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Park G, Rim YA, Sohn Y, Nam Y, Ju JH. Replacing Animal Testing with Stem Cell-Organoids : Advantages and Limitations. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2024:10.1007/s12015-024-10723-5. [PMID: 38639829 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-024-10723-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Various groups including animal protection organizations, medical organizations, research centers, and even federal agencies such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, are working to minimize animal use in scientific experiments. This movement primarily stems from animal welfare and ethical concerns. However, recent advances in technology and new studies in medicine have contributed to an increase in animal experiments throughout the years. With the rapid increase in animal testing, concerns arise including ethical issues, high cost, complex procedures, and potential inaccuracies.Alternative solutions have recently been investigated to address the problems of animal testing. Some of these technologies are related to stem cell technologies, such as organ-on-a-chip, organoids, and induced pluripotent stem cell models. The aim of the review is to focus on stem cell related methodologies, such as organoids, that can serve as an alternative to animal testing and discuss its advantages and limitations, alongside regulatory considerations.Although stem cell related methodologies has shortcomings, it has potential to replace animal testing. Achieving this requires further research on stem cells, with potential societal and technological benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiyoung Park
- School of Biopharmaceutical and Medical Sciences, Health & Wellness College, Sungshin Women's University, 55, Dobong-ro 76ga-gil, Gangbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeri Alice Rim
- CiSTEM laboratory, Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 4 3, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeowon Sohn
- Department of Biohealth Regulatory Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Yoojun Nam
- Department of Biohealth Regulatory Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea.
- Yipscell Inc, L2 Omnibus Park, Banpo-dearo 222, Seocho-gu, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Ji Hyeon Ju
- CiSTEM laboratory, Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 4 3, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea.
- Yipscell Inc, L2 Omnibus Park, Banpo-dearo 222, Seocho-gu, Seoul, Korea.
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Martins RX, Carvalho M, Maia ME, Flor B, Souza T, Rocha TL, Félix LM, Farias D. 2,4-D Herbicide-Induced Hepatotoxicity: Unveiling Disrupted Liver Functions and Associated Biomarkers. Toxics 2024; 12:35. [PMID: 38250991 PMCID: PMC10818579 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a widely used herbicide worldwide and is frequently found in water samples. This knowledge has prompted studies on its effects on non-target organisms, revealing significant alterations to liver structure and function. In this review, we evaluated the literature on the hepatotoxicity of 2,4-D, focusing on morphological damages, toxicity biomarkers and affected liver functions. Searches were conducted on PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus and 83 articles were selected after curation. Among these studies, 72% used in vivo models and 30% used in vitro models. Additionally, 48% used the active ingredient, and 35% used commercial formulations in exposure experiments. The most affected biomarkers were related to a decrease in antioxidant capacity through alterations in the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase and the levels of malondialdehyde. Changes in energy metabolism, lipids, liver function, and xenobiotic metabolism were also identified. Furthermore, studies about the effects of 2,4-D in mixtures with other pesticides were found, as well as hepatoprotection trials. The reviewed data indicate the essential role of reduction in antioxidant capacity and oxidative stress in 2,4-D-induced hepatotoxicity. However, the mechanism of action of the herbicide is still not fully understood and further research in this area is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Xavier Martins
- Post-Graduation Program in Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Building 907, Campus Pici, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60455-970, Brazil; (R.X.M.); (M.E.M.)
- Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Novel Technologies, Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58050-085, Brazil; (M.C.); (B.F.); (T.S.)
| | - Matheus Carvalho
- Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Novel Technologies, Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58050-085, Brazil; (M.C.); (B.F.); (T.S.)
| | - Maria Eduarda Maia
- Post-Graduation Program in Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Building 907, Campus Pici, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60455-970, Brazil; (R.X.M.); (M.E.M.)
- Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Novel Technologies, Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58050-085, Brazil; (M.C.); (B.F.); (T.S.)
| | - Bruno Flor
- Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Novel Technologies, Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58050-085, Brazil; (M.C.); (B.F.); (T.S.)
| | - Terezinha Souza
- Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Novel Technologies, Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58050-085, Brazil; (M.C.); (B.F.); (T.S.)
| | - Thiago Lopes Rocha
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74055-110, Brazil;
| | - Luís M. Félix
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Inov4Agro, Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Davi Farias
- Post-Graduation Program in Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Building 907, Campus Pici, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60455-970, Brazil; (R.X.M.); (M.E.M.)
- Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Novel Technologies, Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58050-085, Brazil; (M.C.); (B.F.); (T.S.)
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Kim D, Oh E, Kim H, Baek SM, Cho J, Kim EH, Choi S, Bian Y, Kim W, Bae ON. Mono-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate potentiates methylglyoxal-induced blood-brain barrier damage via mitochondria-derived oxidative stress and bioenergetic perturbation. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 179:113985. [PMID: 37572985 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates in contaminated foods and personal care products are one of the most frequently exposed chemicals with a public health concern. Phthalate exposure is related to cardiovascular diseases, including diabetic vascular complications and cerebrovascular diseases, yet the mechanism is still unclear. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity disruption is strongly associated with cardiovascular and neurological disease exacerbation. We investigated BBB damage by di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) or its metabolite mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) using brain endothelial cells and rat models. BBB damage by the subthreshold level of MEHP, but not a DEHP, significantly increased by the presence of methylglyoxal (MG), a reactive dicarbonyl compound whose levels increase in the blood in hyperglycemic conditions in diabetic patients. Significant potentiation in apoptosis and autophagy activation, mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and mitochondrial metabolic disturbance were observed in brain ECs by co-exposure to MG and MEHP. N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) restored autophagy activation as well as tight junction protein impairment induced by co-exposure to MG and MEHP. Intraperitoneal administration of MG and MEHP significantly altered mitochondrial membrane potential and tight junction integrity in rat brain endothelium. This study may provide novel insights into enhancing phthalate toxicity in susceptible populations, such as diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, South Korea
| | - Eujin Oh
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, South Korea
| | - Haram Kim
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, South Korea
| | - Seung Mi Baek
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, South Korea
| | - Junho Cho
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, South Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Kim
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, South Korea
| | - Sungbin Choi
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, South Korea
| | - Yiying Bian
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Wondong Kim
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, South Korea
| | - Ok-Nam Bae
- College of Pharmacy Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, South Korea.
