Compromised MAPK signaling in human diseases: an update. Arch Toxicol. 2015;89:867-882. [PMID: 25690731 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1472-2]

Epigenetic regulation of the inflammatory response in stroke

Stroke is classified as ischemic or hemorrhagic, and there are few effective treatments for either type. Immunologic mechanisms play a critical role in secondary brain injury following a stroke, which manifests as cytokine release, blood-brain barrier disruption, neuronal cell death, and ultimately behavioral impairment. Suppressing the inflammatory response has been shown to mitigate this cascade of events in experimental stroke models. However, in clinical trials of anti-inflammatory agents, long-term immunosuppression has not demonstrated significant clinical benefits for patients. This may be attributable to the dichotomous roles of inflammation in both tissue injury and repair, as well as the complex pathophysiologic inflammatory processes in stroke. Inhibiting acute harmful inflammatory responses or inducing a phenotypic shift from a pro-inflammatory to an anti-inflammatory state at specific time points after a stroke are alternative and promising therapeutic strategies. Identifying agents that can modulate inflammation requires a detailed understanding of the inflammatory processes of stroke. Furthermore, epigenetic reprogramming plays a crucial role in modulating post-stroke inflammation and can potentially be exploited for stroke management. In this review, we summarize current findings on the epigenetic regulation of the inflammatory response in stroke, focusing on key signaling pathways including nuclear factor-kappa B, Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription, and mitogen-activated protein kinase as well as inflammasome activation. We also discuss promising molecular targets for stroke treatment. The evidence to date indicates that therapeutic targeting of the epigenetic regulation of inflammation can shift the balance from inflammation-induced tissue injury to repair following stroke, leading to improved post-stroke outcomes.

Synthesis, anti-allergic rhinitis evaluation and mechanism investigation of novel 1,2,4-triazole-enamides as CB1 R antagonist

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a non-infectious inflammatory disease and affects nearly half of the world's population currently, thus becoming a global health problem. In our study, a series of 1,2,4-triazole enamides were designed and used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of AR. We found that compound 11g could significantly reduce the increased expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in Raw264.7 cells induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and inhibit the expression of inflammation through MAPK pathway and NF-κB pathway by influencing the expression of cannabinoid-1 receptor (CB1 R). In the AR mice model, 11g can significantly reduce the number of inflammatory cells in Nasal lavage fluids (NLF), showing a good effect on the treatment of AR. This study provides a new and effective candidate for treatment of AR.

Interdisciplinary integration strategy reveals the anti-inflammatory efficacy and potential mechanism of Jianpi Qingre Tongluo prescription in rheumatoid arthritis

BACKGROUND

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic synovitis and associated with high rates of disability and systemic damage. Jianpi Qingre Tongluo prescription (Huangqin Qingre Chubi Capsule, HQC), an herbal formula with abundant clinical applications, has played a definite role in both clinical and experimental studies of RA. However, the specific mechanisms by which HQC relieves inflammation in RA have not been fully elucidated.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to elucidate the anti-inflammatory efficacy and potential molecular mechanisms of HQC in RA and provide new targets and strategies for its clinical treatment.

METHODS

An adjuvant-induced arthritis with damp-heat pattern rat model was established to observe the in vivo effects of HQC. Hematoxylin-eosin and toluidine blue staining, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to assess potential efficacy. Bioinformatics methods and molecular docking were used to predict potential targets and intervention pathways in which HQC might act on RA. Clinical samples, overexpressed / silenced genes, and pathway agonists were selected to investigate the clinical relevance and regulatory relationships of the pathways. The regulatory mechanism of HQC was confirmed in an in vitro co-culture of neutrophils and fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) and an in vivo model.

RESULTS

HQC dose-dependently reversed synovial pathological injury and systemic inflammatory responses in rats in vivo. Integrated bioinformatics and molecular docking identified the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation as the key mechanisms by which HQC exerts anti-inflammatory effects on RA. Subsequently, a high correlation between circ0005732, p38 MAPK, and clinical features of RA was confirmed in clinical samples. In vitro experiments demonstrated that HQC alleviated the proliferation and inflammatory response of FLSs by regulating circ0005732 expression to inhibit NET formation driven by the p38 MAPK signaling pathway. Finally, RT-qPCR and western blotting confirmed that HQC modulated circ0005732, p38 MAPK pathway, and NET formation to alleviate RA in vivo.

CONCLUSION

HQC exerts therapeutic effects against RA by modulating circ0005732 to inhibit p38 MAPK signaling pathway-mediated NET generation and inflammation progression.

Method for cryopreservation of brainstem pons and medulla oblongata tissue from Sprague Dawley rats for establishing primary mixed neuron-glia cell cultures

Primary cultures of brainstem tissue can be used to investigate cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in disease pathology and to identify novel therapeutic targets that modulate neuron and glial cell activities. However, preparation of primary cultures from rodent embryos or neonatal animals is labor-intensive, and it can be difficult to produce high-quality consistent cultures. To overcome these issues, cryopreservation can be used to obtain standardized, high-quality stocks of brainstem neuronal and glial cells. We present a simplified cryopreservation method for establishing primary cell cultures of pons and medulla oblongata tissue from Sprague-Dawley neonates, using a 90:10 (v/v) fetal bovine serum/dimethyl sulfoxide cell freezing medium. Cryopreserved brainstem cells stored for up to one year in liquid nitrogen exhibited similar neuronal and glial cell morphology, cell ratios, and viability when compared to fresh cultures. The expression of proteins in neurons and glial cells implicated in pain signaling and central sensitization agreed with their reported subcellular localization. Elevated intracellular calcium levels were observed in neurons and glia in response to ATP. This method for the preparation and cryopreservation of brainstem cells for establishing primary neuron-glia cultures similar to fresh preparations, is straightforward, can be utilized for biochemical, cellular, and molecular studies, increases reproducibility, requires no special equipment or reagents, saves laboratory resources including time and money, reduces the number of animals used in research, and increases flexibility in study design.

Pharmacological effects of betulinic acid and its protective mechanisms on the cardiovascular system

BACKGROUND

Betulinic acid (BA), a pentacyclic triterpenoid saponin widely found in plants, has attracted attention for its diverse pharmacological activities. Recent studies highlight its cardioprotective potential, promoting its relevance in cardiovascular research.

AIM OF THE REVIEW

This review summarizes BA's physicochemical properties, structure-activity relationships, natural sources, and synthesis strategies. It further discusses its pharmacokinetics and toxicity to evaluate its drug development potential, with emphasis on cardioprotective effects and related signaling pathways.

METHODS

Literature was collected from databases such as PubMed and Web of Science, focusing on studies addressing BA's chemical characteristics, biological activities, pharmacokinetics, and cardiovascular relevance.

RESULTS

BA exerts cardioprotective effects via multiple signaling pathways, including NRF2, NF-κB, MAPK, and NFAT. These contribute to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and anti-proliferative actions, as well as its enhancement of endothelial function through nitric oxide signaling. BA also reduces lipid accumulation. Combined with favorable physicochemical properties and synthetic accessibility, these findings support BA as a promising multifunctional lead compound in cardiovascular pharmacology.

CONCLUSION

BA shows strong potential as a cardioprotective natural compound. Although further research is needed to validate its clinical efficacy and safety, its multi-target actions and structural versatility provide a solid basis for development in cardiovascular drug discovery.

A novel finding relates to the involvement of ATF3/DOCK8 in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis

BackgroundThe involvement of microglia is likely to be pivotal in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) by modulating the deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques. The deletion of Dedicator of cytokinesis 8 (DOCK8) has a protective effect in mouse with neurodegenerative diseases.ObjectiveTo explore the underlying mechanism of DOCK8 in AD.MethodsIn present study, we first the detected the expression of DOCK8 in the hippocampal tissue of APP/PS1 mice. Then, the expression of DOCK8 was knocked down in the hippocampal tissue of APP/PS1 mice, and the effects of DOCK8 down-regulation on cognitive function, the microglia migration around Aβ plaques, and the cell division cycle 42 (Cdc42)/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway were detected. Next, the effects of DOCK8 knockdown on Aβ-induced migration and activation of BV-2 cells as well as the MAPK signaling pathway were detected. Finally, the transcriptional regulation of DOCK by transcription factor 3 (ATF3) was detected by a dual luciferase reporter assay.ResultsDOCK8 expression exerts a significant upregulation in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. However, following the DOCK8 knockdown, there was a significant recovery in the results of the behavioral tests and a notable reduction in microglial expression. Moreover, the high expression of DOCK8 mediated by ATF3 successfully triggered the Cdc42/p38 MAPK signaling pathway, thereby enhancing the migration and recruitment of microglia towards senile plaques, accelerating the production of Aβ plaques.ConclusionsATF3-mediated high expression of DOCK8 accelerates the production of Aβ plaques, and participates in the pathogenesis of AD.

