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Navarro-Pérez M, Estadella I, Benavente-Garcia A, Orellana-Fernández R, Petit A, Ferreres JC, Felipe A. The Phosphorylation of Kv1.3: A Modulatory Mechanism for a Multifunctional Ion Channel. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:2716. [PMID: 37345053 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15102716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.3 plays a pivotal role in a myriad of biological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Kv1.3 undergoes fine-tuned regulation, and its altered expression or function correlates with tumorigenesis and cancer progression. Moreover, posttranslational modifications (PTMs), such as phosphorylation, have evolved as rapid switch-like moieties that tightly modulate channel activity. In addition, kinases are promising targets in anticancer therapies. The diverse serine/threonine and tyrosine kinases function on Kv1.3 and the effects of its phosphorylation vary depending on multiple factors. For instance, Kv1.3 regulatory subunits (KCNE4 and Kvβ) can be phosphorylated, increasing the complexity of channel modulation. Scaffold proteins allow the Kv1.3 channelosome and kinase to form protein complexes, thereby favoring the attachment of phosphate groups. This review compiles the network triggers and signaling pathways that culminate in Kv1.3 phosphorylation. Alterations to Kv1.3 expression and its phosphorylation are detailed, emphasizing the importance of this channel as an anticancer target. Overall, further research on Kv1.3 kinase-dependent effects should be addressed to develop effective antineoplastic drugs while minimizing side effects. This promising field encourages basic cancer research while inspiring new therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Navarro-Pérez
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Estadella
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Benavente-Garcia
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Anna Petit
- Departament de Patologia, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Carles Ferreres
- Servei d'Anatomia Patològica, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d'Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí (I3PT-CERCA), 08208 Sabadell, Spain
- Departament de Ciències Morfològiques, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Felipe
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Varanita T, Angi B, Scattolini V, Szabo I. Kv1.3 K + Channel Physiology Assessed by Genetic and Pharmacological Modulation. Physiology (Bethesda) 2023; 38:0. [PMID: 35998249 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00010.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Potassium channels are widespread over all kingdoms and play an important role in the maintenance of cellular ionic homeostasis. Kv1.3 is a voltage-gated potassium channel of the Shaker family with a wide tissue expression and a well-defined pharmacology. In recent decades, experiments mainly based on pharmacological modulation of Kv1.3 have highlighted its crucial contribution to different fundamental processes such as regulation of proliferation, apoptosis, and metabolism. These findings link channel function to various pathologies ranging from autoimmune diseases to obesity and cancer. In the present review, we briefly summarize studies employing Kv1.3 knockout animal models to confirm such roles and discuss the findings in comparison to the results obtained by pharmacological modulation of Kv1.3 in various pathophysiological settings. We also underline how these studies contributed to our understanding of channel function in vivo and propose possible future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beatrice Angi
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Ildiko Szabo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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3
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Falling Short: The Contribution of Central Insulin Receptors to Gait Dysregulation in Brain Aging. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081923. [PMID: 36009470 PMCID: PMC9405648 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance, which manifests as a reduction of insulin receptor signaling, is known to correlate with pathological changes in peripheral tissues as well as in the brain. Central insulin resistance has been associated with impaired cognitive performance, decreased neuronal health, and reduced brain metabolism; however, the mechanisms underlying central insulin resistance and its impact on brain regions outside of those associated with cognition remain unclear. Falls are a leading cause of both fatal and non-fatal injuries in the older population. Despite this, there is a paucity of work focused on age-dependent alterations in brain regions associated with ambulatory control or potential therapeutic approaches to target these processes. Here, we discuss age-dependent alterations in central modalities that may contribute to gait dysregulation, summarize current data supporting the role of insulin signaling in the brain, and highlight key findings that suggest insulin receptor sensitivity may be preserved in the aged brain. Finally, we present novel results showing that administration of insulin to the somatosensory cortex of aged animals can alter neuronal communication, cerebral blood flow, and the motivation to ambulate, emphasizing the need for further investigations of intranasal insulin as a clinical management strategy in the older population.
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Lin RL, Frazier HN, Anderson KL, Case SL, Ghoweri AO, Thibault O. Sensitivity of the S1 neuronal calcium network to insulin and Bay-K 8644 in vivo: Relationship to gait, motivation, and aging processes. Aging Cell 2022; 21:e13661. [PMID: 35717599 PMCID: PMC9282843 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal hippocampal Ca2+ dysregulation is a critical component of cognitive decline in brain aging and Alzheimer's disease and is suggested to impact communication and excitability through the activation of a larger after hyperpolarization. However, few studies have tested for the presence of Ca2+ dysregulation in vivo, how it manifests, and whether it impacts network function across hundreds of neurons. Here, we tested for neuronal Ca2+ network dysregulation in vivo in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) of anesthetized young and aged male Fisher 344 rats using single‐cell resolution techniques. Because S1 is involved in sensory discrimination and proprioception, we tested for alterations in ambulatory performance in the aged animal and investigated two potential pathways underlying these central aging‐ and Ca2+‐dependent changes. Compared to young, aged animals displayed increased overall activity and connectivity of the network as well as decreased ambulatory speed. In aged animals, intranasal insulin (INI) increased network synchronicity and ambulatory speed. Importantly, in young animals, delivery of the L‐type voltage‐gated Ca2+ channel modifier Bay‐K 8644 altered network properties, replicating some of the changes seen in the older animal. These results suggest that hippocampal Ca2+ dysregulation may be generalizable to other areas, such as S1, and might engage modalities that are associated with locomotor stability and motivation to ambulate. Further, given the safety profile of INI in the clinic and the evidence presented here showing that this central dysregulation is sensitive to insulin, we suggest that these processes can be targeted to potentially increase motivation and coordination while also reducing fall frequency with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruei-Lung Lin
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Hilaree N Frazier
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Katie L Anderson
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Sami L Case
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Adam O Ghoweri
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Olivier Thibault
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Travis KT, Ando T, Stinson EJ, Krakoff J, Gluck ME, Piaggi P, Chang DC. Trends in spontaneous physical activity and energy expenditure among adults in a respiratory chamber, 1985 to 2005. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2022; 30:645-654. [PMID: 35128809 PMCID: PMC8866221 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fidgeting, a type of spontaneous physical activity (SPA), has substantial thermogenic potential. This research aims to examine secular trends in SPA and energy expenditure (EE) inside a respiratory chamber. METHODS From 1985 to 2005, healthy adults (n = 678; mean age: 28.8 years; men: 60%; 522 Indigenous American, 129 White, and 27 Black) had a 24-hour stay in the respiratory chamber equipped with radar sensors. Body composition, glucose tolerance, fasting insulin, insulin action (hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp), and insulin secretion (intravenous glucose tolerance test) were measured as covariates. RESULTS SPA, adjusted for age, sex, race, and body composition, declined (r = -0.30, p < 0.0001), with a concomitant rise in the energy cost of SPA (r = 0.30, p < 0.0001). The 24-hour EE adjusted for covariates increased (r = 0.31, p < 0.0001), which was reflected in increases in EE during sleep (r = 0.18, p < 0.0001) and during the awake, fed condition (r = 0.28, p < 0.0001). The secular trends in SPA or 24-hour EE were unchanged with adjustment for measures related to glucose metabolism. CONCLUSIONS Secular trend analyses showed a decline in fidgeting. However, this decline in SPA was partially counterbalanced by an increase in energy cost of this activity and a rise in EE. Nevertheless, our results support public health efforts to promote small but sustained changes in these behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine T. Travis
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Takafumi Ando
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, Arizona
- Human-Centered Mobility Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Emma J. Stinson
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Jonathan Krakoff
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Marci E. Gluck
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Paolo Piaggi
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Douglas C. Chang
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, Arizona
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Gutiérrez-García AG, Contreras CM. Putative Anti-Immobility Action of Acute Insulin Is Attributable to an Increase in Locomotor Activity in Healthy Wistar Rats. Neuropsychobiology 2022; 80:483-492. [PMID: 33827082 DOI: 10.1159/000515141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Anti-immobility actions of insulin in diabetic rats that are subjected to the forced swim test (FST) have been reported. In this test, low doses of antidepressants exert actions after long-term treatment, without affecting locomotor activity in healthy rats. Few studies have compared acute and chronic actions of insulin with antidepressants in healthy rats. METHODS We hypothesized that if insulin exerts a true anti-immobility action, then its effects must be comparable to fluoxetine in both a 1-day treatment regimen and a 21-day treatment regimen in healthy, gonadally intact female Wistar rats. RESULTS The results showed that low levels of glycemia were produced by all treatments, including fluoxetine, and glycemia was lower in proestrus-estrus than in diestrus-metestrus. None of the treatments or regimens produced actions on indicators of anxiety in the elevated plus maze. Insulin in the 1-day regimen increased the number of crossings and rearings in the open field test and caused a low cumulative immobility time in the FST. These actions disappeared in the 21-day regimen. Compared with the other treatments, fluoxetine treatment alone or combined with insulin produced a longer latency to the first period of immobility and a shorter immobility time in the chronic regimen in the FST, without affecting locomotor activity, and more pronounced actions were observed in proestrus-estrus (i.e., a true anti-immobility effect). CONCLUSION These results indicate that insulin does not produce a true antidepressant action in healthy rats. The purported antidepressant effects that were observed were instead attributable to an increase in locomotor activity only in the 1-day regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana G Gutiérrez-García