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Yamada S, Ockermann PN, Schwarz T, Mustafa K, Hansmann J. Translation of biophysical environment in bone into dynamic cell culture under flow for bone tissue engineering. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:4395-4407. [PMID: 37711188 PMCID: PMC10498129 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone is a dynamic environment where osteocytes, osteoblasts, and mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells perceive mechanical cues and regulate bone metabolism accordingly. In particular, interstitial fluid flow in bone and bone marrow serves as a primary biophysical stimulus, which regulates the growth and fate of the cellular components of bone. The processes of mechano-sensory and -transduction towards bone formation have been well studied mainly in vivo as well as in two-dimensional (2D) dynamic cell culture platforms, which elucidated mechanically induced osteogenesis starting with anabolic responses, such as production of nitrogen oxide and prostaglandins followed by the activation of canonical Wnt signaling, upon mechanosensation. The knowledge has been now translated into regenerative medicine, particularly into the field of bone tissue engineering, where multipotent stem cells are combined with three-dimensional (3D) scaffolding biomaterials to produce transplantable constructs for bone regeneration. In the presence of 3D scaffolds, the importance of suitable dynamic cell culture platforms increases further not only to improve mass transfer inside the scaffolds but to provide appropriate biophysical cues to guide cell fate. In principle, the concept of dynamic cell culture platforms is rooted to bone mechanobiology. Therefore, this review primarily focuses on biophysical environment in bone and its translation into dynamic cell culture platforms commonly used for 2D and 3D cell expansion, including their advancement, challenges, and future perspectives. Additionally, it provides the literature review of recent empirical studies using 2D and 3D flow-based dynamic cell culture systems for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuntaro Yamada
- Center of Translational Oral Research-Tissue Engineering, Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Philipp Niklas Ockermann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Translational Center Regenerative Therapies, Germany
| | - Thomas Schwarz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Translational Center Regenerative Therapies, Germany
| | - Kamal Mustafa
- Center of Translational Oral Research-Tissue Engineering, Department of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Jan Hansmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Translational Center Regenerative Therapies, Germany
- Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Würzburg-Schweinfurt, Germany
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Castle N, Liang J, Smith M, Petersen B, Matson C, Eldridge T, Zhang K, Lee CH, Liu Y, Dai C. Finite Element Modeling of Residual Hearing after Cochlear Implant Surgery in Chinchillas. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10050539. [PMID: 37237608 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10050539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cochlear implant (CI) surgery is one of the most utilized treatments for severe hearing loss. However, the effects of a successful scala tympani insertion on the mechanics of hearing are not yet fully understood. This paper presents a finite element (FE) model of the chinchilla inner ear for studying the interrelationship between the mechanical function and the insertion angle of a CI electrode. This FE model includes a three-chambered cochlea and full vestibular system, accomplished using µ-MRI and µ-CT scanning technologies. This model's first application found minimal loss of residual hearing due to insertion angle after CI surgery, and this indicates that it is a reliable and helpful tool for future applications in CI design, surgical planning, and stimuli setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Castle
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Junfeng Liang
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Matthew Smith
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Brett Petersen
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Cayman Matson
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Tara Eldridge
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Chung-Hao Lee
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Yingtao Liu
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Chenkai Dai
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
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Petrikaite V, D'Avanzo N, Celia C, Fresta M. Nanocarriers overcoming biological barriers induced by multidrug resistance of chemotherapeutics in 2D and 3D cancer models. Drug Resist Updat 2023; 68:100956. [PMID: 36958083 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2023.100956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is currently a big challenge in cancer therapy and limits its success in several patients. Tumors use the MDR mechanisms to colonize the host and reduce the efficacy of chemotherapeutics that are injected as single agents or combinations. MDR mechanisms are responsible for inactivation of drugs and formbiological barriers in cancer like the drug efflux pumps, aberrant extracellular matrix, hypoxic areas, altered cell death mechanisms, etc. Nanocarriers have some potential to overcome these barriers and improve the efficacy of chemotherapeutics. In fact, they are versatile and can deliver natural and synthetic biomolecules, as well as RNAi/DNAi, thus providing a controlled release of drugs and a synergistic effect in tumor tissues. Biocompatible and safe multifunctional biopolymers, with or without specific targeting molecules, modify the surface and interface properties of nanocarriers. These modifications affect the interaction of nanocarriers with cellular models as well as the selection of suitable models for in vitro experiments. MDR cancer cells, and particularly their 2D and 3D models, in combination with anatomical and physiological structures of tumor tissues, can boost the design and preparation of nanomedicines for anticancer therapy. 2D and 3D cancer cell cultures are suitable models to study the interaction, internalization, and efficacy of nanocarriers, the mechanisms of MDR in cancer cells and tissues, and they are used to tailor a personalized medicine and improve the efficacy of anticancer treatment in patients. The description of molecular mechanisms and physio-pathological pathways of these models further allow the design of nanomedicine that can efficiently overcome biological barriers involved in MDR and test the activity of nanocarriers in 2D and 3D models of MDR cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilma Petrikaite
- Laboratory of Drug Targets Histopathology, Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukilėlių pr. 13, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania; Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio al. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Nicola D'Avanzo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti - Pescara "G. d'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro Campus Universitario-Germaneto, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Christian Celia
- Laboratory of Drug Targets Histopathology, Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukilėlių pr. 13, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania; Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti - Pescara "G. d'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Massimo Fresta
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Viale "S. Venuta" s.n.c., 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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Lebrun S, Chavez S, Nguyen L, Chan R. Expansion of the application domain of a macromolecular ocular irritation test (OptiSafe™). Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 86:105515. [PMID: 36351539 PMCID: PMC9802687 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The OptiSafe (OS) test is shelf-stable, macromolecular eye irritation test that does not include any animal ingredient or component ("vegan"). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the test's accuracy for an expanded application domain for both the original and recently updated OS method. This study involved the testing of additional ocular corrosives and previously excluded foaming agents ("surfactants") using both the original and updated OS methods and then combining these data with prior validation data for a total of 147 chemicals. Predictivity was evaluated by a statistical comparison of the OptiSafe predictions with historical in vivo "Draize" rabbit eye data for the same chemicals (from public databases). We report that for the detection of chemicals not requiring classification for eye irritation [Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS) No Category], the accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity were 92.8%, 79.6%, and 100.0%, respectively, for the updated method; for the detection of chemicals inducing extreme eye damage/corrosion (GHS Category 1), the accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity were 79.4%, 71.8%, and 91.7%, respectively, for the updated method. Results indicate that both the original and updated methods have a high accuracy for the expanded application domain that included ocular corrosives and surfactants.
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Niciura SCM, Minho AP, McIntyre J, Benavides MV, Okino CH, Esteves SN, Chagas ACDS, Amarante AFTD. In vitro culture of parasitic stages of Haemonchus contortus. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2023; 32:e010122. [PMID: 36651422 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612023005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus is a constraint to sheep production. Seeking to reduce the use of hosts and produce parasitic stages in large-scale, a 42-day in vitro culture protocol of H. contortus third-stage larvae was optimized using Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM). In cell-free culture, larvae were maintained at 39.6°C, in acidic media (pH 6.1) for 3 or 6 days with Δ4-dafachronic acid followed by DMEM pH 7.4 supplemented or not with Fildes' reagent. In DMEM pH 7.4 at 37°C, supplementation with Caco-2 cells was compared to Fildes. On Day 14, fourth-stage larvae (L4) development rates in acidic media supplemented (86.8-88.4%) or not (74.4-77.8%) with Fildes and in Caco-2 cell co-culture (92.6%) were similar, and superior to DMEM pH 7.4 with Fildes (0.0%). On Day 21, Caco-2 cell co-culture resulted in higher larvae differentiation (25.0%) and lower degeneration (13.9%) compared to acidic media (1.5-8.1% and 48.6-69.9%, respectively). This is the first report of prolonged in vitro culture of H. contortus larvae using commercial media in co-culture with Caco-2 cells. Although no progression to the adult stage, Caco-2 cell co-culture resulted in morphological differentiation of H. contortus L4 and larval viability for up to 28 days.
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Klimaszewska E, Wieczorek D, Lewicki S, Stelmasiak M, Ogorzałek M, Szymański Ł, Tomasiuk R, Markuszewski L. Effect of New Surfactants on Biological Properties of Liquid Soaps. Molecules 2022; 27:5425. [PMID: 36080193 PMCID: PMC9458098 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid soaps are the basic cosmetics used to clean the skin of the hands. Frequent hand washing prevents viral contamination but may damage the skin’s hydro-lipid layer, leading to various types of irritation. Therefore, four liquid soap formulas were developed with three amphoteric surfactants: Cocamidopropyl Betaine (LS II), CocamidopropylHydroxysultaine (LS III), and newly synthesized Evening PrimroseaamidopropylSulfobetaine (LS IV). We evaluated the skin irritating potential (zein number, bovine albumin test) and cytotoxicity (AlamarBlue™, Cell viability, and Cell cycle assays) on HaCaT cell line. We observed lower values of the zein number and bovine albumin tests after adding soaps with surfactants (the highest differences in LS IV) compared to the base soap (LS I). However, LS I and LS II did not differ in cytotoxic assays. Therefore, adding LS III and LS IV seems potentially more dangerous to the cells. However, it should be noted that cells were continuously exposed to liquid soaps for more than 24 h, so its cytotoxic effects after dermal use in humans may be unnoticeable. Concluding, results suggest that the newly synthesized LS IV should improve the safety of liquid hand washing soaps.
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Lieto K, Skopek R, Lewicka A, Stelmasiak M, Klimaszewska E, Zelent A, Szymański Ł, Lewicki S. Looking into the Eyes—In Vitro Models for Ocular Research. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:9158. [PMID: 36012421 PMCID: PMC9409455 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal research undoubtedly provides scientists with virtually unlimited data but inflicts pain and suffering on animals. Currently, legislators and scientists alike are promoting alternative in vitro approaches allowing for an accurate evaluation of processes occurring in the body without animal sacrifice. Historically, one of the most infamous animal tests is the Draize test, mainly performed on rabbits. Even though this test was considered the gold standard for around 50 years, the Draize test fails to mimic human response mainly due to human and rabbit eye physiological differences. Therefore, many alternative assays were developed to evaluate ocular toxicity and drug effectiveness accurately. Here we review recent achievements in tissue engineering of in vitro 2D, 2.5D, 3D, organoid and organ-on-chip ocular models, as well as in vivo and ex vivo models in terms of their advantages and limitations.