Global research trends in biomarkers, therapeutic targets, and drugs for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a bibliometric and visualization analysis

Background

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive degeneration of motor neurons, marked by complex pathological mechanisms and a lack of effective treatments. Despite substantial global research efforts, no comprehensive bibliometric analysis has systematically mapped the evolution of ALS biomarkers, therapeutic targets, and pharmacological advancements.

Methods

This study, based on 4,250 publications retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection (2005-2025), employs bibliometric tools such as CiteSpace and VOSviewer to conduct the first multidimensional analysis of global trends in ALS biomarkers, therapeutic targets, and drug research.

Results

The results revealed contributions from 20,168 authors across 92 countries, with annual publications growing at an average rate of 16.5%. The United States dominated research output, accounting for 34.07% (n=1,448, TLCS=7,100), while the United Kingdom achieved the highest research impact with an average of 68 citations per article. Leading institutions, including the University of Oxford and the University of Milan, consistently produced high-impact studies. Pioneering scholars such as Turner MR and Kiernan MC made significant contributions to advancing therapeutic targets and drug discovery. The interdisciplinary integration of molecular biology and genetics emerged as a core driver of progress in ALS research. Neurofilament light chain (NfL), antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) drugs, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), oxygen free radicals (oxidative stress), and gene therapy have consistently remained central research focuses in the ALS therapeutic field. Looking ahead, stem cell therapy, blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration technologies, and skeletal muscle targeting are poised to emerge as prominent research directions.

Conclusion

The United States dominates ALS research productivity, whereas the United Kingdom demonstrates superior citation influence. Despite China's substantial publication volume, its limited citation impact underscores the necessity for enhanced methodological rigor and strategic international collaboration. Current research priorities encompass NfL, TMS, and ASO therapies, with emerging innovations in stem cell therapy, BBB penetration technologies and skeletal muscle targeting showing therapeutic promise. Future directions should prioritize biomarker standardization, optimization of drug delivery systems, and Clinical Translation.

The molecular mechanisms underlying retinal ganglion cell apoptosis and optic nerve regeneration in glaucoma (Review)

Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive and irreversible necrosis and apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Deformation of the lamina cribrosa (LC) has been identified as a factor leading to damage to the optic nerve and capillaries passing through the LC, ultimately causing visual field defects and glaucoma development. Recent advancements in molecular biology, both domestically and internationally, have enabled a more comprehensive and in‑depth understanding of glaucoma pathogenesis. In the present review, the role of molecular signaling pathways associated with RGCs apoptosis, optic nerve protection and regeneration, and LC damage and remodeling in the development of glaucoma, are summarized and discussed. The insights provided herein may offer new targets and ideas for interventions and treatment strategies for glaucoma.

Knockdown of EBP1 promotes doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in renal clear cell carcinoma cells through activation of the p38/HIF-1α pathway

Kidney clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) is a prevalent urological cancer. Despite substantial improvements in KIRC care, patients with intermediate and advanced stages of the disease lack access to appropriate medications. Doxorubicin is widely used as a chemotherapy drug for the treatment of multiple types of cancer. However, its use is associated with harmful side effects and drug resistance. ErbB3-binding protein (EBP1) is highly expressed in KIRC, and the knockdown of EBP1 reduces the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) and the expression of HIF-1α. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of combined doxorubicin administration and EBP1 knockdown in KIRC cell lines. The KIRC cell lines 786-O and 769-P were used for the experiments, and short hairpin RNA technology was employed to specifically knock down the expression of the EBP1 gene. After treatment, cells were analyzed by western blotting to detect changes in p38MAPK phosphorylation levels and HIF-1α expression. The results showed that EBP1 knockdown significantly enhanced the antitumor effect of doxorubicin on KIRC cells through the p38MAPK/HIF-1α pathway. In conclusion, the knockdown of EBP1 in combination with doxorubicin may be a potential strategy for the treatment of KIRC.

Parthenolide regulates microglial and astrocyte function in primary cultures from ALS mice and has neuroprotective effects on primary motor neurons

Over the last twenty years, the role of microgliosis and astrocytosis in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases has increasingly been recognized. Dysregulation of microglial and astrocyte properties and function has been described also in the fatal degenerative motor neuron disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Microglia cells, the immune cells of the nervous system, can either have an immunonegative neurotoxic or immunopositive neuroprotective phenotype. The feverfew plant (Tanacetum parthenium) derived compound parthenolide has been found to be capable of interfering with microglial phenotype and properties. Positive treatment effects were shown in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Now we were able to show that PTL has a modulating effect on primary mouse microglia cells, both wild type and SOD1, causing them to adopt a more neuroprotective potential. Furthermore, we were able to show that PTL, through its positive effect on microglia, also has an indirect positive impact on motor neurons, although PTL itself has no direct effect on these primary motor neurons. The results of our study give reason to consider PTL as a drug candidate for ALS.

Disruptions in cellular communication: Molecular interplay between glutamate/NMDA signalling and MAPK pathways in neurological disorders

Neurological disorders significantly impact the central nervous system, contributing to a growing public health crisis globally. The spectrum of these disorders includes neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. This manuscript reviews the crucial roles of cellular signalling pathways in the pathophysiology of these conditions, focusing primarily on glutaminase/glutamate/NMDA receptor signalling, alongside the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways-ERK1/2, C-JNK, and P38 MAPK. Activation of these pathways is often correlated with neuronal excitotoxicity, apoptosis, and inflammation, leading to many other pathological conditions such as traumatic brain injury, stroke, and brain tumor. The interplay between glutamate overstimulation and MAPK signalling exacerbates neurodegenerative processes, underscoring the complexity of cellular communication in maintaining neuronal health. Dysfunctional signalling alters synaptic plasticity and neuronal survival, contributing to cognitive impairments in various neurological diseases. The manuscript emphasizes the potential of targeting these signalling pathways for therapeutic interventions, promoting neuroprotection and reducing neuroinflammation. Incorporating insights from precision medicine and innovative drug delivery systems could enhance treatment efficacy. Overall, understanding the intricate mechanisms of these pathways is essential for developing effective strategies to mitigate the impact of neurological disorders and improve patient outcomes. This review highlights the necessity for further exploration into these signalling cascades to facilitate advancements in therapeutic approaches, ensuring better prognoses for individuals affected by neurological conditions.

Sinapic Acid Ameliorates Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity in H9c2 Cardiomyoblasts by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress Through Activation of the Nrf2 Signaling Pathway

The use of doxorubicin (Dox) is restricted because of its cardiotoxicity, which poses a significant mortality risk for cancer patients, despite being a highly effective antibiotic for treating various types of cancer. Therefore, identifying substances or developing preventive strategies against Dox-induced cardiotoxicity is crucial. This study was conducted to determine whether sinapic acid (SA), a phenolic compound with a range of pharmacological effects, could protect against Dox-induced cardiotoxicity in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts. To investigate the preventive effect of SA, H9c2 cardiomyoblasts treated with Dox were pretreated with SA at various concentrations. SA effectively rescued the cells from Dox-induced cardiotoxicity. Additionally, SA significantly reduced oxidative stress by inhibiting mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress. SA also suppressed the expression of MAPK proteins. As for the underlying mechanism of SA's protective effect against Dox-induced cardiotoxicity, SA activated nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor (Nrf2) by facilitating its movement from the cytosol to the nucleus and increasing the expression of its target antioxidative genes. In summary, this study demonstrated that SA protects H9c2 cardiomyoblasts from Dox-induced cardiotoxicity by inhibiting oxidative stress by the activation of Nrf2-related signaling pathway. Our findings enhance the development of therapeutic strategies to mitigate cardiac toxicity caused by Dox, highlighting the potential antioxidant effect of SA in Dox-treated H9c2 cardiomyoblasts.

