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Rhymes JM, Evans D, Laudone G, Schofield HK, Fry E, Fitzsimons MF. Biochar improves fertility in waste derived manufactured soils, but not resilience to climate change. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 923:171387. [PMID: 38432382 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
We present a soil manufactured from waste materials, which could replace the use of peat and topsoil in plant production and reduce the pressure on natural soil resources. We tested the effect of the manufactured soil on ecosystem functions and microbial communities with and without plants present, and with and without biochar addition (Experiment 1). The resilience of the soil in response to drought and flooding, and also the effect of biochar was also tested (Experiment 2). Biochar increased soil C and N regardless of plant presence and negated the effect of the plant on soil peroxidase enzyme activity. The manufactured soil was largely resilient to drought, but not flooding, with negative impacts on microbial communities. Results indicate that biochar could improve soil properties, but not resilience to climatic perturbations. Results suggest that manufactured soils amended with biochar could offer a useful alternative to natural soil in many contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Rhymes
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK; UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK.
| | - Daniel Evans
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Giuliano Laudone
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - H Kate Schofield
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Ellen Fry
- Edge Hill University, St Helens Road, Ormskirk, Lancashire L39 4QP, UK
| | - Mark F Fitzsimons
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
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2
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Chourasiya D, Ramesh A, Maheshwari HS, Prakash A, Drijber R, Sharma MP. Mass Production of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on the Sorghum Plants Inoculated with Burkholderia arboris Using Soybean Mill Waste and Vermicompost-Amended Soil-Sand Substrate. Curr Microbiol 2024; 81:129. [PMID: 38587647 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-024-03662-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are being used as a new generation of biofertilizers to increase plant growth by improving plant nutrition and bio-protection. However, because of the obligatory nature of the plant host, large-scale multiplication of AM propagules is challenging, which limits its applicability. This study evaluates the ability of Burkholderia arboris to increase AM production in soybean mill waste and vermicompost amended by soil-sand mixture planted with sorghum as a host plant. The experiment was conducted in a nursery using a completely randomized design with four inoculation treatments (B. arboris, AM fungi, B. arboris + AM fungi, and control) under sterilized and unsterilized conditions. AM production was investigated microscopically (spore density and root colonization), and biochemically (AM-specific lipid biomarker, 16:1ω5cis derived from neutral lipid fatty acid (NLFA), and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) fractions from both soil and roots). Integrating B. arboris with AM fungi in organically amended pots was found to increase AM fungal production by 62.16 spores g-1 soil and root colonization by 80.85%. Biochemical parameters also increased with B. arboris inoculation: 5.49 nmol PLFA g-1 soil and 692.68 nmol PLFA g-1 root and 36.72 nmol NLFA g-1 soil and 3147.57 nmol NLFA g-1 root. Co-inoculation also increased glomalin-related soil protein and root biomass. Principal component analysis (PCA) further supported the higher contribution of B. arboris to AM fungi production under unsterilized conditions. In conclusion, inoculation of AM plant host seeds with B. arboris prior to sowing into organic potting mix could be a promising and cost-effective approach for increasing AM inoculum density for commercial production. Furthermore, efforts need to be made for up-scaling the AM production with different plant hosts and soil-substrate types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipanti Chourasiya
- Microbiology Section, ICAR-Indian Indian Institute of Soybean Research, Indore, 452001, India
- Department of Microbiology, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, 462026, India
| | - Aketi Ramesh
- Microbiology Section, ICAR-Indian Indian Institute of Soybean Research, Indore, 452001, India
| | - Hemant Singh Maheshwari
- Microbiology Section, ICAR-Indian Indian Institute of Soybean Research, Indore, 452001, India
| | - Anil Prakash
- Department of Microbiology, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, 462026, India
| | - Rhae Drijber
- Department of Agronomy & Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583-0915, USA
| | - Mahaveer P Sharma
- Microbiology Section, ICAR-Indian Indian Institute of Soybean Research, Indore, 452001, India.
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3
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Butler OM, Manzoni S, Warren CR. Community composition and physiological plasticity control microbial carbon storage across natural and experimental soil fertility gradients. THE ISME JOURNAL 2023; 17:2259-2269. [PMID: 37853184 PMCID: PMC10689824 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-023-01527-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Many microorganisms synthesise carbon (C)-rich compounds under resource deprivation. Such compounds likely serve as intracellular C-storage pools that sustain the activities of microorganisms growing on stoichiometrically imbalanced substrates, making them potentially vital to the function of ecosystems on infertile soils. We examined the dynamics and drivers of three putative C-storage compounds (neutral lipid fatty acids [NLFAs], polyhydroxybutyrate [PHB], and trehalose) across a natural gradient of soil fertility in eastern Australia. Together, NLFAs, PHB, and trehalose corresponded to 8.5-40% of microbial C and 0.06-0.6% of soil organic C. When scaled to "structural" microbial biomass (indexed by polar lipid fatty acids; PLFAs), NLFA and PHB allocation was 2-3-times greater in infertile soils derived from ironstone and sandstone than in comparatively fertile basalt- and shale-derived soils. PHB allocation was positively correlated with belowground biological phosphorus (P)-demand, while NLFA allocation was positively correlated with fungal PLFA : bacterial PLFA ratios. A complementary incubation revealed positive responses of respiration, storage, and fungal PLFAs to glucose, while bacterial PLFAs responded positively to PO43-. By comparing these results to a model of microbial C-allocation, we reason that NLFA primarily served the "reserve" storage mode for C-limited taxa (i.e., fungi), while the variable portion of PHB likely served as "surplus" C-storage for P-limited bacteria. Thus, our findings reveal a convergence of community-level processes (i.e., changes in taxonomic composition that underpin reserve-mode storage dynamics) and intracellular mechanisms (e.g., physiological plasticity of surplus-mode storage) that drives strong, predictable community-level microbial C-storage dynamics across gradients of soil fertility and substrate stoichiometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orpheus M Butler
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Stefano Manzoni
- Stockholm University and Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Charles R Warren
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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4
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Lin P, Kook M, Yi TH, Yan ZF. Current Fungal Taxonomy and Developments in the Identification System. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:375. [PMID: 37848628 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03514-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
A functional identification system is the core and basis of fungal taxonomy, which provides sufficient diagnostic characteristics for species delimitation. Phenotype-based identification systems have exhibited significant drawbacks, such as being laborious and time-consuming. Thus, a molecular-based identification system (rDNA, DNA fingerprint, etc.) is proposed for application to fungi that lack reliable morphological characteristics. High Throughput Sequencing also makes great contributions to fungal taxonomy. However, the formal naming of nonculturable fungi from environmental sequencing is a significant challenge. Biochemical profile-based identification systems have outstanding value in fungal taxonomy and can occasionally be indispensable. This method utilizes biomarker metabolites and proteins that are expected to be unequivocal and stable. Of these, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry has become the method of choice for chemotaxonomy. In sum, these described identification systems cannot solve all problems of species delimitation, and considerable attention to the updating of fungal nomenclature, standardization of techniques, knowledge sharing, and dissemination will be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Lin
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - MooChang Kook
- College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University Global Campus, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hoo Yi
- Department of Food & Nutrition, Baewha Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Zheng-Fei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
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Mason-Jones K, Breidenbach A, Dyckmans J, Banfield CC, Dippold MA. Intracellular carbon storage by microorganisms is an overlooked pathway of biomass growth. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2240. [PMID: 37076457 PMCID: PMC10115882 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37713-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of biomass growth is central to microbial carbon (C) cycling and ecosystem nutrient turnover. Microbial biomass is usually assumed to grow by cellular replication, despite microorganisms' capacity to increase biomass by synthesizing storage compounds. Resource investment in storage allows microbes to decouple their metabolic activity from immediate resource supply, supporting more diverse microbial responses to environmental changes. Here we show that microbial C storage in the form of triacylglycerides (TAGs) and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) contributes significantly to the formation of new biomass, i.e. growth, under contrasting conditions of C availability and complementary nutrient supply in soil. Together these compounds can comprise a C pool 0.19 ± 0.03 to 0.46 ± 0.08 times as large as extractable soil microbial biomass and reveal up to 279 ± 72% more biomass growth than observed by a DNA-based method alone. Even under C limitation, storage represented an additional 16-96% incorporation of added C into microbial biomass. These findings encourage greater recognition of storage synthesis as a key pathway of biomass growth and an underlying mechanism for resistance and resilience of microbial communities facing environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Mason-Jones
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, the Netherlands.