- Instituto de Neuroetología, Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Carlos M Contreras
- Instituto de Neuroetología, Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Unidad Periférica Xalapa, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Xalapa, Mexico
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7
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Abstract
The intranasal (IN) route enables the delivery of insulin to the central nervous system in the relative absence of systemic uptake and related peripheral side effects. Intranasally administered insulin is assumed to travel along olfactory and adjacent pathways and has been shown to rapidly accumulate in cerebrospinal fluid, indicating efficient transport to the brain. Two decades of studies in healthy humans and patients have demonstrated that IN insulin exerts functional effects on metabolism, such as reductions in food intake and body weight and improvements of glucose homeostasis, as well as cognition, ie, enhancements of memory performance both in healthy individuals and patients with mild cognitive impairment or Alzheimer's disease; these studies moreover indicate a favourable safety profile of the acute and repeated use of IN insulin. Emerging findings suggest that IN insulin also modulates neuroendocrine activity, sleep-related mechanisms, sensory perception and mood. Some, but not all studies point to sex differences in the response to IN insulin that need to be further investigated along with the impact of age. "Brain insulin resistance" is an evolving concept that posits impairments in central nervous insulin signalling as a pathophysiological factor in metabolic and cognitive disorders such as obesity, type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease, and, notably, a target of interventions that rely on IN insulin. Still, the negative outcomes of longer-term IN insulin trials in individuals with obesity or Alzheimer's disease highlight the need for conceptual as well as methodological advances to translate the promising results of proof-of-concept experiments and pilot clinical trials into the successful clinical application of IN insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Hallschmid
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases, Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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8
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Ladyman SR, Brooks VL. Central actions of insulin during pregnancy and lactation. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e12946. [PMID: 33710714 PMCID: PMC9198112 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy and lactation are highly metabolically demanding states. Maternal glucose is a key fuel source for the growth and development of the fetus, as well as for the production of milk during lactation. Hence, the maternal body undergoes major adaptations in the systems regulating glucose homeostasis to cope with the increased demand for glucose. As part of these changes, insulin levels are elevated during pregnancy and lower in lactation. The increased insulin secretion during pregnancy plays a vital role in the periphery; however, the potential effects of increased insulin action in the brain have not been widely investigated. In this review, we consider the impact of pregnancy on brain access and brain levels of insulin. Moreover, we explore the hypothesis that pregnancy is associated with site-specific central insulin resistance that is adaptive, allowing for the increases in peripheral insulin secretion without the consequences of increased central and peripheral insulin functions, such as to stimulate glucose uptake into maternal tissues or to inhibit food intake. Conversely, the loss of central insulin actions may impair other functions, such as insulin control of the autonomic nervous system. The potential role of low insulin in facilitating adaptive responses to lactation, such as hyperphagia and suppression of reproductive function, are also discussed. We end the review with a list of key research questions requiring resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon R Ladyman
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Virginia L Brooks
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Markaki I, Winther K, Catrina SB, Svenningsson P. Repurposing GLP1 agonists for neurodegenerative diseases. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 155:91-112. [PMID: 32854860 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
There is a large unmet medical need to find disease modifying therapies against neurodegenerative diseases. This review summarizes data indicating that insulin resistance occurs in neurodegeneration and strategies to normalize insulin sensitivity in neurons may provide neuroprotective actions. In particular, recent preclinical and clinical studies in Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease have indicated that glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) agonism and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition may exert neuroprotection. Mechanistic insights from these studies and future directions for drug development against neurodegeneration based on GLP1 agonism are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Markaki
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center of Neurology, Academic Specialist Center, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Kristian Winther
- Center of Diabetes, Academic Specialist Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sergiu-Bogdan Catrina
- Center of Diabetes, Academic Specialist Center, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Svenningsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Center of Neurology, Academic Specialist Center, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Page AJ, Hatzinikolas G, Vincent AD, Cavuoto P, Wittert GA. The TRPV1 channel regulates glucose metabolism. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 317:E667-E676. [PMID: 31408376 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00102.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids (ECs) mediate effects via cannabinoid receptor types 1 and 2 (CB1 and 2) and transient receptor potential channel-vanilloid subfamily member 1 (TRPV1) channels. In high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice overactivity of the EC system and inhibition of CB1 increase skeletal muscle glucose uptake. We explored the role of TRPV1. Male TRPV1+/+(WT) and TRPV1-/-(KO)-mice were fed (20 wk) a standard laboratory diet (SLD) or HFD. An intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test was performed. RT-PCR was performed to measure mRNA of genes involved in glucose/lipid metabolism and the EC system in soleus (SOL) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles. Cultured L6 cells were used to measure glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. HFD mice weighed more and had higher insulin levels than SLD mice, with no genotype differences. Basal and peak glucose were higher in HFD mice irrespective of genotype, but glucose cleared faster in HFD WT vs. HFD KO-mice. 2-Arachidonoylglycerol augmented insulin-induced glucose uptake in skeletal L6-cells, an effect blocked by the TRPV1 antagonist SB-366791. In EDL, fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) mRNA was increased in KO vs. WT mice, irrespective of diet. Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isozyme 4 (PDK4) and mitochondrial uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) were elevated and FA desaturase 2 (FADS2) mRNA lower in HFD mice, irrespective of genotype. CB1 and stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) were lower in HFD WT mice only. In SOL, PDK4, UCP3, hormone-sensitive lipase (LIPE), fatty acid translocase (CD36), and carnitine palmitoyl transferase 2 (CPT2) were elevated and SCD1, FAAH, FADS2, and Troponin 1 (TNNC1) mRNA lower in HFD mice, irrespective of genotype. In conclusion, TRPV1 regulates glucose disposal in HFD mice. We propose that TRPV1 plays a role in coordinating glucose metabolism in EDL under conditions of metabolic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Page
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - George Hatzinikolas
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew D Vincent
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Paul Cavuoto
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Gary A Wittert
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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11
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Santiago JCP, Hallschmid M. Outcomes and clinical implications of intranasal insulin administration to the central nervous system. Exp Neurol 2019; 317:180-190. [PMID: 30885653 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Insulin signaling in the brain plays a critical role in metabolic control and cognitive function. Targeting insulinergic pathways in the central nervous system via peripheral insulin administration is feasible, but associated with systemic effects that necessitate tight supervision or countermeasures. The intranasal route of insulin administration, which largely bypasses the circulation and thereby greatly reduces these obstacles, has now been repeatedly tested in proof-of-concept studies in humans as well as animals. It is routinely used in experimental settings to investigate the impact on eating behavior, peripheral metabolism, memory function and brain activation of acute or long-term enhancements in central nervous system insulin signaling. Epidemiological and experimental evidence linking deteriorations in metabolic control such as diabetes with neurodegenerative diseases imply pathophysiological relevance of dysfunctional brain insulin signaling or brain insulin resistance, and suggest that targeting insulin in the brain holds some promise as a therapy or adjunct therapy. This short narrative review gives an overview over recent findings on brain insulin signaling as derived from human studies deploying intranasal insulin, and evaluates the potential of therapeutic interventions that target brain insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- João C P Santiago
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Manfred Hallschmid
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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12
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Central and peripheral effects of physical exercise without weight reduction in obese and lean mice. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20171033. [PMID: 29371411 PMCID: PMC5835714 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the central (hypothalamic) and peripheral effects of exercise without body weight change in diet-induced obesity (DIO). Twelve-week-old male C57Bl/6 mice received a control (C) or a high-fat diet (H). Half of them had free access to running wheels for 5 days/week for 10 weeks (CE) and HE, respectively). Hypothalamic expression of genes related to energy homeostasis, and leptin (Stat3 and p-Stat3) and insulin (Akt and p-Akt) signaling were evaluated. Glucose and leptin tolerance, peripheral insulin sensitivity, and plasma insulin, leptin and adiponectin were determined. Perigonadal and retroperitoneal fat depots were increased by diet but reduced by exercise despite lack of effect of exercise on body weight. Blood glucose during intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (ipGTT) was higher and glucose decay during intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test (ipITT) was lower in H and HE compared with C and CE. Exercise increased liver p-Akt expression and reduced fast glycemia. High-fat diet increased plasma insulin and leptin. Exercise had no effect on insulin but decreased leptin and increased adiponectin. Leptin inhibited food intake in all groups. Hypothalamic total and p-Stat3 and Akt were similar amongst the groups despite higher plasma levels of leptin and insulin in H and HE mice. High-fat diet modulated gene expression favoring a positive energy balance. Exercise only marginally changed the gene expression. Exercise induced positive changes (decreased fast glycemia and fat depots; increased liver insulin signaling and adiponectin concentration) without weight loss. Thus, despite reducing body weight could bring additional benefits, the effects of exercise must not be overlooked when weight reduction is not achieved.
