression profiling revealed 895 significantly changed genes, mainly an LP-induced down-regulation of genes involved in protein translation. Taurine fully or partially rescued 32% of these changes, but with no distinct pattern as to which genes were rescued.Skeletal muscle taurine content in LP-Tau offspring was increased, but no changes in mRNA levels of the taurine synthesis pathway were observed. Taurine transporter mRNA levels, but not protein levels, were increased by LP diet.Nutrient sensing signaling pathways were largely unaffected in LP or LP-Tau groups, although taurine supplementation caused a decrease in total Akt and AMPK protein levels. PAT4 amino acid transporter mRNA was increased by LP, and normalized by taurine supplementation.In conclusion, gestational protein restriction in rats decreased genes involved in protein translation in newborn skeletal muscle and led to changes in nutrient transporters. Taurine partly rescued these changes, hence underscoring the importance of taurine in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Hüche Larsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cellular and Metabolic Research Section, University of Copenhagen, København, Denmark
| | - Sofie Sandø-Pedersen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cellular and Metabolic Research Section, University of Copenhagen, København, Denmark
| | - Laura Kofoed Hvidsten Ørstrup
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cellular and Metabolic Research Section, University of Copenhagen, København, Denmark
| | - Niels Grunnet
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cellular and Metabolic Research Section, University of Copenhagen, København, Denmark
| | - Bjørn Quistorff
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cellular and Metabolic Research Section, University of Copenhagen, København, Denmark
| | - Ole Hartvig Mortensen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cellular and Metabolic Research Section, University of Copenhagen, København, Denmark.
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Cappelli APG, Zoppi CC, Silveira LR, Batista TM, Paula FM, da Silva PMR, Rafacho A, Barbosa-Sampaio HC, Boschero AC, Carneiro EM. Reduced glucose-induced insulin secretion in low-protein-fed rats is associated with altered pancreatic islets redox status. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:486-496. [PMID: 28370189 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the relationship between early life protein malnutrition-induced redox imbalance, and reduced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. After weaning, male Wistar rats were submitted to a normal-protein-diet (17%-protein, NP) or to a low-protein-diet (6%-protein, LP) for 60 days. Pancreatic islets were isolated and hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), oxidized (GSSG) and reduced (GSH) glutathione content, CuZn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1), glutathione peroxidase (GPx1) and catalase (CAT) gene expression, as well as enzymatic antioxidant activities were quantified. Islets that were pre-incubated with H2 O2 and/or N-acetylcysteine, were subsequently incubated with glucose for insulin secretion measurement. Protein malnutrition increased CAT mRNA content by 100%. LP group SOD1 and CAT activities were 50% increased and reduced, respectively. H2 O2 production was more than 50% increased whereas GSH/GSSG ratio was near 60% lower in LP group. Insulin secretion was, in most conditions, approximately 50% lower in LP rat islets. When islets were pre-incubated with H2 O2 (100 μM), and incubated with glucose (33 mM), LP rats showed significant decrease of insulin secretion. This effect was attenuated when LP islets were exposed to N-acetylcysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula G Cappelli
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Cellular Biology and Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil.,Department of Physiology and Biophysiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudio C Zoppi
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Cellular Biology and Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo R Silveira
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Cellular Biology and Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago M Batista
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Cellular Biology and Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávia M Paula
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Cellular Biology and Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Alex Rafacho
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Cellular Biology and Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Physiologic Sciences, Center of Biologic Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianopolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Helena C Barbosa-Sampaio
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Cellular Biology and Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio C Boschero
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Cellular Biology and Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Everardo M Carneiro
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Cellular Biology and Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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9
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Dumortier O, Roger E, Pisani DF, Casamento V, Gautier N, Lebrun P, Johnston H, Lopez P, Amri EZ, Jousse C, Fafournoux P, Prentki M, Hinault C, Van Obberghen E. Age-Dependent Control of Energy Homeostasis by Brown Adipose Tissue in Progeny Subjected to Maternal Diet-Induced Fetal Programming. Diabetes 2017; 66:627-639. [PMID: 27927722 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological and animal studies show that deleterious maternal environments predispose aging offspring to metabolic disorders and type 2 diabetes. Young progenies in a rat model of maternal low-protein (LP) diet are normoglycemic despite collapsed insulin secretion. However, without further worsening of the insulin secretion defect, glucose homeostasis deteriorates in aging LP descendants. Here we report that normoglycemic and insulinopenic 3-month-old LP progeny shows increased body temperature and energy dissipation in association with enhanced brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity. In addition, it is protected against a cold challenge and high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity with associated insulin resistance and hyperglycemia. Surgical BAT ablation in 3-month-old LP offspring normalizes body temperature and causes postprandial hyperglycemia. At 10 months, BAT activity declines in LP progeny with the appearance of reduced protection to HFD-induced obesity; at 18 months, LP progeny displays a BAT activity comparable to control offspring and insulin resistance and hyperglycemia occur. Together our findings identify BAT as a decisive physiological determinant of the onset of metabolic dysregulation in offspring predisposed to altered β-cell function and hyperglycemia and place it as a critical regulator of fetal programming of adult metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Estelle Roger
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, IRCAN, Nice, France
| | | | | | - Nadine Gautier
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, IRCAN, Nice, France
| | | | | | - Pascal Lopez
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, IRCAN, Nice, France
| | | | | | | | - Marc Prentki
- CRCHUM and Montreal Diabetes Research Center and Departments of Nutrition and Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Green tea extract intake during lactation modified cardiac macrophage infiltration and AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation in weanling rats from undernourished mother during gestation and lactation. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2016; 8:178-187. [PMID: 27919304 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174416000647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Maternal dietary restriction is often associated with cardiovascular disease in offspring. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of green tea extract (GTE) intake during lactation on macrophage infiltration, and activation of adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and serine-threonine kinase Akt (Akt) in the hearts of weanlings exposed to maternal dietary protein restriction. Pregnant Wistar rats were fed control (C) or low-protein diets (LP) throughout gestation. Following delivery, the dams received a control or a GTE-containing control diet during lactation: control diet during gestation and lactation (CC), low-protein diet during gestation and lactation (LPC), low-protein diet during gestation and 0.12% GTE-containing low-protein diet during lactation (LPL), and low-protein diet during gestation and 0.24% GTE-containing low-protein diet during lactation (LPH). The female offspring were sacrificed at day 22. Biochemical parameters in the plasma, macrophage infiltration, degree of fibrosis and expression levels of AMPK and Akt were examined. The plasma insulin level increased in LPH compared with LPC. Percentage of the fibrotic areas and the number of macrophages in LPC were higher than those in CC. Conversely, the fibrotic areas and the macrophage number in LPH were smaller (21 and 56%, respectively) than those in LPC. The levels of phosphorylated AMPK in LPL and LPH, and Akt in LPH were greater than those in LPC. In conclusion, maternal protein restriction may induce macrophage infiltration and the decrease of insulin levels. However, GTE intake during lactation may suppress macrophage infiltration and restore insulin secretion function via upregulation of AMPK and insulin signaling in weanlings.