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Schulte E, Arlt SP. What Kinds of Dogs Are Used in Clinical and Experimental Research? Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12121487. [PMID: 35739824 PMCID: PMC9219481 DOI: 10.3390/ani12121487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The objective of this study was to evaluate the signalment of dogs used in veterinary research in six different specialties. In total, 150 randomly chosen clinical studies (25 studies per specialty) published between 2007 and 2019 were evaluated for the breed, sex, neuter status, age, and weight information of the dogs used. Breed information was given for 5.7% of the included animals. Beagles were used 1.9% of the time, which was a less significant role in research than we expected. Information about the sex of the dogs was lacking for 16.2% of the included animals, while age and weight information were missing for 22.7 and 32.7%, respectively. The neuter status was not given in 38.7% of the clinical studies. The results show deficits in the reporting of demographic data for the dogs. The need for an improvement in the documentation and/or reporting of animal signalment is obvious and should be addressed by authors, reviewers, and journal editors in the future. Abstract Background: Dogs are widely used in research to answer questions about canine or human conditions. For the latter, research dogs are often used as models, since they are physiologically more similar to humans than other species used in research and they share similar environmental conditions. From a veterinary perspective, research findings are widely based on academic research, and thus are generated under experimental conditions. In that regard, the question arises: do the dogs used for research adequately represent the dog population seen in veterinary practice? It may, for example, be assumed that Beagle dogs are often used as experimental animals. The objective of this study was to evaluate the signalment of dogs used in veterinary research. Furthermore, we aimed to assess other relevant criteria regarding the validity of clinical trials in the context of six different veterinary medicine specialties: cardiology, internal medicine, neurology, orthopaedics, reproduction, and surgery. Methods: A literature search was conducted and 25 studies per specialty were randomly selected. The breed, sex, neuter status, median age, and median weight of the dogs used for clinical studies (n = 150) published between 2007 and 2019 were evaluated. Results: In total, 596,542 dogs were used in the 150 trials. Breed information was given for 33,835 of these dogs (5.7%). Of the latter, 1.9% were Beagles. Nine clinical trials exclusively used Beagles. The most frequently used breeds were German Shepherds (7.3%), Labrador Retrievers (6.7%), and Golden Retrievers (4.7%). The major reporting deficits found were missing breed specification in 25.3% of the articles; missing information about the sex of the dogs in 16.2%; missing age and weight information in 22.7 and 32.7%, respectively; and missing neuter status in 38.7% of the clinical studies. The median sample size was 56 (Q1:29; Q3:365) dogs. Conclusions: The presented project revealed that Beagle dogs represent only a small proportion of dogs in veterinary research. Based on the evaluated publications, it seems that some relevant dog attributes differ between the specialties. The results, however, show deficits in the reporting of demographic data for the dogs. The need for an improvement in the documentation and/or reporting of animal signalment is obvious and should be addressed by authors, reviewers, and journal editors in the future.
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Risueño I, Valencia L, Jorcano JL, Velasco D. Skin-on-a-chip models: General overview and future perspectives. APL Bioeng 2021; 5:030901. [PMID: 34258497 PMCID: PMC8270645 DOI: 10.1063/5.0046376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last few years, several advances have been made toward the development and production of in vitro human skin models for the analysis and testing of cosmetic and pharmaceutical products. However, these skin models are cultured under static conditions that make them unable to accurately represent normal human physiology. Recent interest has focused on the generation of in vitro 3D vascularized skin models with dynamic perfusion and microfluidic devices known as skin-on-a-chip. These platforms have been widely described in the literature as good candidates for tissue modeling, as they enable a more physiological transport of nutrients and permit a high-throughput and less expensive evaluation of drug candidates in terms of toxicity, efficacy, and delivery. In this Perspective, recent advances in these novel platforms for the generation of human skin models under dynamic conditions for in vitro testing are reported. Advances in vascularized human skin equivalents (HSEs), transferred skin-on-a-chip (introduction of a skin biopsy or a HSE in the chip), and in situ skin-on-a-chip (generation of the skin model directly in the chip) are critically reviewed, and currently used methods for the introduction of skin cells in the microfluidic chips are discussed. An outlook on current applications and future directions in this field of research are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Risueño
- Department of Bioengineering and Aerospace Engineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (UC3M), 28911 Leganés (Madrid), Spain
| | - L Valencia
- Department of Bioengineering and Aerospace Engineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (UC3M), 28911 Leganés (Madrid), Spain
| | - J L Jorcano
- Department of Bioengineering and Aerospace Engineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (UC3M), 28911 Leganés (Madrid), Spain
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Baert Y, Ruetschle I, Cools W, Oehme A, Lorenz A, Marx U, Goossens E, Maschmeyer I. A multi-organ-chip co-culture of liver and testis equivalents: a first step toward a systemic male reprotoxicity model. Hum Reprod 2021; 35:1029-1044. [PMID: 32390056 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deaa057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Is it possible to co-culture and functionally link human liver and testis equivalents in the combined medium circuit of a multi-organ chip? SUMMARY ANSWER Multi-organ-chip co-cultures of human liver and testis equivalents were maintained at a steady-state for at least 1 week and the co-cultures reproduced specific natural and drug-induced liver-testis systemic interactions. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Current benchtop reprotoxicity models typically do not include hepatic metabolism and interactions of the liver-testis axis. However, these are important to study the biotransformation of substances. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Testicular organoids derived from primary adult testicular cells and liver spheroids consisting of cultured HepaRG cells and hepatic stellate cells were loaded into separate culture compartments of each multi-organ-chip circuit for co-culture in liver spheroid-specific medium, testicular organoid-specific medium or a combined medium over a week. Additional multi-organ-chips (single) and well plates (static) were loaded only with testicular organoids or liver spheroids for comparison. Subsequently, the selected type of medium was supplemented with cyclophosphamide, an alkylating anti-neoplastic prodrug that has demonstrated germ cell toxicity after its bioactivation in the liver, and added to chip-based co-cultures to replicate a human liver-testis systemic interaction in vitro. Single chip-based testicular organoids were used as a control. Experiments were performed with three biological replicates unless otherwise stated. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS The metabolic activity was determined as glucose consumption and lactate production. The cell viability was measured as lactate dehydrogenase activity in the medium. Additionally, immunohistochemical and real-time quantitative PCR end-point analyses were performed for apoptosis, proliferation and cell-specific phenotypical and functional markers. The functionality of Sertoli and Leydig cells in testicular spheroids was specifically evaluated by measuring daily inhibin B and testosterone release, respectively. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Co-culture in multi-organ chips with liver spheroid-specific medium better supported the metabolic activity of the cultured tissues compared to other media tested. The liver spheroids did not show significantly different behaviour during co-culture compared to that in single culture on multi-organ-chips. The testicular organoids also developed accordingly and produced higher inhibin B but lower testosterone levels than the static culture in plates with testicular organoid-specific medium. By comparison, testosterone secretion by testicular organoids cultured individually on multi-organ-chips reached a similar level as the static culture at Day 7. This suggests that the liver spheroids have metabolised the steroids in the co-cultures, a naturally occurring phenomenon. The addition of cyclophosphamide led to upregulation of specific cytochromes in liver spheroids and loss of germ cells in testicular organoids in the multi-organ-chip co-cultures but not in single-testis culture. LARGE-SCALE DATA N/A. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The number of biological replicates included in this study was relatively small due to the limited availability of individual donor testes and the labour-intensive nature of multi-organ-chip co-cultures. Moreover, testicular organoids and liver spheroids are miniaturised organ equivalents that capture key features, but are still simplified versions of the native tissues. Also, it should be noted that only the prodrug cyclophosphamide was administered. The final concentration of the active metabolite was not measured. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS This co-culture model responds to the request of setting up a specific tool that enables the testing of candidate reprotoxic substances with the possibility of human biotransformation. It further allows the inclusion of other human tissue equivalents for chemical risk assessment on the systemic level. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work was supported by research grants from the Scientific Research Foundation Flanders (FWO), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (scientific fund Willy Gepts) and the Vrije Universiteit Brussel. Y.B. is a postdoctoral fellow of the FWO. U.M. is founder, shareholder and CEO of TissUse GmbH, Berlin, Germany, a company commercializing the Multi-Organ-Chip platform systems used in the study. The other authors have no conflict of interest to declare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Baert
- Biology of the Testis (BITE) Research Group, Department of Reproduction, Genetics and Regenerative Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - I Ruetschle
- TissUse GmbH, Oudenarder Str. 16, 13347 Berlin, Germany
| | - W Cools
- Interfaculty Center Data Processing and Statistics (ICDS), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Oehme
- TissUse GmbH, Oudenarder Str. 16, 13347 Berlin, Germany
| | - A Lorenz
- TissUse GmbH, Oudenarder Str. 16, 13347 Berlin, Germany
| | - U Marx
- TissUse GmbH, Oudenarder Str. 16, 13347 Berlin, Germany
| | - E Goossens
- Biology of the Testis (BITE) Research Group, Department of Reproduction, Genetics and Regenerative Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - I Maschmeyer
- TissUse GmbH, Oudenarder Str. 16, 13347 Berlin, Germany
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Rupp M, Biehl C, Malhan D, Hassan F, Attia S, Rosch S, Schäfer AB, McMahon E, Kampschulte M, Heiss C, El Khassawna T. Large Animal Model of Osteoporotic Defect Healing: An Alternative to Metaphyseal Defect Model. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:254. [PMID: 33808560 DOI: 10.3390/life11030254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a common metabolic disorder diagnosed by lower bone density and higher risk of fracture. Fragility fractures because of osteoporosis are associated with high mortality rate. Deep understanding of fracture healing in osteoporosis is important for successful treatment. Therefore, the FDA approved the use of small and large animal models for preclinical testing. This study investigated the clinical relevance of a fracture defect model in the iliac crest of the osteoporotic sheep model and its several advantages over other models. The osteoporosis was achieved using ovariectomy (OVX) in combination with diet deficiency (OVXD) and steroid administration (OVXDS). Fluorochrome was injected to examine the rate of bone remodelling and bone mineralization. The defect areas were collected and embedded in paraffin and polymethyl metha acrylate (PMMA) for histological staining. OVXDS showed significantly lower bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) at all time points. Furthermore, variations in healing patterns were noticed, while the control, OVX and OVXD showed complete healing after 8 months. Bone quality was affected mostly in the OVXDS group showing irregular trabecular network, lower cortical bone thickness and higher cartilaginous tissue at 8 months. The mineral deposition rate showed a declining pattern in the control, OVX, and OVXD from 5 months to 8 months. One the contrary, the OVXDS group showed an incremental pattern from 5 months to 8 months. The defect zone in osteoporotic animals showed impaired healing and the control showed complete healing after 8 months. This unique established model serves as a dual-purpose model and has several advantages: no intraoperative and postoperative complications, no need for fixation methods for biomaterial testing, and reduction in animal numbers, which comply with 3R principles by using the same animal at two different time points.