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13
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Eckstrand KL, Mummareddy N, Kang H, Cowan R, Zhou M, Zald D, Silver HJ, Niswender KD, Avison MJ. An insulin resistance associated neural correlate of impulsivity in type 2 diabetes mellitus. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189113. [PMID: 29228027 PMCID: PMC5724830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Central insulin resistance (IR) influences striatal dopamine (DA) tone, an important determinant of behavioral self-regulation. We hypothesized that an association exists between the degree of peripheral IR and impulse control, mediated by the impact of IR on brain circuits controlling the speed of executing “go” and/or “stop” responses. We measured brain activation and associated performance on a stop signal task (SST) in obese adults with type 2 diabetes (age, 48.1 ± 6.9 yrs (mean ± SD); BMI, 36.5 ± 4.0 kg/m2; HOMA-IR, 7.2 ± 4.1; 12 male, 18 female). Increasing IR, but not BMI, was a predictor of shorter critical stop signal delay (cSSD), a measure of the time window during which a go response can be successfully countermanded (R2 = 0.12). This decline was explained by an IR-associated increase in go speed (R2 = 0.13) with little impact of IR or BMI on stop speed. Greater striatal fMRI activation contrast in stop error (SE) compared with stop success (SS) trials (CONSE>SS) was a significant predictor of faster go speeds (R2 = 0.33, p = 0.002), and was itself predicted by greater IR (CONSE>SS vs HOMA-IR: R2 = 0.10, p = 0.04). Furthermore, this impact of IR on striatal activation was a significant mediator of the faster go speeds and greater impulsivity observed with greater IR. These findings suggest a neural mechanism by which IR may increase impulsivity and degrade behavioral self-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L. Eckstrand
- Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Nishit Mummareddy
- Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Hakmook Kang
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Ronald Cowan
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Minchun Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - David Zald
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Heidi J. Silver
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Kevin D. Niswender
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Malcolm J. Avison
- Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Benfato ID, Moretto TL, de Carvalho FP, Barthichoto M, Ferreira SM, Costa Júnior JM, Lazzarin MC, de Oliveira F, Martinez C, Prado de França Carvalho C, de Oliveira CAM. Spontaneous physical activity and mediators of energy homeostasis in the hypothalamus of mice from 4 to 10 months of age. Exp Physiol 2017; 102:1524-1534. [PMID: 28786537 DOI: 10.1113/ep086265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Is the initial decline of spontaneous physical activity (SPA) in mice related to impaired insulin and leptin signalling or brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in the hypothalamus? What is the main finding and its importance? We showed that SPA started to decline at an early stage, concomitantly with an impairment of hypothalamic leptin signalling. Consequently, energy expenditure decreased and glucose tolerance worsened. Our results demonstrate the need to counteract the initial decline in SPA to avoid metabolic impairments and indicate the possible involvement of central leptin in the reduction in SPA with age. The biological control of physical activity is poorly understood. Age decreases insulin, leptin and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signalling in the hypothalamus, and all have been shown to modulate spontaneous physical activity (SPA). We investigated the age at which SPA starts to decline and whether this is associated with the emergence of hypothalamic insulin and leptin resistance and reduced BDNF expression. Spontaneous physical activity (and other parameters of locomotion) and energy expenditure were determined monthly in mice from the 4th to the 10th month of age. Metabolic and hypothalamic analyses were performed in 4-, 6- and 10-month-old mice. Spontaneous physical activity, distance travelled and speed of locomotion started to decrease in 6-month-old mice. The reduction in SPA became more evident from 8 months of age. Energy expenditure decreased from the 8th month. Hypothalamic BDNF protein expression and insulin signalling did not change throughout the time span studied. Leptin signalling decreased at 6 and 10 months compared with 4 months. Also, compared with 4 months, 6- and 10-month-old mice were glucose intolerant. In conclusion, SPA begins to decline in parallel with reduced hypothalamic leptin signalling. Metabolic impairment also manifests as SPA decreases, highlighting the need to understand the regulation of SPA in order to combat its decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabelle Dias Benfato
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Thaís Ludmilla Moretto
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Marcela Barthichoto
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Sandra Mara Ferreira
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Biology Institute, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - José Maria Costa Júnior
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Biology Institute, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana Cruz Lazzarin
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Flávia de Oliveira
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Carolina Martinez
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Santos, SP, Brazil
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Moretto TL, Benfato ID, de Carvalho FP, Barthichoto M, Le Sueur-Maluf L, de Oliveira CAM. The effects of calorie-matched high-fat diet consumption on spontaneous physical activity and development of obesity. Life Sci 2017; 179:30-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Benfato ID, Moretto TL, Barthichoto M, Carvalho FPD, Oliveira CAMD. Translational Science: How experimental research has contributed to the understanding of spontaneous Physical Activity and Energy Homeostasis. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-6574201700si0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Sartorius T, Hennige AM, Fritsche A, Häring HU. Sustained Treatment with Insulin Detemir in Mice Alters Brain Activity and Locomotion. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162124. [PMID: 27589235 PMCID: PMC5010192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Recent studies have identified unique brain effects of insulin detemir (Levemir®). Due to its pharmacologic properties, insulin detemir may reach higher concentrations in the brain than regular insulin. This might explain the observed increased brain stimulation after acute insulin detemir application but it remained unclear whether chronic insulin detemir treatment causes alterations in brain activity as a consequence of overstimulation. Methods In mice, we examined insulin detemir’s prolonged brain exposure by continuous subcutaneous (s.c.) application using either micro-osmotic pumps or daily s.c. injections and performed continuous radiotelemetric electrocorticography and locomotion recordings. Results Acute intracerebroventricular injection of insulin detemir activated cortical and locomotor activity significantly more than regular insulin in equimolar doses (0.94 and 5.63 mU in total), suggesting an enhanced acute impact on brain networks. However, given continuously s.c., insulin detemir significantly reduced cortical activity (theta: 21.3±6.1% vs. 73.0±8.1%, P<0.001) and failed to maintain locomotion, while regular insulin resulted in an increase of both parameters. Conclusions The data suggest that permanently-increased insulin detemir levels in the brain convert its hyperstimulatory effects and finally mediate impairments in brain activity and locomotion. This observation might be considered when human studies with insulin detemir are designed to target the brain in order to optimize treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Sartorius
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tuebingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tuebingen (IDM), Tuebingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Anita M. Hennige
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tuebingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tuebingen (IDM), Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Fritsche
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tuebingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tuebingen (IDM), Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tuebingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tuebingen (IDM), Tuebingen, Germany
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Kullmann S, Heni M, Hallschmid M, Fritsche A, Preissl H, Häring HU. Brain Insulin Resistance at the Crossroads of Metabolic and Cognitive Disorders in Humans. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:1169-209. [PMID: 27489306 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00032.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ever since the brain was identified as an insulin-sensitive organ, evidence has rapidly accumulated that insulin action in the brain produces multiple behavioral and metabolic effects, influencing eating behavior, peripheral metabolism, and cognition. Disturbances in brain insulin action can be observed in obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D), as well as in aging and dementia. Decreases in insulin sensitivity of central nervous pathways, i.e., brain insulin resistance, may therefore constitute a joint pathological feature of metabolic and cognitive dysfunctions. Modern neuroimaging methods have provided new means of probing brain insulin action, revealing the influence of insulin on both global and regional brain function. In this review, we highlight recent findings on brain insulin action in humans and its impact on metabolism and cognition. Furthermore, we elaborate on the most prominent factors associated with brain insulin resistance, i.e., obesity, T2D, genes, maternal metabolism, normal aging, inflammation, and dementia, and on their roles regarding causes and consequences of brain insulin resistance. We also describe the beneficial effects of enhanced brain insulin signaling on human eating behavior and cognition and discuss potential applications in the treatment of metabolic and cognitive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Kullmann