Physicochemical, Volatile Compound Profile, Antioxidant, and Cytotoxic Activities of Northeastern Thai Ethnic Ready-to-Serve Food Pastes Jaew Hon and Gang Om: A Comparative Study of Laboratory and Industrial Production Processes

Northeastern Thai ethnic foods are celebrated for their health benefits yet remain largely underexplored. This study assessed the antioxidant and cytotoxic properties of two ready-to-eat pastes-Jaew Hon (JH) and Gang Om (GO)-produced using laboratory (LAB) and industrial original equipment manufacturer (OEM) methods. Evaluations were conducted using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC) assays alongside the 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay for cytotoxicity. Physicochemical analyses revealed that JH OEM had the highest total dissolved solids (11.57°Brix) and water activity (0.91), while GO OEM exhibited the highest pH (5.28) and lightness (L* 31.43). Antioxidant results showed JH LAB outperformed in DPPH scavenging (96.25 mg AAE/100 g) and TPC (433.5 mg GAE/100 g), whereas GO OEM achieved the highest TFC (345.57 mg QE/100 g). Volatile compound profiling by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) indicated distinct aroma profiles between LAB and OEM samples. Moreover, MTT assays revealed stronger cytotoxic effects for OEM products; specifically, GO OEM achieved 71.88% maximum inhibition and an IC50 of 276.10 µg/mL against HT-29 cells. Colony formation assays confirmed GO OEM's significant antiproliferative activity, and gene expression analysis demonstrated upregulation of pro-apoptotic markers (Bax, Caspase-3) alongside downregulation of NF-κB p65, Cyclin D1, and MMP-9. Overall, these findings suggest that industrially produced GO and JH pastes hold promise as functional foods, integrating traditional culinary practices with modern production techniques. These findings lay the foundation for future research focused on uncovering bioactive mechanisms, optimizing processing methods, and confirming health benefits through in vivo studies.

The acetyltransferase GCN5 contributes to neuroinflammation in mice by acetylating and activating the NF-κB subunit p65 in microglia

Neuroinflammation promotes the progression of various neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. Disrupted homeostasis of protein acetylation is implicated in neurodegeneration, and the lysine acetyltransferase GCN5 (also known as KAT2A) is implicated in peripheral inflammation. Here, we investigated whether GCN5 plays a role in neuroinflammation in the brain. Systemic administration of the bacterial molecule LPS in mice to induce peripheral inflammation increased the abundance of GCN5 in various organs, including in the brain and specifically in microglia. In response to LPS, GCN5 mediated the induction of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 and the inflammatory mediators COX-2 and iNOS in microglia. Further investigation in cultured microglial cells revealed that GCN5 was activated downstream of the innate immune receptor TLR4 to acetylate Lys310 in the NF-κB subunit p65, thereby enabling the nuclear translocation and transcriptional activity of NF-κB and the resulting inflammatory response. Thus, targeting GCN5 might be explored further as a strategy to reduce neuroinflammation in the treatment of associated diseases.

Insulin-Like Growth Factor Signaling in Alzheimer's Disease: Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Strategies

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia among the elderly population, posing a significant public health challenge due to limited therapeutic options that merely delay cognitive decline. AD is associated with impaired energy metabolism and reduced neurotrophic signaling. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling pathway, crucial for central nervous system (CNS) development, metabolism, repair, cognition, and emotion regulation, includes IGF-1, IGF-2, IGF-1R, IGF-2R, insulin receptor (IR), and six insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs). Research has identified abnormalities in IGF signaling in individuals with AD and AD models. Dysregulated expression of IGFs, receptors, IGFBPs, and disruptions in downstream phosphoinositide 3-kinase-protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways collectively increase AD susceptibility. Studies suggest modulating the IGF pathway may ameliorate AD pathology and cognitive decline. This review explores the CNS pathophysiology of IGF signaling in AD progression and assesses the potential of targeting the IGF system as a novel therapeutic strategy. Further research is essential to elucidate how aberrant IGF signaling contributes to AD development, understand underlying molecular mechanisms, and evaluate the safety and efficacy of IGF-based treatments.

Nitroxidative Stress, Cell-Signaling Pathways, and Manganese Porphyrins: Therapeutic Potential in Neuropathic Pain

Neuropathic pain, a debilitating condition arising from somatosensory system damage, significantly impacts quality of life, leading to anxiety, self-mutilation, and depression. Oxidative and nitrosative stress, an imbalance between reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) and antioxidant defenses, plays a crucial role in its pathophysiology. While reactive species are essential for physiological functions, excessive levels can cause cellular component damage, leading to neuronal dysfunction and pain. This review highlights the complex interactions between reactive species, antioxidant systems, cell signaling, and neuropathic pain. We discuss the physiological roles of ROS/RNS and the detrimental effects of oxidative and nitrosative stress. Furthermore, we explore the potential of manganese porphyrins, compounds with antioxidant properties, as promising therapeutic agents to mitigate oxidative stress and alleviate neuropathic pain by targeting key cellular pathways involved in pain. Further research is needed to fully understand their therapeutic potential in managing neuropathic pain in human and non-human animals.

The Role of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor as an Essential Mediator in Neuronal Functions and the Therapeutic Potential of Its Mimetics for Neuroprotection in Neurologic and Psychiatric Disorders

Among neurotrophins, including nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), and neurotrophin-4 (NT-4/5), BDNF has been extensively studied for its physiological role in cell survival and synaptic regulation in the central nervous system's (CNS's) neurons. BDNF binds to TrkB (a tyrosine kinase) with high affinity, and the resulting downstream intracellular signaling cascades play crucial roles in determining cell fate, including neuronal differentiation and maturation of the CNS neurons. It has been well demonstrated that the downregulation/dysregulation of the BDNF/TrkB system is implicated in the pathogenesis of neurologic and psychiatric disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and depression. Interestingly, the effects of BDNF mimetic compounds including flavonoids, small molecules which can activate TrkB-mediated signaling, have been extensively investigated as potential therapeutic strategies for brain diseases, given that p75NTR, a common neurotrophin receptor, also contributes to cell death under a variety of pathological conditions such as neurodegeneration. Since the downregulation of the BDNF/TrkB system is associated with the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders, understanding how alterations in the BDNF/TrkB system contribute to disease progression could provide valuable insight for the prevention of these brain diseases. The present review shows recent advances in the molecular mechanisms underlying the BDNF/TrkB system in neuronal survival and plasticity, providing critical insights into the potential therapeutic impact of BDNF mimetics in the pathophysiology of brain diseases.

Gastroprotective potential of the aqueous extract of nine-steaming and nine-sun-drying processed Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua against alcoholic gastric injury in mice

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Polygonatum (Huangjing) genus has been used as both food and medicine in China for 2000 years, which was regarded as a "Top-grade" herb in the Shennong Bencao Jing. The most commonly used species is the rhizome of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua (PC) that is traditionally utilized to invigorate Qi, nourish Yin, moisten lung, and tonify spleen and kidney.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Excessive alcohol consumption causes severe upper-gastrointestinal diseases, notably gastric mucosal damage characterized by hemorrhagic gastritis, which lacks safe and effective intervention. This study aims to investigate the gastroprotective effects of nine-steaming and nine-drying processed Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua (PPC) on alcohol-induced gastric mucosal damage in mice.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

PPC extract was chemically characterized by UPLC-QE-MS analysis. ICR mice were subjected to an ethanol-induced gastric lesion model and were orally administered PPC aqueous extract for 5 consecutive days. After treatment, gastric tissues were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), and the pro-inflammatory and oxidative stress factors were determined using ELISA and Multiplex assay, while the gene expressions of gastric tissues were detected by RNA-seq and Western blotting.

RESULTS

PPC reduced the alcohol concentration of liquor in vitro and protected against alcohol-induced gastric mucosal lesion in mice. Notably, PPC aqueous extract relieved alcohol-induced pro-inflammatory and oxidative stress factors, including interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-8, keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA). RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that ethanol exposure activated mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and IL-17 signaling pathways in gastric tissue, and these activated signaling pathways were inhibited by the PPC treatment. Consistently, Western blot data showed that PPC treatment suppressed the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK), TNF-α and IL-17A pathways in gastric tissue.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the aqueous extract of PPC exerted a gastroprotective effect against alcohol-induced gastric injury by alleviating inflammation and oxidative stress, potentially through the inhibition of the MAPKs, IL-17 and TNF-α pathways. These findings supported the future development of PPC as an effective intervention for alcohol-induced gastric damage.