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Rawn SM, Huang C, Hughes M, Shaykhutdinov R, Vogel HJ, Cross JC. Pregnancy Hyperglycemia in Prolactin Receptor Mutant, but Not Prolactin Mutant, Mice and Feeding-Responsive Regulation of Placental Lactogen Genes Implies Placental Control of Maternal Glucose Homeostasis. Biol Reprod 2015; 93:75. [PMID: 26269505 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.115.132431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy is often viewed as a conflict between the fetus and mother over metabolic resources. Insulin resistance occurs in mothers during pregnancy but does not normally lead to diabetes because of an increase in the number of the mother's pancreatic beta cells. In mice, this increase is dependent on prolactin (Prl) receptor signaling but the source of the ligand has been unclear. Pituitary-derived Prl is produced during the first half of pregnancy in mice but the placenta produces Prl-like hormones from implantation to term. Twenty-two separate mouse genes encode the placenta Prl-related hormones, making it challenging to assess their roles in knockout models. However, because at least four of them are thought to signal through the Prl receptor, we analyzed Prlr mutant mice and compared their phenotypes with those of Prl mutants. We found that whereas Prlr mutants develop hyperglycemia during gestation, Prl mutants do not. Serum metabolome analysis showed that Prlr mutants showed other changes consistent with diabetes. Despite the metabolic changes, fetal growth was normal in Prlr mutants. Of the four placenta-specific, Prl-related hormones that have been shown to interact with the Prlr, their gene expression localizes to different endocrine cell types. The Prl3d1 gene is expressed by trophoblast giant cells both in the labyrinth layer, sitting on the arterial side where maternal blood is highest in oxygen and nutrients, and in the junctional zone as maternal blood leaves the placenta. Expression increases during the night, though the increase in the labyrinth is circadian whereas it occurs only after feeding in the junctional zone. These data suggest that the placenta has a sophisticated endocrine system that regulates maternal glucose metabolism during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saara M Rawn
- Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Carol Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Martha Hughes
- Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rustem Shaykhutdinov
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hans J Vogel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - James C Cross
- Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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12
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Abstract
Taurine is a natural amino acid present as free form in many mammalian tissues and in particular in skeletal muscle. Taurine exerts many physiological functions, including membrane stabilization, osmoregulation and cytoprotective effects, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions as well as modulation of intracellular calcium concentration and ion channel function. In addition taurine may control muscle metabolism and gene expression, through yet unclear mechanisms. This review summarizes the effects of taurine on specific muscle targets and pathways as well as its therapeutic potential to restore skeletal muscle function and performance in various pathological conditions. Evidences support the link between alteration of intracellular taurine level in skeletal muscle and different pathophysiological conditions, such as disuse-induced muscle atrophy, muscular dystrophy and/or senescence, reinforcing the interest towards its exogenous supplementation. In addition, taurine treatment can be beneficial to reduce sarcolemmal hyper-excitability in myotonia-related syndromes. Although further studies are necessary to fill the gaps between animals and humans, the benefit of the amino acid appears to be due to its multiple actions on cellular functions while toxicity seems relatively low. Human clinical trials using taurine in various pathologies such as diabetes, cardiovascular and neurological disorders have been performed and may represent a guide-line for designing specific studies in patients of neuromuscular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria De Luca
- Sezione di Farmacologia, Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy.
| | - Sabata Pierno
- Sezione di Farmacologia, Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy.
| | - Diana Conte Camerino
- Sezione di Farmacologia, Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy.
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13
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Li M, Reynolds C, Sloboda D, Gray C, Vickers M. Maternal taurine supplementation attenuates maternal fructose-induced metabolic and inflammatory dysregulation and partially reverses adverse metabolic programming in offspring. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 26:267-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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14
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Bouret S, Levin BE, Ozanne SE. Gene-environment interactions controlling energy and glucose homeostasis and the developmental origins of obesity. Physiol Rev 2015; 95:47-82. [PMID: 25540138 PMCID: PMC4281588 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00007.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) often occur together and affect a growing number of individuals in both the developed and developing worlds. Both are associated with a number of other serious illnesses that lead to increased rates of mortality. There is likely a polygenic mode of inheritance underlying both disorders, but it has become increasingly clear that the pre- and postnatal environments play critical roles in pushing predisposed individuals over the edge into a disease state. This review focuses on the many genetic and environmental variables that interact to cause predisposed individuals to become obese and diabetic. The brain and its interactions with the external and internal environment are a major focus given the prominent role these interactions play in the regulation of energy and glucose homeostasis in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Bouret
- The Saban Research Institute, Neuroscience Program, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Inserm U837, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, University Lille 2, Lille, France; Neurology Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center, East Orange, New Jersey; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; and University of Cambridge Institute of Metabolic Science and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Barry E Levin
- The Saban Research Institute, Neuroscience Program, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Inserm U837, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, University Lille 2, Lille, France; Neurology Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center, East Orange, New Jersey; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; and University of Cambridge Institute of Metabolic Science and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Susan E Ozanne
- The Saban Research Institute, Neuroscience Program, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Inserm U837, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, University Lille 2, Lille, France; Neurology Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center, East Orange, New Jersey; Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; and University of Cambridge Institute of Metabolic Science and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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15
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Maternal protein restriction impairs the transcriptional metabolic flexibility of skeletal muscle in adult rat offspring. Br J Nutr 2014; 112:328-37. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514000865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle exhibits a remarkable flexibility in the usage of fuel in response to the nutrient intake and energy demands of the organism. In fact, increased physical activity and fasting trigger a transcriptional programme in skeletal muscle cells leading to a switch from carbohydrate to lipid oxidation. Impaired metabolic flexibility has been reported to be associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes, but it is not known whether the disability to adapt to metabolic demands is a cause or a consequence of these pathological conditions. Inasmuch as a poor nutritional environment during early life is a predisposing factor for the development of metabolic diseases in adulthood, in the present study, we aimed to determine the long-term effects of maternal malnutrition on the metabolic flexibility of offspring skeletal muscle. To this end, the transcriptional responses of the soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles to fasting were evaluated in adult rats born to dams fed a control (17 % protein) or a low-protein (8 % protein, protein restricted (PR)) diet throughout pregnancy and lactation. With the exception of reduced body weight and reduced plasma concentrations of TAG, PR rats exhibited a metabolic profile that was the same as that of the control rats. In the fed state, PR rats exhibited an enhanced expression of key regulatory genes of fatty acid oxidation including CPT1a, PGC-1α, UCP3 and PPARα and an impaired expression of genes that increase the capacity for fat oxidation in response to fasting. These results suggest that impaired metabolic inflexibility precedes and may contribute to the development of metabolic disorders associated with early malnutrition.
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Goosse K, Bouckenooghe T, Sisino G, Aurientis S, Remacle C, Reusens B. Increased susceptibility to streptozotocin and impeded regeneration capacity of beta-cells in adult offspring of malnourished rats. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014; 210:99-109. [PMID: 23701924 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies related poor maternal nutrition and subsequent growth retardation in the progeny to the development of diabetes later in life. Low-protein diet during gestation altered the beta-cell development of the rat progeny by decreasing beta-cell proliferation and increasing their sensitivity to nitric oxide and cytokines in the foetus. This disturbed maternal environment had long-lasting consequences because the higher beta-cell vulnerability was maintained at adulthood. AIM The aim of this study was to determine whether early malnutrition influences the vulnerability and the regeneration capacity of beta-cells after streptozotocin (STZ) damage at adulthood. METHODS Gestating rats were fed either a control or a low-protein diet until weaning. Adult female offspring received injections of Freund's adjuvant weekly for 5 weeks followed 24 h later by STZ. Half of the cohort was killed at d34, whereas the other half was maintained until d48 to analyse the regeneration capacity of the beta-cells. RESULTS Although control and low-protein rats had equivalent pancreatic insulin content and beta-cell volume density at d34, hyperglycaemia appeared earlier and was more dramatic in low-protein rats than in control rats. STZ treatment increased beta-cell proliferation similarly in both groups. At d48, apoptotic rate was higher in the low-protein group. Regeneration appeared in control, but not in the low-protein rats, where beta-cell aggregates/surface area and Reg1-positive area were decreased compared to control. CONCLUSION Maternal malnutrition programmes a more vulnerable endocrine pancreas in the progeny which is unable to regenerate after injury, therefore predisposing it to develop glucose intolerance and diabetes later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Goosse