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Tübingen, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; and Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Heni
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Tübingen, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; and Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Manfred Hallschmid
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Tübingen, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; and Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Fritsche
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Tübingen, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; and Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hubert Preissl
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Tübingen, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; and Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Tübingen, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; and Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Kovach CP, Al Koborssy D, Huang Z, Chelette BM, Fadool JM, Fadool DA. Mitochondrial Ultrastructure and Glucose Signaling Pathways Attributed to the Kv1.3 Ion Channel. Front Physiol 2016; 7:178. [PMID: 27242550 PMCID: PMC4871887 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene-targeted deletion of the potassium channel Kv1.3 (Kv1.3−∕−) results in “Super-smeller” mice with a sensory phenotype that includes an increased olfactory ability linked to changes in olfactory circuitry, increased abundance of olfactory cilia, and increased expression of odorant receptors and the G-protein, Golf. Kv1.3−∕− mice also have a metabolic phenotype including lower body weight and decreased adiposity, increased total energy expenditure (TEE), increased locomotor activity, and resistance to both diet- and genetic-induced obesity. We explored two cellular aspects to elucidate the mechanism by which loss of Kv1.3 channel in the olfactory bulb (OB) may enhance glucose utilization and metabolic rate. First, using in situ hybridization we find that Kv1.3 and the insulin-dependent glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) are co-localized to the mitral cell layer of the OB. Disruption of Kv1.3 conduction via construction of a pore mutation (W386F Kv1.3) was sufficient to independently translocate GLUT4 to the plasma membrane in HEK 293 cells. Because olfactory sensory perception and the maintenance of action potential (AP) firing frequency by mitral cells of the OB is highly energy demanding and Kv1.3 is also expressed in mitochondria, we next explored the structure of this organelle in mitral cells. We challenged wildtype (WT) and Kv1.3−∕− male mice with a moderately high-fat diet (MHF, 31.8 % kcal fat) for 4 months and then examined OB ultrastructure using transmission electron microscopy. In WT mice, mitochondria were significantly enlarged following diet-induced obesity (DIO) and there were fewer mitochondria, likely due to mitophagy. Interestingly, mitochondria were significantly smaller in Kv1.3−∕− mice compared with that of WT mice. Similar to their metabolic resistance to DIO, the Kv1.3−∕− mice had unchanged mitochondria in terms of cross sectional area and abundance following a challenge with modified diet. We are very interested to understand how targeted disruption of the Kv1.3 channel in the OB can modify TEE. Our study demonstrates that Kv1.3 regulates mitochondrial structure and alters glucose utilization; two important metabolic changes that could drive whole system changes in metabolism initiated at the OB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Kovach
- Program in Neuroscience, Florida State UniversityTallahassee, FL, USA; Department of Biological Science, Florida State UniversityTallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Dolly Al Koborssy
- Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Zhenbo Huang
- Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | | | - James M Fadool
- Program in Neuroscience, Florida State UniversityTallahassee, FL, USA; Department of Biological Science, Florida State UniversityTallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Debra A Fadool
- Program in Neuroscience, Florida State UniversityTallahassee, FL, USA; Department of Biological Science, Florida State UniversityTallahassee, FL, USA; Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State UniversityTallahassee, FL, USA
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Heni M, Kullmann S, Preissl H, Fritsche A, Häring HU. Impaired insulin action in the human brain: causes and metabolic consequences. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2015; 11:701-11. [PMID: 26460339 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2015.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years, evidence has accumulated that the human brain is an insulin-sensitive organ. Insulin regulates activity in a limited number of specific brain areas that are important for memory, reward, eating behaviour and the regulation of whole-body metabolism. Accordingly, insulin in the brain modulates cognition, food intake and body weight as well as whole-body glucose, energy and lipid metabolism. However, brain imaging studies have revealed that not everybody responds equally to insulin and that a substantial number of people are brain insulin resistant. In this Review, we provide an overview of the effects of insulin in the brain in humans and the relevance of the effects for physiology. We present emerging evidence for insulin resistance of the human brain. Factors associated with brain insulin resistance such as obesity and increasing age, as well as possible pathogenic factors such as visceral fat, saturated fatty acids, alterations at the blood-brain barrier and certain genetic polymorphisms, are reviewed. In particular, the metabolic consequences of brain insulin resistance are discussed and possible future approaches to overcome brain insulin resistance and thereby prevent or treat obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Heni
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University, Partners in the German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Otfried-Müller-Street 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Kullmann
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Partners in the German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Otfried-Müller-Street 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hubert Preissl
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Partners in the German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Otfried-Müller-Street 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Fritsche
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University, Partners in the German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Otfried-Müller-Street 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University, Partners in the German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Otfried-Müller-Street 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Kien CL, Bunn JY, Fukagawa NK, Anathy V, Matthews DE, Crain KI, Ebenstein DB, Tarleton EK, Pratley RE, Poynter ME. Lipidomic evidence that lowering the typical dietary palmitate to oleate ratio in humans decreases the leukocyte production of proinflammatory cytokines and muscle expression of redox-sensitive genes. J Nutr Biochem 2015; 26:1599-606. [PMID: 26324406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that lowering the high, habitual palmitic acid (PA) intake in ovulating women improved insulin sensitivity and both inflammatory and oxidative stress. In vitro studies indicate that PA can activate both cell membrane toll-like receptor-4 and the intracellular nucleotide oligomerization domain-like receptor protein (NLRP3). To gain further insight into the relevance to human metabolic disease of dietary PA, we studied healthy, lean and obese adults enrolled in a randomized, crossover trial comparing 3-week, high-PA (HPA) and low-PA/high-oleic-acid (HOA) diets. After each diet, both hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivities were measured, and we assessed cytokine concentrations in plasma and in supernatants derived from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) as well as proinflammatory gene expression in skeletal muscle. Insulin sensitivity was unaffected by diet. Plasma concentration of tumor necrosis factor-α was higher during the HPA diet. Lowering the habitually high PA intake by feeding the HOA diet resulted in lower secretion of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-18, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α by PBMCs, as well as lower relative mRNA expression of cJun and NLRP3 in muscle. Principal components analysis of 156 total variables coupled to analysis of covariance indicated that the mechanistic pathway for the differential dietary effects on PBMCs involved changes in the PA/OA ratio of tissue lipids. Our results indicate that lowering the dietary and tissue lipid PA/OA ratio resulted in lower leukocyte production of proinflammatory cytokines and muscle expression of redox-sensitive genes, but the relevance to diabetes risk is uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lawrence Kien
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT; Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT.