Exploring the therapeutic potential of Chinese herbs on comorbid type 2 diabetes mellitus and Parkinson's disease: A mechanistic study

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are chronic conditions that affect the aging population, with increasing prevalence globally. The rising prevalence of comorbidity between these conditions, driven by demographic shifts, severely impacts the quality of life of patients, posing a significant burden on healthcare resources. Chinese herbal medicine has been used to treat T2DM and PD for millennia. Pharmacological studies have demonstrated that medicinal herbs effectively lower blood glucose levels and exert neuroprotective effects, suggesting their potential as adjunctive therapy for concurrent management of T2DM and PD.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To elucidate the shared mechanisms underlying T2DM and PD, particularly focusing on the potential mechanisms by which medicinal herbs (including herbal formulas, single herbs, and active compounds) may treat these diseases, to provide valuable insights for developing therapeutics targeting comorbid T2DM and PD.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Studies exploring the mechanisms underlying T2DM and PD, as well as the treatment of these conditions with medicinal herbs, were extracted from several electronic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI).

RESULTS

Numerous studies have shown that inflammation, oxidative stress, insulin resistance, impaired autophagy, gut microbiota dysbiosis, and ferroptosis are shared mechanisms underlying T2DM and PD mediated through the NLRP3 inflammasome, NF-κB, MAPK, Keap1/Nrf2/ARE, PI3K/AKT, AMPK/SIRT1, and System XC--GSH-GPX4 signaling pathways. Thirty-four medicinal herbs, including 2 herbal formulas, 4 single herbs, and 28 active compounds, have been reported to potentially exert anti-T2DM and anti-PD effects by targeting these shared mechanisms.

CONCLUSIONS

Traditional Chinese medicine effectively combats T2DM and PD through shared pathological mechanisms, highlighting their potential for application in treating these comorbid conditions.

Exploring MAP3K genes in gastric cancer: biomarkers, tumor microenvironment dynamics, and chemotherapy resistance

BACKGROUND

Gastric cancer (GC) presents a significant global health burden, necessitating a deeper understanding of its molecular underpinnings for improved diagnostics and therapeutics.

METHODS

In this study, we investigated the expression profiles and clinical implications of MAP3K genes in GC using in silico and in vitro experiments.

RESULTS

Utilizing RT-qPCR analysis, we observed significant up-regulation of MAP3K1, MAP3K4, MAP3K5, MAP3K6, MAP3K7, MAP3K8, MAP3K9, and MAP3K10 in GC cell lines, while MAP3K2, MAP3K3, MAP3K11, MAP3K12, MAP3K13, MAP3K14, and MAP3K15 exhibited down-regulation. Prognostic evaluation revealed that elevated expression of MAP3K1, MAP3K4, MAP3K7, MAP3K8, MAP3K9, and MAP3K10 was associated with shorter overall survival (OS), emphasizing their clinical significance. Furthermore, the diagnostic potential was demonstrated through robust Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis, indicating the strong discriminatory power of these genes in distinguishing GC patients. Proteomic analysis further confirmed the higher expression of MAP3K1, MAP3K4, MAP3K7, MAP3K8, MAP3K9, and MAP3K10 genes in GC. Methylation profiling further supported the idea that promoter hypomethylation of MAP3K1, MAP3K4, MAP3K7, MAP3K8, MAP3K9, and MAP3K10 genes was associated with their up-regulation. Single-cell functional analysis elucidated the involvement of MAP3K genes in shaping the tumor microenvironment. miRNA-mRNA network analysis revealed intricate regulatory mechanisms, with hsa-mir-200b-3p emerging as a key regulator. Finally, the MAP3K1 knockdown has shown significant impacts on the cellular behavior of the BGC823 cells.

CONCLUSION

This comprehensive assessment provides valuable insights into the role of MAP3K genes in GC, offering avenues for further research and therapeutic exploration.

Influencing inter-cellular junctions with nanomaterials

Cell-cell junctions are essential for maintaining tissue integrity and regulating a wide range of physiological processes. While the disruption of intercellular junctions may lead to pathological conditions, it also presents an opportunity for therapeutic interventions. Nanomaterials have emerged as promising tools for modulating cell-cell junctions, offering new avenues for innovative treatments. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the various nanomaterials interaction with cell-cell junctions. We discussed their underlying mechanisms, heterogenous effects on cellular behavior, and the therapeutic strategies of applying nanomaterial-induced intercellular junction disruption. Additionally, we address the challenges and opportunities involved in translating these strategies into clinical practice and discuss future directions for this rapidly advancing field.

Aberrant Chitinase 3-Like 1 Expression in Basal Cells Contributes to Systemic Sclerosis Fibrosis

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease characterized by extensive skin and internal organ fibrosis. However, the mechanism underlying fibrosis remains unclear, and effective treatments for halting or reversing fibrosis are lacking. In this study, single-cell RNA sequencing is used to obtain a comprehensive overview of skin cells from patients with SSc and healthy controls. A subset of basal cells with high chitinase 3-like 1 (Chi3L1) expression, which potentially plays an important role in fibroblast activation, is identified in SSc. Subsequently, patients with SSc are present with increased expression of Chi3L1 in the skin and serum, and elevated serum levels are associated with skin induration and pulmonary function. Furthermore, Chi3L1 promoted the differentiation of SSc dermal fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, and Chi3L1-deficient (Chi3L1-/-) mice showed amelioration of fibrosis in a bleomycin-induced SSc (BLM-SSc) model. Mechanistically, Chi3L1 mediates fibroblast activation primarily by interacting with interleukin-17 receptor A (IL-17RA), thereby initiating downstream nuclear factor kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinases signaling pathways. Moreover, the anti-fibrotic effect of IL-17RA antagonists in BLM-SSc mice is demonstrated. In conclusion, Chi3L1 is a potential biomarker for the degree of fibrosis in SSc. Chi3L1 and its receptor, IL-17RA, are promising therapeutic targets for patients with SSc.

Mevastatin-Induced HO-1 Expression in Cardiac Fibroblasts: A Strategy to Combat Cardiovascular Inflammation and Fibrosis

Mevastatin (MVS) is known for its anti-inflammatory effects, potentially achieved by upregulating heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), an enzyme involved in cytoprotection against oxidative injury. Nonetheless, the specific processes by which MVS stimulates HO-1 expression in human cardiac fibroblasts (HCFs) are not yet fully understood. In this study, we found that MVS treatment increased HO-1 mRNA and protein levels in HCFs. This induction was inhibited by pretreatment with specific inhibitors of p38 MAPK, JNK1/2, and FoxO1, and by siRNAs targeting NOX2, p47phox, p38, JNK1, FoxO1, Keap1, and Nrf2. MVS also triggered ROS generation and activated JNK1/2 and p38 MAPK, both attenuated by NADPH oxidase or ROS inhibitors. Additionally, MVS promoted the phosphorylation of FoxO1 and Nrf2, which was suppressed by p38 MAPK or JNK1/2 inhibitor. Furthermore, MVS inhibited TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expression via the HO-1/CO pathway in HCFs. In summary, the induction of HO-1 expression in HCFs by MVS is mediated through two primary signaling pathways: NADPH oxidase/ROS/p38 MAPK, and JNK1/2/FoxO1 and Nrf2. This research illuminates the underlying processes through which MVS exerts its anti-inflammatory effects by modulating HO-1 in cardiac fibroblasts.

FFA intervention on LO2 cells mediates SNX-10 synthesis and regulates MMP9 secretion in LX2 cells via TGF-β1

BACKGROUND

Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a public health concern. Transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1) plays an important regulatory role in multiple MAFLD stages, as it can promote the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) and promote liver fibrosis. Sorting nexin protein-10 (SNX-10) may be involved in the occurrence and development of fatty liver disease.

METHODS

Free fatty acids (FFA) treatment was used to simulate the cellular lipid deposition stage of MAFLD and the interactions between cells were simulated via LX2 and LO2 coculture. The molecular interaction between the two cell types was studied via ELISA, immunoprecipitation, qPCR, and western blotting.

RESULTS

In FFA-treated LO2 cells, intracellular TGF-β1 expression increased as lipid deposition increased. FFA-treated LO2 cells promoted the expression and secretion of MMP9 by LX2 cells through paracrine pathways. MMP9 secretion decreased with decreasing SNX-10 expression in LX2 cells. The interaction between MMP9 and SNX-10 was confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation. TGF-β1 promoted the synthesis of SNX-10 through the p38 MAPK pathway, and SNX-10 affected the secretion of MMP9 through protein interactions, thereby affecting the development of liver fibrosis.