- Laboratory of Cell Biology; Université catholique de Louvain; Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
| | - T. Bouckenooghe
- Laboratory of Cell Biology; Université catholique de Louvain; Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
- EA 4489 “Environnement périnatal et croissance”; Faculté de Médecine; H Warembourg; Lille France
| | - G. Sisino
- EA 4489 “Environnement périnatal et croissance”; Faculté de Médecine; H Warembourg; Lille France
| | - S. Aurientis
- EA 4489 “Environnement périnatal et croissance”; Faculté de Médecine; H Warembourg; Lille France
| | - C. Remacle
- Laboratory of Cell Biology; Université catholique de Louvain; Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
| | - B. Reusens
- Laboratory of Cell Biology; Université catholique de Louvain; Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
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17
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Li M, Reynolds CM, Sloboda DM, Gray C, Vickers MH. Effects of taurine supplementation on hepatic markers of inflammation and lipid metabolism in mothers and offspring in the setting of maternal obesity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76961. [PMID: 24146946 PMCID: PMC3798342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal obesity is associated with obesity and metabolic disorders in offspring. However, intervention strategies to reverse or ameliorate the effects of maternal obesity on offspring health are limited. Following maternal undernutrition, taurine supplementation can improve outcomes in offspring, possibly via effects on glucose homeostasis and insulin secretion. The effects of taurine in mediating inflammatory processes as a protective mechanism has not been investigated. Further, the efficacy of taurine supplementation in the setting of maternal obesity is not known. Using a model of maternal obesity, we examined the effects of maternal taurine supplementation on outcomes related to inflammation and lipid metabolism in mothers and neonates. Time-mated Wistar rats were randomised to either: 1) control : control diet during pregnancy and lactation (CON); 2) CON supplemented with 1.5% taurine in drinking water (CT); 3) maternal obesogenic diet (high fat, high fructose) during pregnancy and lactation (MO); or 4) MO supplemented with taurine (MOT). Maternal and neonatal weights, plasma cytokines and hepatic gene expression were analysed. A MO diet resulted in maternal hyperinsulinemia and hyperleptinemia and increased plasma glucose, glutamate and TNF-α concentrations. Taurine normalised maternal plasma TNF-α and glutamate concentrations in MOT animals. Both MO and MOT mothers displayed evidence of fatty liver accompanied by alterations in key markers of hepatic lipid metabolism. MO neonates displayed a pro-inflammatory hepatic profile which was partially rescued in MOT offspring. Conversely, a pro-inflammatory phenotype was observed in MOT mothers suggesting a possible maternal trade-off to protect the neonate. Despite protective effects of taurine in MOT offspring, neonatal mortality was increased in CT neonates, indicating possible adverse effects of taurine in the setting of normal pregnancy. These data suggest that maternal taurine supplementation may ameliorate the adverse effects observed in offspring following a maternal obesogenic diet but these effects are dependent upon prior maternal nutritional background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglan Li
- Liggins Institute and Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Clare M. Reynolds
- Liggins Institute and Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Deborah M. Sloboda
- Liggins Institute and Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Clint Gray
- Liggins Institute and Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mark H. Vickers
- Liggins Institute and Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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18
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Guzmán-Quevedo O, Da Silva Aragão R, Pérez García G, Matos RJB, de Sa Braga Oliveira A, de Castro RM, Bolaños-Jiménez F. Impaired hypothalamic mTOR activation in the adult rat offspring born to mothers fed a low-protein diet. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74990. [PMID: 24040371 PMCID: PMC3767644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Several epidemiological and experimental studies have clearly established that maternal malnutrition induces a high risk of developing obesity and related metabolic diseases in the offspring. To determine if altered nutrient sensing might underlie this enhanced disease susceptibility, here we examined the effects of perinatal protein restriction on the activation of the nutrient sensor mTOR in response to acute variations in the nutritional status of the organism. Female Wistar rats were fed isocaloric diets containing either 17% protein (control) or 8% protein (PR) throughout pregnancy and lactation. At weaning offspring received standard chow and at 4 months of age the effects of fasting or fasting plus re-feeding on the phosphorylation levels of mTOR and its downstream target S6 ribosomal protein (rpS6) in the hypothalamus were assessed by immuno-fluorescence and western blot. Under ad libitum feeding conditions, PR rats exhibited decreased mTOR and rpS6 phosphorylation in the arcuate (ARC) and ventromedial (VMH) hypothalamic nuclei. Moreover, the phosphorylation of mTOR and rpS6 in these hypothalamic nuclei decreased with fasting in control but not in PR animals. Conversely, PR animals exhibited enhanced number of pmTOR imunostained cells in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and fasting decreased the activation of mTOR in the PVN of malnourished but not of control rats. These alterations occurred at a developmental stage at which perinatally-undernourished animals do not show yet obesity or glucose intolerance. Collectively, our observations suggest that altered hypothalamic nutrient sensing in response to an inadequate foetal and neonatal energetic environment is one of the basic mechanisms of the developmental programming of metabolic disorders and might play a causing role in the development of the metabolic syndrome induced by malnutrition during early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Guzmán-Quevedo
- Unité Mixte de recherche 1280 Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Université, Nantes, France
| | - Raquel Da Silva Aragão
- Unité Mixte de recherche 1280 Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Université, Nantes, France
- Departamento de Nutrição, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Georgina Pérez García
- Unité Mixte de recherche 1280 Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Université, Nantes, France
| | - Rhowena J. B. Matos
- Núcleo de Educação Física e Ciências do Esporte, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - André de Sa Braga Oliveira
- Unité Mixte de recherche 1280 Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Université, Nantes, France
- Departamento de Nutrição, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Raul Manhães de Castro
- Departamento de Nutrição, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Francisco Bolaños-Jiménez
- Unité Mixte de recherche 1280 Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Université, Nantes, France
- * E-mail:
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19
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Sato S, Mukai Y, Hamaya M, Sun Y, Kurasaki M. Long-term effect of green tea extract during lactation on AMPK expression in rat offspring exposed to fetal malnutrition. Nutrition 2013; 29:1152-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2013.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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20
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Tang C, Marchand K, Lam L, Lux-Lantos V, Thyssen SM, Guo J, Giacca A, Arany E. Maternal taurine supplementation in rats partially prevents the adverse effects of early-life protein deprivation on β-cell function and insulin sensitivity. Reproduction 2013; 145:609-20. [PMID: 23613616 DOI: 10.1530/rep-12-0388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Dietary protein restriction during pregnancy and lactation in rats impairs β-cell function and mass in neonates and leads to glucose intolerance in adult offspring. Maternal taurine (Tau) supplementation during pregnancy in rats restores β-cell function and mass in neonates, but its long-term effects are unclear. The prevention of postnatal catch-up growth has been suggested to improve glucose tolerance in adult offspring of low-protein (LP)-fed mothers. The objective of this study was to examine the relative contribution of β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance to impaired glucose tolerance in 130-day-old rat offspring of LP-fed mothers and the effects of maternal Tau supplementation on β-cell function and insulin resistance in these offspring. Pregnant rats were fed i) control, ii) LP, and iii) LP+Tau diets during gestation and lactation. Offspring were given a control diet following weaning. A fourth group consisting of offspring of LP-fed mothers, maintained on a LP diet following weaning, was also studied (LP-all life). Insulin sensitivity in the offspring of LP-fed mothers was reduced in females but not in males. In both genders, LP exposure decreased β-cell function. Tau supplementation improved insulin sensitivity in females and β-cell function in males. The LP-all life diet improved β-cell function in males. We conclude that i) maternal Tau supplementation has persistent effects on improving glucose metabolism (β-cell function and insulin sensitivity) in adult rat offspring of LP-fed mothers and ii) increasing the amount of protein in the diet of offspring adapted to a LP diet after weaning may impair glucose metabolism (β-cell function) in a gender-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Tang
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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21
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Sato S, Mukai Y, Saito T. Quercetin intake during lactation modulates the AMP-activated protein kinase pathway in the livers of adult male rat offspring programmed by maternal protein restriction. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24:118-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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22
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Abstract
Adverse environments during the fetal and neonatal development period may permanently program physiology and metabolism, and lead to increased risk of diseases in later life. Programming of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is one of the key mechanisms that contribute to altered metabolism and response to stress. Programming of the HPA axis often involves epigenetic modification of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene promoter, which influences tissue-specific GR expression patterns and response to stimuli. This review summarizes the current state of research on the HPA axis and programming of health and disease in the adult, focusing on the epigenetic regulation of GR gene expression patterns in response to fetal and neonatal stress. Aberrant GR gene expression patterns in the developing brain may have a significant negative impact on protection of the immature brain against hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in the critical period of development during and immediately after birth.
