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Wang W, Liu Y, Kang Y, Liu W, Li S, Wang Z, Xia X, Chen X, Qian L, Xiong X, Liu Z, Guan C, He X. Genome-wide characterization of LEA gene family reveals a positive role of BnaA.LEA6.a in freezing tolerance in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:433. [PMID: 38773359 PMCID: PMC11106994 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05111-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Freezing stress is one of the major abiotic stresses that causes extensive damage to plants. LEA (Late embryogenesis abundant) proteins play a crucial role in plant growth, development, and abiotic stress. However, there is limited research on the function of LEA genes in low-temperature stress in Brassica napus (rapeseed). RESULTS Total 306 potential LEA genes were identified in B. rapa (79), B. oleracea (79) and B. napus (148) and divided into eight subgroups. LEA genes of the same subgroup had similar gene structures and predicted subcellular locations. Cis-regulatory elements analysis showed that the promoters of BnaLEA genes rich in cis-regulatory elements related to various abiotic stresses. Additionally, RNA-seq and real-time PCR results indicated that the majority of BnaLEA family members were highly expressed in senescent tissues of rapeseed, especially during late stages of seed maturation, and most BnaLEA genes can be induced by salt and osmotic stress. Interestingly, the BnaA.LEA6.a and BnaC.LEA6.a genes were highly expressed across different vegetative and reproductive organs during different development stages, and showed strong responses to salt, osmotic, and cold stress, particularly freezing stress. Further analysis showed that overexpression of BnaA.LEA6.a increased the freezing tolerance in rapeseed, as evidenced by lower relative electrical leakage and higher survival rates compared to the wild-type (WT) under freezing treatment. CONCLUSION This study is of great significance for understanding the functions of BnaLEA genes in freezing tolerance in rapeseed and offers an ideal candidate gene (BnaA.LEA6.a) for molecular breeding of freezing-tolerant rapeseed cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Wang
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Yan Liu
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Yu Kang
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Shun Li
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xia
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Lunwen Qian
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Xinghua Xiong
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Zhongsong Liu
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Chunyun Guan
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Xin He
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China.
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Hassanisaadi M, Kennedy JF, Rabiei A, Riseh RS, Taheri A. Nature's coatings: Sodium alginate as a novel coating in safeguarding plants from frost damages. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 267:131203. [PMID: 38554900 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Frost damage remains a significant challenge for agricultural practices worldwide, leading to substantial economic losses and food insecurity. Practically, traditional methods for frost management have proven ineffective and come with several drawbacks, such as energy consumption and limited efficacy. Hence, proposing an anti-freezing coating can be an innovative idea. The potential of sodium alginate (SA) to construct anti-freezing hydrogels has been explored in several sciences. SA hydrogels can form protective films around plants as a barrier against freezing temperatures and ice crystals on the plant's surface. Sodium alginate exhibits excellent water retention, enhancing plant hydration during freezing conditions. This coating can provide insulation, effectively shielding the plant from frost damage. The advantages of SA as a coating material, such as its biocompatibility, biodegradability, and non-toxic nature, are highlighted. Therefore, the proposed use of SA as an innovative coating material holds promise for safeguarding plants from frost damage. Following SA potential and frost's huge damage, the present review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent developments in SA-based anti-freezing hydrogels, their applications, and their potential in agriculture as anti-freezing coatings. However, further research and field trials are necessary to optimize the application methods and understand the long-term effects on productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohadeseh Hassanisaadi
- Departement of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan 7718897111, Iran
| | - John F Kennedy
- Chembiotech Laboratory Ltd, WR15 8FF Tenbury Walls, United Kingdom.
| | - Ali Rabiei
- Department of Civil Engineering, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Roohallah Saberi Riseh
- Departement of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan 7718897111, Iran; Pistachio Safety Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran 771751735.
| | - Abdolhossein Taheri
- Department of plant protection, faculty of plant production, Gorgan university of Agricultural sciences and natural resources, Iran.