CONCLUSIONS

FFA induced lipid deposition in LO2 cells, and TGF-β1 mediated the p38 MAPK pathway to promote SNX-10 synthesis and stimulate MMP9 secretion, thereby regulating the involvement of LX2 in the process of liver fibrosis.

Ge-Zhi-Jie-Jiu decoction alleviates alcoholic liver disease through multiple signaling pathways

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a growing public health concern caused by excessive alcohol consumption, but effective treatments are limited. Ge-Zhi-Jie-Jiu decoction (JJY) is a modified traditional Chinese herbal remedy that aims to alleviate ALD. This formula contains various components such as Ge Hua, Ge Gen, Zhi Ju Zi, and other medicinal-food herbs. However, the specific pharmacotherapeutic compounds of JJY and its pharmacological mechanisms remain unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanism and pharmacodynamic basis of JJY in treating ALD.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS, HPLC fingerprinting, and LC-MS techniques were used for the composition identification and quality control of JJY. The pharmacological components and molecular mechanisms of JJY in anti-ALD were then predicted using network pharmacology and molecular docking approaches. Ultimately, an acute alcoholic liver injury mouse model was developed, and the potential mechanisms were verified by hematoxylin-eosin (H&E), Oil Red O, and TUNEL staining, real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), Western blot (WB) and molecular docking analysis.

RESULTS

The results showed that the main components of JJY are organic acids, flavonoids, and isoflavonoids, in which puerarin, daidzein, glycitein, ononin, quercetin, and tectorigenin can be used as the indicator components of JJY. In addition, JJY might ameliorate ALD through several pathways, including potentially promoting alcohol metabolism via alcohol-metabolizing enzymes, and possibly inhibiting oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis via the Nrf2/Keap1/HO-1 and MAPK signaling pathways. Furthermore, JJY may also alleviated hepatic lipid accumulation through the PPARα signaling pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

JJY has significant anti-ALD efficacy with multiple mechanisms. This study offers a solid experimental foundation for JJY's development as a medicine with anti-ALD characteristics and elucidates its probable active components.

Toll-Like Receptor 4-Mediated Neuroinflammation: Updates on Pathological Roles and Therapeutic Strategies in Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion

Neuroinflammation has been acknowledged as being one of the main pathologies that occur following chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH). Since it significantly contributes to neuronal cell damage and thereby leads to cognitive impairment, the signals related to inflammation in hypoperfusion injury have been extensively investigated over the past few years. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is the key receptor responsible for immune and inflammatory reactions. It has been reported that TLR4 is involved in the pathology of several diseases and has emerged as a therapeutic target for developing a variety of anti-inflammatory compounds. This study explored the pathological roles of TLR4 that potentially cause the promotion of neuroinflammation in CCH damage. The evidence pertinent to the activation of TLR4 and its downstream inflammatory cascades following CCH are also summarized. This study also demonstrated the therapeutic potential of TLR4 inhibition, whether through drugs, substances, or other treatment strategies, in models of CCH-induced neurological dysfunction. The limitations of the accumulated evidence are addressed and discussed in this study. A deeper understanding of the roles of TLR4 in neuroinflammation following CCH damage may help inform the machinery behind pathological processes for advancing further neuroscientific research and developing therapeutic strategies for vascular dementia.

Exploring the potential anticancer targets and mechanistic pathways of Elsholtzia densa essential oil based on network pharmacology

This study aimed to assess the composition of Elsholtzia densa essential oil (EBE) and identify potential targets for inhibiting human hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation. The plants were collected from four regions: Jiuzhi, Qinghai; Ruoergai, Sichuan; Aba, Sichuan; and Jiulong, Sichuan. Four EBEs (named No. 1 to No. 4) were analyzed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. EBEs significantly inhibited human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. The EBE collected from Jiuzhi exhibited the most potent inhibitory effect. Core targets identified included MAPK3, EGFR, ESR1, CASP3, PTGS2, BCL2L1, and MAPK14. Notably, the four EBEs prevented hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation via neuroactive ligand-receptor interactions and apoptosis pathways.

Insight into interplay between PANoptosis and autophagy: novel therapeutics in ischemic stroke

PANoptosis is a novelly defined mode of programmed cell death that involves the activation of multiple cellular death pathways, including pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis, triggering robust inflammatory reactions. Autophagy is a crucial cellular process that maintains cellular homeostasis and protects cells from various stresses. PANoptosis and autophagy, both vital players in the intricate pathological progression of ischemic stroke (IS), a brain ailment governed by intricate cell death cascades, have garnered attention in recent years for their potential interplay. While mounting evidence hints at a crosstalk between these two processes in IS, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Therefore, this review delves into and dissects the intricate mechanisms that underpin the intersection of PANoptosis and autophagy in this devastating condition. In conclusion, the crosstalk between PANoptosis and autophagy in IS presents a promising target for the development of novel stroke therapies. Understanding the interplay between these two pathways offers a much-needed insight into the underlying mechanisms of IS and opens the possibility for new therapeutic strategies.

Hot air injures human alveolar epithelial cells through ERK1/2 signaling-mediated ferroptosis

Inhalation lung injury is an acute pulmonary impairment resulting from inhalation of hot air and/or toxic gases. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in hot air-induced heat stress (HS) response of alveolar epithelial cells are not fully understood. In this study, employing a cell heat loading device, we found that HS at 50 °C resulted in significant ferroptosis and injury of human alveolar epithelial cells (BEAS-2B cells), supported by increased lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and decreased ferritin heavy chain 1 (FTH1), glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11). Ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1), a targeted inhibitor of ferroptosis, could suppress HS-induced ferroptosis and injury of BEAS-2B cells. Moreover, HS activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) in BEAS-2B cells. Nevertheless, blockage of ERK1/2 activation by U0126, an inhibitor of ERK1/2 phosphorylation, repressed HS-induced ferroptosis and injury of BEAS-2B cells. Taken together, this study demonstrates that HS injures alveolar epithelial cells through ERK1/2 signaling-mediated ferroptosis, which provides a novel potential strategy for the treatment of HS-induced inhalation lung injury.

Implication of Thioredoxin 1 and Glutaredoxin 1 in H2O2-induced Phosphorylation of JNK and p38 MAP Kinases

BACKGROUND

Aerobic organisms continuously generate small amounts of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), which are involved in the oxidation of sensitive cysteine residues in proteins, leading to the formation of disulfide bonds. Thioredoxin (Trx1) and Glutaredoxin (Grx1) represent key antioxidant enzymes reducing disulfide bonds.

OBJECTIVE

In this work, we have focused on the possible protective effect of Trx1 and Grx1 against oxidative stress-induced DNA damage and apoptosis-signaling, by studying the phosphorylation of MAP kinases.

METHODS

Trx1 and Grx1 were overexpressed or silenced in cultured H1299 non-small cell lung cancer epithelial cells. We examined cell growth, DNA damage, and the phosphorylation status of MAP kinases following treatment with H2O2.

RESULTS

Overexpression of both Trx1 and Grx1 had a significant impact on the growth of H1299 cells and provided protection against H2O2-induced toxicity, as well as acute DNA single-strand breaks. Conversely, silencing of these proteins exacerbated DNA damage. Furthermore, overexpression of Trx1 and Grx1 inhibited the rapid phosphorylation of JNK (especially at 360 min of treatment, ****p=0.004 and **p=0.0033 respectively) and p38 MAP kinases (especially at 360 min of treatment, ****p<0.0001 and ***p=0.0008 respectively) during H2O2 exposure, while their silencing had the opposite effect (especially at 360 min of treatment, ****p<0.0001).

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that both Trx1 and Grx1 have protective roles against H2O2 induced toxicity, emphasizing their significance in mitigating oxidative stress-related cellular damage.

Curcumin ameliorates aluminum oxide nanoparticle-induced memory deficit by regulating the hippocampal p38 signaling pathway in mice

OBJECTIVES

Exposure to aluminum (Al) has been shown to be strongly associated with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent evidence indicates that the toxicity of Al nanoparticle (Al-NP) is far greater than Al itself due to its particle size. Epidemiological studies suggest that curcumin lower the prevalence of AD. MAPKs (ERK, p38 and JNK) were suggested to be involved in AD pathology and memory impairment. The present study aimed to evaluate if curcumin has the ability to protect against behavioral deficits induced by subcutaneously administered Al-NP in mice. Furthermore, the levels of phosphorylated and total hippocampal MAPKs were assessed using western blottechnique.