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23
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He ZX, Sun ZH, Tan ZL, Tang SX, Zhou CS, Han XF, Wang M, Wu DQ, Kang JH, Beauchemin KA. Effects of maternal protein or energy restriction during late gestation on antioxidant status of plasma and immune tissues in postnatal goats. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:4319-26. [PMID: 22952363 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal malnutrition can have temporary or long-lasting effects on development and physiological function of offspring. Our objective was to investigate whether maternal protein or energy restriction in late gestation affects the antioxidant status of plasma, immune organs (thymus and spleen), and natural barrier organs (jejunum) in neonatal goats and whether the effects could be reversed after nutritional recovery. Forty-five pregnant goats (Liuyang Blacks) of similar age (2.0 ± 0.3 yr) and BW (22.2 ± 1.5 kg at d 90 of gestation) were assigned to 3 dietary treatments during late gestation: control (ME = 9.34 MJ/kg and CP = 12.5%, DM basis), 40% protein restricted (PR), and 40% energy restricted (ER) until parturition, after which offspring received the normal diet for nutritional recovery. Plasma and tissues of kids were sampled to determine antioxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and catalase (CAT)] and gene expression of antioxidant enzymes (Cu/Zn-SOD [SOD1], CAT, and peroxiredoxin 2 [PRDX2]). Maternal protein or energy restriction decreased (P < 0.05) SOD activities in plasma, liver, thymus, and spleen and SOD1 expression in thymus, and maternal energy restriction also decreased (P < 0.05) plasma GSH-Px activity and expressions of SOD1 and CAT in liver at birth. After nutritional recovery of 6 wk, SOD activities in thymus (both in PR and ER) and spleen (only in PR) were greater (P < 0.05), but CAT activity of thymus (both in PR and ER) and CAT expression (only in ER) were less (P < 0.01) than those in control. After nutritional recovery of 22 wk, SOD1 and PRDX2 expression in thymus (both in PR and ER) and SOD1 expression in liver (only in ER) were greater (P < 0.05) whereas CAT expression in thymus (both in PR and ER) was less (P < 0.001) than in control. The current results indicate that maternal protein or energy restriction can decrease the antioxidant capacity of the neonatal kids and result in an imbalance of SOD and hydrogen peroxide-inactivating systems in thymus, even after 6 or 22 wk of nutritional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z X He
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, PR China
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Taurine attenuates maternal and embryonic oxidative stress in a streptozotocin-diabetic rat model. Reprod Biomed Online 2012; 24:558-66. [PMID: 22414371 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2012.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2011] [Revised: 01/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress mechanisms have been implicated in congenital anomalies and morbidity/mortality of fetus/newborn in diabetic pregnancy. Numerous antioxidant treatments have shown varied beneficial effects in improving both maternal and fetal outcomes. The present study examined the propensity of taurine to attenuate the degree of embryopathy and oxidative stress among pregnant diabetic rats. Adult rats (CFT-Wistar) were rendered diabetic with an acute dose of streptozotocin (STZ; 45 mg/kg bodyweight) on gestation day (GD) 4. Both Diabetic and non-diabetic dams were given oral supplements of taurine (0.5 and 1g/kg bodyweight/day) from GD 5 to GD 12. Maternal diet intake, bodyweight gain and urine output were monitored and dams were killed on GD 13. Markers of oxidative stress were determined in embryos and maternal livers. STZ treatment induced marked embryopathy (32%) and taurine supplements markedly reduced the degree of embryopathy (54% protection). The STZ-induced higher oxidative stress was significantly attenuated in rats given taurine supplements (P<0.05) and a similar effect was seen in embryos (P<0.05). These data suggest that dietary taurine during pregnancy provides significant protection against diabetes-induced oxidative stress in both the mother and the embryos and thus may serve as a therapeutic supplement during diabetic pregnancy. Diabetes during pregnancy affects >5% of all pregnancies, causing reproductive abnormalities that enhance spontaneous abortion - congenital anomalies, morbidity and mortality of both mother and fetus/newborn. One of the major mechanisms is increased oxidative stress caused by hyperglycaemia and the most prominent anti-teratogenic effect was achieved using antioxidative agents. Management of oxidative stress is considered, along with tight glycaemic control, to be beneficial both before conception and during pregnancy. Taurine, a ubiquitous amino acid found in almost all mammalian tissues, constitutes more than 50% of free amino acids. The aim of the study was to determine whether oral taurine supplementation given to pregnant diabetic rats during the post-implantation period could reduce embryo lethality and protect the developing embryos against maternal hyperglycaemia-induced oxidative stress. Adult rats were rendered diabetic with an acute dose of streptozotocin on gestation day (GD) 4. Both diabetic and non-diabetic dams were administered oral taurine for a period of 8 days (GD 5-13). Maternal diet intake, bodyweight gain and urine output were monitored and dams were killed on GD 13. Markers of oxidative stress and antioxidant defences were studied in embryos and maternal livers. STZ induced marked embryopathy (32%) and taurine supplementation offered significant protection (54%). Taurine significantly offset diabetes-associated oxidative stress in the embryos of diabetic rats. These data suggest that dietary taurine supplementation during pregnancy provides significant protection against diabetes-induced oxidative stress both in mother and embryos and thus may serve as a therapeutic supplement under diabetic pregnancy.
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25
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Reusens B, Theys N, Dumortier O, Goosse K, Remacle C. Maternal malnutrition programs the endocrine pancreas in progeny. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 94:1824S-1829S. [PMID: 21562089 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.110.000729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes arises when the endocrine pancreas fails to secrete sufficient insulin to cope with metabolic demands resulting from β cell secretory dysfunction, decreased β cell mass, or both. Epidemiologic studies have shown strong relations between poor fetal and early postnatal nutrition and susceptibility to diabetes later in life. Animal models have been established, and studies have shown that a reduction in the availability of nutrients during fetal development programs the endocrine pancreas and insulin-sensitive tissues. We investigated several modes of early malnutrition in rats. Regardless of the type of diet investigated, whether there was a deficit in calories or protein in food or even in the presence of a high-fat diet, malnourished pups were born with a defect in their β cell population, with fewer β cells that did not secrete enough insulin and that were more vulnerable to oxidative stress; such populations of β cells will never completely recover. Despite the similar endpoint, the cellular and physiologic mechanisms that contribute to alterations in β cell mass differ depending on the nature of the nutritional insult. Hormones that are operative during fetal life, such as insulin, insulin-like growth factors, and glucocorticoids; specific molecules, such as taurine; and islet vascularization have been implicated as possible factors in amplifying this defect. The molecular mechanisms responsible for intrauterine programming of β cells are still elusive, but among them the programming of mitochondria may be a strong central candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Reusens
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Life Sciences Institute, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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26
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Reusens B, Theys N, Remacle C. Alteration of mitochondrial function in adult rat offspring of malnourished dams. World J Diabetes 2011; 2:149-57. [PMID: 21954419 PMCID: PMC3180527 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v2.i9.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Under-nutrition as well as over-nutrition during pregnancy has been associated with the development of adult diseases such as diabetes and obesity. Both epigenetic modifications and programming of the mitochondrial function have been recently proposed to explain how altered intrauterine metabolic environment may produce such a phenotype. This review aims to report data reported in several animal models of fetal malnutrition due to maternal low protein or low calorie diet, high fat diet as well as reduction in placental blood flow. We focus our overview on the β cell. We highlight that, notwithstanding early nutritional events, mitochondrial dysfunctions resulting from different alteration by diet or gender are programmed. This may explain the higher propensity to develop obesity and diabetes in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Reusens
- Brigitte Reusens, Nicolas Theys, Claude Remacle, Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Life Science, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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27
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Maternal low-protein diet suppresses vascular and renal endothelial nitric oxide synthase phosphorylation in rat offspring independent of a postnatal fructose diet. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2011; 2:168-75. [DOI: 10.1017/s2040174411000110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Maternal malnutrition programs pancreatic islet mitochondrial dysfunction in the adult offspring. J Nutr Biochem 2010; 22:985-94. [PMID: 21190832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2010.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Revised: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has shown that maternal malnutrition increases the risk of metabolic disease in the progeny. We previously reported that prenatal exposure to a low-protein diet (LP) leads to mitochondrial dysfunction in pancreatic islets from adult rodent offspring that could relate physiological and cellular alterations due to early diet. We aim to determine whether mitochondrial dysfunction could be a common consequence of prenatal nutritional unbalances. Pregnant Wistar rats received either a global food restriction (GFR), consisting in the reduction by 50% of the normal daily food intake, or a high-fat diet (HF) throughout gestation. GFR or HF diet during pregnancy leads to a lack of increase in insulin release and ATP content in response to glucose stimulation in islets from 3-month-old male and female offspring. These similar consequences originated from impairment in either glucose sensing or glucose metabolism, depending on the type of early malnutrition and on the sex of the progeny. Indeed, the glucose transport across β-cell membrane seemed compromised in female HF offspring, since GLUT-2 gene was markedly underexpressed. Additionally, for each progeny, consequences downstream the entry of glucose were also apparent. Expression of genes involved in glycolysis, TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylations was altered in GFR and HF rats in a sex- and diet-dependent manner. Moreover, prenatal malnutrition affected the regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis, namely, PPAR coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α), since its expression was higher in islets from GFR rats. In conclusion, programming of mitochondrial dysfunction is a consequence of maternal malnutrition, which may predispose to glucose intolerance in the adult offspring.