- Biogeochemistry of Agroecosystems, Department of Crop Sciences, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Andreas Breidenbach
- Biogeochemistry of Agroecosystems, Department of Crop Sciences, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Geo-Biosphere Interactions, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jens Dyckmans
- Centre for Stable Isotope Research and Analysis, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Callum C Banfield
- Biogeochemistry of Agroecosystems, Department of Crop Sciences, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Geo-Biosphere Interactions, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michaela A Dippold
- Biogeochemistry of Agroecosystems, Department of Crop Sciences, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
- Geo-Biosphere Interactions, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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6
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Pastore MA, Classen AT, English ME, Frey SD, Knorr MA, Rand K, Adair EC. Soil microbial legacies influence freeze–thaw responses of soil. Funct Ecol 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Pastore
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources University of Vermont Burlington Vermont USA
- Gund Institute for Environment University of Vermont Burlington Vermont USA
| | - Aimée T. Classen
- Gund Institute for Environment University of Vermont Burlington Vermont USA
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan USA
- University of Michigan Biological Station Pellston Michigan USA
| | - Marie E. English
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources University of Vermont Burlington Vermont USA
| | - Serita D. Frey
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment University of New Hampshire Durham New Hampshire USA
| | - Melissa A. Knorr
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment University of New Hampshire Durham New Hampshire USA
| | - Karin Rand
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources University of Vermont Burlington Vermont USA
| | - E. Carol Adair
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources University of Vermont Burlington Vermont USA
- Gund Institute for Environment University of Vermont Burlington Vermont USA
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Chaudhary DR, Kumar M, Kalla V. Sediment microbial community structure, enzymatic activities and functional gene abundance in the coastal hypersaline habitats. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:56. [PMID: 36607455 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03398-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Salt marsh vegetation, mudflat and salt production are common features in worldwide coastal areas; however, their influence on microbial community composition and structure has been poorly studied and rarely compared. In the present study, microbial community composition (phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiling and 16S rRNA gene sequencing (bacterial and archaeal)) and structure, enzymatic activities and abundance of functional genes in the sediments of salt ponds (crystallizer, condenser and reservoir), mudflat and vegetated mudflat were determined. Enzyme activities (β-glucosidase, urease and alkaline phosphatase) were considerably decreased in saltpan sediments because of elevated salinity while sediment of vegetated mudflat sediments showed the highest enzyme activities. Concentrations of total microbial biomarker PLFAs (total bacterial, Gram-positive, Gram-negative, fungal and actinomycetes) were the highest in vegetated mudflat sediments and the lowest in crystallizer sediments. Nonmetric-multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis of PLFA data revealed that the microbial community of crystallizer, mudflat and vegetated mudflat was significantly different from each other as well as different from condenser and reservoir. The most predominant phyla within the classified bacterial fractions were Proteobacteria followed by Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Planctomycetes, while Euryarchaeota and Crenarchaeota phyla dominated the classified archaeal fraction. Cyanobacterial genotypes were the most dominant in the condenser. Mudflat and vegetated mudflat supported a greater abundance of Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria, respectively. The results of the present study suggest that salt ponds had significantly decreased the microbial and enzyme activities in comparison to mudflat and vegetated mudflat sediments due to very high salinity, ionic concentrations and devoid of vegetation. The present study expands our understanding of microbial resource utilization and adaptations of microorganisms in a hypersaline environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doongar R Chaudhary
- Division of Plant Omics, CSIR - Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, 364002, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
| | - Madhav Kumar
- Division of Plant Omics, CSIR - Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, 364002, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Vandana Kalla
- Lachoo Memorial College of Science and Technology, Shastri Nagar, Sec. A, Jodhpur, 342001, Rajasthan, India
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García-Carmona M, Lepinay C, García-Orenes F, Baldrian P, Arcenegui V, Cajthaml T, Mataix-Solera J. Moss biocrust accelerates the recovery and resilience of soil microbial communities in fire-affected semi-arid Mediterranean soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 846:157467. [PMID: 35868386 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
After wildfires in Mediterranean ecosystems, ruderal mosses are pioneer species, stabilizing the soil surface previous to the establishment of vascular vegetation. However, little is known about the implication of pioneer moss biocrusts for the recovery and resilience of soils in early post-fire stages in semi-arid areas. Therefore, we studied the effects of the burgeoning biocrust on soil physicochemical and biochemical properties and the diversity and composition of microbial communities after a moderate-to-high wildfire severity. Seven months after the wildfire, the biocrust softened the strong impact of the fire in soils, affecting the diversity and composition of bacteria and fungi community compared to the uncrusted soils exposed to unfavourable environmental stress. Soil moisture, phosphorous, and enzyme activities representing the altered biogeochemical cycles after the fire, were the main explanatory variables for biocrust microbial community composition under the semi-arid conditions. High bacterial diversity was found in soils under mosses, while long-lasting legacies are expected in the fungal community, which showed greater sensitivity to the fire. The composition of bacterial and fungal communities at several taxonomical levels was profoundly altered by the presence of the moss biocrust, showing a rapid successional transition toward the unburned soil community. Pioneer moss biocrust play an important role improving the resilience of soil microbial communities. In the context of increasing fire intensity, studying the moss biocrust effects on the recovery of soils microbiome is essential to understanding the resistance and resilience of Mediterranean forests to wildfires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minerva García-Carmona
- GEA-Environmental Soil Science Group, Department of Agrochemistry and Environment, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain.
| | - Clémentine Lepinay
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Fuensanta García-Orenes
- GEA-Environmental Soil Science Group, Department of Agrochemistry and Environment, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Petr Baldrian
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Victoria Arcenegui
- GEA-Environmental Soil Science Group, Department of Agrochemistry and Environment, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Tomáš Cajthaml
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jorge Mataix-Solera
- GEA-Environmental Soil Science Group, Department of Agrochemistry and Environment, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain
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Soil microbial community changes in response to the environmental gradients of urbanization in Guangzhou City. Urban Ecosyst 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11252-022-01279-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Fernández N, Knoblochová T, Kohout P, Janoušková M, Cajthaml T, Frouz J, Rydlová J. Asymmetric Interaction Between Two Mycorrhizal Fungal Guilds and Consequences for the Establishment of Their Host Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:873204. [PMID: 35755655 PMCID: PMC9218742 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.873204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) and ectomycorrhiza (EcM) are the most abundant and widespread types of mycorrhizal symbiosis, but there is little and sometimes conflicting information regarding the interaction between AM fungi (AMF) and EcM fungi (EcMF) in soils. Their competition for resources can be particularly relevant in successional ecosystems, which usually present a transition from AM-forming herbaceous vegetation to EcM-forming woody species. The aims of this study were to describe the interaction between mycorrhizal fungal communities associated with AM and EcM hosts naturally coexisting during primary succession on spoil banks and to evaluate how this interaction affects growth and mycorrhizal colonization of seedlings of both species. We conducted a greenhouse microcosm experiment with Betula pendula and Hieracium caespitosum as EcM and AM hosts, respectively. They were cultivated in three-compartment rhizoboxes. Two lateral compartments contained different combinations of both host plants as sources of fungal mycelia colonizing the middle compartment, where fungal biomass, diversity, and community composition as well as the growth of each host plant species' seedlings were analyzed. The study's main finding was an asymmetric outcome of the interaction between the two plant species: while H. caespitosum and associated AMF reduced the abundance of EcMF in soil, modified the composition of EcMF communities, and also tended to decrease growth and mycorrhizal colonization of B. pendula seedlings, the EcM host did not have such effects on AM plants and associated AMF. In the context of primary succession, these findings suggest that ruderal AM hosts could hinder the development of EcM tree seedlings, thus slowing the transition from AM-dominated to EcM-dominated vegetation in early successional stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Fernández
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Aplicada y Biotecnología, Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche, Universidad Nacional del Comahue - IPATEC, Bariloche, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tereza Knoblochová
- Department of Mycorrhizal Symbioses, Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czechia
| | - Petr Kohout
- Department of Mycorrhizal Symbioses, Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czechia
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martina Janoušková
- Department of Mycorrhizal Symbioses, Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czechia
| | - Tomáš Cajthaml
- Faculty of Science, Institute for Environmental Studies, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jan Frouz
- Faculty of Science, Institute for Environmental Studies, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jana Rydlová
- Department of Mycorrhizal Symbioses, Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czechia
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Ma S, Zhu B, Chen G, Ni X, Zhou L, Su H, Cai Q, Chen X, Zhu J, Ji C, Li Y, Fang J. Loss of soil microbial residue carbon by converting a tropical forest to tea plantation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 818:151742. [PMID: 34808187 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Land-use change can lead to profound changes in the storage of soil organic carbon (SOC) in the tropics. Soil microbial residues make up the majority of persistent SOC pools, yet the impact of land-use change on microbial residue C accumulation in the tropics is not well understood. Here, we investigated how the conversion of tropical primary montane rainforest to secondary forest and the conversions of secondary forest to Prunus salicina plantation and tea plantation, influence the accumulation of soil microbial residue C (indicated by amino sugars). Our results showed that the secondary forest had a higher SOC than that of the primary forest (+63%), while they had no difference in microbial residue C concentration, indicating a relatively slow microbial-derived C accrual during secondary succession. Moreover, the P. salicina plantation and tea plantation had lower SOC than the secondary forest (-53% and -57%, respectively). A decrease in fungal biomass (-51%) resulted in less fungal and total residue C concentrations in the tea plantation than in the secondary forest (-38% and -35%, respectively), indicating microbial-derived C loss following the forest conversion. The change in microbial residue C depended on litter standing crop rather than soil nutrient and root biomass. Litter standing crop affected microbial residue C concentration by regulating fungal biomass and hydrolytic enzyme activities. Taken together, our results highlight that litter-microbe interactions drive microbial residue C accumulation following forest conversions in the tropics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhui Ma
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Biao Zhu
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Guoping Chen
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaofeng Ni
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Luhong Zhou
- School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Haojie Su
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qiong Cai
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jiangling Zhu
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chengjun Ji
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yide Li
- Jianfengling National Key Field Observation and Research Station for Forest Ecosystem, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Jingyun Fang
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Németh JB, Knapp DG, Kósa A, Hegedűs PÁ, Herczeg G, Vági P, Kovács GM. Micro-scale Experimental System Coupled with Fluorescence-based Estimation of Fungal Biomass to Study Utilisation of Plant Substrates. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2022; 83:714-723. [PMID: 34218293 PMCID: PMC8979871 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-021-01794-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The degradation capacity and utilisation of complex plant substrates are crucial for the functioning of saprobic fungi and different plant symbionts with fundamental functions in ecosystems. Measuring the growth capacity and biomass of fungi on such systems is a challenging task. We established a new micro-scale experimental setup using substrates made of different plant species and organs as media for fungal growth. We adopted and tested a reliable and simple titration-based method for the estimation of total fungal biomass within the substrates using fluorescence-labelled lectin. We found that the relationship between fluorescence intensity and fungal dry weight was strong and linear but differed among fungi. The effect of the plant organ (i.e. root vs. shoot) used as substrate on fungal growth differed among plant species and between root endophytic fungal species. The novel microscale experimental system is useful for screening the utilisation of different substrates, which can provide insight into the ecological roles and functions of fungi. Furthermore, our fungal biomass estimation method has applications in various fields. As the estimation is based on the fungal cell wall, it measures the total cumulative biomass produced in a certain environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianna B Németh
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Dániel G Knapp
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Annamária Kósa
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Panna Á Hegedűs
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Gábor Herczeg
- Behavioural Ecology Group, Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Pál Vági
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Gábor M Kovács
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
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13
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Microbial storage and its implications for soil ecology. THE ISME JOURNAL 2022; 16:617-629. [PMID: 34593996 PMCID: PMC8857262 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-021-01110-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Organisms throughout the tree of life accumulate chemical resources, in particular forms or compartments, to secure their availability for future use. Here we review microbial storage and its ecological significance by assembling several rich but disconnected lines of research in microbiology, biogeochemistry, and the ecology of macroscopic organisms. Evidence is drawn from various systems, but we pay particular attention to soils, where microorganisms play crucial roles in global element cycles. An assembly of genus-level data demonstrates the likely prevalence of storage traits in soil. We provide a theoretical basis for microbial storage ecology by distinguishing a spectrum of storage strategies ranging from surplus storage (storage of abundant resources that are not immediately required) to reserve storage (storage of limited resources at the cost of other metabolic functions). This distinction highlights that microorganisms can invest in storage at times of surplus and under conditions of scarcity. We then align storage with trait-based microbial life-history strategies, leading to the hypothesis that ruderal species, which are adapted to disturbance, rely less on storage than microorganisms adapted to stress or high competition. We explore the implications of storage for soil biogeochemistry, microbial biomass, and element transformations and present a process-based model of intracellular carbon storage. Our model indicates that storage can mitigate against stoichiometric imbalances, thereby enhancing biomass growth and resource-use efficiency in the face of unbalanced resources. Given the central roles of microbes in biogeochemical cycles, we propose that microbial storage may be influential on macroscopic scales, from carbon cycling to ecosystem stability.