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Liu H, Gielen MJCAM, Bosmans JWAM, Winkens B, Bouvy ND. Inadequate awareness of adherence to ARRIVE guidelines, regarding reporting quality of hernia models repaired with meshes: a systematic review. Hernia 2021. [PMID: 33394255 DOI: 10.1007/s10029-020-02351-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Research papers involving animal studies often display poor reporting standards, leading to lower study reproducibility. We aim to determine the difference in reporting animal studies regarding abdominal wall hernia repair with mesh placement, before and after the publication of ARRIVE-2010 (Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments) guidelines. Furthermore, we aim to present the most up-to-date reporting quality using the updated ARRIVE-2020 as criteria. METHODS All animal studies concerning hernia repair with meshes were systematically searched. Articles published in the 5 years leading up to the ARRIVE-2010 (pre-ARRIVE) and articles within the last 5 years until the updated ARRIVE 2.0 (post-ARRIVE) were compared for overall species and specific species separately. Articles published last year were evaluated for presenting fully reported (sub)items. RESULTS The number of fully reported (sub)items per article was on average significantly higher for pre-ARRIVE than post-ARRIVE for overall species (mean (SD) = 14.0 (2.8) vs. 12.6 (2.5), P < 0.001). The same applies to rabbit (mean (SD) = 14.8 (2.6) vs. 12.6 (2.6), P = 0.001) and pig studies (mean (SD) = 14.5 (2.7) vs. 11.6 (2.6), P = 0.004), with no significance in rat studies (mean (SD) = 13.6 (2.9) vs. 12.9 (2.3), P = 0.076). Significance was found in several (sub)items between pre-ARRIVE and post-ARRIVE (n = 7, 3, 8, and 3 for overall species, rat, rabbit, and pig studies, respectively). CONCLUSION General reporting quality of animal experiments has been improved markedly by ARRIVE guidelines. However, more improvements are required considering the arrival of ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines.
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Tu KH, Yu LS, Sie ZH, Hsu HY, Al-Jamal KT, Wang JTW, Chiang YY. Development of Real-Time Transendothelial Electrical Resistance Monitoring for an In Vitro Blood-Brain Barrier System. Micromachines (Basel) 2020; 12:mi12010037. [PMID: 33396953 PMCID: PMC7824195 DOI: 10.3390/mi12010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures and organs-on-a-chip have been developed to construct microenvironments that resemble the environment within the human body and to provide a platform that enables clear observation and accurate assessments of cell behavior. However, direct observation of transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) has been challenging. To improve the efficiency in monitoring the cell development in organs-on-a-chip, in this study, we designed and integrated commercially available TEER measurement electrodes into an in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB)-on-chip system to quantify TEER variation. Moreover, a flowing culture medium was added to the monolayered cells to simulate the promotion of continuous shear stress on cerebrovascular cells. Compared with static 3D cell culture, the proposed BBB-on-chip integrated with electrodes could measure TEER in a real-time manner over a long period. It also allowed cell growth angle measurement, providing instant reports of cell growth information online. Overall, the results demonstrated that the developed system can aid in the quantification of the continuous cell-pattern variations for future studies in drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Hong Tu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402701, Taiwan; (K.-H.T.); (Z.-H.S.); (H.-Y.H.)
| | - Ling-Shan Yu
- Rapid Screening Research Center for Toxicology and Biomedicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 813016, Taiwan;
| | - Zong-Han Sie
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402701, Taiwan; (K.-H.T.); (Z.-H.S.); (H.-Y.H.)
| | - Han-Yi Hsu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402701, Taiwan; (K.-H.T.); (Z.-H.S.); (H.-Y.H.)
| | - Khuloud T. Al-Jamal
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London SE5 9NU, UK; (K.T.A.-J.); (J.T.-W.W.)
| | - Julie Tzu-Wen Wang
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, London SE5 9NU, UK; (K.T.A.-J.); (J.T.-W.W.)
| | - Ya-Yu Chiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402701, Taiwan; (K.-H.T.); (Z.-H.S.); (H.-Y.H.)
- i-Center for Advanced Science and Technology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402701, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2284-0433
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Sun Q, Meng M, Steed JN, Sidow SJ, Bergeron BE, Niu LN, Ma JZ, Tay FR. Manoeuvrability and biocompatibility of endodontic tricalcium silicate-based putties. J Dent 2020; 104:103530. [PMID: 33220332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2020.103530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study evaluated the indentation depth, storage modulus and biocompatibility of an experimental endodontic putty designed for endodontic perforation repair and direct pulp-capping (NeoPutty). The results were compared with the properties associated with the commercially available EndoSequence BC RRM Putty (ES Putty). METHODS Indentation depth was measured by a profilometer following indentation with the 1/4 lb Gilmore needle. Elastic modulus was evaluated using a strain-controlled rheometer. The effects of eluents derived from these two putties were examined on the viability and proliferation of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) and human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (hPDLFs), before (1 st testing cycle) and after complete setting (2nd testing cycle). RESULTS The ES Putty became more difficult to ident and acquired a larger storage modulus after exposure to atmospheric moisture. Biocompatibility results indicated that both putties were relatively more cytotoxic than the bioinert Teflon negative control, but much less cytotoxic than the zinc oxide-eugenol cement negative control. NeoPutty was less cytotoxic than ES putty in the 1st testing cycle, particularly with hDPSCs. Both putties exhibited more favourable cytotoxicity profiles after complete setting. CONCLUSIONS NeoPutty has a better window of maneuverability after exposure to atmospheric moisture. From an in vitro cytotoxicity perspective, the NeoPutty may be considered more biocompatible than ES putty. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The experimental NeoPutty is biocompatible and is capable of reducing the frustration of shortened shelf life when jar-stored endodontic putties are exposed to atmospheric moisture during repeated opening of the lid for clinical retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Sun
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Meng Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jeffrey N Steed
- Department of Endodontics, The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Stephanie J Sidow
- Department of Endodontics, The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Brian E Bergeron
- Department of Endodontics, The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Li-Na Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Jing-Zhi Ma
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Franklin R Tay
- Department of Endodontics, The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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Awwad S, Henein C, Ibeanu N, Khaw PT, Brocchini S. Preclinical challenges for developing long acting intravitreal medicines. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 153:130-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Gallardo FC, Bustamante JL, Martin C, Orellana CM, Rojas Caviglia M, Garcia Oriola G, Diaz AI, Rubino PA, Quilis Quesada V. Novel Simulation Model with Pulsatile Flow System for Microvascular Training, Research, and Improving Patient Surgical Outcomes. World Neurosurg 2020; 143:11-6. [PMID: 32712401 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.07.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Simulation allows surgical trainees to acquire surgical skills in a safe environment. With the aim of reducing the use of animal experimentation, different alternative nonliving models have been pursued. However, one of the main disadvantages of these nonliving models has been the absence of arterial flow, pulsation, and the ability to integrate both during a procedure on a blood vessel. In the present report, we have introduced a microvascular surgery simulation training model that uses a fiscally responsible and replicable pulsatile flow system. METHODS We connected 30 human placentas to a pulsatile flow system and used them to simulate aneurysm clipping and vascular anastomosis. RESULTS The presence of the pulsatile flow system allowed for the simulation of a hydrodynamic mechanism similar to that found in real life. In the aneurysm simulation, the arterial flow could be evaluated before and after clipping the aneurysm using a Doppler ultrasound system. When practicing anastomosis, the use of the pulsatile flow system allowed us to assess the vascular flow through the anastomosis, with verification using the Doppler ultrasound system. Leaks were manifested as "blood" pulsatile ejections and were more frequent at the beginning of the surgical practice, showing a learning curve. CONCLUSIONS We have provided a step-by-step guide for the assembly of a replicable and inexpensive pulsatile flow system and its use in placentas for the simulation of, and training in, performing different types of anastomoses and intracranial aneurysms surgery.