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29
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Mortensen OH, Olsen HL, Frandsen L, Nielsen PE, Nielsen FC, Grunnet N, Quistorff B. A maternal low protein diet has pronounced effects on mitochondrial gene expression in offspring liver and skeletal muscle; protective effect of taurine. J Biomed Sci 2010; 17 Suppl 1:S38. [PMID: 20804614 PMCID: PMC2994375 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-17-s1-s38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Low birth weight is associated with an increased risk of developing impaired glucose tolerance, and eventually type 2 diabetes in adult life. Gestational protein restriction in rodents gives rise to a low birth weight phenotype in the offspring. Results We examined gene expression changes in liver and skeletal muscle of mice subjected to gestational protein restriction (LP) or not (NP), with or without taurine supplementation in the drinking water. LP offspring had a 40% lower birth weight than NP offspring, with taurine preventing half the decrease. Microarray gene expression analysis of newborn mice revealed significant changes in 2012 genes in liver and 967 genes in skeletal muscle of LP offspring. Taurine prevented 30% and 46% of these expression changes, respectively. Mitochondrial genes, especially those involved with oxidative phosphorylation, were more abundantly changed than other genes. The mitochondrial genes were mainly upregulated in liver, but downregulated in skeletal muscle, despite no change in citrate synthase activity in either tissue. Taurine preferentially rescued genes concerned with fatty acid metabolism in liver and with oxidative phosphorylation and TCA cycle in skeletal muscle. A mitochondrial signature was seen in the liver of NP offspring with taurine supplementation, as gene sets for mitochondrial ribosome as well as lipid metabolism were over represented in 4-week-old offspring subjected to gestational taurine supplementation. Likewise, 11 mitochondrial genes were significantly upregulated by gestational taurine supplementation in 4-week-old NP offspring. Conclusions Gestational protein restriction resulted in lower birth weight associated with significant gene expression changes, which was different in liver and muscle of offspring. However, a major part of the birth weight decrease and the expression changes were prevented by maternal taurine supplementation, implying taurine is a key factor in determining expression patterns during development and in that respect also an important component in metabolic fetal programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Hartvig Mortensen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Mortensen OH, Olsen HL, Frandsen L, Nielsen PE, Nielsen FC, Grunnet N, Quistorff B. Gestational protein restriction in mice has pronounced effects on gene expression in newborn offspring's liver and skeletal muscle; protective effect of taurine. Pediatr Res 2010; 67:47-53. [PMID: 19823102 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e3181c4735c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We examined gene expression changes in liver and skeletal muscle of newborn mice subjected to a maternal low protein (LP) or normal protein (NP) diet during pregnancy, with or without taurine supplementation in the drinking water. LP offspring had a 40% lower birthweight than NP offspring, whereas it was reduced by only 20% with taurine supplementation. Microarray gene expression analysis revealed significant changes in 2012 genes in liver and 967 genes in skeletal muscle of LP offspring. By unknown mechanisms, taurine partially or fully prevented 30 and 46% of these expression changes, respectively. Mitochondrial genes, in particular genes associated with oxidative phosphorylation, were more abundantly changed in LP offspring, with primarily up-regulation in liver but down-regulation in skeletal muscle. In both tissues, citrate synthase activity remained unchanged. Taurine preferentially rescued changes in genes concerned with fatty acid metabolism in liver and with oxidative phoshorylation and tri carboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in skeletal muscle. ABBREVIATIONS Gestational protein restriction resulted in lower birthweight associated with significant gene expression changes, which was different in liver and muscle of offspring. However, a major part of the birthweight decrease and the expression changes were prevented by maternal taurine supplementation, implying taurine is a key component in metabolic fetal programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Hartvig Mortensen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Theys N, Bouckenooghe T, Ahn MT, Remacle C, Reusens B. Maternal low-protein diet alters pancreatic islet mitochondrial function in a sex-specific manner in the adult rat. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 297:R1516-25. [PMID: 19759337 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00280.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction may be a long-term consequence of a poor nutritional environment during early life. Our aim was to investigate whether a maternal low-protein (LP) diet may program mitochondrial dysfunction in islets of adult progeny before glucose intolerance ensues. To address this, pregnant Wistar rats were fed isocaloric diets containing either 20% protein (control) or 8% protein (LP diet) throughout gestation. From birth, offspring received the control diet. The mitochondrial function was analyzed in islets of 3-mo-old offspring. Related to their basal insulin release, cultured islets from both male and female LP offspring presented a lower response to glucose challenge and a blunted ATP production compared with control offspring. The expression of malate dehydrogenase as well as the subunit 6 of the ATP synthase encoded by mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) was lower in these islets, reducing the capacity of ATP production through the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. However, mtDNA content was unchanged in LP islets compared with control. Several consequences of protein restriction during fetal life were more marked in male offspring. Only LP males showed an increased reactive oxygen species production associated with a higher expression of mitochondrial subunits of the electron transport chain NADH-ubiquinone oxireductase subunit 4L, an overexpression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma and uncoupling protein-2, and a strongly reduced beta-cell mass. In conclusion, mitochondrial function is clearly altered in islets from LP adult offspring in a sex-specific manner. That may provide a cellular explanation for the earlier development of glucose intolerance in male than in female offspring of dams fed an LP diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Theys
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Theys N, Clippe A, Bouckenooghe T, Reusens B, Remacle C. Early low protein diet aggravates unbalance between antioxidant enzymes leading to islet dysfunction. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6110. [PMID: 19568427 PMCID: PMC2699474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Islets from adult rat possess weak antioxidant defense leading to unbalance between superoxide dismutase (SOD) and hydrogen peroxide-inactivating enzymatic activities, catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) rending them susceptible to oxidative stress. We have shown that this vulnerability is influenced by maternal diet during gestation and lactation. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The present study investigated if low antioxidant activity in islets is already observed at birth and if maternal protein restriction influences the development of islet antioxidant defenses. Rats were fed a control diet (C group) or a low protein diet during gestation (LP) or until weaning (LPT), after which offspring received the control diet. We found that antioxidant enzymatic activities varied with age. At birth and after weaning, normal islets possessed an efficient GPX activity. However, the antioxidant capacity decreased thereafter increasing the potential vulnerability to oxidative stress. Maternal protein malnutrition changed the antioxidant enzymatic activities in islets of the progeny. At 3 months, SOD activity was increased in LP and LPT islets with no concomitant activation of CAT and GPX. This unbalance could lead to higher hydrogen peroxide production, which may concur to oxidative stress causing defective insulin gene expression due to modification of critical factors that modulate the insulin promoter. We found indeed that insulin mRNA level was reduced in both groups of malnourished offspring compared to controls. Analyzing the expression of such critical factors, we found that c-Myc expression was strongly increased in islets from both protein-restricted groups compared to controls. CONCLUSION AND SIGNIFICANCE Modification in antioxidant activity by maternal low protein diet could predispose to pancreatic islet dysfunction later in life and provide new insights to define a molecular mechanism responsible for intrauterine programming of endocrine pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Theys
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - André Clippe
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Thomas Bouckenooghe
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Reusens
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Claude Remacle