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14
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Life and death in the soil microbiome: how ecological processes influence biogeochemistry. Nat Rev Microbiol 2022; 20:415-430. [DOI: 10.1038/s41579-022-00695-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Utilization of Glycine by Microorganisms along the Altitude Changbai Mountain, China: An Uptake Test Using 13C,15N Labeling and 13C-PLFA Analysis. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13020307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
External organic nitrogen (N) inputs can contrastingly affect the transformation and availability of N in forest soils, which is an important potential N resource and is possibly vulnerable to soil properties. Little is known about the transformation and availability of external small molecule organic N in forest soils and the underlying microbial mechanisms. Soil samples from Changbai Mountain at different altitudes (from 750 m to 2200 m) that ranged widely in soil properties were incubated with 13C, 15N-labeled glycine. The fate of 15N-glycine and the incorporation of 13C into different phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) were measured at the same time. The addition of glycine promoted gross N mineralization and microbial N immobilization significantly. Mineralization of glycine N accounted for 6.2–22.5% of the added glycine and can be explicable in the light of a readily mineralizable substrate by soil microorganisms. Assimilation of glycine N into microbial biomass by the mineralization-immobilization-turnover (MIT) route accounted for 24.7–52.1% of the added label and was most mightily affected by the soil C/N ratio. We also found that the direct utilization of glycine is important to fulfill microorganism growth under the lack of available carbon (C) at upper elevations. The labeled glycine was rapidly incorporated into the PLFAs and was primarily assimilated by bacteria, indicating that different groups of the microbial community were answerable to external organic N. G+ bacteria were the main competitors for the exogenous glycine. Increased intact incorporation of glycine into microbial biomass and the concentration of PLFAs in general, particularly in G+ bacteria, suggest a diversified arrangement to response changes in substrate availability.
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16
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Andrino A, Guggenberger G, Kernchen S, Mikutta R, Sauheitl L, Boy J. Production of Organic Acids by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Their Contribution in the Mobilization of Phosphorus Bound to Iron Oxides. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:661842. [PMID: 34335645 PMCID: PMC8320662 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.661842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Most plants living in tropical acid soils depend on the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis for mobilizing low-accessible phosphorus (P), due to its strong bonding by iron (Fe) oxides. The roots release low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs) as a mechanism to increase soil P availability by ligand exchange or dissolution. However, little is known on the LMWOA production by AM fungi (AMF), since most studies conducted on AM plants do not discriminate on the LMWOA origin. This study aimed to determine whether AMF release significant amounts of LMWOAs to liberate P bound to Fe oxides, which is otherwise unavailable for the plant. Solanum lycopersicum L. plants mycorrhized with Rhizophagus irregularis were placed in a bicompartmental mesocosm, with P sources only accessible by AMF. Fingerprinting of LMWOAs in compartments containing free and goethite-bound orthophosphate (OP or GOE-OP) and phytic acid (PA or GOE-PA) was done. To assess P mobilization via AM symbiosis, P content, photosynthesis, and the degree of mycorrhization were determined in the plant; whereas, AM hyphae abundance was determined using lipid biomarkers. The results showing a higher shoot P content, along with a lower N:P ratio and a higher photosynthetic capacity, may be indicative of a higher photosynthetic P-use efficiency, when AM plants mobilized P from less-accessible sources. The presence of mono-, di-, and tricarboxylic LMWOAs in compartments containing OP or GOE-OP and phytic acid (PA or GOE-PA) points toward the occurrence of reductive dissolution and ligand exchange/dissolution reactions. Furthermore, hyphae grown in goethite loaded with OP and PA exhibited an increased content of unsaturated lipids, pointing to an increased membrane fluidity in order to maintain optimal hyphal functionality and facilitate the incorporation of P. Our results underpin the centrality of AM symbiosis in soil biogeochemical processes, by highlighting the ability of the AMF and accompanying microbiota in releasing significant amounts of LMWOAs to mobilize P bound to Fe oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Andrino
- Institute of Soil Science, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Georg Guggenberger
- Institute of Soil Science, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Sarmite Kernchen
- Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Robert Mikutta
- Soil Science and Soil Protection, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Leopold Sauheitl
- Institute of Soil Science, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Jens Boy
- Institute of Soil Science, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hanover, Germany
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17
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Fernandes MF, Lopes LD, Dick RP. Microbial dynamics associated with the decomposition of coconut and maize residues in a microcosm experiment with tropical soils under two nitrogen fertilization levels. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:1261-1273. [PMID: 33539603 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The microbial dynamics associated with the decomposition of maize (Zea mays) and coconut (Cocos nucifera) residues were investigated to assess the feasibility of using them as mulch in tropical soils. METHODS AND RESULTS Phospholipid fatty-acid (PLFA) profiling, microbial biomass (MB-C), basal respiration, C-cycle enzyme activities and inorganic N dynamics were monitored in a microcosm experiment incubating soil samples with plant residues for 425 days. Maize stover (MS) showed a higher decomposition, respiration rate, MB-C, enzymes activities and shift in microbial community structure than coconut husk (CH), which was barely changed. In MS, the lower N level increased C losses and decreased N mineralization compared to the higher N level. CONCLUSIONS Maize stover is suitable for mulching and has a high potential of increasing soil quality if the proper N fertilization level is used, avoiding excessive C mineralization and N immobilization. Coconut husk decomposition was mostly impaired, indicating that a pre-processing is necessary to improve the benefits of this residue. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Tropical soils are prone to degradation. Mulching can promote soil conservation, but depends on residue type and soil chemistry. Our study showed that MS managed under the recommended N fertilization level is suitable for mulching while CH is highly inaccessible for microbial degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Fernandes
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.,Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Embrapa Coastal Tablelands, Aracaju, SE, Brazil
| | - L D Lopes
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Embrapa Coastal Tablelands, Aracaju, SE, Brazil
| | - R P Dick
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Embrapa Coastal Tablelands, Aracaju, SE, Brazil.,School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Woelber-Kastner BK, Frey SD, Howard DR, Hall CL. Insect reproductive behaviors are important mediators of carrion nutrient release into soil. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3616. [PMID: 33574411 PMCID: PMC7878738 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82988-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Current declines in terrestrial insect biomass and abundance have raised global concern for the fate of insects and the ecosystem services they provide. However, the ecological and economic contributions of many insects have yet to be quantified. Carrion-specializing invertebrates are important mediators of carrion decomposition; however, the role of their reproductive activities in facilitating this nutrient pulse into ecosystems is poorly understood. Here, we investigate whether insects that sequester carrion belowground for reproduction alter soil biotic and abiotic properties in North American temperate forests. We conducted a field experiment that measured soil conditions in control, surface carrion alone, and beetle-utilized carrion treatments. Our data demonstrate that Nicrophorus beetle reproduction and development results in changes in soil characteristics which are consistent with those observed in surface carrion decomposition alone. Carrion addition treatments increase soil labile C, DON and DOC, while soil pH and microbial C:N ratios decrease. This study demonstrates that the decomposition of carrion drives soil changes but suggests that the behaviors of insect scavengers play an important role in the release of carrion nutrients directly into the soil by sequestering carrion resources in the ecosystem where they were deposited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke K Woelber-Kastner
- College of Life Science and Agriculture, University of New Hampshire, Spaulding Hall Rm G37; 38 Academic Way, Durham, NH, 03824, USA.
| | - Serita D Frey
- College of Life Science and Agriculture, University of New Hampshire, Spaulding Hall Rm G37; 38 Academic Way, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Daniel R Howard
- College of Life Science and Agriculture, University of New Hampshire, Spaulding Hall Rm G37; 38 Academic Way, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
| | - Carrie L Hall
- College of Life Science and Agriculture, University of New Hampshire, Spaulding Hall Rm G37; 38 Academic Way, Durham, NH, 03824, USA
- , 2415 Eisenhower Ave, Alexandria, VA, 22314, USA
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19
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Hansen JC, Schillinger WF, Sullivan TS, Paulitz TC. Decline in Soil Microbial Abundance When Camelina Introduced Into a Monoculture Wheat System. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:571178. [PMID: 33329427 PMCID: PMC7710528 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.571178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Camelina [Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz] of the Brassicaceae family is a potential alternative and oilseed biofuel crop for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-based cropping systems of the Inland Pacific Northwest (PNW) of the United States. We investigated the effect of this relatively new rotational crop on soil microbial communities. An 8-year cropping systems experiment was initiated in 2007 at Lind, WA, to compare a 3-year rotation of winter wheat (WW)-camelina (C)-fallow (F) to the typical 2-year WW-F rotation. All phases of both rotations (total = 20 plots) were present every year to allow valid statistical analysis and data interpretations. Monoculture WW-F is the dominant system practiced by the vast majority of farmers on 1.56 million ha of cropland in the PNW drylands that receive <300 mm average annual precipitation. Microbial abundance and community composition were determined using phospholipid fatty acid analysis (PLFA) from soil samples collected during 3 consecutive years beginning in 2010. The abundance of fungi, mycorrhizae, Gram positive and negative bacteria, and total microbial abundance all declined over the 3-year period in the WW-C-F rotation compared to the WW-F rotation. All microbial lipid biomarkers were significantly less in fallow compared to WW of the WW-C-F rotation. The 2-year WW-F rotation demonstrated few differences in microbial lipid abundance and community structure between the rotation phases. Microbial abundance declined and community structure shifted in the 3-year WW-C-F rotation likely due to the combination of a Brassica crop followed by a 13-month-long fallow. The results of this study suggest that camelina in combination with a fallow period may disrupt microbial communities that have become stable under historical WW-F monocropping. Such disturbances have the potential to affect soil processes that have been provided by wheat-adapted microbial communities. However, the disruption appears to be short-lived with the microbial abundance of WW in the WW-C-F rotation, returning to similar levels observed in the WW-F rotation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy C Hansen
- Northwest Sustainable Agroecosystems Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - William F Schillinger
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Tarah S Sullivan
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Timothy C Paulitz
- Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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20
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Konschak M, Zubrod JP, Baudy P, Fink P, Kenngott K, Lüderwald S, Englert K, Jusi C, Schulz R, Bundschuh M. The importance of diet-related effects of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin on the leaf-shredding invertebrate Gammarus fossarum (Crustacea; Amphipoda). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 222:105461. [PMID: 32171118 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics may constitute a risk for aquatic detritivorous macroinvertebrates (i.e., shredders) via waterborne and dietary antibiotic exposure. In addition, antibiotics can alter the food quality for shredders mediated by shifts in leaf-associated decomposer (i.e., aquatic fungi and bacteria) communities. However, little is known about the relative importance of the waterborne and dietary effect pathway. Therefore, we followed a tiered testing approach aimed at assessing the relative importance of these effect pathways. We employed the antibiotic ciprofloxacin (CIP) and the shredder Gammarus fossarum as model stressor and test species, respectively. In a first step, we assessed the short-term waterborne toxicity of CIP using survival and leaf consumption of G. fossarum as response variables. Alterations in the leaf-associated decomposer community, which may be reflected by their palatability, were assessed using food choice assays. Finally, we conducted a 2 × 2-factorial experiment over 24 days assessing the pathways individually and combined using energy processing (i.e., leaf consumption and feces production), growth and energy storage (i.e., neutral lipid fatty acids) as variables. Short term waterborne exposure indicated low toxicity with LC50 and EC50 values of 13.6 and 6.4 mg CIP/L, respectively. At the same time, shredders did not prefer any leaf material during the food choice assay. However, the fungal community was significantly affected in the highest CIP-treatments (0.5 and 2.5 mg/L) suggesting an altered food quality for shredders. This assumption is supported by the results of the long-term assay. At 0.5 mg CIP/L, gammarids' leaf consumption, growth and energy storage were increased when subjected via the dietary pathway, which was linked to changes in the leaf-associated microbial community. Our data highlight the importance of dietary effect pathways for effects on shredders, potentially impacting energy dynamics in detritus-based stream ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Konschak
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany.