| | - Janice Y Bunn
- Department of Medical Biostatistics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
| | | | - Vikas Anathy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
| | - Dwight E Matthews
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT; Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
| | - Karen I Crain
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
| | | | - Emily K Tarleton
- College of Medicine Clinical Research Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
| | - Richard E Pratley
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL
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Liu X, Wang S, You Y, Meng M, Zheng Z, Dong M, Lin J, Zhao Q, Zhang C, Yuan X, Hu T, Liu L, Huang Y, Zhang L, Wang D, Zhan J, Jong Lee H, Speakman JR, Jin W. Brown Adipose Tissue Transplantation Reverses Obesity in Ob/Ob Mice. Endocrinology 2015; 156:2461-9. [PMID: 25830704 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that brown adipose tissue (BAT) transplantation enhances whole-body energy metabolism in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity. However, it remains unclear whether BAT also has such beneficial effects on genetically obese mice. To address this issue, we transplanted BAT from C57/BL6 mice into the dorsal subcutaneous region of age- and sex-matched leptin deficient Ob/Ob mice. Interestingly, BAT transplantation led to a significant reduction of body weight gain with increased oxygen consumption and decreased total body fat mass, resulting in improvement of insulin resistance and liver steatosis. In addition, BAT transplantation increased the level of circulating adiponectin, whereas it reduced the levels of circulating free T3 and T4, which regulate thyroid hormone sensitivity in peripheral tissues. BAT transplantation also increased β3-adrenergic receptor and fatty acid oxidation related gene expression in subcutaneous and epididymal (EP) white adipose tissue. Accordingly, BAT transplantation increased whole-body thermogenesis. Taken together our results demonstrate that BAT transplantation may reduce obesity and its related diseases by activating endogenous BAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Liu
- Key laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology (X.L., M.M., M.D., J.L., Q.Z., X.Y., T.H., L.L., Y.H., L.Z., H.J.L., W.J.) and State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents (D.W.), Institute of Zoology, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology (J.R.S.), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; The University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (X.L., M.D., J.L., Q.Z., X.Y., T.H.), Beijing 100049, China; College of Life Sciences (X.L.), Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan 466001, China; Department of Special Service (S.W.), Chinese PLA General Hospital, and College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering (Y.Y., J.Z.), China Agricultural University, Tsinghua, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Z.Z.), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong 53001, China; College of Animal Science and Technology (C.Z.), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; and Institute of Biological and Environmental Science (J.R.S.), University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Siping Wang
- Key laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology (X.L., M.M., M.D., J.L., Q.Z., X.Y., T.H., L.L., Y.H., L.Z., H.J.L., W.J.) and State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents (D.W.), Institute of Zoology, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology (J.R.S.), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; The University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (X.L., M.D., J.L., Q.Z., X.Y., T.H.), Beijing 100049, China; College of Life Sciences (X.L.), Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan 466001, China; Department of Special Service (S.W.), Chinese PLA General Hospital, and College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering (Y.Y., J.Z.), China Agricultural University, Tsinghua, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Z.Z.), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong 53001, China; College of Animal Science and Technology (C.Z.), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; and Institute of Biological and Environmental Science (J.R.S.), University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Yilin You
- Key laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology (X.L., M.M., M.D., J.L., Q.Z., X.Y., T.H., L.L., Y.H., L.Z., H.J.L., W.J.) and State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents (D.W.), Institute of Zoology, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology (J.R.S.), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; The University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (X.L., M.D., J.L., Q.Z., X.Y., T.H.), Beijing 100049, China; College of Life Sciences (X.L.), Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan 466001, China; Department of Special Service (S.W.), Chinese PLA General Hospital, and College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering (Y.Y., J.Z.), China Agricultural University, Tsinghua, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Z.Z.), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong 53001, China; College of Animal Science and Technology (C.Z.), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; and Institute of Biological and Environmental Science (J.R.S.), University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Minghui Meng
- Key laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology (X.L., M.M., M.D., J.L., Q.Z., X.Y., T.H., L.L., Y.H., L.Z., H.J.L., W.J.) and State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents (D.W.), Institute of Zoology, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology (J.R.S.), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; The University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (X.L., M.D., J.L., Q.Z., X.Y., T.H.), Beijing 100049, China; College of Life Sciences (X.L.), Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan 466001, China; Department of Special Service (S.W.), Chinese PLA General Hospital, and College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering (Y.Y., J.Z.), China Agricultural University, Tsinghua, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Z.Z.), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong 53001, China; College of Animal Science and Technology (C.Z.), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; and Institute of Biological and Environmental Science (J.R.S.), University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Zongji Zheng
- Key laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology (X.L., M.M., M.D., J.L., Q.Z., X.Y., T.H., L.L., Y.H., L.Z., H.J.L., W.J.) and State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents (D.W.), Institute of Zoology, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology (J.R.S.), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; The University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (X.L., M.D., J.L., Q.Z., X.Y., T.H.), Beijing 100049, China; College of Life Sciences (X.L.), Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan 466001, China; Department of Special Service (S.W.), Chinese PLA General Hospital, and College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering (Y.Y., J.Z.), China Agricultural University, Tsinghua, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Z.Z.), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong 53001, China; College of Animal Science and Technology (C.Z.), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; and Institute of Biological and Environmental Science (J.R.S.), University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Meng Dong
- Key laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology (X.L., M.M., M.D., J.L., Q.Z., X.Y., T.H., L.L., Y.H., L.Z., H.J.L., W.J.) and State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents (D.W.), Institute of Zoology, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology (J.R.S.), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; The University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (X.L., M.D., J.L., Q.Z., X.Y., T.H.), Beijing 100049, China; College of Life Sciences (X.L.), Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan 466001, China; Department of Special Service (S.W.), Chinese PLA General Hospital, and College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering (Y.Y., J.Z.), China Agricultural University, Tsinghua, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Z.Z.), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong 53001, China; College of Animal Science and Technology (C.Z.), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; and Institute of Biological and Environmental Science (J.R.S.), University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jun Lin
- Key laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology (X.L., M.M., M.D., J.L., Q.Z., X.Y., T.H., L.L., Y.H., L.Z., H.J.L., W.J.) and State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents (D.W.), Institute of Zoology, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology (J.R.S.), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; The University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (X.L., M.D., J.L., Q.Z., X.Y., T.H.), Beijing 100049, China; College of Life Sciences (X.L.), Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan 466001, China; Department of Special Service (S.W.), Chinese PLA General Hospital, and College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering (Y.Y., J.Z.), China Agricultural University, Tsinghua, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Z.Z.), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong 53001, China; College of Animal Science and Technology (C.Z.), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; and Institute of Biological and Environmental Science (J.R.S.), University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Qianwei Zhao
- Key laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology (X.L., M.M., M.D., J.L., Q.Z., X.Y., T.H., L.L., Y.H., L.Z., H.J.L., W.J.) and State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents (D.W.), Institute of Zoology, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology (J.R.S.), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; The University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (X.L., M.D., J.L., Q.Z., X.Y., T.H.), Beijing 100049, China; College of Life Sciences (X.L.), Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan 466001, China; Department of Special Service (S.W.), Chinese PLA General Hospital, and College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering (Y.Y., J.Z.), China Agricultural University, Tsinghua, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Z.Z.), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong 53001, China; College of Animal Science and Technology (C.Z.), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; and Institute of Biological and Environmental Science (J.R.S.), University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Chuanhai Zhang
- Key laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology (X.L., M.M., M.D., J.L., Q.Z., X.Y., T.H., L.L., Y.H., L.Z., H.J.L., W.J.) and State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents (D.W.), Institute of Zoology, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology (J.R.S.), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; The University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (X.L., M.D., J.L., Q.Z., X.Y., T.H.), Beijing 100049, China; College of Life Sciences (X.L.), Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan 466001, China; Department of Special Service (S.W.), Chinese PLA General Hospital, and College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering (Y.Y., J.Z.), China Agricultural University, Tsinghua, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Z.Z.), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong 53001, China; College of Animal Science and Technology (C.Z.), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; and Institute of Biological and Environmental Science (J.R.S.), University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaoxue Yuan