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Nivoit P, Morens C, Van Assche FA, Jansen E, Poston L, Remacle C, Reusens B. Established diet-induced obesity in female rats leads to offspring hyperphagia, adiposity and insulin resistance. Diabetologia 2009; 52:1133-42. [PMID: 19288075 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-009-1316-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Accepted: 01/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Accumulating evidence suggests that maternal obesity may increase the risk of metabolic disease in the offspring. We investigated the effects of established maternal diet-induced obesity on male and female offspring appetite, glucose homeostasis and body composition in rats. METHODS Female Wistar rats were fed either a standard chow (3% fat, 7% sugar [wt/wt]) or a palatable obesogenic diet (11% fat, 43% sugar [wt/wt]) for 8 weeks before mating and throughout pregnancy and lactation. Male and female offspring of control and obese dams were weaned on to standard chow and assessed until 12 months of age. RESULTS At mating, obese dams were heavier than control with associated hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia. Male and female offspring of obese dams were hyperphagic (p < 0.0001) and heavier than control (p < 0.0001) until 12 months of age. NEFA were raised at 2 months but not at 12 months. At 3 months, OGTT showed more pronounced alteration of glucose homeostasis in male than in female offspring of obese animals. Euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamps performed at 8 to 9 months in female and 10 to 11 months in male offspring revealed insulin resistance in male offspring of obese dams (p < 0.05 compared with control). Body compositional analysis at 12 months also showed increased fat pad weights in male and female offspring of obese animals. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Diet-induced obesity in female rats leads to a state of insulin resistance in male offspring, associated with development of obesity and increased adiposity. An increase in food intake may play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Nivoit
- Department of Developmental Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Faculty of Medicine, Leuven, Belgium
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Programming of impaired insulin secretion versus sensitivity: cause or effect? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 646:125-31. [PMID: 19536671 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-9173-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A substantial body of evidence suggests that a poor intrauterine milieu elicited by maternal nutritional disturbance, including maternal diabetes or placental insufficiency, may programme susceptibility in the fetus to later development of glucose intolerance and diabetes. Numerous data in animals have allowed possible mechanisms for programming to be proposed. This review of work in several animal models attempts to identify the cellular and molecular mechanisms at the level of the beta-cell and in the insulin sensitive tissues that are involved in the process of events leading to the pathology later in life.
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Reusens B, Sparre T, Kalbe L, Bouckenooghe T, Theys N, Kruhøffer M, Orntoft TF, Nerup J, Remacle C. The intrauterine metabolic environment modulates the gene expression pattern in fetal rat islets: prevention by maternal taurine supplementation. Diabetologia 2008; 51:836-45. [PMID: 18311556 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-008-0956-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2007] [Accepted: 01/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Events during fetal life may in critical time windows programme tissue development leading to organ dysfunction with potentially harmful consequences in adulthood such as diabetes. In rats, the beta cell mass of progeny from dams fed with a low-protein (LP) diet during gestation is decreased at birth and metabolic perturbation lasts through adulthood even though a normal diet is given after birth or after weaning. Maternal and fetal plasma taurine levels are suboptimal. Maternal taurine supplementation prevents these induced abnormalities. In this study, we aimed to reveal changes in gene expression in fetal islets affected by the LP diet and how taurine may prevent these changes. METHODS Pregnant Wistar rats were fed an LP diet (8% [wt/wt] protein) supplemented or not with taurine in the drinking water or a control diet (20% [wt/wt] protein). At 21.5 days of gestation, fetal pancreases were removed, digested and cultured for 7 days. Neoformed islets were collected and transcriptome analysis was performed. RESULTS Maternal LP diet significantly changed the expression of more than 10% of the genes. Tricarboxylic acid cycle and ATP production were highly targeted, but so too were cell proliferation and defence. Maternal taurine supplementation normalised the expression of all altered genes. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Development of the beta cells and particularly their respiration is modulated by the intrauterine environment, which may epigenetically modify expression of the genome and programme the beta cell towards a pre-diabetic phenotype. This mis-programming by maternal LP diet was prevented by early taurine intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Reusens
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, Université catholique de Louvain, 5, Place Croix du Sud, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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Dumortier O, Blondeau B, Duvillié B, Reusens B, Bréant B, Remacle C. Different mechanisms operating during different critical time-windows reduce rat fetal beta cell mass due to a maternal low-protein or low-energy diet. Diabetologia 2007; 50:2495-503. [PMID: 17882398 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-007-0811-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2007] [Accepted: 07/23/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Adverse events during intra-uterine life may programme organ growth and favour disease later in life. In animals, protein or energy restriction during gestation alters the development of the endocrine pancreas, even though the duration of malnutrition is different. Here, we evaluate the specific effects of both diets during different periods of gestation and the mechanisms underlying the decreased beta cell mass. METHODS Pregnant Wistar rats were fed either a low-protein or a low-energy diet during the last week of gestation or throughout gestation. Fetuses and their pancreases were analysed at days 15 and 21 of gestation. RESULTS The low-energy diet reduced the beta cell mass from 21-day-old fetuses by 33 or 56% when administered during the last week or throughout gestation, respectively. Fetal corticosterone levels were increased. At 15 days of fetal age, the number of cells producing neurogenin 3 (NEUROG3) or pancreatic and duodenal homeobox gene 1 (PDX-1) was reduced. Neither islet vascularisation nor beta cell proliferation was affected. The low-protein diet, in contrast, was more efficient in decreasing the fetal beta cell mass when given during the last week of gestation (-53%) rather than throughout gestation (-33%). Beta cell proliferation was decreased by 50% by the low-protein diet, independently of its duration, and islet vascularisation was reduced. This diet did not affect NEUROG3- or PDX-1-positive cell numbers. CONCLUSION/INTERPRETATION Although both diets reduced the fetal beta cell mass, the cellular mechanisms and the sensitivity windows were different. Early alteration of neogenesis due to elevated corticosterone levels is likely to be responsible for the decreased beta cell mass in low-energy fetuses, whereas impaired beta cell proliferation and islet vascularisation at later stages are implicated in low-protein fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Dumortier
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, Université Catholique de Louvain, 5, place Croix du Sud, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Remacle C, Dumortier O, Bol V, Goosse K, Romanus P, Theys N, Bouckenooghe T, Reusens B. Intrauterine programming of the endocrine pancreas. Diabetes Obes Metab 2007; 9 Suppl 2:196-209. [PMID: 17919194 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2007.00790.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have revealed strong relationships between poor foetal growth and subsequent development of the metabolic syndrome. Persisting effects of early malnutrition become translated into pathology, thereby determine chronic risk for developing glucose intolerance and diabetes. These epidemiological observations identify the phenomena of foetal programming without explaining the underlying mechanisms that establish the causal link. Animal models have been established and studies have demonstrated that reduction in the availability of nutrients during foetal development programs the endocrine pancreas and insulin-sensitive tissues. Whatever the type of foetal malnutrition, whether there are not enough calories or protein in food or after placental deficiency, malnourished pups are born with a defect in their beta-cell population that will never completely recover, and insulin-sensitive tissues will be definitively altered. Despite the similar endpoint, different cellular and physiological mechanisms are proposed. Hormones operative during foetal life like insulin itself, insulin-like growth factors and glucocorticoids, as well as specific molecules like taurine, or islet vascularization were implicated as possible factors amplifying the defect. The molecular mechanisms responsible for intrauterine programming of the beta cells are still elusive, but two hypotheses recently emerged: the first one implies programming of mitochondria and the second, epigenetic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Remacle
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Catholic University of Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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Loizzo A, Carta S, Bennardini F, Coinu R, Loizzo S, Guarino I, Seghieri G, Ghirlanda G, Franconi F. Neonatal taurine administration modifies metabolic programming in male mice. Early Hum Dev 2007; 83:693-6. [PMID: 17493776 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2007.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2006] [Revised: 03/23/2007] [Accepted: 03/24/2007] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The semi-essential amino-acid taurine is involved in glucose homeostasis either in adults or in parental life. Taurine is currently used in neonatal life because it is added to milk formula for babies, and to parental solution for prematures. Here, it has been examined whether taurine administration in lactation modifies adult glucose metabolism. Neonatally taurine-treated mice (50 mg/kg body weight/day, for the first 21 days of life) as adults have lower basal glucose and iAUC after glucose loading curves in comparison with vehicle-treated mice, whereas iAUC following insulin loading curves, plasma lipids and malondialdehyde (MDA), an index of lipid peroxidation were not significantly changed. Thus, in rodents, neonatally administered taurine produces enduring effects in a way that could be advantageous for the control of glucose homoeostasis.