| | - Jochen P Zubrod
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany; Eußerthal Ecosystem Research Station, University of Koblenz-Landau, Birkenthalstraße 13, D-76857, Eußerthal, Germany
| | - Patrick Baudy
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany
| | - Patrick Fink
- Aquatic Chemical Ecology, Institute for Zoology, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 47b, D-50674, Köln, Germany; Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department River Ecology and Department Aquatic Ecosystem Analysis, Brückstrasse 3a, 39114 D, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Kilian Kenngott
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany
| | - Simon Lüderwald
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany
| | - Katja Englert
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany
| | - Cynthia Jusi
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany
| | - Ralf Schulz
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany; Eußerthal Ecosystem Research Station, University of Koblenz-Landau, Birkenthalstraße 13, D-76857, Eußerthal, Germany
| | - Mirco Bundschuh
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, D-76829, Landau, Germany; Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lennart Hjelms väg 9, SWE-75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
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21
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Soil Microbial Biomass and Community Composition Relates to Poplar Genotypes and Environmental Conditions. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11030262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Poplars, known for their diversity, are trees that can develop symbiotic relationships with several groups of microorganisms. The genetic diversity of poplars and different abiotic factors influence the properties of the soil and may shape microbial communities. Our study aimed to analyse the impact of poplar genotype on the biomass and community composition of the microbiome of four poplar genotypes grown under different soil conditions and soil depths. Of the three study sites, established in the mid-1990s, one was near a copper smelter, whereas the two others were situated in unpolluted regions, but were differentiated according to the physicochemical traits of the soil. The whole-cell fatty acid analysis was used to determine the biomass and proportions of gram-positive, gram-negative and actinobacteria, arbuscular fungi (AMF), other soil fungi, and protozoa in the whole microbial community in the soil. The results showed that the biomass of microorganisms and their contributions to the community of organisms in the soil close to poplar roots were determined by both factors: the tree-host genotype and the soil environment. However, each group of microorganisms was influenced by these factors to a different degree. In general, the site effect played the main role in shaping the microbial biomass (excluding actinobacteria), whereas tree genotype determined the proportions of the fungal and bacterial groups in the microbial communities and the proportion of AMF in the fungal community. Bacterial biomass was influenced more by site factors, whereas fungal biomass more by tree genotype. With increasing soil depth, a decrease in the biomass of all microorganisms was observed; however, the proportions of the different microorganisms within the soil profile were the result of interactions between the host genotype and soil conditions. Despite the predominant impact of soil conditions, our results showed the important role of poplar genotype in shaping microorganism communities in the soil.
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22
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de Vries FT, Williams A, Stringer F, Willcocks R, McEwing R, Langridge H, Straathof AL. Changes in root-exudate-induced respiration reveal a novel mechanism through which drought affects ecosystem carbon cycling. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:132-145. [PMID: 31218693 PMCID: PMC6771481 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Root exudates play an important role in ecosystem response to climate change, but the functional consequences of drought-induced changes in the quality of root exudates are unknown. Here, we addressed this knowledge gap in a unique experimental approach. We subjected two common grassland species that differ widely in their growth strategies and root systems, the grass Holcus lanatus and the forb Rumex acetosa, to 2 wk of drought. We collected root exudates and soils at the end of the drought and after 2 wk of recovery and readded all root exudates to all soils in a fully reciprocal set-up to measure root-exudate-induced respiration. We found that soil treatment was unimportant for determining root-exudate-induced respiration. By contrast, root exudates collected from plants that had experienced drought clearly triggered more soil respiration than exudates from undroughted plants. Importantly, this increased respiration compensated for the lower rates of root exudation in droughted plants. Our findings reveal a novel mechanism through which drought can continue to affect ecosystem carbon cycling, and a potential plant strategy to facilitate regrowth through stimulating microbial activity. These findings have important implications for understanding plant and ecosystem response to drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciska T. de Vries
- School of Earth and Environmental SciencesThe University of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PTUK
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem DynamicsUniversity of AmsterdamPO Box 94240Amsterdam1090 GEthe Netherlands
| | - Alex Williams
- School of Earth and Environmental SciencesThe University of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PTUK
| | - Fiona Stringer
- School of Earth and Environmental SciencesThe University of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PTUK
| | - Robert Willcocks
- School of Earth and Environmental SciencesThe University of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PTUK
| | - Rosie McEwing
- School of Earth and Environmental SciencesThe University of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PTUK
| | - Holly Langridge
- School of Earth and Environmental SciencesThe University of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PTUK
| | - Angela L. Straathof
- School of Earth and Environmental SciencesThe University of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PTUK
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23
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Chomel M, Lavallee JM, Alvarez‐Segura N, de Castro F, Rhymes JM, Caruso T, de Vries FT, Baggs EM, Emmerson MC, Bardgett RD, Johnson D. Drought decreases incorporation of recent plant photosynthate into soil food webs regardless of their trophic complexity. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:3549-3561. [PMID: 31301198 PMCID: PMC6851989 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Theory suggests that more complex food webs promote stability and can buffer the effects of perturbations, such as drought, on soil organisms and ecosystem functions. Here, we tested experimentally how soil food web trophic complexity modulates the response to drought of soil functions related to carbon cycling and the capture and transfer below-ground of recent photosynthate by plants. We constructed experimental systems comprising soil communities with one, two or three trophic levels (microorganisms, detritivores and predators) and subjected them to drought. We investigated how food web trophic complexity in interaction with drought influenced litter decomposition, soil CO2 efflux, mycorrhizal colonization, fungal production, microbial communities and soil fauna biomass. Plants were pulse-labelled after the drought with 13 C-CO2 to quantify the capture of recent photosynthate and its transfer below-ground. Overall, our results show that drought and soil food web trophic complexity do not interact to affect soil functions and microbial community composition, but act independently, with an overall stronger effect of drought. After drought, the net uptake of 13 C by plants was reduced and its retention in plant biomass was greater, leading to a strong decrease in carbon transfer below-ground. Although food web trophic complexity influenced the biomass of Collembola and fungal hyphal length, 13 C enrichment and the net transfer of carbon from plant shoots to microbes and soil CO2 efflux were not affected significantly by varying the number of trophic groups. Our results indicate that drought has a strong effect on above-ground-below-ground linkages by reducing the flow of recent photosynthate. Our results emphasize the sensitivity of the critical pathway of recent photosynthate transfer from plants to soil organisms to a drought perturbation, and show that these effects may not be mitigated by the trophic complexity of soil communities, at least at the level manipulated in this experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Chomel
- School of Earth and Environmental SciencesThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Jocelyn M. Lavallee
- School of Earth and Environmental SciencesThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
- Department of Soil and Crop SciencesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - Nil Alvarez‐Segura
- Marine and Continental Waters ProgramIRTASant Carles de la RàpitaCataloniaSpain
| | | | - Jennifer M. Rhymes
- School of Earth and Environmental SciencesThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of PlymouthPlymouthUK
| | - Tancredi Caruso
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute for Global Food SecurityQueen's University of BelfastBelfastUK
| | - Franciska T. de Vries
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem DynamicsUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth M. Baggs
- Global Academy of Agriculture and Food Security, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of EdinburghMidlothianUK
| | - Mark C. Emmerson
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute for Global Food SecurityQueen's University of BelfastBelfastUK
| | - Richard D. Bardgett
- School of Earth and Environmental SciencesThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - David Johnson
- School of Earth and Environmental SciencesThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
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Hansen JC, Schillinger WF, Sullivan TS, Paulitz TC. Soil Microbial Biomass and Fungi Reduced With Canola Introduced Into Long-Term Monoculture Wheat Rotations. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1488. [PMID: 31354643 PMCID: PMC6637790 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
With increasing canola (Brassica napus L.) acreage in the Inland Pacific Northwest of the USA, we investigated the effect of this relatively new rotational crop on soil microbial communities and the performance of subsequent wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crops. In a 6-year on-farm canola-wheat rotation study conducted near Davenport, WA, grain yields of spring wheat (SW) following winter canola (WC) were reduced an average of 17% compared to SW yields following winter wheat (WW). Using soil samples collected and analyzed every year from that study, the objective of this research was to determine the differences and similarities in the soil microbial communities associated with WC and WW, and if those differences were associated with SW yield response. Microbial biomass and community composition were determined using phospholipid fatty acid analysis (PLFA). The WC-associated microbial community contained significantly less fungi, mycorrhizae, and total microbial biomass than WW. Additionally, reduced fungal and mycorrhizal abundance in SW following WC suggests that the canola rotation effect can persist. A biocidal secondary metabolite of canola, isothiocyanate, may be a potential mechanism mediating the decline in soil microbial biomass. These results demonstrate the relationship between soil microbial community composition and crop productivity. Our data suggest that WC can have significant effects on soil microbial communities that ultimately drive microbially mediated soil processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy C Hansen
- Northwest Sustainable Agroecosystems Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - William F Schillinger
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Tarah S Sullivan
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Timothy C Paulitz
- Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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25
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Mason-Jones K, Banfield CC, Dippold MA. Compound-specific 13 C stable isotope probing confirms synthesis of polyhydroxybutyrate by soil bacteria. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33:795-802. [PMID: 30719792 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Many bacteria synthesize carbon (C) and energy storage compounds, including water-insoluble polyester lipids composed mainly or entirely of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB). Despite the potential significance of C and energy storage for microbial life and C cycling, few measurements of PHB in soil have been reported. METHODS A new protocol was implemented, based on an earlier sediment extraction and derivatization procedure, with quantification by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and 13 C-isotopic analysis by GC/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS). RESULTS The PHB content was 4.3 μg C g-1 in an agricultural soil and 1.2 μg C g-1 in a forest topsoil. This was an order of magnitude more PHB than obtained by the existing extraction method, suggesting that native PHB in soil has been previously underestimated. Addition of glucose increased the PHB content by 135% and 1,215% over 5 days, with the largest increase in the relatively nutrient-poor forest soil. In the agricultural soil, 68% of the increase was derived from added 13 C-labeled glucose, confirming synthesis of PHB from glucose for the first time in soil. CONCLUSIONS The presence and responsiveness of PHB in both these contrasting soils show that PHB could provide a useful indicator of bacterial nutritional status and unbalanced growth. Microbial storage could be important to C and nutrient cycling and be a widespread strategy in the life of soil bacteria. The presented method offers new insight into the significance of this compound in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Mason-Jones
- Agricultural Soil Science, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Callum C Banfield
- Biogeochemistry of Agroecosystems, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Michaela A Dippold