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Kihika JK, Pearman JK, Wood SA, Rhodes LL, Smith KF, Miller MR, Butler J, Ryan KG. Fatty acid production and associated gene pathways are altered by increased salinity and dimethyl sulfoxide treatments during cryopreservation of Symbiodinium pilosum (Symbiodiniaceae). Cryobiology 2024; 114:104855. [PMID: 38301952 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2024.104855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
The Symbiodinium genus is ancestral among other Symbiodiniaceae lineages with species that are both symbiotic and free living. Changes in marine ecosystems threaten their existence and crucial ecological roles. Cryopreservation offers an avenue for their long-term storage for future habitat restoration after coral bleaching. In our previous study we demonstrated that high salinity treatments of Symbiodiniaceae isolates led to changes in their fatty acid (FA) profiles and higher cell viabilities after cryopreservation. In this study, we investigated the role of increased salinity on FA production and the genes involved in FA biosynthesis and degradation pathways during the cryopreservation of Symbiodinium pilosum. Overall, there was a twofold increase in mass of FAs produced by S. pilosum after being cultured in medium with increased salinity (54 parts per thousand; ppt). Dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO) led to a ninefold increase of FAs in standard salinity (SS) treatment, compared to a fivefold increase in increased salinity (IS) treatments. The mass of the FA classes returned to baseline during recovery. Transcriptomic analyses showed an acyl carrier protein gene was significantly upregulated after Me2SO treatment in the SS cultures. Cytochrome P450 reductase genes were significantly down regulated after Me2SO addition in SS treatment preventing FA degradation. These changes in the expression of FA biosynthesis and degradation genes contributed to more FAs in SS treated isolates. Understanding how increased salinity changes FA production and the roles of specific genes in regulating FA pathways will help improve current freezing protocols for Symbiodiniaceae and other marine microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph K Kihika
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand.
| | - John K Pearman
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand
| | - Susanna A Wood
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand
| | - Lesley L Rhodes
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand
| | - Kirsty F Smith
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | | | - Juliette Butler
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand
| | - Ken G Ryan
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
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Luo J, Huang S, Chang Y, Li H, Guo G. Physiological and transcriptomic analyses reveal tea plant (Camellia sinensis L.) adapts to extreme freezing stress during winter by regulating cell wall structure. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:558. [PMID: 37730559 PMCID: PMC10512626 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09670-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Tea plants grown in high-latitude areas are often damaged by extreme freezing temperatures in winter, leading to huge economic losses. Here, the physiological and gene expression characteristics of two tea cultivars (Xinyang No. 10 (XY10), a freezing-tolerant cultivar and Fudingdabaicha (FDDB), a freezing-sensitive cultivar) during overwintering in northern China were studied to better understand the regulation mechanisms of tea plants in response to natural freezing stress. Samples were collected at a chill (D1), freezing (D2) and recovery (D3) temperature in winter. TEM analysis of integrated leaf ultrastructure at D2 revealed lower malondialdehyde and relative electrical conductivity in XY10 than in FDDB, with serious cell structure damage in the latter, indicating XY10 was more resistant to freezing stress. Differential gene expression analysis among the different samples over winter time highlighted the following gene functions in cell wall metabolism (CesAs, COBLs, XTHs, PGs, PMEs), transcription factors (ERF1B and MYC2), and signal transduction (CDPKs and CMLs). The expression pattern of cellulose and pectin-related genes suggested higher accumulation of cellulosic and pectic materials in the cell wall of XY10, agreeing with the results of cell wall and its components. These results indicated that under the regulation of cell wall genes, the freezing-resistant tea cultivar can better maintain a well-knit cell wall structure with sufficient substances to survive natural freezing damage. This study demonstrated the crucial role of cell wall in tea plant resistance to natural freezing stress and provided important candidate genes for breeding of freezing-resistant tea cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlei Luo
- College of Tea Science, Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Comprehensive Utilization in South Henan, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, 46400, Xinyang, Henan, PR China
| | - Shuangjie Huang
- College of Tea Science, Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Comprehensive Utilization in South Henan, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, 46400, Xinyang, Henan, PR China
| | - Yali Chang
- College of Tea Science, Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Comprehensive Utilization in South Henan, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, 46400, Xinyang, Henan, PR China
| | - Hui Li
- College of Tea Science, Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Comprehensive Utilization in South Henan, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, 46400, Xinyang, Henan, PR China
| | - Guiyi Guo
- College of Tea Science, Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Comprehensive Utilization in South Henan, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, 46400, Xinyang, Henan, PR China.