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Cao Z, Zhang H, Yang Q, Zhang H, Fan G. Establishment of a method for evaluation of the efficacy of a classical swine fever virus subunit vaccine in rabbits. Am J Vet Res 2020; 81:521-526. [PMID: 32436789 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.81.6.521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish a method for evaluation of the efficacy of a classical swine fever virus (CSFV) subunit vaccine in rabbits as determined via humoral immune responses to the virus. ANIMALS 40 specific pathogen-free rabbits. PROCEDURES Rabbits were randomly assigned to 4 groups (10 rabbits/group) for SC injection of 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 mL of a CSFV subunit E2 vaccine (representing 1.15, 2.3, or 4.6 μg of E2 protein/dose, respectively) or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution. Blood samples were collected 21 days after vaccination for measurement of the antibody response against CSFV via ELISA and virus neutralization methods. On the same day, the CSFV Chinese (C) strain was injected into an ear vein. Vaccine efficacy was determined by monitoring of rabbits for pyrexia for 4 days and measurement of viral copies in spleen lysates at the end of the study. Reproducibility of the antibody response was tested with 2 other batches of the vaccine at the minimum immunization dose identified for the initially tested batch. RESULTS The E2 protein dose of the initially tested vaccine was positively correlated with the antibody response and protection rate in rabbits. The identified minimum immunization dose per rabbit was 0.1 mL, representing an E2 protein content of approximately 2.3 μg, and reproducibility of the antibody response to vaccination with the 2 other batches at this dose was good. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE A method was established in rabbits for evaluation of the efficacy of a CSFV subunit vaccine that could help in the optimization of later large-scale vaccine production and quality control processes as well as in the clinical application of the vaccine.
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Schmidt FF, Nowakowski S, Kluger PJ. Improvement of a Three-Layered in vitro Skin Model for Topical Application of Irritating Substances. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:388. [PMID: 32457884 PMCID: PMC7225271 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the field of skin tissue engineering, the development of physiologically relevant in vitro skin models comprising all skin layers, namely epidermis, dermis, and subcutis, is a great challenge. Increasing regulatory requirements and the ban on animal experiments for substance testing demand the development of reliable and in vivo-like test systems, which enable high-throughput screening of substances. However, the reproducibility and applicability of in vitro testing has so far been insufficient due to fibroblast-mediated contraction. To overcome this pitfall, an advanced 3-layered skin model was developed. While the epidermis of standard skin models showed an 80% contraction, the initial epidermal area of our advanced skin models was maintained. The improved barrier function of the advanced models was quantified by an indirect barrier function test and a permeability assay. Histochemical and immunofluorescence staining of the advanced model showed well-defined epidermal layers, a dermal part with distributed human dermal fibroblasts and a subcutis with round-shaped adipocytes. The successful response of these advanced 3-layered models for skin irritation testing demonstrated the suitability as an in vitro model for these clinical tests: only the advanced model classified irritative and non-irritative substances correctly. These results indicate that the advanced set up of the 3-layered in vitro skin model maintains skin barrier function and therefore makes them more suitable for irritation testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freia F Schmidt
- Reutlingen Research Institute, Reutlingen University, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Sophia Nowakowski
- Reutlingen Research Institute, Reutlingen University, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Petra J Kluger
- Reutlingen Research Institute, Reutlingen University, Reutlingen, Germany
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Gironde C, Dufour C, Furger C. Use of LUCS (Light-Up Cell System) as an alternative live cell method to predict human acute oral toxicity. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:403-412. [PMID: 32140424 PMCID: PMC7047139 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
LUCS (Light-Up Cell System) is a new live cell test that allows assessment of a cell's homeostasis and its alteration by a toxic agent. To evaluate the effectiveness of LUCS as an alternative test method for acute oral toxicity, we compared EC50s determined in HepG2 cells treated with 53 chemicals selected from the ACuteTox EU database with corresponding human blood LC50s derived from human acute poisoning cases. Linear regression analysis showed that LUCS results predict human data to 69 %. Rodent oral LD50s and LUCS EC50s were then correlated to human LC50s using shared data sets. Linear regression analyses comparing LUCS and animal data clearly showed that LUCS always predicts human toxicity better than animal data do. These successful prediction values prompted us to simplify the LUCS test, adapting it to regulatory and high throughput applications, resulting in a new protocol with consistent dose-response profiles and EC50s. This study demonstrates that the LUCS test method could be relevant for assessing human acute oral toxicity with a simplified protocol adapted to commercially available fluorescence readers. We suggest that this new alternative method can be used for acute systemic toxicity testing in combination with other tests under European REACH and other regulations, wherever pertinent alternative methods are still lacking.
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Vardigans C, Malloy M, Meynell L. Breaking barriers to ethical research: An analysis of the effectiveness of nonhuman animal research approval in Canada. Account Res 2019; 26:473-497. [PMID: 31718286 DOI: 10.1080/08989621.2019.1684906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In Canada, all institutions that conduct publicly funded, animal-based research are expected to comply with the standards of the Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC). The CCAC promotes the use of animal alternatives, and uses the "3Rs" principles of Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement as a guiding ethical framework. To ensure these standards are strictly enforced, internal ethics committees at each institution are tasked with creating "Animal Use Protocol" (AUP) forms to be filled out by researchers and evaluated by the committees.In this paper, we assess AUP forms from Canada's top research universities to identify the extent to which they conform to, or advance, the 3Rs framework. Our results show various deficiencies that call into question the quality of information elicited by these forms. To remedy this, we recommend that the CCAC assume responsibility for creating a standardized 3Rs section to be used on all AUP forms. In addition, proposal forms and experimental results for all research at CCAC-certified institutions should be digitized and uploaded into a national database. We argue that this would offer higher quality information for researchers at the experimental design stage, while strengthening the CCAC's mandate to be accountable to the Canadian public.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Letitia Meynell
- Department of Philosophy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
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24
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Gohlsch K, Mückter H, Steinritz D, Aufderheide M, Hoffmann S, Gudermann T, Breit A. Exposure of 19 substances to lung A549 cells at the air liquid interface or under submerged conditions reveals high correlation between cytotoxicity in vitro and CLP classifications for acute lung toxicity. Toxicol Lett 2019; 316:119-126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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25
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Machado RM, Palmeira-de-oliveira A, Breitenfeld L, Martinez-de-oliveira J, Palmeira-de-oliveira R. Optimization and Application of In Vitro and Ex Vivo Models for Vaginal Semisolids Safety Evaluation. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:3289-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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26
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Weingart OG, Eyer K, Lüchtenborg C, Sachsenheimer T, Brügger B, van Oostrum M, Wollscheid B, Dittrich PS, Loessner MJ. In vitro quantification of botulinum neurotoxin type A1 using immobilized nerve cell-mimicking nanoreactors in a microfluidic platform. Analyst 2019; 144:5755-5765. [PMID: 31433410 DOI: 10.1039/c9an00817a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial toxin botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) is not only an extremely toxic substance but also a potent pharmaceutical compound that is used in a wide spectrum of neurological disorders and cosmetic applications. The quantification of the toxin is extremely challenging due to its extraordinary high physiological potency and is further complicated by the toxin's three key functionalities that are necessary for its activity: receptor binding, internalization-translocation, and catalytic activity. So far, the industrial standard to measure the active toxin has been the mouse bioassay (MBA) that is considered today as outdated due to ethical issues. Therefore, recent introductions of cell-based assays were highly anticipated; their impact however remains limited due to their labor-intensive implementation. This report describes a new in vitro approach that combines a nanosensor based on the use of nerve cell-mimicking nanoreactors (NMN) with microfluidic technology. The nanosensor was able to measure all three key functionalities, and therefore suitable to quantify the amount of physiologically active BoNT/A. The integration of such a sensor in a microfluidic device allowed the detection and quantification of BoNT/A amounts in a much shorter time than the MBA (<10 h vs. 2-4 days). Lastly, the system was also able to reliably quantify physiologically active BoNT/A within a simple final pharmaceutical formulation. This complete in vitro testing system and its unique combination of a highly sensitive nanosensor and microfluidic technology represent a significant ethical advancement over in vivo measures and a possible alternative to cell-based in vitro detection methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver G Weingart
- Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Pawar G, Madden JC, Ebbrell D, Firman JW, Cronin MTD. In Silico Toxicology Data Resources to Support Read-Across and (Q)SAR. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:561. [PMID: 31244651 PMCID: PMC6580867 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A plethora of databases exist online that can assist in in silico chemical or drug safety assessment. However, a systematic review and grouping of databases, based on purpose and information content, consolidated in a single source, has been lacking. To resolve this issue, this review provides a comprehensive listing of the key in silico data resources relevant to: chemical identity and properties, drug action, toxicology (including nano-material toxicity), exposure, omics, pathways, Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Elimination (ADME) properties, clinical trials, pharmacovigilance, patents-related databases, biological (genes, enzymes, proteins, other macromolecules etc.) databases, protein-protein interactions (PPIs), environmental exposure related, and finally databases relating to animal alternatives in support of 3Rs policies. More than nine hundred databases were identified and reviewed against criteria relating to accessibility, data coverage, interoperability or application programming interface (API), appropriate identifiers, types of in vitro, in vivo,-clinical or other data recorded and suitability for modelling, read-across, or similarity searching. This review also specifically addresses the need for solutions for mapping and integration of databases into a common platform for better translatability of preclinical data to clinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mark T. D. Cronin