METHODS

Al-NP (10 mg/kg/s.c.) was administered to adult male NMRI mice for 10 days with or without curcumin in doses of 2.5 or 25 mg/kg/oral gavage). Memory was assessed using passive avoidance apparatus and anxiety-like behavior was evaluated using elevated plus maze. Following the behavioral tasks, western blot analysis was performed on the hippocampal tissues to detect the levels of phosphorylated and total MAPKs.

RESULTS

The results revealed that Al-NP deteriorated memory with no significant effect on anxiety-like behaviors. Additionally, it activated hippocampal p38 signaling pathway with no effect on ERK and JNK. Curcumin treatment at the dose of 25 mg/kg restored memory and p38 activation.

DISCUSSION

This study suggests that subcutaneous Al-NP administration impairs memory and hippocampal p38 signaling with no effect on ERK and JNK. Co-administration of curcumin restored Al-NP induced memory impairment and hippocampal p38 phosphorylation.

Histopathological Characteristics and Inflammatory Cell Infiltration in Sinonasal Inverted Papilloma

BACKGROUND

Sinonasal inverted papilloma (SNIP) is a benign epithelial tumor with distinctive histopathological features. However, the role of inflammation in SNIP remains poorly characterized.

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to compare the histopathological patterns and inflammatory characteristics of SNIP with those of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNPs) or normal ethmoid sinus mucosa.

METHODS

Fifty-eight tissue biopsies were prospectively collected from 38 patients with SNIPs, 12 CRSwNPs, and 8 normal ethmoid sinus mucosae. SNIP was histopathologically divided into four grades based on the extent of epithelial remodeling. The immunohistochemical characteristics of epithelial remodeling (p63, CK5) and infiltration of inflammatory cells (eg, eosinophils, neutrophils, and macrophages) and cytokines (eg, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α) were analyzed.

RESULTS

Among the 38 SNIPs, 21.1%, 36.8%, 23.7%, and 18.4% were grades I, II, III, and IV, respectively. The expression levels of p63 and CK5 were significantly higher in SNIP than in the other two groups (both, p < 0.05). Neutrophil and macrophage infiltration was more pronounced in SNIP and with differences among the four grades. The expression levels of inflammatory cytokines were significantly higher in the SNIP group than in the CRSwNP group. A positive correlation between the expression levels of p63 and inflammatory cytokines was observed in both SNIPs and CRSwNPs.

CONCLUSION

Excessive epithelial remodeling is an important histological feature of SNIP; it is accompanied by sinonasal mucosal inflammation.

Potential Signal Pathways and Therapeutic Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cell on Oxidative Stress in Diseases

Oxidative stress is a biological stress response produced by the destruction of redox equilibrium in aerobic metabolism in organisms, which is closely related to the occurrence of many diseases. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been found to improve oxidative stress injury in a variety of diseases, including lung injury, liver diseases, atherosclerotic diseases, diabetes and its complications, ischemia-reperfusion injury, inflammatory bowel disease. The antioxidant stress capacity of MSCs may be a breakthrough in the treatment of these diseases. This review found that MSCs have the ability to resist oxidative stress, which may be achieved through MSCs involvement in mediating the Nrf2, MAPK, NF-κB, AMPK, PI3K/AKT and Wnt4/β-catenin signaling pathways.

Matrix metalloproteinase-9 upregulation in keratinocytes of oral lichen planus via c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling pathway activation

Background/purpose

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by basement membrane disruption, which plays a crucial role in its pathogenesis. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a group of proteolytic enzymes, contribute to the degradation of the basement membrane. The specific MMPs secreted by keratinocytes in OLP lesions and relevant regulatory mechanisms are not fully understood. This study aimed to investigate the involvement of MMPs in OLP pathogenesis, focusing on their expression in keratinocytes and regulatory mechanisms.

Materials and methods

MMP mRNA expression in OLP epithelium was analyzed using RNA sequencing data obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Mucosa samples from 30 OLP patients and 30 healthy controls were collected to observe the expression and regulation of MMPs in keratinocytes. The involvement of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in MMP regulation was studied using HaCaT cells.

Results

RNA sequencing analysis revealed upregulation of MMP1 and MMP9 in OLP epithelium. MMP9 expression was predominantly observed in basal keratinocytes of OLP lesions. Elevated levels of phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), a component of the MAPK pathway, were detected in OLP samples and co-localized with MMP9 in keratinocytes. Activation of the JNK pathway in HaCaT cells induced MMP9 expression, implicating JNK signaling in MMP9 regulation.

Conclusion

Keratinocytes contribute to OLP pathogenesis by secreting MMP9 through JNK pathway activation. This understanding may provide insights into targeted therapeutic interventions for this chronic recurrent disease.

SMG5, a component of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, is essential for the mouse spermatogonial differentiation and maintenance

Mammalian spermatogenesis is a tightly controlled cellular process including spermatogonial development and differentiation, meiosis of spermatocyte, and the morphological specification of haploid spermatozoa, during which the post-transcriptional gene regulations are vital but poorly understood. Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), a highly conserved post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism of gene expression in eukaryotes, recently emerges as a licensing mechanism in cell fate transition, including stem cell differentiation and organogenesis. The function of NMD in spermatogonial development remains elusive. Here we found knockout of SMG5, an important component of the NMD machinery, in embryonic germ cells led to the failure of spermatogenesis and male infertility. SMG5 null resulted in defective differentiation and maintenance of spermatogonia, which affected initiation of meiosis, ultimately caused a "Sertoli cell-only" phenotype. Transcriptome analysis revealed that SMG5 loss led to serious defects in NMD with targets features including PTC, long 3' UTR, and 5' uORFs. Furthermore, SMG5 loss downregulates gene transcripts involved in spermatogonia expansion and differentiation. During the spermatogonial differentiation, the deletion of SMG5 led to hyperactivation of the p38 MAPK signaling pathway, which triggered widespread cell death. These results suggest that SMG5 mediated NMD plays an important role in spermatogenesis by regulating the p38 MAPK signaling pathway.

Protective effects of Pelargonium graveolens (geranium) oil against cefotaxime-induced hepato-renal toxicity in rats

Cefotaxime is a broad-spectrum antibiotic targeting Gram-negative bacteria used for diverse infections, but it can be toxic to the stomach, liver, and kidneys. This study explored the protective effects of geranium oil against cefotaxime-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in rats, employing biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical evaluations. Thirty rats were divided into five groups of six animals each one. Group 1 received orally normal saline for 14 days, Group 2 was given orally 2.5% DMSO for 14 days, Group 3 received cefotaxime (200 mg/kg/day IM) for 14 days, Group 4 received with cefotaxime (200 mg/kg/day IM) and geranium oil (67 mg/kg b. w./day orally in DMSO) for 14 days, and Group 5 received geranium oil alone (67 mg/kg b. w./day orally in DMSO) for 14 days. Geranium oil significantly reduced cefotaxime-induced damage, evidenced by lower serum levels of liver enzymes (AST, ALT), renal markers (urea, creatinine), and other indicators (alkaline phosphatase, TNF-alpha, IL-1Beta, MAPK, nitric oxide, MDA). It also increased levels of protective tissue biomarkers such as NrF2, albumin, catalase, Beclin 1, and reduced glutathione (GSH). Histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses revealed significant protective effects in liver and renal tissues in rats treated with Geranium oil. These results suggest that Geranium oil is effective in mitigating cefotaxime-induced hepatotoxicity and renal toxicity.

Unveiling the Mechanism of Protective Effects of Tanshinone as a New Fighter Against Cardiovascular Diseases: A Systematic Review

Tanshinone, a natural compound found in the roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza, has been shown to possess various pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cardiovascular protective effects. This article aims to review the literature on the cardiovascular protective effects of tanshinone and its underlying mechanisms. Tanshinone has been demonstrated to improve cardiac function, reduce oxidative stress, and inhibit inflammation in various animal models of cardiovascular diseases. Additionally, it has been shown to regulate multiple signaling pathways involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, such as the PI3K/AKT, MAPK, and NF-κB pathways. Clinical studies have also suggested that tanshinone may have therapeutic potential for treating cardiovascular diseases. In conclusion, tanshinone has emerged as a promising natural compound with significant cardiovascular protective effects, and further research is warranted to explore its potential clinical applications.

Blockage of p38MAPK in astrocytes alleviates brain damage in a mouse model of embolic stroke through the CX43/AQP4 axis

BACKGROUND

Cerebral edema, a significant complication arising from acute ischemic stroke (IS), has a critical influence on morbidity and mortality. p38MAPK has been shown to promote neuronal apoptosis and brain damage. However, the role of the p38MAPK inhibitor SKF-86002 in protecting against ischemic injury and cerebral edema remains unclear.