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Sun Q, Ma L, Zhu X. Metabolomics-based exploration the response mechanisms of Saussurea involucrata leaves under different levels of low temperature stress. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:297. [PMID: 37264318 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09376-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Saussurea involucrata (Sik.) is alpine plant that have developed special adaptive mechanisms to resist adverse environmental conditions such as low temperature chilling during long-term adaptation and evolution. Exploring the changes of its metabolites under different temperature stresses is helpful to gain insight into its cold stress tolerance. METHODS Ultra-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry were used to analyze the metabolites in the leaves of Sik. under low different temperature stress conditions. RESULTS A total of 753 metabolites were identified, and 360 different metabolites were identified according to the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and amino acids and sugars. Sucrose and trehalose synthesis, glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, pentose phosphate pathway, glutamic acid-mediated proline biosynthesis, purine metabolism, amino acid metabolism, phenylpropane synthesis pathway metabolites all respond to low temperature stress. Under cold stress conditions, carbohydrates in Sik. leaves accumulate first than under freezing conditions, and the lower the temperature under freezing conditions, the less amino acids accumulate, while the phenolic substances increase. The expression of various substances in LPE and LPC increased more than 10-fold after low temperature stress compared with the control, but the content of LPE and LPC substances decreased after cold adaptation. In addition, purines and phenolics decreased and amino acids accumulated significantly under freezing conditions. CONCLUSION The metabolic network of Sik. leaves under different low temperature stress conditions was proposed, which provided a reference for further exploration of the metabolic mechanism related to low temperature stress tolerance of Sik.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Lihua Ma
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Xinxia Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China.
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Zheng L, Liu Q, Wu R, Zhu M, Dorjee T, Zhou Y, Gao F. The alteration of proteins and metabolites in leaf apoplast and the related gene expression associated with the adaptation of Ammopiptanthus mongolicus to winter freezing stress. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 240:124479. [PMID: 37072058 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Ammopiptanthus mongolicus, an evergreen broad-leaved plant, can tolerate severe freezing stress (temperatures as low as -20 °C in winter). The apoplast is the space outside the plasma membrane that plays an important role in plant responses to environmental stress. Here, we investigated, using a multi-omics approach, the dynamic alterations in the levels of proteins and metabolites in the apoplast and related gene expression changes involved in the adaptation of A. mongolicus to winter freezing stress. Of the 962 proteins identified in the apoplast, the abundance of several PR proteins, including PR3 and PR5, increased significantly in winter, which may contribute to winter freezing-stress tolerance by functioning as antifreeze proteins. The increased abundance of the cell-wall polysaccharides and cell wall-modifying proteins, including PMEI, XTH32, and EXLA1, may enhance the mechanical properties of the cell wall in A. mongolicus. Accumulation of flavonoids and free amino acids in the apoplast may be beneficial for ROS scavenging and the maintenance of osmotic homeostasis. Integrated analyses revealed gene expression changes associated with alterations in the levels of apoplast proteins and metabolites. Our study improved the current understanding of the roles of apoplast proteins and metabolites in plant adaptation to winter freezing stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamei Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics, Minzu University of China, National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China; Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas, Minzu University of China, National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics, Minzu University of China, National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China; Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas, Minzu University of China, National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Rongqi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics, Minzu University of China, National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China; Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas, Minzu University of China, National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ming Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics, Minzu University of China, National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China; Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas, Minzu University of China, National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tashi Dorjee
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics, Minzu University of China, National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China; Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas, Minzu University of China, National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yijun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics, Minzu University of China, National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China; Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas, Minzu University of China, National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Fei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics, Minzu University of China, National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China; Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas, Minzu University of China, National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing 100081, China; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.