- Biogeochemistry of Agroecosystems, University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
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26
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Song P, Zhou B, Feng G, Brooks JP, Zhou H, Zhao Z, Liu Y, Li Y. The influence of chlorination timing and concentration on microbial communities in labyrinth channels: implications for biofilm removal. BIOFOULING 2019; 35:401-415. [PMID: 31142151 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2019.1600191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chlorination is an effective method to control biofilm formation in enclosed pipelines. To date, very little is known about how to control biofilms at the mesoscale in complex pipelines through chlorination. In this study, the dynamic of microbial communities was examined under different residual chlorine concentrations on the biofilms attached to labyrinth channels for drip irrigation using reclaimed water. The results indicated that the microbial phospholipid fatty acids, extracellular polymeric substances, microbial dynamics, and the ace and Shannon microbial diversity indices showed a gradual decrease after chlorination. However, chlorination increased microbial activity by 0.5-19.2%. The increase in the relative abundances of chloride-resistant bacteria (Acinetobacter and Thermomonas) could lead to a potential risk of chlorine resistance. Thus, keeping a low chlorine concentration (0.83 mg l-1 for 3 h) is effective for controlling biofilm formation in the labyrinth channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Song
- a College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering , China Agricultural University , Beijing , PR China
- b Genetics and Sustainable Agricultural Research Unit , United States Department of Agriculture , Starkville , MS , USA
| | - Bo Zhou
- a College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering , China Agricultural University , Beijing , PR China
- c College of Agricultural and Life Sciences , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , WI , USA
| | - Gary Feng
- b Genetics and Sustainable Agricultural Research Unit , United States Department of Agriculture , Starkville , MS , USA
| | - John P Brooks
- b Genetics and Sustainable Agricultural Research Unit , United States Department of Agriculture , Starkville , MS , USA
| | - Hongxu Zhou
- a College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering , China Agricultural University , Beijing , PR China
| | - Zhirui Zhao
- d Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , PR China
| | - Yaoze Liu
- e Department of Environmental and Sustainable Engineering , University at Albany , Albany , NY , USA
| | - Yunkai Li
- a College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering , China Agricultural University , Beijing , PR China
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27
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Dhandapani S, Ritz K, Evers S, Yule CM, Sjögersten S. Are secondary forests second-rate? Comparing peatland greenhouse gas emissions, chemical and microbial community properties between primary and secondary forests in Peninsular Malaysia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 655:220-231. [PMID: 30471590 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tropical peatlands are globally important ecosystems with high C storage and are endangered by anthropogenic disturbances. Microbes in peatlands play an important role in sustaining the functions of peatlands as a C sink, yet their characteristics in these habitats are poorly understood. This research aimed to elucidate the responses of these complex ecosystems to disturbance by exploring greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, nutrient contents, soil microbial communities and the functional interactions between these components in a primary and secondary peat swamp forest in Peninsular Malaysia. GHG measurements using closed chambers, and peat sampling were carried out in both wet and dry seasons. Microbial community phenotypes and nutrient content were determined using phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) and inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analyses respectively. CO2 emissions in the secondary peat swamp forest were > 50% higher than in the primary forest. CH4 emission rates were ca. 2 mg m-2 h-1 in the primary forest but the secondary forest was a CH4 sink, showing no seasonal variations in GHG emissions. Almost all the nutrient concentrations were significantly lower in the secondary forest, postulated to be due to nutrient leaching via drainage and higher rates of decomposition. Cu and Mo concentrations were negatively correlated with CO2 and CH4 emissions respectively. Microbial community structure was overwhelmingly dominated by bacteria in both forest types, however it was highly sensitive to land-use change and season. Gram-positive and Gram-negative relative abundance were positively correlated with CO2 and CH4 emissions respectively. Drainage related disturbances increased CO2 emissions, by reducing the nutrient content including some with known antimicrobial properties (Cu & Na) and by favouring Gram-positive bacteria over Gram-negative bacteria. These results suggest that the biogeochemistry of secondary peat swamp forest is fundamentally different from that of primary peat swamp forest, and these differences have significant functional impacts on their respective environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karl Ritz
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK
| | - Stephanie Evers
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK; School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Semenyih, Malaysia; Tropical Catchment Research Initiative (TROCARI), Malaysia
| | - Catherine M Yule
- School of Science, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia; School of Science, Monash University, Malaysia
| | - Sofie Sjögersten
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK
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Bray N, Kao-Kniffin J, Frey SD, Fahey T, Wickings K. Soil Macroinvertebrate Presence Alters Microbial Community Composition and Activity in the Rhizosphere. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:256. [PMID: 30853947 PMCID: PMC6395791 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of research, our understanding of the importance of invertebrates for soil biogeochemical processes remains incomplete. This is especially true when considering soil invertebrate effects mediated through their interactions with soil microbes. The aim of this study was to elucidate how soil macroinvertebrates affect soil microbial community composition and function within the root zone of a managed grass system. We conducted a 2-year field mesocosm study in which soil macroinvertebrate communities were manipulated through size-based exclusion and tracked changes in microbial community composition, diversity, biomass and activity to quantify macroinvertebrate-driven effects on microbial communities and their functions within the rhizosphere. The presence of soil macroinvertebrates created distinct microbial communities and altered both microbial biomass and function. Soil macroinvertebrates increased bacterial diversity and fungal biomass, as well as increased phenol oxidase and glucosidase activities, which are important in the degradation of organic matter. Macroinvertebrates also caused distinct shifts in the relative abundance of different bacterial phyla. Our findings indicate that within the rhizosphere, macroinvertebrates have a stimulatory effect on microbial communities and processes, possibly due to low-intensity microbial grazing or through the dispersal of microbial cells and spores by mobile invertebrates. Our results suggest that macroinvertebrate activity can be an important control on microbially-mediated processes in the rhizosphere such as nitrogen mineralization and soil organic matter formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Bray
- Department of Entolomology, Cornell AgriTech, Cornell University, Geneva, NY, United States
| | - Jenny Kao-Kniffin
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Serita D. Frey
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, United States
| | - Timothy Fahey
- Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Kyle Wickings
- Department of Entolomology, Cornell AgriTech, Cornell University, Geneva, NY, United States
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29
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Winter M, Haynert K, Scheu S, Maraun M. Seasonal dynamics and changing sea level as determinants of the community and trophic structure of oribatid mites in a salt marsh of the Wadden Sea. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207141. [PMID: 30408121 PMCID: PMC6224107 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Global change processes affect seasonal dynamics of salt marshes and thereby their plant and animal communities. However, these changes have been little investigated for microarthropod communities. We studied the effect of seasonality and changes in sea level on oribatid mites in the natural salt marsh and on artificial islands in the back-barrier environment of the island Spiekeroog (Wadden Sea, Germany). Three zones of the artificial islands were filled with transplanted sods from the lower salt marsh zone and thereby exposed to three different inundation frequencies. We hypothesized that oribatid mite communities will differ along the natural salt marsh vegetation zones [upper salt marsh (USM), lower salt marsh (LSM), pioneer zone (PZ)], which are influenced by different tidal regimes. Accordingly, total oribatid mite densities declined from the USM and LSM to the PZ. Similarly, oribatid mite species compositions changed along the salt marsh transect and also responded to variations in inundation frequency in LSM on artificial islands with typical species of the USM, LSM and PZ being Multioppia neglecta (USM), Hermannia pulchella (LSM), Zachvatkinibates quadrivertex (LSM, PZ) and Ameronothrus schneideri (LSM, PZ). Oribatid mite density in the salt marsh and on the artificial islands was at a maximum in winter and spring; this was due in part to high density of juveniles, pointing to two reproductive periods. We hypothesized that oribatid mite trophic structure changes due to variations in abiotic (e.g., tidal dynamics, temperature) and biotic conditions (e.g., resource availability). Stable isotope (15N, 13C) and neutral lipid fatty acid analyses indicated that oribatid mite species have different diets with e.g., Z. quadrivertex feeding on macroalgae and fungi, A. schneideri feeding on microalgae and bacteria, and Scheloribates laevigatus and M. neglecta feeding on dead organic matter, bacteria and fungi. Overall, the results indicate that oribatid mite species in salt marshes are affected by changes in environmental factors such as inundation intensity, with the effects being most pronounced in species with narrow trophic niches and limited niche plasticity. The results also indicate that oribatid mite communities of the LSM respond little to short-term (one year) changes in inundation frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlena Winter
- University of Göttingen, J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kristin Haynert
- University of Göttingen, J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Scheu
- University of Göttingen, J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Göttingen, Germany
- University of Göttingen, Centre of Biodiversity and sustainable Land Use (CBL), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mark Maraun
- University of Göttingen, J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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30
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Menzel R, Geweiler D, Sass A, Simsek D, Ruess L. Nematodes as Important Source for Omega-3 Long-Chain Fatty Acids in the Soil Food Web and the Impact in Nutrition for Higher Trophic Levels. Front Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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31
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Zumstein MT, Schintlmeister A, Nelson TF, Baumgartner R, Woebken D, Wagner M, Kohler HPE, McNeill K, Sander M. Biodegradation of synthetic polymers in soils: Tracking carbon into CO 2 and microbial biomass. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaas9024. [PMID: 30050987 PMCID: PMC6059733 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aas9024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plastic materials are widely used in agricultural applications to achieve food security for the growing world population. The use of biodegradable instead of nonbiodegradable polymers in single-use agricultural applications, including plastic mulching, promises to reduce plastic accumulation in the environment. We present a novel approach that allows tracking of carbon from biodegradable polymers into CO2 and microbial biomass. The approach is based on 13C-labeled polymers and on isotope-specific analytical methods, including nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS). Our results unequivocally demonstrate the biodegradability of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT), an important polyester used in agriculture, in soil. Carbon from each monomer unit of PBAT was used by soil microorganisms, including filamentous fungi, to gain energy and to form biomass. This work advances both our conceptual understanding of polymer biodegradation and the methodological capabilities to assess this process in natural and engineered environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arno Schintlmeister
- Division of Microbial Ecology, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Research Network “Chemistry Meets Biology”, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
- Large-Instrument Facility for Advanced Isotope Research, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | | | - Rebekka Baumgartner
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dagmar Woebken
- Division of Microbial Ecology, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Research Network “Chemistry Meets Biology”, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Michael Wagner
- Division of Microbial Ecology, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Research Network “Chemistry Meets Biology”, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
- Large-Instrument Facility for Advanced Isotope Research, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Hans-Peter E. Kohler
- Environmental Biochemistry Group; Environmental Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Kristopher McNeill
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Sander
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
- Corresponding author.