- Key laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology (X.L., M.M., M.D., J.L., Q.Z., X.Y., T.H., L.L., Y.H., L.Z., H.J.L., W.J.) and State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents (D.W.), Institute of Zoology, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology (J.R.S.), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; The University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (X.L., M.D., J.L., Q.Z., X.Y., T.H.), Beijing 100049, China; College of Life Sciences (X.L.), Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan 466001, China; Department of Special Service (S.W.), Chinese PLA General Hospital, and College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering (Y.Y., J.Z.), China Agricultural University, Tsinghua, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Z.Z.), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong 53001, China; College of Animal Science and Technology (C.Z.), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; and Institute of Biological and Environmental Science (J.R.S.), University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Tao Hu
- Key laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology (X.L., M.M., M.D., J.L., Q.Z., X.Y., T.H., L.L., Y.H., L.Z., H.J.L., W.J.) and State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents (D.W.), Institute of Zoology, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology (J.R.S.), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; The University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (X.L., M.D., J.L., Q.Z., X.Y., T.H.), Beijing 100049, China; College of Life Sciences (X.L.), Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan 466001, China; Department of Special Service (S.W.), Chinese PLA General Hospital, and College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering (Y.Y., J.Z.), China Agricultural University, Tsinghua, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Z.Z.), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong 53001, China; College of Animal Science and Technology (C.Z.), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; and Institute of Biological and Environmental Science (J.R.S.), University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Lieqin Liu
- Key laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology (X.L., M.M., M.D., J.L., Q.Z., X.Y., T.H., L.L., Y.H., L.Z., H.J.L., W.J.) and State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents (D.W.), Institute of Zoology, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology (J.R.S.), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; The University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (X.L., M.D., J.L., Q.Z., X.Y., T.H.), Beijing 100049, China; College of Life Sciences (X.L.), Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan 466001, China; Department of Special Service (S.W.), Chinese PLA General Hospital, and College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering (Y.Y., J.Z.), China Agricultural University, Tsinghua, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Z.Z.), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong 53001, China; College of Animal Science and Technology (C.Z.), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; and Institute of Biological and Environmental Science (J.R.S.), University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Yuanyuan Huang
- Key laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology (X.L., M.M., M.D., J.L., Q.Z., X.Y., T.H., L.L., Y.H., L.Z., H.J.L., W.J.) and State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents (D.W.), Institute of Zoology, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology (J.R.S.), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; The University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (X.L., M.D., J.L., Q.Z., X.Y., T.H.), Beijing 100049, China; College of Life Sciences (X.L.), Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan 466001, China; Department of Special Service (S.W.), Chinese PLA General Hospital, and College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering (Y.Y., J.Z.), China Agricultural University, Tsinghua, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Z.Z.), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong 53001, China; College of Animal Science and Technology (C.Z.), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; and Institute of Biological and Environmental Science (J.R.S.), University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology (X.L., M.M., M.D., J.L., Q.Z., X.Y., T.H., L.L., Y.H., L.Z., H.J.L., W.J.) and State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents (D.W.), Institute of Zoology, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology (J.R.S.), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; The University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (X.L., M.D., J.L., Q.Z., X.Y., T.H.), Beijing 100049, China; College of Life Sciences (X.L.), Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan 466001, China; Department of Special Service (S.W.), Chinese PLA General Hospital, and College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering (Y.Y., J.Z.), China Agricultural University, Tsinghua, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Z.Z.), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong 53001, China; College of Animal Science and Technology (C.Z.), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; and Institute of Biological and Environmental Science (J.R.S.), University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Dehua Wang
- Key laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology (X.L., M.M., M.D., J.L., Q.Z., X.Y., T.H., L.L., Y.H., L.Z., H.J.L., W.J.) and State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents (D.W.), Institute of Zoology, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology (J.R.S.), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; The University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (X.L., M.D., J.L., Q.Z., X.Y., T.H.), Beijing 100049, China; College of Life Sciences (X.L.), Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan 466001, China; Department of Special Service (S.W.), Chinese PLA General Hospital, and College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering (Y.Y., J.Z.), China Agricultural University, Tsinghua, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Z.Z.), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong 53001, China; College of Animal Science and Technology (C.Z.), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; and Institute of Biological and Environmental Science (J.R.S.), University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jicheng Zhan
- Key laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology (X.L., M.M., M.D., J.L., Q.Z., X.Y., T.H., L.L., Y.H., L.Z., H.J.L., W.J.) and State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents (D.W.), Institute of Zoology, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology (J.R.S.), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; The University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (X.L., M.D., J.L., Q.Z., X.Y., T.H.), Beijing 100049, China; College of Life Sciences (X.L.), Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan 466001, China; Department of Special Service (S.W.), Chinese PLA General Hospital, and College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering (Y.Y., J.Z.), China Agricultural University, Tsinghua, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Z.Z.), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong 53001, China; College of Animal Science and Technology (C.Z.), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; and Institute of Biological and Environmental Science (J.R.S.), University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Hyuek Jong Lee
- Key laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology (X.L., M.M., M.D., J.L., Q.Z., X.Y., T.H., L.L., Y.H., L.Z., H.J.L., W.J.) and State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents (D.W.), Institute of Zoology, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology (J.R.S.), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; The University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (X.L., M.D., J.L., Q.Z., X.Y., T.H.), Beijing 100049, China; College of Life Sciences (X.L.), Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan 466001, China; Department of Special Service (S.W.), Chinese PLA General Hospital, and College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering (Y.Y., J.Z.), China Agricultural University, Tsinghua, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Z.Z.), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong 53001, China; College of Animal Science and Technology (C.Z.), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; and Institute of Biological and Environmental Science (J.R.S.), University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - John R Speakman
- Key laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology (X.L., M.M., M.D., J.L., Q.Z., X.Y., T.H., L.L., Y.H., L.Z., H.J.L., W.J.) and State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents (D.W.), Institute of Zoology, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology (J.R.S.), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; The University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (X.L., M.D., J.L., Q.Z., X.Y., T.H.), Beijing 100049, China; College of Life Sciences (X.L.), Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan 466001, China; Department of Special Service (S.W.), Chinese PLA General Hospital, and College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering (Y.Y., J.Z.), China Agricultural University, Tsinghua, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Z.Z.), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong 53001, China; College of Animal Science and Technology (C.Z.), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; and Institute of Biological and Environmental Science (J.R.S.), University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Wanzhu Jin
- Key laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology (X.L., M.M., M.D., J.L., Q.Z., X.Y., T.H., L.L., Y.H., L.Z., H.J.L., W.J.) and State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents (D.W.), Institute of Zoology, and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology (J.R.S.), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; The University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (X.L., M.D., J.L., Q.Z., X.Y., T.H.), Beijing 100049, China; College of Life Sciences (X.L.), Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan 466001, China; Department of Special Service (S.W.), Chinese PLA General Hospital, and College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering (Y.Y., J.Z.), China Agricultural University, Tsinghua, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Z.Z.), Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong 53001, China; College of Animal Science and Technology (C.Z.), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; and Institute of Biological and Environmental Science (J.R.S.), University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Sartorius T, Peter A, Heni M, Maetzler W, Fritsche A, Häring HU, Hennige AM. The brain response to peripheral insulin declines with age: a contribution of the blood-brain barrier? PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126804. [PMID: 25965336 PMCID: PMC4429020 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives It is a matter of debate whether impaired insulin action originates from a defect at the neural level or impaired transport of the hormone into the brain. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of aging on insulin concentrations in the periphery and the central nervous system as well as its impact on insulin-dependent brain activity. Methods Insulin, glucose and albumin concentrations were determined in 160 paired human serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples. Additionally, insulin was applied in young and aged mice by subcutaneous injection or intracerebroventricularly to circumvent the blood-brain barrier. Insulin action and cortical activity were assessed by Western blotting and electrocorticography radiotelemetric measurements. Results In humans, CSF glucose and insulin concentrations were tightly correlated with the respective serum/plasma concentrations. The CSF/serum ratio for insulin was reduced in older subjects while the CSF/serum ratio for albumin increased with age like for most other proteins. Western blot analysis in murine whole brain lysates revealed impaired phosphorylation of AKT (P-AKT) in aged mice following peripheral insulin stimulation whereas P-AKT was comparable to levels in young mice after intracerebroventricular insulin application. As readout for insulin action in the brain, insulin-mediated cortical brain activity instantly increased in young mice subcutaneously injected with insulin but was significantly reduced and delayed in aged mice during the treatment period. When insulin was applied intracerebroventricularly into aged animals, brain activity was readily improved. Conclusions This study discloses age-dependent changes in insulin CSF/serum ratios in humans. In the elderly, cerebral insulin resistance might be partially attributed to an impaired transport of insulin into the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Sartorius