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7
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Zhang J, Xie M, Yu G, Wang D, Xu Z, Liang L, Xiao J, Xie Y, Tang Y, Sun G, Sun B, Huang Z, Lai Y, Li H. CaSPDS, a Spermidine Synthase Gene from Pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.), Plays an Important Role in Response to Cold Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24055013. [PMID: 36902443 PMCID: PMC10003509 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24055013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Spermidine synthase (SPDS) is a key enzyme in the polyamine anabolic pathway. SPDS genes help regulate plant response to environmental stresses, but their roles in pepper remain unclear. In this study, we identified and cloned a SPDS gene from pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), named CaSPDS (LOC107847831). Bioinformatics analysis indicated that CaSPDS contains two highly conserved domains: an SPDS tetramerisation domain and a spermine/SPDS domain. Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction results showed that CaSPDS was highly expressed in the stems, flowers, and mature fruits of pepper and was rapidly induced by cold stress. The function of CaSPDS in cold stress response was studied by silencing and overexpressing it in pepper and Arabidopsis, respectively. Cold injury was more serious and reactive oxygen species levels were greater in the CaSPDS-silenced seedlings than in the wild-type (WT) seedlings after cold treatment. Compared with the WT plants, the CaSPDS-overexpression Arabidopsis plants were more tolerant to cold stress and showed higher antioxidant enzyme activities, spermidine content, and cold-responsive gene (AtCOR15A, AtRD29A, AtCOR47, and AtKIN1) expression. These results indicate that CaSPDS plays important roles in cold stress response and is valuable in molecular breeding to enhance the cold tolerance of pepper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Minghui Xie
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Guofeng Yu
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Dong Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zeping Xu
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Le Liang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jiachang Xiao
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yongdong Xie
- Institute for Processing and Storage of Agricultural Products, Chengdu Academy of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yi Tang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Guochao Sun
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Bo Sun
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhi Huang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yunsong Lai
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Huanxiu Li
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Correspondence:
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Kihika JK, Wood SA, Rhodes L, Smith KF, Miller MR, Pochon X, Thompson L, Butler J, Schattschneider J, Oakley C, Ryan KG. Cryopreservation of six Symbiodiniaceae genera and assessment of fatty acid profiles in response to increased salinity treatments. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12408. [PMID: 35859115 PMCID: PMC9300622 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16735-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Symbiodiniaceae are a diverse group of dinoflagellates, the majority of which are free-living and/or associated with a variety of protists and other invertebrate hosts. Maintenance of isolated cultures is labour-intensive and expensive, and cryopreservation provides an excellent avenue for their long-term storage. We aimed to cryopreserve 15 cultured isolates from six Symbiodiniaceae genera using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as the cryoprotectant agent (CPA). Under 15% DMSO, 10 isolates were successfully cryopreserved using either rapid freezing or controlled-rate freezing. Cultures that failed or had low survival, were subjected to (1) a reduction of CPA to 10%, or (2) increased salinity treatment before freezing. At 10% DMSO, three further isolates were successfully cryopreserved. At 15% DMSO there were high cell viabilities in Symbiodinium pilosum treated with 44 parts per thousand (ppt) and 54 ppt culture medium. An isolate of Fugacium sp. successfully cryopreserved after salinity treatments of 54 ppt and 64 ppt. Fatty acid (FA) analyses of S. pilosum after 54 ppt salinity treatment showed increased saturated FA levels, whereas Fugacium sp. had low poly-unsaturated FAs compared to normal salinity (34 ppt). Understanding the effects of salinity and roles of FAs in cryopreservation will help in developing protocols for these ecologically important taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Kanyi Kihika
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand. .,School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand.