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Kim BS, Gao G, Kim JY, Cho D. 3D Cell Printing of Perfusable Vascularized Human Skin Equivalent Composed of Epidermis, Dermis, and Hypodermis for Better Structural Recapitulation of Native Skin. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1801019. [PMID: 30358939 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201801019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although skin cell-printing has exhibited promises for fabrication of functional skin equivalents, existing skin models through 3D cell printing are still composed of dermal and epidermal layers. However, a key hope for printing skin is to improve structural complexity of human skin over conventional construction, enabling the precise localization of multiple cell types and biomaterials. Here, the complexity of skin anatomy is increased using 3D cell printing. A novel printing platform is suggested for engineering a matured perfusable vascularized 3D human skin equivalent composed of epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The skin model is evaluated using functional markers representing each region of epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis to confirm tissue maturation. It is hypothesized that the vascularized dermal and hypodermal compartments that provide a more realistic microenvironment can promote cross-talks with the epidermal compartment, producing better recapitulation of epidermal morphogenesis. Skin stemness in epithelial tissue is investigated. These findings reveal that the full-thickness skin has more similarities to the native human skin compared with the dermal and epidermal skin model, indicating that it better reflects the actual complexity of native human skin. It is envisioned that it offers better predictive and reliable in vitro platform for investigation of mechanisms of pathological research and skin disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung Soo Kim
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Ge Gao
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yun Kim
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and BioengineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong‐Woo Cho
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
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29
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Huang T, Zhu D, Yang Y, Huang Y, Zhang SN, Qin WC, Li C, Zhao YH. Theoretical consideration on the prediction of in vivo toxicity from in vitro toxicity: Effect of bio-uptake equilibrium, kinetics and mode of action. Chemosphere 2019; 221:433-440. [PMID: 30660904 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although in vitro assay is an ideal alternative method for the in vivo toxicity prediction, different in vivo-in vitro correlations have been observed for the toxicity endpoints obtained from different levels of species. In this paper, theoretical in vivo-in vitro toxicity correlations have been developed for cytotoxicity versus human, mammalian and fish toxicity, respectively. These theoretical models were then used to investigate the correlations and the influencing factors between in vivo and in vitro toxicity. Bio-uptake equilibrium theory can well explain why there is a significant correlation between fish and cell toxicity (R2 = 0.70); why human toxicity is very close to fish toxicity; and why hydrophobic compounds exhibit relatively greater toxicity than reactive or specifically-acting compounds to human and fish as compared to cells. The kinetic theory can well explain why there is a very poor relationship between mammal and cell toxicity (R2 = 0.44). This paper reveals that polar and ionized compounds can more easily pass through cell membrane and have greater bioconcentration potential. Increasing of hydrophobicity and ionization can increase the cytotoxicity. Inclusion of descriptors representing hydrophobicity, ionization, acidity and absorption into the correlation equations can significantly improve the correlations of cytotoxicity with human and fish toxicity (R2 > 0.8), but not with mammal toxicity (R2 = 0.49). These descriptors reflect the differences of the toxicodynamics and toxicokinetics between cells and organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130117, PR China
| | - Di Zhu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130117, PR China
| | - Yi Yang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130117, PR China
| | - Yu Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130117, PR China
| | - Sheng N Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130117, PR China
| | - Wei C Qin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130117, PR China
| | - Chao Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130117, PR China.
| | - Yuan H Zhao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130117, PR China.
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Abstract
Computational particokinetics models become essential in the design and interpretation of in vitro nanoparticle toxicology assays involving submerged adherent cell cultures. Yet, none of the current models offers the possibility of addressing the delivered dose of high-aspect ratio nanoparticles, including nanorods, nanotubes, and nanofibers. Here we present a straightforward method that lends this ability to any of the models used currently.
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Jans V, Dondorp W, Goossens E, Mertes H, Pennings G, de Wert G. Balancing animal welfare and assisted reproduction: ethics of preclinical animal research for testing new reproductive technologies. Med Health Care Philos 2018; 21:537-545. [PMID: 29417302 PMCID: PMC6267242 DOI: 10.1007/s11019-018-9827-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the field of medically assisted reproduction (MAR), there is a growing emphasis on the importance of introducing new assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) only after thorough preclinical safety research, including the use of animal models. At the same time, there is international support for the three R's (replace, reduce, refine), and the European Union even aims at the full replacement of animals for research. The apparent tension between these two trends underlines the urgency of an explicit justification of the use of animals for the development and preclinical testing of new ARTs. Considering that the use of animals remains necessary for specific forms of ART research and taking account of different views on the moral importance of helping people to have a genetically related child, we argue that, in principle, the importance of safety research as part of responsible innovation outweighs the limited infringement of animal wellbeing involved in ART research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verna Jans
- Department of Health, Ethics and Society and Research School GROW for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Wybo Dondorp
- Department of Health, Ethics and Society and Research School GROW for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen Goossens
- Department of Biology of the Testis (BITE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Heidi Mertes
- Bioethics Institute Ghent (BIG), Department of Philosophy and Moral Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guido Pennings
- Bioethics Institute Ghent (BIG), Department of Philosophy and Moral Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guido de Wert
- Department of Health, Ethics and Society and Research School GROW for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Abstract
The replacement, reduction and refinement of animal use in education is part of the regulatory legislation in Australia, and requires the use of alternatives to animals where appropriate. The aims of this study were: a) to explore the extent of the replacement of animals when teaching life sciences to Australian undergraduate students; b) to understand which alternative models were being used, and the learning objectives covered; and c) to gain some insight into the circumstances facilitating the use of alternatives to animals in education. An anonymous online survey, consisting of open and closed questions, was conducted among faculty members that used either animal or alternative models in their teaching. A total of 27 faculty members participated, from eight universities. Human anatomy and physiology had the highest number of survey participants who had replaced animals entirely with alternative models. These subjects also had the highest number of participants that were using animal models. According to the participants, most learning objectives were met effectively by both types of model. Participants who only used alternatives were influenced by ethical considerations significantly more than those who used animal models and alternatives. We concluded that, while some participants have replaced animals successfully, others in the same field are still employing them, and that there appears to be a range of barriers to the wider adoption of alternatives to animal use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Mallia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Patricia Logan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rafael Freire
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
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Jeong J, Choi J. Use of adverse outcome pathways in chemical toxicity testing: potential advantages and limitations. Environ Health Toxicol 2017; 33:e2018002. [PMID: 29332373 PMCID: PMC5903038 DOI: 10.5620/eht.e2018002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Amid revolutionary changes in toxicity assessment brought about by increasing regulation of chemicals, adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) have emerged as a useful framework to assess adverse effect of chemicals using molecular level effect, which aid in setting environmental regulation policies. AOPs are biological maps that describe mechanisms linking molecular initiating event to adverse outcomes (AOs) at an individual level. Each AOP consists of a molecular initiating event, key events, and an AO. AOPs use molecular markers to predict endpoints currently used in risk assessment, promote alternatives to animal model-based test methods, and provide scientific explanations for the effects of chemical exposures. Moreover, AOPs enhance certainty in interpreting existing and new information. The application of AOPs in chemical toxicity testing will help shift the existing paradigm of chemical management based on apical endpoints toward active application of in silico and in vitro data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeseong Jeong
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jinhee Choi
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, Korea
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34
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El-serafi AT, El-serafi IT, Elmasry M, steinvall I, Sjöberg F. Skin regeneration in three dimensions, current status, challenges and opportunities. Differentiation 2017; 96:26-9. [PMID: 28628852 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Singh DK, Shankar P, Singh A, Lakhani P, Tutu S, Kumar A, Dixit RK. Status of animal experiments in teaching pharmacology to undergraduate students. Indian J Pharmacol 2017; 48:S97-S98. [PMID: 28031619 PMCID: PMC5178067 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.193318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dheeraj Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pratap Shankar
- Department of Pharmacology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Arpita Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, GSVM Medical College, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Preet Lakhani
- Department of Pharmacology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sachin Tutu
- Department of Pharmacology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amod Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Dixit