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Abstract
It is widely accepted that an association exists between the intrauterine environment in which a fetus grows and develops and the subsequent development of type 2 diabetes. Any disturbance in maternal ability to provide nutrients and oxygen to the fetus can lead to fetal intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Here we will review IUGR in rodent models, in which maternal metabolism has been experimentally manipulated to investigate the molecular basis of the relationship between IUGR and development of type 2 diabetes in later life, and the identification of the molecular derangements in specific metabolically - sensitive organs/tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Martin-Gronert
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Kalbe L, Leunda A, Sparre T, Meulemans C, Ahn MT, Orntoft T, Kruhoffer M, Reusens B, Nerup J, Remacle C. Nutritional regulation of proteases involved in fetal rat insulin secretion and islet cell proliferation. Br J Nutr 2007; 93:309-16. [PMID: 15877869 DOI: 10.1079/bjn20041313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have indicated that malnutrition during early life may programme chronic degenerative disease in adulthood. In an animal model of fetal malnutrition, rats received an isoenergetic, low-protein (LP) diet during gestation. This reduced fetal β-cell proliferation and insulin secretion. Supplementation during gestation with taurine prevented these alterations. Since proteases are involved in secretion and proliferation, we investigated which proteases were associated with these alterations and their restoration in fetal LP islets. Insulin secretion and proliferation of fetal control and LP islets exposed to different protease modulators were measured. Lactacystin and calpain inhibitor I, but not isovaleryl-l-carnitine, raised insulin secretion in control islets, indicating that proteasome and cysteinyl cathepsin(s), but not μ-calpain, are involved in fetal insulin secretion. Insulin secretion from LP islets responded normally to lactacystin but was insensitive to calpain inhibitor I, indicating a loss of cysteinyl cathepsin activity. Taurine supplementation prevented this by restoring the response to calpain inhibitor I. Control islet cell proliferation was reduced by calpain inhibitor I and raised by isovaleryl-l-carnitine, indicating an involvement of calpain. Calpain activity appeared to be lost in LP islets and not restored by taurine. Most modifications in the mRNA expression of cysteinyl cathepsins, calpains and calpastatin due to maternal protein restriction were consistent with reduced protease activity and were restored by taurine. Thus, maternal protein restriction affected cysteinyl cathepsins and the calpain–calpastatin system. Taurine normalised fetal LP insulin secretion by protecting cysteinyl cathepsin(s), but the restoration of LP islet cell proliferation by taurine did not implicate calpains.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kalbe
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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Hultman K, Alexanderson C, Mannerås L, Sandberg M, Holmäng A, Jansson T. Maternal taurine supplementation in the late pregnant rat stimulates postnatal growth and induces obesity and insulin resistance in adult offspring. J Physiol 2007; 579:823-33. [PMID: 17204495 PMCID: PMC2151367 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2006.124610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
An adequate supply of taurine during fetal life is important for normal beta-cell development and insulin action. An altered availability of taurine may programme glucose metabolism in utero and result in type 2 diabetes in adult age. We examined whether maternal taurine supplementation in late pregnant rats affects postnatal growth, adult body composition, insulin sensitivity and endogenous insulin secretion in intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR) and normal offspring. Uterine artery ligation or sham operations were performed on gestational day (GD) 19. Taurine supplementation was given to half of the dams from GD 18 until term, resulting in four groups of offspring: sham (n = 22), sham/taurine (n = 22), IUGR (n = 22) and IUGR/taurine (n = 24). The offspring were studied at 12 weeks of age. In offspring with normal birth weight, fetal taurine supplementation markedly stimulated postnatal growth. In sham/taurine females, fat depots, plasma free fatty acid and leptin concentrations were increased, and insulin sensitivity was reduced. Insulin sensitivity was unaltered in IUGR and IUGR/taurine offspring. However, whereas IUGR offspring showed little catch-up growth, 50% of IUGR/taurine animals displayed complete catch-up at 12 weeks of age, and these animals had increased fat depots and reduced insulin sensitivity. In conclusion, taurine supplementation in late gestation resulted in accelerated postnatal growth, which was associated with adult obesity and insulin resistance in both IUGR and normal offspring. This effect was particularly evident in females. These data suggest that fetal taurine availability is an important determinant for postnatal growth, insulin sensitivity and fat accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Hultman
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University, Sweden.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Taurine, a free amino acid, is found in millimolar concentrations in most mammalian tissues. Mammals are able to synthesize taurine endogenously, but some species such as humans are more dependent on dietary sources of taurine. A growing body of evidence suggests that taurine plays a preponderant role in many physiological processes, which will be summarized in this review. RECENT FINDINGS Evidence for the requirement of taurine in the human diet has been obtained in many studies involving animal models and a few clinical trials. Recent and past studies suggested that taurine might be a pertinent candidate for use as a nutritional supplement to protect against oxidative stress, neurodegenerative diseases or atherosclerosis. Taurine has demonstrated promising actions in vitro, and as a result clinical trials have begun to investigate its effects on various diseases. SUMMARY Taurine appears to have multiple functions and plays an important role in many physiological processes, such as osmoregulation, immunomodulation and bile salt formation. Taurine analogues/derivatives have recently been reported to have a marked activity on various disorders. Taken together, these observations actualize the old story of taurine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bouckenooghe
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université Catholique de Louvain, Bâtiment Carnoy Place, Croix du Sud 5, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Zubieta AC, Lönnerdal B. Effect of suboptimal nutrition during lactation on milk protein gene expression in the rat. J Nutr Biochem 2006; 17:604-10. [PMID: 16488129 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2005.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2005] [Revised: 10/10/2005] [Accepted: 10/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Human milk provides infants with proteins that aid in the prevention of infections and facilitate the digestion and absorption of other nutrients. Maternal diet is not believed to affect the protein concentration of breast milk. However, the maternal factors that regulate the expression of genes for specific milk proteins are not well characterized. We hypothesized that nutrition could be one of the factors. We fed Sprague-Dawley rats five diets representing common nutrient deficiencies and energy deficiency during pregnancy and lactation: low-zinc (Zn; 7 microg/g), low-iron (Fe; 6 microg/g), low-protein (12.5% albumin), pair-fed control diet (lactation only, 20% less kcal) and control diet (Zn, 25 microg/g; Fe, 100 mug/g; protein, 21%) ad libitum. At day 10 of lactation, the mammary gland was removed for RNA extraction. Northern blots of mRNA from the different groups were performed by hybridization with beta-casein and whey acidic protein (WAP) cDNA probes. The expression of beta-casein mRNA in rat mammary gland was significantly (P<.005) increased in the pair-fed group when compared to the control group. The expression of WAP mRNA was also significantly (P<.005) increased in the pair-fed group as well as in the low-Fe group when compared to the control group. The concentration of beta-casein in milk was significantly higher for the low-zinc and the pair-fed groups only. The concentration of WAP in milk was not different among groups. These results suggest that compromised maternal nutrition can affect the expression of two individual milk proteins and may have functional implications with regard to bioactive proteins in milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Claudia Zubieta
- Department of Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Bieswal F, Ahn MT, Reusens B, Holvoet P, Raes M, Rees WD, Remacle C. The importance of catch-up growth after early malnutrition for the programming of obesity in male rat. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006; 14:1330-43. [PMID: 16988075 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2006.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether catch-up growth after maternal malnutrition would favor the development of obesity in adulthood. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Pregnant rats were submitted to protein or calorie restriction during the course of gestation. During lactation, pups were protein-restricted, normally fed, or overfed [reduced litter size, control (C) diet]. At weaning, rats were transferred to chow or to a hypercaloric diet (HCD) known to induce obesity. Body weight, food intake, blood parameters, glucose tolerance, adipocyte cellularity, and adipose factors contributing to cardiovascular disease development were measured. RESULTS Protein and calorie restriction during gestation led to growth retardation at birth. If malnutrition was prolonged throughout lactation, adult body weight was permanently reduced. However, growth-retarded offspring overfed during the suckling period underwent a rapid catch-up growth and became heavier than the normally fed Cs. Offspring of calorie-restricted rats gained more weight than those of dams fed protein-restricted diet. Feeding an HCD postnatally amplified the effect of calorie restriction, and offspring that underwent catch-up growth became more obese than Cs. The HCD was associated with hyperphagia, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and adipocyte hypertrophy. The magnitude of effects varied depending on the type and the timing of early malnutrition. The expression of genes encoding factors implicated in cardiovascular disease was also modulated differently by early malnutrition and adult obesity. DISCUSSION Catch-up growth immediately after early malnutrition should be a key point for the programming of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Bieswal