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32
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Armada E, Leite MFA, Medina A, Azcón R, Kuramae EE. Native bacteria promote plant growth under drought stress condition without impacting the rhizomicrobiome. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2018; 94:4996783. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiy092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Armada
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Prof. Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Márcio F A Leite
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Department of Microbial Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Leiden University, Department of Biology, Leiden, 2311 EZ, The Netherlands
- Maranhão State University (UEMA), department of Agroecology, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Almudena Medina
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Department of Microbial Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rosario Azcón
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Departamento de Microbiología del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Prof. Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Eiko E Kuramae
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Department of Microbial Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Chmolowska D, Elhottová D, Krištůfek V, Kozak M, Kapustka F, Zubek S. Functioning grouped soil microbial communities according to ecosystem type, based on comparison of fallows and meadows in the same region. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 599-600:981-991. [PMID: 28505890 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Predicting the composition and function of microbial communities at a bio-geographical scale, across ecosystems, is challenging. We compared six abandoned fields to six meadows to see whether soil microbial community structure and activity are more similar within the ecosystem type than between the types. We implemented bacteria and fungi phylogenetic markers profiling, phospholipids analysis, fluorescence counts of total bacteria and algae and microscopy of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). The functional performance of microbial communities was assessed using enzymes activity measurements as well as culturing and incubation experiments. The studied fallows and meadows had similar biomass and general structure of soil microbial communities. However, the AMF root colonization frequency was higher in the meadows than in the fallows. The AMF colonization was promoted in meadows characterised by lower availability of NO3-, P and K as well as higher soil pH, which additionally hampered plant acquisition of P at the P-limited ecosystem. Fallow and meadow microbial communities showed characteristic functional traits. Meadow soils exhibited higher basal respiration rate, while cellulose decomposition and nitrogen mineralization were faster in fallows. Even when no major differences in community structure could have been detected soil microbial communities adapted to local and/or instantaneous environmental conditions and formed functionally-specific ecotypes. This work points out the relevance of preserving meadows as reservoirs of plant diversity, which cope excellent in nutrient depleted conditions and in mountain regions thanks to microbial components of ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Chmolowska
- Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sławkowska 17, 31-016, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Dana Elhottová
- Biology Centre AS CR, v.v.i., - Institute of Soil Biology, Na Sádkách 7, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Vaclav Krištůfek
- Biology Centre AS CR, v.v.i., - Institute of Soil Biology, Na Sádkách 7, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Maciej Kozak
- Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, Kopernika 27, 31-501 Kraków, Poland
| | - Filip Kapustka
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Szymon Zubek
- Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, Kopernika 27, 31-501 Kraków, Poland
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Knoblochová T, Kohout P, Püschel D, Doubková P, Frouz J, Cajthaml T, Kukla J, Vosátka M, Rydlová J. Asymmetric response of root-associated fungal communities of an arbuscular mycorrhizal grass and an ectomycorrhizal tree to their coexistence in primary succession. MYCORRHIZA 2017; 27:775-789. [PMID: 28752181 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-017-0792-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) grass Calamagrostis epigejos and predominantly ectomycorrhizal (EcM) tree Salix caprea co-occur at post-mining sites spontaneously colonized by vegetation. During succession, AM herbaceous vegetation is replaced by predominantly EcM woody species. To better understand the interaction of AM and EcM plants during vegetation transition, we studied the reciprocal effects of these species' coexistence on their root-associated fungi (RAF). We collected root and soil samples from three different microenvironments: stand of C. epigejos, under S. caprea canopy, and contact zone where roots of the two species interacted. RAF communities and mycorrhizal colonization were determined in sampled roots, and the soil was tested for EcM and AM inoculation potentials. Although the microenvironment significantly affected composition of the RAF communities in both plant species, the effect was greater in the case of C. epigejos RAF communities than in that of S. caprea RAF communities. The presence of S. caprea also significantly decreased AM fungal abundance in soil as well as AM colonization and richness of AM fungi in C. epigejos roots. Changes observed in the abundance and community composition of AM fungi might constitute an important factor in transition from AM-dominated to EcM-dominated vegetation during succession.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Knoblochová
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, 252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kohout
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, 252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Science, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Püschel
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, 252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Doubková
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, 252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Frouz
- Faculty of Science, Institute for Environmental Studies, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 44, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Cajthaml
- Faculty of Science, Institute for Environmental Studies, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 44, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Kukla
- Faculty of Science, Institute for Environmental Studies, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 44, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Vosátka
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, 252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Rydlová
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, 252 43, Průhonice, Czech Republic.
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35
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Oates LG, Read HW, Gutknecht JLM, Duncan DS, Balser TB, Jackson RD. A Lipid Extraction and Analysis Method for Characterizing Soil Microbes in Experiments with Many Samples. J Vis Exp 2017:55310. [PMID: 28745639 PMCID: PMC5553326 DOI: 10.3791/55310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial communities are important drivers and regulators of ecosystem processes. To understand how management of ecosystems may affect microbial communities, a relatively precise but effort-intensive technique to assay microbial community composition is phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis. PLFA was developed to analyze phospholipid biomarkers, which can be used as indicators of microbial biomass and the composition of broad functional groups of fungi and bacteria. It has commonly been used to compare soils under alternative plant communities, ecology, and management regimes. The PLFA method has been shown to be sensitive to detecting shifts in microbial community composition. An alternative method, fatty acid methyl ester extraction and analysis (MIDI-FA) was developed for rapid extraction of total lipids, without separation of the phospholipid fraction, from pure cultures as a microbial identification technique. This method is rapid but is less suited for soil samples because it lacks an initial step separating soil particles and begins instead with a saponification reaction that likely produces artifacts from the background organic matter in the soil. This article describes a method that increases throughput while balancing effort and accuracy for extraction of lipids from the cell membranes of microorganisms for use in characterizing both total lipids and the relative abundance of indicator lipids to determine soil microbial community structure in studies with many samples. The method combines the accuracy achieved through PLFA profiling by extracting and concentrating soil lipids as a first step, and a reduction in effort by saponifying the organic material extracted and processing with the MIDI-FA method as a second step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence G Oates
- Department of Agronomy and Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin - Madison;
| | - Harry W Read
- Department of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin - Madison
| | | | - David S Duncan
- Department of Agronomy and Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin - Madison
| | - Teri B Balser
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Curtin University
| | - Randall D Jackson
- Department of Agronomy and Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin - Madison
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Chaudhary DR, Rathore AP, Kumar R, Jha B. Spatial and halophyte-associated microbial communities in intertidal coastal region of India. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2017; 19:478-489. [PMID: 27739867 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2016.1244168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Microbial communities in intertidal coastal soils respond to a variety of environmental factors related to resources availability, habitat characteristics, and vegetation. These intertidal soils of India are dominated with Salicornia brachiata, Aeluropus lagopoides, and Suaeda maritima halophytes, which play a significant role in carbon sequestration, nutrient cycling, and improving microenvironment. However, the relative contribution of edaphic factors, halophytes, rhizosphere, and bulk sediments on microbial community composition is poorly understood in the intertidal sediments. Here, we sampled rhizosphere and bulk sediments of three dominant halophytes (Salicornia, Aeluropus, and Suaeda) from five geographical locations of intertidal region of Gujarat, India. Sediment microbial community structure was characterized using phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiling. Microbial biomass was significantly influenced by the pH, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, nitrogen, and sodium and potassium concentrations. Multivariate analysis of PLFA profiles had significantly separated the sediment microbial community composition of regional sampling sites, halophytes, rhizosphere, and bulk sediments. Sediments from Suaeda plants were characterized by higher abundance of PLFA biomarkers of Gram-negative, total bacteria, and actinomycetes than other halophytes. Significantly highest abundance of Gram-positive and fungal PLFAs was observed in sediments of Aeluropus and Salicornia, respectively than in those of Suaeda. The rhizospheric sediment had significantly higher abundance of Gram-negative and fungal PLFAs biomarkers compared to bulk sediment. The results of the present study contribute to our understanding of the relative importance of different edaphic and spatial factors and halophyte vegetation on sediment microbial community of intertidal sediments of coastal ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doongar R Chaudhary
- a Division of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology , CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute , Gujarat , India
- b Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR , New Delhi , India
| | - Aditya P Rathore
- a Division of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology , CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute , Gujarat , India
- b Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR , New Delhi , India
| | - Raghawendra Kumar
- a Division of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology , CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute , Gujarat , India
- b Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR , New Delhi , India
| | - Bhavanath Jha
- a Division of Marine Biotechnology and Ecology , CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute , Gujarat , India
- b Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR , New Delhi , India
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Liu S, Jiang Z, Wu Y, Zhang J, Arbi I, Ye F, Huang X, Macreadie PI. Effects of nutrient load on microbial activities within a seagrass-dominated ecosystem: Implications of changes in seagrass blue carbon. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 117:214-221. [PMID: 28179056 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient loading is a leading cause of global seagrass decline, triggering shifts from seagrass- to macroalgal-dominance. Within seagrass meadows of Xincun Bay (South China Sea), we found that nutrient loading (due to fish farming) increased sediment microbial biomass and extracellular enzyme activity associated with carbon cycling (polyphenol oxidase, invertase and cellulase), with a corresponding decrease in percent sediment organic carbon (SOC), suggesting that nutrients primed microorganism and stimulated SOC remineralization. Surpisingly, however, the relative contribution of seagrass-derived carbon to bacteria (δ13Cbacteria) increased with nutrient loading, despite popular theory being that microbes switch to consuming macroalgae which are assumed to provide a more labile carbon source. Organic carbon sources of fungi were unaffected by nutrient loading. Overall, this study suggests that nutrient loading changes the relative contribution of seagrass and algal sources to SOC pools, boosting sediment microbial biomass and extracellular enzyme activity, thereby possibly changing seagrass blue carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songlin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhijian Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Yunchao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Iman Arbi
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Feng Ye
- Key Laboratory of Marginal Sea Geology, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiaoping Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Peter Ian Macreadie
- Blue Carbon Lab, Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science Engineering & Built Environment, Burwood, Deakin University, Victoria 3125, Australia
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Schmidt J, Fester T, Schulz E, Michalzik B, Buscot F, Gutknecht J. Effects of plant-symbiotic relationships on the living soil microbial community and microbial necromass in a long-term agro-ecosystem. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 581-582:756-765. [PMID: 28082056 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We examined the impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobia on the living microbial community and microbial necromass under different long-term fertilization treatments at the long-term Static Fertilization Experiment Bad Lauchstädt (Germany). Phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) and amino sugars plus muramic acid, were used as biomarkers for soil microbial bio- and necromass, respectively, and analyzed from six treatments imposed on two crop rotations, varying only in the inclusion/non-inclusion of a legume. Treatments included: two levels of only farmyard manure (FYM), only mineral fertilizer (NPK), the combined application of both fertilizer types and a non-fertilized control. PLFA profiles differed clearly between the investigated crop rotations and were significantly related to labile C, mineral N, and soil pH. This emphasizes the role of carbon, and of mycorrhizal and rhizobial symbioses, as driver for changes in the microbial community composition due to effects on the living conditions in soil. We found some evidence that legume associated symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobia act as a buffer, reducing the impact of varying inputs of mineral nutrients on the decomposer community. While our results support former findings that living microbial populations vary within short-term periods and are reflective of a given crop grown in a given year, soil necromass composition indicates longer term changes across the two crop rotation types, mainly shaped by fertilizer related effects on the community composition and C turnover. However, there was some evidence that specifically the presence of a legume, affects the soil necromass composition not only over the whole crop rotation but even in the short-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Schmidt
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Soil Ecology, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, D-06120 Halle, Germany.