| | - Susanna A Wood
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand
| | - Lesley Rhodes
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand
| | - Kirsty F Smith
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | | | - Xavier Pochon
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand.,Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag 349, Warkworth, 0941, New Zealand
| | - Lucy Thompson
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand
| | - Juliette Butler
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand
| | | | - Clint Oakley
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
| | - Ken G Ryan
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
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9
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Liu J, Willick IR, Hiraki H, Forand AD, Lawrence JR, Swerhone GDW, Wei Y, Ghosh S, Lee YK, Olsen JE, Usadel B, Wormit A, Günl M, Karunakaran C, Dynes JJ, Tanino KK. Cold and exogenous calcium alter Allium fistulosum cell wall pectin to depress intracellular freezing temperatures. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:3807-3822. [PMID: 35298622 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
De-methyl esterification of homogalacturonan and subsequent cross-linking with Ca2+ is hypothesized to enhance the freezing survival of cold acclimated plants by reducing the porosity of primary cell walls. To test this theory, we collected leaf epidermal peels from non- (23/18 °C) and cold acclimated (2 weeks at 12/4 °C) Japanese bunching onion (Allium fistulosum L.). Cold acclimation enhanced the temperature at which half the cells survived freezing injury by 8 °C (LT50 =-20 °C), and reduced tissue permeability by 70-fold compared with non-acclimated epidermal cells. These effects were associated with greater activity of pectin methylesterase (PME) and a reduction in the methyl esterification of homogalacturonan. Non-acclimated plants treated with 50 mM CaCl2 accumulated higher concentrations of galacturonic acid, Ca2+ in the cell wall, and a lower number of visible cell wall pores compared with that observed in cold acclimated plants. Using cryo-microscopy, we observed that 50 mM CaCl2 treatment did not lower the LT50 of non-acclimated cells, but reduced the lethal intracellular ice nucleation to temperatures observed in cold acclimated epidermal cells. We postulate that the PME-homogalacturonan-mediated reduction in cell wall porosity is integral to intracellular freezing avoidance strategies in cold acclimated herbaceous cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Ian R Willick
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Hayato Hiraki
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Ariana D Forand
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - John R Lawrence
- Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - George D W Swerhone
- Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Yangdou Wei
- Biology Department, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Supratim Ghosh
- Department of Food and Bioproducts Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Yeon Kyeong Lee
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of BioSciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Jorunn E Olsen
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of BioSciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Björn Usadel
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Biology I, Aachen, Germany
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany
| | - Alexandra Wormit
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Biology I, Aachen, Germany
| | - Markus Günl
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany
| | | | | | - Karen K Tanino
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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10
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Zhang J, Liang L, Xie Y, Zhao Z, Su L, Tang Y, Sun B, Lai Y, Li H. Transcriptome and Metabolome Analyses Reveal Molecular Responses of Two Pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.) Cultivars to Cold Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:819630. [PMID: 35392507 PMCID: PMC8981722 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.819630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Low temperature is a significant factor affecting field-grown pepper. The molecular mechanisms behind peppers' response to cold stress remain unknown. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses were used to investigate the responses of two pepper cultivars, XS (cold-sensitive) and GZ (cold-resistant), to cold stress; these were screened from 45 pepper materials. In this study, compared with the control group (0 h), we identified 10,931 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in XS and GZ, 657 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) in the positive ion mode, and 390 DEMs in the negative ion mode. Most DEGs were involved in amino acid biosynthesis, plant hormone signal transduction, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. Furthermore, metabolomic analysis revealed that the content of free polyamines (PAs), plant hormones, and osmolytes, mainly contained increased putrescine, spermine, spermidine, abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA), raffinose, and proline, in response to cold stress. Importantly, the regulation of the ICE (inducer of CBF expression)-CBF (C repeat binding factors)-COR (cold regulated) pathway by Ca2+ signaling, MAPK signaling, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling plays a key role in regulating responses of peppers to cold stress. Above all, the results of the present study provide important insights into the response of peppers to cold stress, which will reveal the potential molecular mechanisms and contribute to pepper screening and breeding in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Le Liang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongdong Xie