- Department of Pharmacology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Mayir B, Doğan U, Bilecik T, Yardımcı EC, Çakır T, Aslaner A, Mayir YA, Oruç MT. Why scientists perform animal experiments, scientific or personal aim? Ulus Cerrahi Derg 2017; 32:256-260. [PMID: 28149122 DOI: 10.5152/ucd.2016.3196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although all animal studies are conducted in line with a specific purpose, we think that not all animal studies are performed for a scientific purpose but for personal curiosity or to fulfill a requirement. The aim of the present study is to reveal the purposes of experimental studies conducted on animals. MATHERIAL AND METHODS We searched for experimental studies performed on rats in general surgery clinics via PubMed, and obtained the e-mail addresses of the corresponding authors for each study. Afterwards, we sent a 7-item questionnaire to the authors and awaited their responses. RESULTS Seventy-three (22.2%) of 329 authors responded to the questionnaire. Within these studies, 31 (42.5%) were conducted as part of a dissertation, while the remaining 19 (26.0%) were conducted to meet the academic promotion criteria. Only 23 (31.5%) were conducted for scientific purposes. The cost of 41% of those studies was higher than 2500 $. CONCLUSION As shown in this study, the main objective of carrying out animal studies in Turkey is usually to prepare a dissertation or to be entitled to academic promotion. Animal experiments must be planned and performed as scientific studies to support related clinical studies. Additionally, animal studies must have well-defined objectives and be carried out in line with scientific purposes that may lead to useful developments in medicine, rather than personal interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burhan Mayir
- Clinic of General Surgery, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Uğur Doğan
- Clinic of General Surgery, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Tuna Bilecik
- Clinic of General Surgery, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Erdem Can Yardımcı
- Clinic of General Surgery, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Tuğrul Çakır
- Clinic of General Surgery, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Arif Aslaner
- Clinic of General Surgery, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Yeliz Akpınar Mayir
- Clinic of General Surgery, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Tahir Oruç
- Clinic of General Surgery, Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Antalya, Turkey
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Morales M, Pérez D, Correa L, Restrepo L. Evaluation of fibrin-based dermal-epidermal organotypic cultures for in vitro skin corrosion and irritation testing of chemicals according to OECD TG 431 and 439. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 36:89-96. [PMID: 27448499 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Reconstructed human epidermis (RhE) models have been used for in vitro testing of the potential harmful effects of exposure to chemical compounds on health. In the past, skin irritation and corrosion were evaluated in animal models; however, in recent years, due to the bioethics implications of the method and, to minimize the use of experimental animals, alternative procedures have been proposed. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in its test guidelines (TG) 431 and 439 indicates the requirements for validating new methods for the evaluation of skin corrosion and irritation, respectively. Here, we present an in-house human dermal-epidermal model, useful for the performance of these tests. Using the methods described in this work, it was possible to obtain human fibrin-based dermal-epidermal organotypic skin cultures (ORGs) displaying similar histological characteristics to native skin and expressing specific differentiation epithelial proteins. The end points to classify a substance as irritant or corrosive were cell viability evaluated by MTT assay, and cytokine release measured by BD CBA for human inflammatory cytokines. According to the MTT test, the ORGs correctly classified irritating and corrosive substances. Moreover, the cytokine release assay was difficult to interpret in the context of testing chemical hazard classification. Further experiments are needed to validate this new model for the evaluation of surfactants because the fibrin matrix was affected in the presence of these substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Morales
- Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group (GITTC), School of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Colombia
| | - David Pérez
- Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group (GITTC), School of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Luis Correa
- Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group (GITTC), School of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Colombia; Dermatology Department, School of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Luz Restrepo
- Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group (GITTC), School of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Colombia; Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Colombia.
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Chabert C, Bottelin P, Pison C, Dubouchaud H. A low-cost system to easily measure spontaneous physical activity in rodents. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 120:1097-103. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00888.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous physical activity (SPA) can be responsible for variations of a lot of physiological parameters at the molecular, cellular, tissue, and systemic levels. It is increasingly recognized that good understanding of a large part of experimental results requires weighting them by SPA in order to reduce variability and thus to decrease the number of animals necessary to conduct a study. However, because of the high cost of this equipment, only a few laboratories are equipped with such equipment to measure the SPA of their animals. Here we present an effective, adaptable, and affordable system to measure SPA in rodents based on video acquisition of the animal in its own environment. We compared results obtained with our system to those collected at the same time with a commercial system of actimetry recording, and we found a high degree of correlation between these two approaches ( r = 0.93; P < 0.001). We also were able to detect small variations of SPA induced by a special environment like chronic hypoxia exposure (25% less spontaneous activity compared with animals in normoxia, P < 0.05) or during the circadian cycle (107% more activity during the nocturnal phase compared with the diurnal phase, P < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Clovis Chabert
- INSERM, U1055, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Fondamntale et Appliquée, Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, LBFA, Grenoble, France
| | - Pierre Bottelin
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), Observatoire de Midi-Pyrénées, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, Toulouse, France; and
| | - Christophe Pison
- INSERM, U1055, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Fondamntale et Appliquée, Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, LBFA, Grenoble, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Hervé Dubouchaud
- INSERM, U1055, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Fondamntale et Appliquée, Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, LBFA, Grenoble, France
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39
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Abstract
Tissue engineering is a rapidly expanding field that aims to establish feasible techniques to fabricate biologically equivalent replacements for diseased and damaged tissues/organs. Emerging from this prospect is the development of in vitro representations of organs for drug toxicity assessment. Due to the ever-increasing interest in ocular drug delivery as a route for administration as well as the rise of new ophthalmic therapeutics, there is a demand for physiologically accurate in vitro models of the eye to assess drug delivery and safety of new ocular medicines. This review summarizes current existing ocular models and highlights the important factors and limitations that need to be considered during their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Shafaie
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology, and Postgraduate Medicine, The Research Center in Topical Drug Delivery and Toxicology, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire , Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Hutter
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology, and Postgraduate Medicine, The Research Center in Topical Drug Delivery and Toxicology, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire , Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Michael T Cook
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology, and Postgraduate Medicine, The Research Center in Topical Drug Delivery and Toxicology, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire , Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Marc B Brown
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology, and Postgraduate Medicine, The Research Center in Topical Drug Delivery and Toxicology, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom.; MedPharm Ltd., Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - David Y S Chau
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacology, and Postgraduate Medicine, The Research Center in Topical Drug Delivery and Toxicology, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire , Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
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40
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Rafiq QA, Ortega I, Jenkins SI, Wilson SL, Patel AK, Barnes AL, Adams CF, Delcassian D, Smith D. The early career researcher's toolkit: translating tissue engineering, regenerative medicine and cell therapy products. Regen Med 2015; 10:989-1003. [PMID: 26628407 DOI: 10.2217/rme.15.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the importance of translation for the development of tissue engineering, regenerative medicine and cell-based therapies is widely recognized, the process of translation is less well understood. This is particularly the case among some early career researchers who may not appreciate the intricacies of translational research or make decisions early in development which later hinders effective translation. Based on our own research and experiences as early career researchers involved in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine translation, we discuss common pitfalls associated with translational research, providing practical solutions and important considerations which will aid process and product development. Suggestions range from effective project management, consideration of key manufacturing, clinical and regulatory matters and means of exploiting research for successful commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qasim A Rafiq
- Centre for Biological Engineering, Wolfson School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK.,Aston Medical Research Institute, School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Ilida Ortega
- Bioengineering & Health Technologies Group, The School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, S10 2TA, UK
| | - Stuart I Jenkins
- Institute for Science & Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Samantha L Wilson
- Academic Ophthalmology, Division of Clincial Neuroscience, Queen's Medical Centre Campus, University of Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Asha K Patel
- Wolfson Centre for Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering & Modeling, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.,David H Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Christopher F Adams
- Institute for Science & Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Derfogail Delcassian
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK.,Wolfson Centre for Stem Cells, Centre for Biological Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - David Smith
- Centre for Biological Engineering, Wolfson School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, UK.,PCT, a Caladrius company, 4 Pearl Court, Suite C, Allendale, NJ 07401, USA