| | - T Fester
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Environmental Microbiology, Permoserstr. 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - E Schulz
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Soil Ecology, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - B Michalzik
- Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena, Institute of Geography, Löbdergraben 32, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - F Buscot
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Soil Ecology, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, D-06120 Halle, Germany; German Centre of Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - J Gutknecht
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Soil Ecology, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, D-06120 Halle, Germany; University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, 439 Borlaug Hall, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Soil networks become more connected and take up more carbon as nature restoration progresses. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14349. [PMID: 28176768 PMCID: PMC5309817 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil organisms have an important role in aboveground community dynamics and ecosystem functioning in terrestrial ecosystems. However, most studies have considered soil biota as a black box or focussed on specific groups, whereas little is known about entire soil networks. Here we show that during the course of nature restoration on abandoned arable land a compositional shift in soil biota, preceded by tightening of the belowground networks, corresponds with enhanced efficiency of carbon uptake. In mid- and long-term abandoned field soil, carbon uptake by fungi increases without an increase in fungal biomass or shift in bacterial-to-fungal ratio. The implication of our findings is that during nature restoration the efficiency of nutrient cycling and carbon uptake can increase by a shift in fungal composition and/or fungal activity. Therefore, we propose that relationships between soil food web structure and carbon cycling in soils need to be reconsidered. Effects of habitat restoration on belowground organisms and ecosystem processes are poorly understood. Morriën and colleagues show that changes in the composition and network interactions of soil biota lead to improved carbon uptake efficiency when formerly cultivated land is restored.
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40
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Selonen S, Setälä H. Nutrient leaching, soil pH and changes in microbial community increase with time in lead-contaminated boreal forest soil at a shooting range area. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:5415-5425. [PMID: 28025789 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8278-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite the known toxicity of lead (Pb), Pb pellets are widely used at shotgun shooting ranges over the world. However, the impacts of Pb on soil nutrients and soil microbes, playing a crucial role in nutrient cycling, are poorly understood. Furthermore, it is unknown whether these impacts change with time after the cessation of shooting. To shed light on these issues, three study sites in the same coniferous forest in a shooting range area were studied: an uncontaminated control site and an active and an abandoned shooting range, both sharing a similar Pb pellet load in the soil, but the latter with a 20-year longer contamination history. Soil pH and nitrate concentration increased, whilst soil phosphate concentration and fungal phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) decreased due to Pb contamination. Our results imply that shooting-derived Pb can influence soil nutrients and microbes not only directly but also indirectly by increasing soil pH. However, these mechanisms cannot be differentiated here. Many of the Pb-induced changes were most pronounced at the abandoned range, and nutrient leaching was increased only at that site. These results suggest that Pb disturbs the structure and functions of the soil system and impairs a crucial ecosystem service, the ability to retain nutrients. Furthermore, the risks of shooting-derived Pb to the environment increase with time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salla Selonen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140, Lahti, Finland.
| | - Heikki Setälä
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140, Lahti, Finland
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Hanajík P, Zvarík M, Fritze H, Šimkovic I, Kanka R. Composition of microbial PLFAs and correlations with topsoil characteristics in the rare active travertine spring-fed fen. EKOLÓGIA (BRATISLAVA) 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/eko-2016-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
We studied soil PLFAs composition and specific soil properties among transect of small-scale fen in Stankovany, Slovakia. The aim of this study was to determine potential differences in the microbial community structure of the fen transect and reveal correlations among PLFAs and specific soil characteristics. PCA analyses of 43 PLFAs showed a separation of the samples along the axis largely influenced by i14:0, 16:1ω5, br17:0, 10Me16:0, cy17:0, cy17:1, br18:0 and 10Me17:0. We measured a high correlation of sample scores and distance from fen edge (Kendall’s test τ = 0.857, P < 0.01). Kendall’s test showed a negative correlation of PLFAs content (mol%) and distance from the fen border for Gram (+) bacteria, Actinomycetes, mid-chain branched saturated PLFAs and total PLFAs. The redundancy analysis of the PLFA data set for the eight samples using PLFAs as species and 21 environmental variables identified soil properties significantly associated with the PLFA variables, as tested by Monte Carlo permutation showing most significant environmental variables including dichlormethan extractables, water extractables, Klason lignin, acid-soluble lignin, holocellulose, total extractables, organic matter content, total PLFA amount, bacterial PLFA and total nitrogen negatively correlated to axis 1 and dry weight and carbonate carbon positively correlated to axis 1. The amounts of Klason lignin, acid-soluble lignin, holocellulose total extractables, total PLFA, bacterial PLFA and total nitrogen were significantly correlated positively to the distance from fen border while moisture and total carbonate carbon were correlated negatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hanajík
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina, 845 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Milan Zvarík
- Department of Nuclear Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina, 842 48 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Hannu Fritze
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Jokiniemenkuja 1, BOX 18, FI-01301 Vantaa, Finland
| | - Ivan Šimkovic
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Mlynská dolina, 845 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Róbert Kanka
- Institute of Landscape Ecology SAS, Štefánikova 3, P.O.Box 254, 814 99, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Paudel S, Wilson GWT, MacDonald B, Longcore T, Loss SR. Predicting spatial extent of invasive earthworms on an oceanic island. DIVERS DISTRIB 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shishir Paudel
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management Oklahoma State University Stillwater OK 74078 USA
| | - Gail W. T. Wilson
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management Oklahoma State University Stillwater OK 74078 USA
| | - Beau MacDonald
- Spatial Sciences Institute University of Southern California Los Angeles CA 90089 USA
- The Urban Wildlands Group PO Box 24020 Los Angeles CA 90024 USA
| | - Travis Longcore
- Spatial Sciences Institute University of Southern California Los Angeles CA 90089 USA
- The Urban Wildlands Group PO Box 24020 Los Angeles CA 90024 USA
- School of Architecture University of Southern California Los Angeles CA 90089 USA
| | - Scott R. Loss
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management Oklahoma State University Stillwater OK 74078 USA
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Comparison of characterization and microbial communities in rice straw- and wheat straw-based compost for Agaricus bisporus production. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 43:1249-60. [PMID: 27337959 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-016-1799-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Rice straw (RS) is an important raw material for the preparation of Agaricus bisporus compost in China. In this study, the characterization of composting process from RS and wheat straw (WS) was compared for mushroom production. The results showed that the temperature in RS compost increased rapidly compared with WS compost, and the carbon (C)/nitrogen (N) ratio decreased quickly. The microbial changes during the Phase I and Phase II composting process were monitored using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis. Bacteria were the dominant species during the process of composting and the bacterial community structure dramatically changed during heap composting according to the DGGE results. The bacterial community diversity of RS compost was abundant compared with WS compost at stages 4-5, but no distinct difference was observed after the controlled tunnel Phase II process. The total amount of PLFAs of RS compost, as an indicator of microbial biomass, was higher than that of WS. Clustering by DGGE and principal component analysis of the PLFA compositions revealed that there were differences in both the microbial population and community structure between RS- and WS-based composts. Our data indicated that composting of RS resulted in improved degradation and assimilation of breakdown products by A. bisporus, and suggested that the RS compost was effective for sustaining A. bisporus mushroom growth as well as conventional WS compost.
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Fanin N, Hättenschwiler S, Chavez Soria PF, Fromin N. (A)synchronous Availabilities of N and P Regulate the Activity and Structure of the Microbial Decomposer Community. Front Microbiol 2016; 6:1507. [PMID: 26779162 PMCID: PMC4701990 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) availability both control microbial decomposers and litter decomposition. However, these two key nutrients show distinct release patterns from decomposing litter and are unlikely available at the same time in most ecosystems. Little is known about how temporal differences in N and P availability affect decomposers and litter decomposition, which may be particularly critical for tropical rainforests growing on old and nutrient-impoverished soils. Here we used three chemically contrasted leaf litter substrates and cellulose paper as a widely accessible substrate containing no nutrients to test the effects of temporal differences in N and P availability in a microcosm experiment under fully controlled conditions. We measured substrate mass loss, microbial activity (by substrate induced respiration, SIR) as well as microbial community structure (using phospholipid fatty acids, PLFAs) in the litter and the underlying soil throughout the initial stages of decomposition. We generally found a stronger stimulation of substrate mass loss and microbial respiration, especially for cellulose, with simultaneous NP addition compared to a temporally separated N and P addition. However, litter types with a relatively high N to P availability responded more to initial P than N addition and vice versa. A third litter species showed no response to fertilization regardless of the sequence of addition, likely due to strong C limitation. Microbial community structure in the litter was strongly influenced by the fertilization sequence. In particular, the fungi to bacteria ratio increased following N addition alone, a shift that was reversed with complementary P addition. Opposite to the litter layer microorganisms, the soil microbial community structure was more strongly influenced by the identity of the decomposing substrate than by fertilization treatments, reinforcing the idea that C availability can strongly constrain decomposer communities. Collectively, our data support the idea that temporal differences in N and P availability are critical for the activity and the structure of microbial decomposer communities. The interplay of N, P, and substrate-specific C availability will strongly determine how nutrient pulses in the environment will affect microbial heterotrophs and the processes they drive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Fanin
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier Montpellier, France
| | - Stephan Hättenschwiler
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier Montpellier, France
| | | | - Nathalie Fromin
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier Montpellier, France
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Rodríguez-Morgado B, Gómez I, Parrado J, García C, Hernández T, Tejada M. Accelerated degradation of PAHs using edaphic biostimulants obtained from sewage sludge and chicken feathers. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 300:235-242. [PMID: 26188866 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We studied in the laboratory the bioremediation effects over a 100-day period of three edaphic biostimulants (BS) obtained from sewage sludge (SS) and from two different types of chicken feathers (CF1 and CF2), in a soil polluted with three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) (phenanthrene, Phe; pyrene, Py; and benzo(a)pyrene, BaP), at a concentration of 100 mg kg(-1) soil. We determined their effects on enzymatic activities and on soil microbial community. Those BS with larger amounts of proteins and a higher proportion of peptides (<300 daltons), exerted a greater stimulation on the soil biochemical properties and microbial community, possibly because low molecular weight proteins can be easily assimilated by soil microorganisms. The soil dehydrogenase, urease, β-glucosidase and phosphatase activities and microbial community decreased in PAH-polluted soil. This decrease was more pronounced in soils contaminated with BaP than with Py and Phe. The application of the BS to PAH-polluted soils decreased the inhibition of the soil biological properties, principally at 7 days into the experiment. This decrease was more pronounced in soils contaminated with BaP than with Py and Phe and was higher in polluted soils amended with CF2, followed by SS and CF1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Rodríguez-Morgado
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Prof. García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Isidoro Gómez
- Grupo de Investigación Edafología Ambiental, Departamento de Cristalografía, Mineralogía y Química Agrícola, E.T.S.I.A. Universidad de Sevilla, Crta de Utrera km. 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan Parrado
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Prof. García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Carlos García
- Departamento de Conservación de Suelos y Agua y Manejo de Residuos Orgánicos, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 4195, 30080 Murcia, Spain
| | - Teresa Hernández
- Departamento de Conservación de Suelos y Agua y Manejo de Residuos Orgánicos, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 4195, 30080 Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Tejada
- Grupo de Investigación Edafología Ambiental, Departamento de Cristalografía, Mineralogía y Química Agrícola, E.T.S.I.A. Universidad de Sevilla, Crta de Utrera km. 1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain.