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tuebingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tuebingen (IDM), Tuebingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Andreas Peter
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tuebingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tuebingen (IDM), Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Martin Heni
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tuebingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tuebingen (IDM), Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Walter Maetzler
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Fritsche
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tuebingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tuebingen (IDM), Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tuebingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tuebingen (IDM), Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Anita M. Hennige
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tuebingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tuebingen (IDM), Tuebingen, Germany
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Sartorius T, Peter A, Schulz N, Drescher A, Bergheim I, Machann J, Schick F, Siegel-Axel D, Schürmann A, Weigert C, Häring HU, Hennige AM. Cinnamon extract improves insulin sensitivity in the brain and lowers liver fat in mouse models of obesity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92358. [PMID: 24643026 PMCID: PMC3958529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Treatment of diabetic subjects with cinnamon demonstrated an improvement in blood glucose concentrations and insulin sensitivity but the underlying mechanisms remained unclear. This work intends to elucidate the impact of cinnamon effects on the brain by using isolated astrocytes, and an obese and diabetic mouse model. Methods Cinnamon components (eugenol, cinnamaldehyde) were added to astrocytes and liver cells to measure insulin signaling and glycogen synthesis. Ob/ob mice were supplemented with extract from cinnamomum zeylanicum for 6 weeks and cortical brain activity, locomotion and energy expenditure were evaluated. Insulin action was determined in brain and liver tissues. Results Treatment of primary astrocytes with eugenol promoted glycogen synthesis, whereas the effect of cinnamaldehyde was attenuated. In terms of brain function in vivo, cinnamon extract improved insulin sensitivity and brain activity in ob/ob mice, and the insulin-stimulated locomotor activity was improved. In addition, fasting blood glucose levels and glucose tolerance were greatly improved in ob/ob mice due to cinnamon extracts, while insulin secretion was unaltered. This corresponded with lower triglyceride and increased liver glycogen content and improved insulin action in liver tissues. In vitro, Fao cells exposed to cinnamon exhibited no change in insulin action. Conclusions Together, cinnamon extract improved insulin action in the brain as well as brain activity and locomotion. This specific effect may represent an important central feature of cinnamon in improving insulin action in the brain, and mediates metabolic alterations in the periphery to decrease liver fat and improve glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Sartorius
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Member of the German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), University of Tuebingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tuebingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tuebingen (IDM), Tuebingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Andreas Peter
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Member of the German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), University of Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Nadja Schulz
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tuebingen, Germany
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany
| | - Andrea Drescher
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Member of the German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), University of Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ina Bergheim
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, SD Model Systems of Molecular Nutrition, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen Machann
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tuebingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tuebingen (IDM), Tuebingen, Germany
- Section on Experimental Radiology, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Fritz Schick
- Section on Experimental Radiology, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Dorothea Siegel-Axel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Member of the German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), University of Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Annette Schürmann
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tuebingen, Germany
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Germany
| | - Cora Weigert
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Member of the German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), University of Tuebingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tuebingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tuebingen (IDM), Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Member of the German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), University of Tuebingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tuebingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tuebingen (IDM), Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Anita M. Hennige
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tuebingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tuebingen (IDM), Tuebingen, Germany
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Mao X, Dillon KD, McEntee MF, Saxton AM, Kim JH. Islet Insulin Secretion, β-Cell Mass, and Energy Balance in a Polygenic Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes With Obesity. JOURNAL OF INBORN ERRORS OF METABOLISM AND SCREENING 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/2326409814528153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Mao
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Toxicology, Marshall University School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Kristy D. Dillon
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Toxicology, Marshall University School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, USA
| | - Michael F. McEntee
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Arnold M. Saxton
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Jung Han Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Toxicology, Marshall University School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, USA
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Crosstalk Between Insulin and Toll-like Receptor Signaling Pathways in the Central Nervous system. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 50:797-810. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8631-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Shefer G, Marcus Y, Stern N. Is obesity a brain disease? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:2489-503. [PMID: 23911925 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
That the brain is involved in the pathogenesis and perpetuation of obesity is broadly self-intuitive, but traditional evaluation of this relationship has focused on psychological and environment-dependent issues, often referred to as the "it's all in the head" axiom. Here we review evidence that excessive nutrition or caloric flux, regardless of its primary trigger, elicits a biological trap which imprints aberrant energy control circuits that tend to worsen with the accumulation of body fat. Structural and functional changes in the brain can be recognized, such as hypothalamic inflammation and gliosis, reduction in brain volume, reduced regional blood flow or diminished hippocampal size. Such induced changes collectively translate into a vicious cycle of deranged metabolic control and cognitive deficits, some of which can be traced back even to childhood or adolescence. Much like other components of the obese state, brain disease is inseparable from obesity itself and requires better recognition to allow future therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabi Shefer
- Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
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28
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Brown adipose tissue transplantation improves whole-body energy metabolism. Cell Res 2013; 23:851-4. [PMID: 23649313 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2013.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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Sartorius T, Ketterer C, Kullmann S, Balzer M, Rotermund C, Binder S, Hallschmid M, Machann J, Schick F, Somoza V, Preissl H, Fritsche A, Häring HU, Hennige AM. Monounsaturated fatty acids prevent the aversive effects of obesity on locomotion, brain activity, and sleep behavior. Diabetes 2012; 61:1669-79. [PMID: 22492529 PMCID: PMC3379681 DOI: 10.2337/db11-1521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Fat and physical inactivity are the most evident factors in the pathogenesis of obesity, and fat quality seems to play a crucial role for measures of glucose homeostasis. However, the impact of dietary fat quality on brain function, behavior, and sleep is basically unknown. In this study, mice were fed a diet supplemented with either monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) or saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and their impact on glucose homeostasis, locomotion, brain activity, and sleep behavior was evaluated. MUFAs and SFAs led to a significant increase in fat mass but only feeding of SFAs was accompanied by glucose intolerance in mice. Radiotelemetry revealed a significant decrease in cortical activity in SFA-mice whereas MUFAs even improved activity. SFAs decreased wakefulness and increased non-rapid eye movement sleep. An intracerebroventricular application of insulin promoted locomotor activity in MUFA-fed mice, whereas SFA-mice were resistant. In humans, SFA-enriched diet led to a decrease in hippocampal and cortical activity determined by functional magnetic resonance imaging techniques. Together, dietary intake of MUFAs promoted insulin action in the brain with its beneficial effects for cortical activity, locomotion, and sleep, whereas a comparable intake of SFAs acted as a negative modulator of brain activity in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Sartorius
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Vascular Disease, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Caroline Ketterer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Vascular Disease, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Michelle Balzer
- German Research Center for Food Chemistry, Freising, Germany
| | - Carola Rotermund