METHODS

Infarct area was examined by TTC staining in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) mice. Neurological score and brain water content were evaluated. TUNEL and NeuN staining were used to assess neuronal apoptosis and the survival of neurons. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability was determined by Evans blue. Double immunofluorescence staining detected the colocalization of AQP4 and CX43 in astrocytes. IHC staining revealed CX43 and AQP4 expression. EDU staining detected the proliferation of Oxygen and glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R)-treated astrocytes. Levels of oxidative stress markers were determined using commercial kits. ELISA was used to assess the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors. RT-qPCR measured the expression of CX43, AQP4 and pro-inflammatory factors. Western blot analyzed the levels of p-p38/p38, AQP4 and CX43. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) determined the interaction between CX43 and AQP4.

RESULTS

SKF-86002 attenuated brain damage, edema, and neuronal apoptosis in MCAO mice. Astrocyte proliferation was suppressed, and oxidative stress and inflammation were alleviated by SKF-86002 treatment. SKF-86002 negatively regulated p38 signaling and the expression of AQP4 and CX43. Additionally, the expression of CX43/AQP4 within astrocytes was modulated by SKF-86002.

CONCLUSION

In summary, SKF-86002 alleviated IS injury and cerebral edema by inhibiting astrocyte proliferation, oxidative stress and inflammation. This effect was associated with the suppression of CX43/AQP4, suggesting that SKF-86002 shows promise as a novel therapeutic approach for preventing IS.

Food-derived skin-care ingredient as a promising strategy for skin aging: Current knowledge and future perspectives

Skin aging involves complex biochemical reactions and has attracted a growing concern recently. For it, there is a great desire to replace the hazardous and easy-recurring "therapy means" with "daily care" based on some natural and healthy ingredients. According to a novel theory called "homology of cosmetic and food", the safety, efficacy and accessibility of food-derived skin-care ingredients offer an attractive option for combating skin aging, which will be an inevitable trend of dermatology in the future. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a major trigger of skin aging. It acts on the skin and generates reactive oxygen species, which causing oxidative stress. More, matrix metalloproteinase and melanin levels are also upregulated by the UV-activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and tyrosinase, respectively, resulting in collagen degradation and melanin deposition in the extracellular matrix. Through the existing studies, the relevant key biomarkers and biochemical pathways can be effectively controlled by skin-care ingredients from animal-derived and plant-derived foods as well as traditional herbs, thus preserving human skin from UV-induced aging in terms of antioxidant, collagen protection and melanin inhibition. To extend their application potential, some carriers represented by nanoliposomes can facilitate the transdermal absorption of food-derived skin-care ingredients by the variation of molecular weight and lipid solubility. The present review will provide an overview of the trigger mechanisms of skin aging, and focus on the molecular biology aspects of food-derived skin-care ingredients in skin matrix and the critical summarize of their research state.

Elucidating tobacco smoke-induced craniofacial deformities: Biomarker and MAPK signaling dysregulation unraveled by cross-species multi-omics analysis

Tobacco smoke (TS), particularly secondhand and thirdhand smoke, poses a pervasive and intractable environmental hazard that promotes teratogenesis and the progression of craniofacial malformations, although the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Using zebrafish larvae as a model, our research demonstrated a correlation between the increasing concentration of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) and the severity of craniofacial malformations, supported by Alcian blue staining and histological assessments. Through a combined mRNA-miRNA analysis and quantitative real-time PCR, we identified miR-96-5p, miR-152, miR-125b-2-3p, and miR-181a-3-3p as pivotal biomarkers in craniofacial cartilage development. Functional analyses revealed their association with the MAPK signaling pathway, oxidative stress (OS), and cell development, highlighting MAPK as a crucial mediator. Single-cell transcriptomics further disclosed aberrant MAPK activation in mesenchymal cells. Subsequent investigations in human embryonic palatal mesenchymal (HEPM) cells confirmed similar patterns of growth inhibition, apoptosis, and OS, and emphasized the cross-species consistency of these biomarkers and the over-activation of the MAPK signaling pathway. A comprehensive tri-omics analysis of HEPM cells identified pivotal genes, proteins, and metabolites within the MAPK pathway. This groundbreaking cross-species multi-omics study unveils novel biomarkers and MAPK pathway perturbations linked to TS-induced craniofacial developmental toxicity, promoting innovative clinical prediction, diagnosis, and interventional strategies to tackle TS-induced craniofacial malformations.

Network pharmacology and molecular docking analysis on the mechanism of Wensan tincture in the treatment of pulmonary nodules: A review

Network pharmacology and molecular docking methods were applied to elucidate the molecular mechanism of action of Wensan tincture (WST) in the treatment of pulmonary nodules. The Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology and the Traditional Chinese Medicine and Chemical Composition database were used to screen the active ingredients. Potential targets of WST were retrieved using Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology, SwissADME, and SwissTargetPrediction, while pulmonary nodule-associated targets were obtained from GeneCards and Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man databases. An active ingredient-target network was constructed using Cytoscape 3.9.1, and Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses were conducted via the Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery platform to identify core targets and signaling pathways. Molecular docking studies were performed using AutoDockTools. The results revealed 62 active ingredients and 344 corresponding targets within the tincture, alongside 1005 targets associated with pulmonary nodules. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses indicated that the potential therapeutic targets of WST include signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, mitogen-activated protein kinase-3, mitogen-activated protein kinase-1, Jun proto-oncogene, tumor protein 53, phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 1, heat shock protein 90 alpha family class A member 1, and AKT serine/threonine kinase 1. The primary pathways were the cancer pathway, mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, advanced glycation end-products and their receptor signaling, epidermal growth factor receptor signaling, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 signaling, and the programmed cell death-ligand 1/programmed cell death protein 1 checkpoint pathways. Molecular docking demonstrated that quercetin exhibited the strongest binding affinity with mitogen-activated protein kinase-3, with a binding energy of -9.1 kcal/mol. Notably, key components of WST, such as quercetin, demonstrate considerable potential as drug candidates for the treatment of pulmonary nodules.

Increased expression of cathepsin C in airway epithelia exacerbates airway remodeling in asthma

Airway remodeling is a critical factor determining the pathogenesis and treatment sensitivity of severe asthma (SA) or uncontrolled asthma (UA). The activation of epithelial-mesenchymal trophic units (EMTUs) regulated by airway epithelial cells (AECs) has been proven to induce airway remodeling directly. However, the triggers for EMTU activation and the underlying mechanism of airway remodeling are not fully elucidated. Here, we screened the differentially expressed gene cathepsin C (CTSC; also known as dipeptidyl peptidase 1 [DPP-1]) in epithelia of patients with SA and UA using RNA-sequencing data and further verified the increased expression of CTSC in induced sputum of patients with asthma, which was positively correlated with severity and airway remodeling. Moreover, direct instillation of exogenous CTSC induced airway remodeling. Genetic inhibition of CTSC suppressed EMTU activation and airway remodeling in two asthma models with airway remodeling. Mechanistically, increased secretion of CTSC from AECs induced EMTU activation through the p38-mediated pathway, further inducing airway remodeling. Meanwhile, inhibition of CTSC also reduced the infiltration of inflammatory cells and the production of inflammatory factors in the lungs of asthmatic mice. Consequently, targeting CTSC with compound AZD7986 protected against airway inflammation, EMTU activation, and remodeling in the asthma model. Based on the dual effects of CTSC on airway inflammation and remodeling, CTSC is a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for SA or UA.

Phikud navakot extract acts as an ER stress inhibitor to ameliorate ER stress and neuroinflammation

The prevalence of neurological disorders (NDs) such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) is increasing globally, and the lack of effective pharmacological interventions presents a significant health risk. Multiple mechanisms including the activation of oxidative stress, amyloid pathway, ER stress, and neuroinflammation have been implicated in AD; therefore, multi-targeted agents against these mechanisms may be preferable to single-target agents. Phikud Navakot (PN), a Thai traditional medicine combining nine herbs, has been shown to reduce oxidative stress and neuroinflammation of neuronal and microglia cells and the coculture between them, indicating the promising role of PN extract as anti-AD. This study evaluated the neuroprotective effects of PN extract against oxidative stress, amyloid pathway, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress), and neuroinflammation using neuronal and microglia cells, as well as in a Drosophila model of AD. Results showed that PN extract reduced oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, pro-inflammatory cytokines, amyloid pathway, and ER stress induced by aluminum chloride (AlCl3, AD-induced agent) or thapsigargin (TG, an ER stress activator) in both neurons and microglia cells. PN extract also reduced oxidative stress, ER-stress-related genes, and neurotoxic peptides (amyloid beta) in a Drosophila model of AD. Data indicated that PN extract may function as an anti-AD agent by targeting multiple mechanisms as described. This research also revealed for the first time that PN extract acted as an ER stress inhibitor.