- Institute for Processing and Storage of Agricultural Products, Chengdu Academy of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhao Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lihong Su
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Tang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Sun
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunsong Lai
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huanxiu Li
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Pomology and Olericulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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11
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Whelehan LM, Funnekotter B, Bunn E, Mancera RL. Review: The case for studying mitochondrial function during plant cryopreservation. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 315:111134. [PMID: 35067304 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cryopreservation has several advantages over other ex situ conservation methods, and indeed is the only viable storage method for the long term conservation of most plant species. However, despite many advances in this field, it is increasingly clear that some species are ill-equipped to overcome the intense stress imposed by the cryopreservation process, making protocol development incredibly difficult using traditional trial and error methods. Cryobiotechnology approaches have been recently recognised as a strategic way forward, utilising intimate understanding of biological systems to inform development of more effective cryopreservation protocols. Mitochondrial function is a model candidate for a cryobiotechnological approach, as it underpins not only energy provision, but also several other key determinants of germplasm outcome, including stress response, reduction-oxidation status, and programmed cell death. Extensive research in animal cell and tissue cryopreservation has established a clear link between mitochondrial health and cryopreservation survival, but also indicates that mitochondria are routinely subject to damage from multiple aspects of the cryopreservation process. Evidence is already emerging that mitochondrial dysfunction may also occur in plant cryopreservation, and this research can be greatly expanded by using considered applications of innovative technologies. A range of mitochondria-targeted prophylactic and therapeutic interventions already exist with potential to improve cryopreservation outcomes through mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily M Whelehan
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Bryn Funnekotter
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Eric Bunn
- Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Perth, WA, Australia.
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12
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Takahashi D, Willick IR, Kasuga J, Livingston III DP. Responses of the Plant Cell Wall to Sub-Zero Temperatures: A Brief Update. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:1858-1866. [PMID: 34240199 PMCID: PMC8711693 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Our general understanding of plant responses to sub-zero temperatures focuses on mechanisms that mitigate stress to the plasma membrane. The plant cell wall receives comparatively less attention, and questions surrounding its role in mitigating freezing injury remain unresolved. Despite recent molecular discoveries that provide insight into acclimation responses, the goal of reducing freezing injury in herbaceous and woody crops remains elusive. This is likely due to the complexity associated with adaptations to low temperatures. Understanding how leaf cell walls of herbaceous annuals promote tissue tolerance to ice does not necessarily lead to understanding how meristematic tissues are protected from freezing by tissue-level barriers formed by cell walls in overwintering tree buds. In this mini-review, we provide an overview of biological ice nucleation and explain how plants control the spatiotemporal location of ice formation. We discuss how sugars and pectin side chains alleviate adhesive injury that develops at sub-zero temperatures between the matrix polysaccharides and ice. The importance of site-specific cell-wall elasticity to promote tissue expansion for ice accommodation and control of porosity to impede ice growth and promote supercooling will be presented. How specific cold-induced proteins modify plant cell walls to mitigate freezing injury will also be discussed. The opinions presented in this report emphasize the importance of a plant's developmental physiology when characterizing mechanisms of freezing survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Takahashi
- *Corresponding authors: Daisuke Takahashi, E-mail, ; Ian R. Willick, E-mail,
| | - Ian R Willick
- *Corresponding authors: Daisuke Takahashi, E-mail, ; Ian R. Willick, E-mail,
| | - Jun Kasuga