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Vascular Disease, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Sonja Binder
- Department of Neuroendocrinology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Manfred Hallschmid
- Department of Neuroendocrinology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Jürgen Machann
- Section on Experimental Radiology, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Fritz Schick
- Section on Experimental Radiology, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Veronika Somoza
- Department of Nutritional and Physiological Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hubert Preissl
- MEG Center, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Andreas Fritsche
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Vascular Disease, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Corresponding author: Hans-Ulrich Häring,
| | - Anita M. Hennige
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Vascular Disease, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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Sartorius T, Lutz SZ, Hoene M, Waak J, Peter A, Weigert C, Rammensee HG, Kahle PJ, Häring HU, Hennige AM. Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 impair insulin-mediated brain activity by interleukin-6 and osteopontin and alter sleep architecture. FASEB J 2012; 26:1799-809. [PMID: 22278939 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-191023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Impaired insulin action in the brain represents an early step in the progression toward type 2 diabetes, and elevated levels of saturated free fatty acids are known to impair insulin action in prediabetic subjects. One potential mediator that links fatty acids to inflammation and insulin resistance is the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family. Therefore, C3H/HeJ/TLR2-KO (TLR2/4-deficient) mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD), and insulin action in the brain as well as cortical and locomotor activity was analyzed by using telemetric implants. TLR2/4-deficient mice were protected from HFD-induced glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in the brain and displayed an improvement in cortical and locomotor activity that was not observed in C3H/HeJ mice. Sleep recordings revealed a 42% increase in rapid eye movement sleep in the deficient mice during daytime, and these mice spent 41% more time awake during the night period. Treatment of control mice with a neutralizing IL-6 antibody improved insulin action in the brain as well as cortical activity and diminished osteopontin protein to levels of the TLR2/4-deficient mice. Together, our data suggest that the lack of functional TLR2/4 protects mice from a fat-mediated impairment in insulin action, brain activity, locomotion, and sleep architecture by an IL-6/osteopontin-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Sartorius
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University of Tuebingen, Otfried-Mueller-Straße 10, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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31
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Tschritter O, Preissl H, Hennige AM, Sartorius T, Stingl KT, Heni M, Ketterer C, Stefan N, Machann J, Schleicher E, Fritsche A, Häring HU. High cerebral insulin sensitivity is associated with loss of body fat during lifestyle intervention. Diabetologia 2012; 55:175-82. [PMID: 21927893 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2309-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Loss of weight and body fat are major targets in lifestyle interventions to prevent diabetes. In the brain, insulin modulates eating behaviour and weight control, resulting in a negative energy balance. This study aimed to test whether cerebral insulin sensitivity facilitates reduction of body weight and body fat by lifestyle intervention in humans. METHODS The study was performed as an additional arm of the TUebingen Lifestyle Intervention Program (TULIP). In 28 non-diabetic individuals (14 female/14 male; mean ± SE age 42 ± 2 years; mean ± SE BMI 29.9 ± 0.8 kg/m²), we measured cerebrocortical insulin sensitivity by using magnetoencephalography before lifestyle intervention. Total and visceral fat were measured by using MRI at baseline and after 9 months and 2 years of lifestyle intervention. RESULTS Insulin-stimulated cerebrocortical theta activity at baseline correlated with a reduction in total adipose tissue (r = -0.59, p = 0.014) and visceral adipose tissue (r = -0.76, p = 0.001) after 9 months of lifestyle intervention, accompanied by a statistical trend for reduction in body weight change (r = -0.37, p = 0.069). Similar results were obtained after 2 years. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our results suggest that high insulin sensitivity of the human brain facilitates loss of body weight and body fat during lifestyle intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Tschritter
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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Guthoff M, Stingl KT, Tschritter O, Rogic M, Heni M, Stingl K, Hallschmid M, Häring HU, Fritsche A, Preissl H, Hennige AM. The insulin-mediated modulation of visually evoked magnetic fields is reduced in obese subjects. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19482. [PMID: 21589921 PMCID: PMC3092755 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Insulin is an anorexigenic hormone that contributes to the termination of food intake in the postprandial state. An alteration in insulin action in the brain, named “cerebral insulin resistance”, is responsible for overeating and the development of obesity. Methodology/Principal Findings To analyze the direct effect of insulin on food-related neuronal activity we tested 10 lean and 10 obese subjects. We conducted a magnetencephalography study during a visual working memory task in both the basal state and after applying insulin or placebo spray intranasally to bypass the blood brain barrier. Food and non-food pictures were presented and subjects had to determine whether or not two consecutive pictures belonged to the same category. Intranasal insulin displayed no effect on blood glucose, insulin or C-peptide concentrations in the periphery; however, it led to an increase in the components of evoked fields related to identification and categorization of pictures (at around 170 ms post stimuli in the visual ventral stream) in lean subjects when food pictures were presented. In contrast, insulin did not modulate food-related brain activity in obese subjects. Conclusions/Significance We demonstrated that intranasal insulin increases the cerebral processing of food pictures in lean whereas this was absent in obese subjects. This study further substantiates the presence of a “cerebral insulin resistance” in obese subjects and might be relevant in the pathogenesis of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Guthoff
- Internal Medicine IV, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Otto Tschritter
- Internal Medicine IV, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Maja Rogic
- MEG Center, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Heni
- Internal Medicine IV, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Katarina Stingl
- Center for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Internal Medicine IV, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Fritsche
- Internal Medicine IV, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Hubert Preissl
- MEG Center, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College, University of Arkansas, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Anita M. Hennige
- Internal Medicine IV, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Current literature in diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2010; 26:i-xi. [PMID: 20474064 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.1019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Tucker K, Cavallin MA, Jean-Baptiste P, Biju K, Overton JM, Pedarzani P, Fadool DA. The Olfactory Bulb: A Metabolic Sensor of Brain Insulin and Glucose Concentrations via a Voltage-Gated Potassium Channel. Results Probl Cell Differ 2010; 52:147-57. [PMID: 20865378 PMCID: PMC3068916 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-14426-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The voltage-gated potassium channel, Kv1.3, contributes a large proportion of the current in mitral cell neurons of the olfactory bulb where it assists to time the firing patterns of action potentials as spike clusters that are important for odorant detection. Gene-targeted deletion of the Kv1.3 channel, produces a "super-smeller" phenotype, whereby mice are additionally resistant to diet- and genetically-induced obesity. As assessed via an electrophysiological slice preparation of the olfactory bulb, Kv1.3 is modulated via energetically important molecules - such as insulin and glucose - contributing to the body's metabolic response to fat intake. We discuss a biophysical characterization of modulated synaptic communication in the slice following acute glucose and insulin stimulation, chronic elevation of insulin in mice that are in a conscious state, and induction of diet-induced obesity. We have discovered that Kv1.3 contributes an unusual nonconducting role - the detection of metabolic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristal Tucker
- Program in Neuroscience, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | | | | | - K.C. Biju
- Program in Neuroscience, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | | | - Paola Pedarzani
- Research Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University of College, London, London, UK
| | - Debra Ann Fadool
- Program in Neuroscience, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
- Institute of Molecular Biophysics, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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Tschritter O, Preissl H, Hennige AM, Sartorius T, Grichisch Y, Stefan N, Guthoff M, Düsing S, Machann J, Schleicher E, Cegan A, Birbaumer N, Fritsche A, Häring HU. The insulin effect on cerebrocortical theta activity is associated with serum concentrations of saturated nonesterified Fatty acids. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94:4600-7. [PMID: 19820026 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009-0469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Insulin action in the brain contributes to adequate regulation of body weight, neuronal survival, and suppression of endogenous glucose production. We previously demonstrated by magnetoencephalography in lean humans that insulin stimulates activity in beta and theta frequency bands, whereas this effect was abolished in obese individuals. OBJECTIVE The present study aims to define metabolic signals associated with the suppression of the cerebrocortical response in obese humans. DESIGN AND SETTING We determined insulin-mediated modulation of spontaneous cerebrocortical activity by magnetoencephalography during a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp and related it to measures of ectopic fat deposition and mediators of peripheral insulin resistance. Visceral fat mass and intrahepatic lipid content were quantified by magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy. Multiple regression analysis was used to analyze associations of cerebrocortical insulin sensitivity and metabolic markers related to obesity. PARTICIPANTS Forty-nine healthy, nondiabetic humans participated in the study. RESULTS In a multiple regression, insulin-mediated stimulation of theta activity was negatively correlated to body mass index, visceral fat mass, and intrahepatic lipid content. Although fasting saturated nonesterified fatty acids mediated the correlations of theta activity with abdominal and intrahepatic lipid stores, adipocytokines displayed no independent correlation with insulin-mediated cortical activity in the theta frequency band. CONCLUSIONS Thus, insulin action at the level of cerebrocortical activity in the brain is diminished in the presence of elevated levels of saturated nonesterified fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto Tschritter
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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