A literature review on signaling pathways of cervical cancer cell death-apoptosis induced by Traditional Chinese Medicine

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Cervical cancer (CC) is a potentially lethal disorder that can have serious consequences for a woman's health. Because early symptoms are typically only present in the middle to late stages of the disease, clinical diagnosis and treatment can be challenging. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been shown to have unique benefits in terms of alleviating cancer clinical symptoms, lowering the risk of recurrence after surgery, and reducing toxic side effects and medication resistance after radiation therapy. It has also been shown to improve the quality of life for patients. Because of its improved anti-tumor effectiveness and biosafety, it could be considered an alternative therapy option. This study examines how TCM causes apoptosis in CC cells via signal transduction, including the active components and medicinal tonics. It also intends to provide a reliable clinical basis and protocol selection for the TCM therapy of CC.

METHODS

The following search terms were employed in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, SinoMed, and other scientific databases to retrieve pertinent literature on "cervical cancer," "apoptosis," "signaling pathway," "traditional Chinese medicine," "herbal monomers," "herbal components," "herbal extracts," and "herbal formulas."

RESULTS

It has been demonstrated that herbal medicines can induce apoptosis in cells of the cervix, a type of cancer, by influencing the signaling pathways involved.

CONCLUSION

A comprehensive literature search was conducted, and 148 papers from the period between January 2017 and December 2023 were identified as eligible for inclusion. After a meticulous process of screening, elimination and summary, generalization, and analysis, it was found that TCM can regulate multiple intracellular signaling pathways and related molecular targets, such as STAT3, PI3K/AKT, Wnt/β-catenin, MAPK, NF-κB, p53, HIF-1α, Fas/FasL and so forth. This regulatory capacity was observed to induce apoptosis in cervical cancer cells. The study of the mechanism of TCM against cervical cancer and the screening of new drug targets is of great significance for future research in this field. The results of this study will provide ideas and references for the future development of Chinese medicine in the diagnosis and treatment of cervical cancer.

Ferroptosis in Cancer: Epigenetic Control and Therapeutic Opportunities

Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of regulated cell death driven by lipid peroxidation, has emerged as a critical pathway in cancer biology. This review delves into the epigenetic mechanisms that modulate ferroptosis in cancer cells, focusing on how DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs influence the expression and function of essential genes involved in this process. By unraveling the complex interplay between these epigenetic mechanisms and ferroptosis, the article sheds light on novel gene targets and functional insights that could pave the way for innovative cancer treatments to enhance therapeutic efficacy and overcome resistance in cancer therapy.

Activation of MEK-ERK-c-MYC signaling pathway promotes splenic M2-like macrophage polarization to inhibit PHcH-liver cirrhosis

INTRODUCTION

Portal hypertension combined with hypersplenism (PHcH) is the main cause of hypocytosis and esophagogastric variceal hemorrhage in patients with liver cirrhosis. Activated macrophages that destroy excess blood cells are the main cause of hypersplenism, but the activating pathway is not very clear. This study aims to investigate the activation types of splenic macrophages and their activation mechanisms, to provide experimental evidence for the biological treatment of splenomegaly, and to find a strategy to improve liver fibrosis and inflammation by intervening in splenic immune cells. This study revealed the occurrence of M2-like polarization of macrophages and upregulation of c-Myc gene expression in the PH spleen.

METHODS

RNAseq, protein chip, western blot, and chip-seq were performed on macrophages and the in vitro MEK inhibitor rafametinib was used. Carbon tetrachloride and thioacetamide induced mouse cirrhosis models were separately constructed.

RESULTS

c-Myc gene knockout in splenic macrophages reduced M2-like polarization and exacerbated liver fibrosis inflammation. c-Myc activated the MAPK signaling pathway and upregulated the expression of IL-4 and M2-like related genes in PH hypersplenism through the MEK-ERK-c-Myc axis. In addition, the c-Myc gene exerted anti-inflammatory effects by upregulating IL-4-mediated signal transduction to promote M2-like differentiation and anti-inflammatory cytokine secretion.

CONCLUSIONS

Activation of MEK-ERK-c-MYC signaling pathway promotes splenic M2-like macrophage polarization to inhibit PHcH-liver cirrhosis. Therefore, the induction of macrophage depolarization might represent a new therapeutic approach in the cure of PH hypersplenism, making c-Myc a potential candidate for macrophage polarization therapy.

S100A9 promotes renal calcium oxalate stone formation via activating the TLR4-p38/MAPK-LCN2 signaling pathway

OBJECTIVES

To explore the role of S100A9 protein in renal calcium oxalate (CaOx) stone formation.

METHODS

CaOx nephrocalcinosis mice were established via intraperitoneal injection of glyoxylate. They were treated with S100A9 deficiency, Paquinimod, or p38 MAPK-IN-1. Vonkossa staining was conducted to observe the deposition of CaOx crystals. Renal expression of inflammation, macrophage polarization, and injury markers was detected using immunohistochemistry and qPCR. Effects of S100A9 on renal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2) were explored by transcriptome sequencing. The mechanism of how S100A9 regulated lipocalin 2 (LCN2) was studied through Western Blot. Flow cytometry was performed to detect the influence of LCN2 on macrophages polarization.

RESULTS

S100A9 deficiency inhibited the renal deposition of CaOx crystals in nephrocalcinosis mice. S100A9 upregulated the expression of LCN2 in HK-2 cells via activating the TLR4-p38/MAPK pathway. LCN2 promoted the migration and M1 polarization of macrophages. S100A9 deficiency downregulated the renal expression of LCN2, IL1-β, Kim-1, F4/80, and CD80 in nephrocalcinosis mice. Paquinimod and p38 MAPK-IN-1 both inhibited the renal deposition of CaOx crystals and downregulated the expression of LCN2, IL1-β, Kim-1, F4/80, iNOS, and CD68 in nephrocalcinosis mice.

CONCLUSIONS

S100A9 promotes renal inflammatory injury by activating the TLR4-p38/MAPK-LCN2 pathway and then contributes to CaOx stone formation.

Therapeutic potential of natural coumarins in autoimmune diseases with underlying mechanisms

Autoimmune diseases encompass a wide range of disorders characterized by disturbed immunoregulation leading to the development of specific autoantibodies, which cause inflammation and multiple organ involvement. However, its pathogenesis remains unelucidated. Furthermore, the cumulative medical and economic burden of autoimmune diseases is on the rise, making these diseases a ubiquitous global phenomenon that is predicted to further increase in the coming decades. Coumarins, a class of aromatic natural products with benzene and alpha-pyrone as their basic structures, has good therapeutic effects on autoimmune diseases. In this review, we systematically highlighted the latest evidence on coumarins and autoimmune diseases data from clinical and animal studies. Coumarin acts on immune cells and cytokines and plays a role in the treatment of autoimmune diseases by regulating NF-κB, Keap1/Nrf2, MAPKs, JAK/STAT, Wnt/β-catenin, PI3K/AKT, Notch and TGF-β/Smad signaling pathways. This systematic review will provide insight into the interaction of coumarin and autoimmune diseases, and will lay a groundwork for the development of new drugs for autoimmune diseases.

Standardized Parts for Activation of Small GTPase Signaling in Living Cells

Small GTPases comprise a superfamily of over 167 proteins in the human genome and are critical regulators of a variety of pathways including cell migration and proliferation. Despite the importance of these proteins in cell signaling, a standardized approach for controlling small GTPase activation within living cells is lacking. Herein, we report a split-protein-based approach to directly activate small GTPase signaling in living cells. Importantly, our fragmentation site can be applied across the small GTPase superfamily. We highlight the utility of these standardized parts by demonstrating the ability to directly modulate the activity of four different small GTPases with user-defined inputs, providing the first plug and play system for direct activation of small GTPases in living cells.

Special Issue: MAPK Signaling Cascades in Human Health and Diseases

In order to survive and fulfil their functions, cells of any organism need to be able to respond to a large number of extracellular factors, also termed extracellular stimuli [...].