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Sall SN, Ndour NYB, Diédhiou-Sall S, Dick R, Chotte JL. Microbial response to salinity stress in a tropical sandy soil amended with native shrub residues or inorganic fertilizer. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2015; 161:30-37. [PMID: 26143083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Soil degradation and salinization caused by inappropriate cultivation practices and high levels of saltwater intrusion are having an adverse effect on agriculture in Central Senegal. The residues of Piliostigma reticulatum, a local shrub that coexists with crops, were recently shown to increase particulate organic matter and improve soil quality and may be a promising means of alleviating the effects of salinization. This study compared the effects of inorganic fertilizer and P. reticulatum residues on microbial properties and the ability of soil to withstand salinity stress. We hypothesized that soils amended with P. reticulatum would be less affected by salinity stress than soils amended with inorganic fertilizer and control soil. Salinity stress was applied to soil from a field site that had been cultivated for 5 years under a millet/peanut crop rotation when microbial biomass, phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) community profile, catabolic diversity, microbial activities were determined. Microbial biomass, nitrification potential and dehydrogenase activity were higher by 20%, 56% and 69% respectively in soil with the organic amendment. With salinity stress, the structure and activities of the microbial community were significantly affected. Although the biomass of actinobacteria community increased with salinity stress, there was a substantial reduction in microbial activity in all soils. The soil organically amended was, however, less affected by salinity stress than the control or inorganic fertilizer treatment. This suggests that amendment using P. reticulatum residues may improve the ability of soils to respond to saline conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saïdou Nourou Sall
- Université Gaston Berger, UFR des Sciences Agronomiques de l'Aquaculture et des Technologies Alimentaires, B.P. 234 Saint-Louis, Senegal.
| | - Ndèye Yacine Badiane Ndour
- ISRA Laboratoire National de Recherche sur les Productions Végétales, Centre ISRA/IRD Bel-Air, B.P. 2312 Dakar, Senegal
| | - Siré Diédhiou-Sall
- Université Assane Seck, Département Agroforesterie, B.P. 523 Néma, Ziguinchor, Senegal
| | - Richard Dick
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, 2021 Coffey Road, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jean-Luc Chotte
- UMR 210 Eco&Sols (Ecologie Fonctionnelle & Biogéochimie des Sols) INRA-IRD-SupAgro, Place Viala (Bt. 12), F-34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France
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Mattsson MK, Liu X, Yu D, Kontro MH. Depth, soil type, water table, and site effects on microbial community composition in sediments of pesticide-contaminated aquifer. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:10263-10279. [PMID: 25703619 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4224-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Microbial community compositions in pesticide-contaminated aquifers have not been studied, although such information is important for remediation and maintaining freshwater sources clean under changing climate. Therefore, phospholipid (PLFAs), glycolipid (GLFAs), and neutral lipid (NLFAs) fatty acids were determined from sand and clay sediments at depths of 0.3-24.8 m, all contaminated with triazines and dichlobenil/2,6-dichlorobenzamide. The portion of fungi and Gram-negative bacteria at 0.3 m was greater than at 0.8 m, where the percentage of Gram-positive bacteria, actinobacteria, and sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) increased. In deeper sediments, microbial biomass, activity, and diversity decreased. Clay sediments seemed to serve as a reservoir for slow pesticide elution to groundwater, and their biomarker portion for all bacteria except actinobacteria was greater than in sand sediments. The slow pesticide dissipation seemed to occur in the main groundwater flow zone, resulting in nitrogen release simultaneously with organic matter elution from gardening and bank filtration. As a result, microbial biomass, activity, and diversity were increased. This shift in conditions towards that in surface soil may be appropriate for enhanced natural attenuation of pesticides in groundwater sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marja K Mattsson
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140, Lahti, Finland,
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Stagnari F, Perpetuini G, Tofalo R, Campanelli G, Leteo F, Della Vella U, Schirone M, Suzzi G, Pisante M. Long-term impact of farm management and crops on soil microorganisms assessed by combined DGGE and PLFA analyses. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:644. [PMID: 25540640 PMCID: PMC4261825 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, long-term organic and conventional managements were compared at the experimental field of Monsampolo del Tronto (Marche region, Italy) with the aim of investigating soil chemical fertility and microbial community structure. A polyphasic approach, combining soil fertility indicators with microbiological analyses (plate counts, PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis [DGGE] and phospholipid fatty acid analysis [PLFA]) was applied. Organic matter, N as well as some important macro and micronutrients (K, P, Mg, Mn, Cu, and Zn) for crop growth, were more available under organic management. Bacterial counts were higher in organic management. A significant influence of management system and management x crop interaction was observed for total mesophilic bacteria, nitrogen fixing bacteria and actinobacteria. Interestingly, cultivable fungi were not detected in all analyzed samples. PLFA biomass was higher in the organic and Gram positive bacteria dominated the microbial community in both systems. Even if fungal biomass was higher in organic management, fungal PCR-DGGE fingerprinting revealed that the two systems were very similar in terms of fungal species suggesting that 10 years were not enough to establish a new dynamic equilibrium among ecosystem components. A better knowledge of soil biota and in particular of fungal community structure will be useful for the development of sustainable management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Stagnari
- Faculty of BioScience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo Mosciano Sant'Angelo, Italy
| | - Giorgia Perpetuini
- Faculty of BioScience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo Mosciano Sant'Angelo, Italy
| | - Rosanna Tofalo
- Faculty of BioScience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo Mosciano Sant'Angelo, Italy
| | - Gabriele Campanelli
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura - Unità di Ricerca per l'Orticoltura (CRA - ORA) Monsampolo del Tronto, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Leteo
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura - Unità di Ricerca per l'Orticoltura (CRA - ORA) Monsampolo del Tronto, Italy
| | - Umberto Della Vella
- Faculty of BioScience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo Mosciano Sant'Angelo, Italy
| | - Maria Schirone
- Faculty of BioScience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo Mosciano Sant'Angelo, Italy
| | - Giovanna Suzzi
- Faculty of BioScience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo Mosciano Sant'Angelo, Italy
| | - Michele Pisante
- Faculty of BioScience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo Mosciano Sant'Angelo, Italy
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Koranda M, Kaiser C, Fuchslueger L, Kitzler B, Sessitsch A, Zechmeister-Boltenstern S, Richter A. Fungal and bacterial utilization of organic substrates depends on substrate complexity and N availability. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2013; 87:142-52. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6941.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Koranda
- Department of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research; University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Christina Kaiser
- Department of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research; University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
- Evolution and Ecology Program; Institute for Applied System Analysis (IIASA); Laxenburg Austria
| | - Lucia Fuchslueger
- Department of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research; University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Barbara Kitzler
- Department of Forest Ecology and Soils; Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests; Natural Hazards and Landscape (BFW); Vienna Austria
| | - Angela Sessitsch
- Bioresources Unit; AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH; Tulln Austria
| | - Sophie Zechmeister-Boltenstern
- Department of Forest Ecology and Soils; Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests; Natural Hazards and Landscape (BFW); Vienna Austria
- Institute of Soil Research; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU); Vienna Austria
| | - Andreas Richter
- Department of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research; University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
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Reinsch S, Ambus P. In situ 13CO2 pulse-labeling in a temperate heathland--development of a mobile multi-plot field setup. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:1417-28. [PMID: 23722676 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Pulse-labeling with (13)CO2 and the subsequent analysis of (13)C-carbon via isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) have been shown to be an excellent method to investigate the terrestrial carbon cycle. Improving (13)CO2 manipulation experiments will facilitate our understanding of carbon cycling processes. METHODS A mobile field setup for in situ (13)CO2 pulse-labeling was developed for low vegetation field experiments. Two pulse-labeling experiments were conducted in a Danish heathland in September 2010 (Exp1) and May 2011 (Exp2). A flow-through system was developed where labeling chambers were supplied with (13)CO2-enriched air from a gas reservoir. Reservoir and chamber air was sampled over the course of the experiments and analyzed for CO2 concentration and isotopic composition on a GasBench II interfaced with an isotope ratio mass spectrometer. The soil CO2 efflux and the atom% excess in soil respiration were assessed after the (13)CO2-pulse to verify the setup performance. RESULTS The carbon dioxide concentrations and (13)CO2 enrichments were stable during the experiments. The CO2 concentrations conformed to the aimed values, whereas the (13)CO2 enrichments were lower than expected. The sources of error for the deviation in observed atom% (13)CO2 values are discussed, and a measurement procedure is suggested for samples highly enriched in (13)C by using adjusted resistor settings of the mass spectrometer. However, more work has to be done. Enrichment patterns in soil respiration agree with published observations indicating satisfactory performance of the developed system. CONCLUSIONS A mobile flow-through system suitable for continuous in situ (13)CO2 pulse-labeling was successfully developed that is easily applicable in remote natural ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Reinsch
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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