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41
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Abud APR, Zych J, Reus TL, Kuligovski C, de Moraes E, Dallagiovanna B, Aguiar AMD. The use of human adipose-derived stem cells based cytotoxicity assay for acute toxicity test. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 73:992-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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42
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Tralau T, Luch A. Moving from rats to cellular omics in regulatory toxicology: great challenge toward sustainability or “up-shit-creek without a paddle”? Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:819-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1511-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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43
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Tralau T, Oelgeschläger M, Gürtler R, Heinemeyer G, Herzler M, Höfer T, Itter H, Kuhl T, Lange N, Lorenz N, Müller-graf C, Pabel U, Pirow R, Ritz V, Schafft H, Schneider H, Schulz T, Schumacher D, Zellmer S, Fleur-böl G, Greiner M, Lahrssen-wiederholt M, Lampen A, Luch A, Schönfelder G, Solecki R, Wittkowski R, Hensel A. Regulatory toxicology in the twenty-first century: challenges, perspectives and possible solutions. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:823-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1510-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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44
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Badyal DK, Desai C. Animal use in pharmacology education and research: the changing scenario. Indian J Pharmacol 2015; 46:257-65. [PMID: 24987170 PMCID: PMC4071700 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.132153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of animals in research and education dates back to the period when humans started to look for ways to prevent and cure ailments. Most of present day's drug discoveries were possible because of the use of animals in research. The dilemma to continue animal experiments in education and research continues with varied and confusing guidelines. However, the animal use and their handling vary in each laboratory and educational institution. It has been reported that the animals are being subjected to painful procedures in education and training unnecessarily. The extensive use of animals in toxicity studies and testing dermatological preparations has raised concerns about the ways animals are sacrificed for these “irrelevant experiments”. On the other side of the coin are scientists who advocate the relevant and judicious use of animals in research so that new discoveries can continue. In this review, we discuss the evolution of the use of animals in education and research and how these have been affected in recent times owing to concerns from animal lovers and government regulations. A number of computer simulation and other models have been recommended for use as alternatives to use of animals for pharmacology education. In this review we also discuss some of these alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh K Badyal
- Department of Pharmacology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, India
| | - Chetna Desai
- Department of Pharmacology, BJ Medical College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
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45
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Pomponio G, Savary CC, Parmentier C, Bois F, Guillouzo A, Romanelli L, Richert L, Di Consiglio E, Testai E. In vitro kinetics of amiodarone and its major metabolite in two human liver cell models after acute and repeated treatments. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 30:36-51. [PMID: 25546373 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The limited value of in vitro toxicity data for the in vivo extrapolation has been often attributed to the lack of kinetic data. Here the in vitro kinetics of amiodarone (AMI) and its mono-N-desethyl (MDEA) metabolite was determined and modelled in primary human hepatocytes (PHH) and HepaRG cells, after single and repeated administration of clinically relevant concentrations. AMI bioavailability was influenced by adsorption to the plastic and the presence of protein in the medium (e.g. 10% serum protein reduced the uptake by half in HepaRG cells). The cell uptake was quick (within 3h), AMI metabolism was efficient and a dynamic equilibrium was reached in about a week after multiple dosing. In HepaRG cells the metabolic clearance was higher than in PHH and increased over time, as well as CYP3A4. The interindividual variability in MDEA production in PHHs was not proportional to the differences in CYP3A4 activities, suggesting the involvement of other CYPs and/or AMI-related CYP inhibition. After repeated treatment AMI showed a slight potential for bioaccumulation, whereas much higher intracellular MDEA levels accumulated over time, especially in the HepaRG cells, associated with occurrence of phospholipidosis. The knowledge of in vitro biokinetics is important to transform an actual in vitro concentration-effect into an in vivo dose-effect relationship by using appropriate modelling, thus improving the in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Pomponio
- Mechanism of Toxicity Unit, Environment and Primary Prevention Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; Università Sapienza, Dipartimento di Fisiologia "V. Erspamer", Rome, Italy
| | - Camille C Savary
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR991, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | | | - Frederic Bois
- Institut National de L'Environnement Industriel et des Risques, DRC/VIVA/METO, Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - André Guillouzo
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR991, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Luca Romanelli
- Università Sapienza, Dipartimento di Fisiologia "V. Erspamer", Rome, Italy
| | - Lysiane Richert
- KaLy-Cell, 20A Rue du Général Leclerc, Plobsheim, France; Universite de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Emma Di Consiglio
- Mechanism of Toxicity Unit, Environment and Primary Prevention Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Testai
- Mechanism of Toxicity Unit, Environment and Primary Prevention Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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46
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Lefebvre DE, Venema K, Gombau L, Valerio LG, Raju J, Bondy GS, Bouwmeester H, Singh RP, Clippinger AJ, Collnot EM, Mehta R, Stone V. Utility of models of the gastrointestinal tract for assessment of the digestion and absorption of engineered nanomaterials released from food matrices. Nanotoxicology 2014; 9:523-42. [PMID: 25119418 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2014.948091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Engineered metal/mineral, lipid and biochemical macromolecule nanomaterials (NMs) have potential applications in food. Methodologies for the assessment of NM digestion and bioavailability in the gastrointestinal tract are nascent and require refinement. A working group was tasked by the International Life Sciences Institute NanoRelease Food Additive project to review existing models of the gastrointestinal tract in health and disease, and the utility of these models for the assessment of the uptake of NMs intended for food. Gastrointestinal digestion and absorption could be addressed in a tiered approach using in silico computational models, in vitro non-cellular fluid systems and in vitro cell culture models, after which the necessity of ex vivo organ culture and in vivo animal studies can be considered. Examples of NM quantification in gastrointestinal tract fluids and tissues are emerging; however, few standardized analytical techniques are available. Coupling of these techniques to gastrointestinal models, along with further standardization, will further strengthen methodologies for risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Lefebvre
- Regulatory Toxicology Research Division, Food Directorate, Health Canada , Ottawa , Canada
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47
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Marchan R, van Thriel C, Bolt HM. Recent developments in in vitro toxicology: perspectives of European research and Tox21. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:2043-6. [PMID: 24221536 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1164-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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48
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Ghallab A. In vitro test systems and their limitations. EXCLI J 2013; 12:1024-6. [PMID: 27034642 PMCID: PMC4803002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ghallab
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt,*To whom correspondence should be addressed: Ahmed Ghallab, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt, E-mail:
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49
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Abstract
This article reports on the outcome of FutureTox, a Society of Toxicology (SOT) Contemporary Concepts in Toxicology (CCT) workshop, whose goal was to address the challenges and opportunities associated with implementing 21st century technologies for toxicity testing, hazard identification, and risk assessment. One goal of the workshop was to facilitate an interactive multisector and discipline dialog. To this end, workshop invitees and participants included stakeholders from governmental and regulatory agencies, research institutes, academia, and the chemical and pharmaceutical industry in Europe and the United States. The workshop agenda was constructed to collectively review and discuss the state-of-the-science in these fields, better define the problems and challenges, outline their collective goals for the future, and identify areas of common agreement key to advancing these technologies into practice.
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50
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Murugesan K, Baumann S, Wissenbach DK, Kliemt S, Kalkhof S, Otto W, Mögel I, Kohajda T, von Bergen M, Tomm JM. Subtoxic and toxic concentrations of benzene and toluene induce Nrf2-mediated antioxidative stress response and affect the central carbon metabolism in lung epithelial cells A549. Proteomics 2013; 13:3211-21. [PMID: 24108694 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201300126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Since people in industrialized countries spend most of their time indoors, the effects of indoor contaminants such as volatile organic compounds become more and more relevant. Benzene and toluene are among the most abundant compounds in the highly heterogeneous group of indoor volatile organic compounds. In order to understand their effects on lung epithelial cells (A549) representing lung's first line of defense, we chose a global proteome and a targeted metabolome approach in order to detect adverse outcome pathways caused by exposure to benzene and toluene. Using a DIGE approach, 93 of 469 detected protein spots were found to be differentially expressed after exposure to benzene, and 79 of these spots were identified by MS. Pathway analysis revealed an enrichment of proteins involved in Nrf2-mediated and oxidative stress response glycolysis/gluconeogenesis. The occurrence of oxidative stress at nonacute toxic concentrations of benzene and toluene was confirmed by the upregulation of the stress related proteins NQO1 and SOD1. The changes in metabolism were validated by ion chromatography MS/MS analysis revealing significant changes of glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-6-phosphate, 3-phosphoglycerate, and NADPH. The molecular alterations identified as a result of benzene and toluene exposure demonstrate the detrimental effect of nonacute toxic concentrations on lung epithelial cells. The data provided here will allow for a targeted validation in in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalaimathi Murugesan
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Proteomics, Leipzig, Germany
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