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, University of Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Rees WD, Wilson FA, Maloney CA. Sulfur amino acid metabolism in pregnancy: the impact of methionine in the maternal diet. J Nutr 2006; 136:1701S-1705S. [PMID: 16702342 DOI: 10.1093/jn/136.6.1701s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal studies show that the balance of methionine relative to other amino acids in the maternal diet is critical, as fetal growth is not only retarded by diets that are deficient but also by those containing excess. Diets with an inappropriate balance of methionine can adversely affect both short-term reproductive function and the long-term physiology of the offspring. The catabolism of unused methionine increases the demand for glycine and may cause a deficiency. High levels of methionine may also perturb intracellular S-adenosyl methionine pools and have an effect on the methylation of DNA and proteins. Excess methionine in the diet may also indirectly influence fetal development through the production of homocysteine or by the perturbation of endocrine functions. The metabolic interactions among dietary methionine, folic acid, and choline mean that other diet components can also change the methionine requirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Rees
- The Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, Scotland, UK.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Taurine is a semi-essential sulphur amino acid derived from methionine and cysteine metabolism. It has been evaluated either in experimental or clinical type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance. One form of experiment has included the possibility that perinatal taurine administration could prevent diabetes mellitus and/or insulin resistance. RECENT FINDINGS Experimental data suggest strongly that taurine could have beneficial effects in type 1 diabetes mellitus, and could generally reduce organ lipid peroxidation and plasma lipids. Interestingly, retina, lens and nerves seem to respond better to taurine than other organs such as kidneys. It has been shown in some experimental models that in type 2 diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance there is alteration in taurine homeostasis. Taurine could prevent the onset of diabetes mellitus in NOD mice and postnatal taurine modifies the glucose-loading curves in adults. However, the clinical studies are too small and too short to have any real significance. SUMMARY Further experimental and clinical studies are required to evaluate taurine's possible therapeutic potential. Careful attention has to be paid in the selection of animal species, in standardization of taurine concentrations and patient selection. Moreover, care must also be given to the metabolic state, presence of complications, duration of supplementations and selection of the right end-points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Franconi
- Centre for Biotechnology Development, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
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Armitage JA, Khan IY, Taylor PD, Nathanielsz PW, Poston L. Developmental programming of the metabolic syndrome by maternal nutritional imbalance: how strong is the evidence from experimental models in mammals? J Physiol 2004; 561:355-77. [PMID: 15459241 PMCID: PMC1665360 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2004.072009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 429] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2004] [Accepted: 09/28/2004] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of the metabolic syndrome, a cluster of abnormalities focusing on insulin resistance and associated with high risk for cardiovascular disease and diabetes, is reaching epidemic proportions. Prevalent in both developed and developing countries, the metabolic syndrome has largely been attributed to altered dietary and lifestyle factors that favour the development of central obesity. However, population-based studies have suggested that predisposition to the metabolic syndrome may be acquired very early in development through inappropriate fetal or neonatal nutrition. Further evidence for developmental programming of the metabolic syndrome has now been suggested by animal studies in which the fetal environment has been manipulated through altered maternal dietary intake or modification of uterine artery blood flow. This review examines these studies and assesses whether the metabolic syndrome can be reliably induced by the interventions made. The validity of the different species, diets, feeding regimes and end-point measures used is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Armitage
- Maternal and Fetal Research Unit, Department of Women's Health, Guy's, King's and St Thomas' School of Medicine, King's College London, UK.
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Arany E, Strutt B, Romanus P, Remacle C, Reusens B, Hill DJ. Taurine supplement in early life altered islet morphology, decreased insulitis and delayed the onset of diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice. Diabetologia 2004; 47:1831-7. [PMID: 15502919 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-004-1535-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2004] [Accepted: 07/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS We hypothesised that nutritional taurine, which is important for the development of the endocrine pancreas and reduces cytokine-induced apoptosis in pancreatic beta cells, would prevent or delay the onset of autoimmune diabetes, if given early in life to the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse. METHODS Pregnant NOD mice received a diet supplemented with taurine throughout gestation or until weaning, and the pancreas of the offspring was examined using immunohistochemistry. This was done at postnatal day 14 and after 8 weeks (assessment of insulitis). The animals were also monitored until they became diabetic. RESULTS At 14 days, pancreatic islet mass was significantly greater in animals treated with taurine than in controls. This finding was associated with a greater incidence of islet cell proliferation and a lower incidence of apoptosis. At age 8 weeks the number of islets manifesting insulitis was reduced by more than half, and the area of insulitis was reduced by 90%. Taurine treatment delayed the mean onset time of diabetes from 18 to 30 weeks in females, and from 30 to 38 weeks in males, while 20% of treated females remained free of diabetes after one year. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Taurine supplementation in early life altered islet development, reduced insulitis and delayed the onset of diabetes in NOD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Arany
- Lawson Health Research Institute, St. Joseph's Health Care, London, Ontario, Canada
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Venu L, Harishankar N, Prasanna Krishna T, Raghunath M. Maternal dietary vitamin restriction increases body fat content but not insulin resistance in WNIN rat offspring up to 6 months of age. Diabetologia 2004; 47:1493-501. [PMID: 15365621 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-004-1506-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2004] [Accepted: 06/28/2004] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Epidemiological evidence suggests that some adult diseases like insulin resistance syndrome and diseases associated with it originate in fetal life. The role of maternal macronutrient malnutrition but not of micronutrients in the fetal origin of adult disease is well studied. We hypothesise that chronic maternal vitamin restriction predisposes the offspring to insulin resistance syndrome. METHODS Female weanling Wistar/NIN rats received a control diet ( n=6) or a 50% vitamin-restricted diet ( n=14) for 12 weeks and mated with control males. Four dams on the restricted diet were shifted to the control diet from parturition. Pups born to the remaining 10 dams on the restricted diet were weaned on to control diet or continued on the restricted diet. All groups had 8 male pups from weaning onwards. RESULTS Birthweights of pups were comparable among different groups. Weaning body weights were low in the restricted diet group, but on rehabilitation they caught up with control animals by post-natal day 100. None of the pups had impaired oral glucose tolerance and their insulin resistance status was comparable on days 40, 70, 100 and 180. Compared with offspring on the control diet, offspring on the restricted diet had a significantly higher percentage of body fat and higher plasma triglycerides, as well as lower lean body mass and fat-free mass. They also had increased oxidative stress. Rehabilitation from parturition or weaning prevented the changes in body fat percent, lean body mass, fat-free mass and oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Since changes in adiposity and fat metabolism are considered forerunners of insulin resistance syndrome, our observations suggest that maternal dietary vitamin restriction predisposes the offspring to insulin resistance syndrome in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Venu
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Division, National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR), Jamai Osmania P O, Hyderabad-500 007, India
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