- Research Center for Global Agro-Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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13
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Endoh K, Fujikawa S. Mechanism of freezing resistance in eco-dormant birch buds under winter subzero temperatures. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:606-618. [PMID: 31860718 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Maximum freezing resistance is a component of winter survival and is associated with the eco-dormant state. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) has shown that changes of the freezing response of the dormant buds depend not only on species and bud type, but also on cooling rates. In order to clarify the freezing adaptation at the cellular level of eco-dormant buds in Japanese white birch, birch buds cooled at a rate of 0.2 °C min-1 and 5 °C day-1 were precisely examined by cryo-scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM). Freezing responses of floral dormant buds having female inflorescent primordia and leaf primordia with high-cold hardiness were assessed for extracellular freezing patterns by DTA. Cryo-SEM observation showed freezing of viscous solution filling intercellular spaces within buds and formation of extracellular ice in a random distribution within certain tissues, including green scales, leaf primordia and peduncles. The tissues producing extracellular ice had the common property that distinct intercellular spaces were present among cells having comparatively thick primary walls. In contrast, extracellular ice was not formed within flower primordium and parts of leaf primordium. These tissues had also the common property that no detectable intercellular spaces existed around the cells having thin primary walls. Cryo-SEM observation confirmed that all cells in tissues, regardless of whether extracellular ice was formed within tissues, and also regardless of differences in cooling rates, showed distinct cellular shrinkage by freezing. Recrystallization experiments by cryo-SEM confirmed that all freezable water in cells was eliminated by cooling at 0.2 °C min-1 at least to -30 °C. These results confirmed that all cells in birch buds responded to subzero temperatures through rapid equilibrium dehydration. In contrast to deep supercooling associated with extraorgan freezing of other freezing resistant buds of trees in an eco-dormant state, the mechanism of freezing resistance in eco-dormant birch buds is freezing adaptations by extracellular freezing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Endoh
- Forest Tree Breeding Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 3809-1 Ishi, Juo, Hitachi, Ibaraki, 319-1301, Japan
| | - Seizo Fujikawa
- Graduate School and Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8589, Japan
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14
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Neri L, Faieta M, Di Mattia C, Sacchetti G, Mastrocola D, Pittia P. Antioxidant Activity in Frozen Plant Foods: Effect of Cryoprotectants, Freezing Process and Frozen Storage. Foods 2020; 9:E1886. [PMID: 33348739 PMCID: PMC7767136 DOI: 10.3390/foods9121886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The antioxidant activity (AOA) of plant foods is recognized as an index of the potential health benefits resulting from their consumption. Due to their high perishability and seasonality, plant foods are largely consumed or used as processed products and freezing is one of the technologies used for the production of high-quality foods. However, cell breakages occurring during freezing and frozen storage can lead to the release of antioxidant compounds and their degradation due to chemical and enzymatic oxidation reactions, and thus, they could present a lower antioxidant activity compared to the corresponding fresh product. In this context, process conditions, freezing pre-treatments and the use of cryoprotectants can limit the extent of freeze-induced damages and preserve the antioxidant activity of plant foods. This review collects and discusses the state-of-the-art knowledge on the single and combined effect of freezing and frozen storage conditions on the antioxidant activity of fruits and vegetables as well as the role of cryoprotectants. Classes of compounds responsible for the antioxidant activity of plant foods and the most common methods used for the evaluation of the antioxidant activity in vitro are also presented. The freezing principles and the effects of ice nucleation and crystallization on fruits, vegetables and their main derivatives (juices, pulps) have been addressed to highlight their impact on the AOA of plant foods. The effect of freezing and frozen storage on the AOA of plant foods resulted dependant on a series of intrinsic factors (e.g., composition and structure), while the role of extrinsic processing-related factors, such as freezing and storage temperatures, is ambiguous. In particular, many conflicting results are reported in the literature with a high variability depending on the method of analysis used for the AOA evaluation and data expression (fresh or dry weight). Other intrinsic raw material properties (e.g., cultivar, ripening degree), post-harvest conditions, as well as defrosting methods that in the majority of the studies are scarcely reported, contribute to the aforementioned discrepancies. Finally, due to the limited number of studies reported in the literature and the high variability in product processing, the effect of cryoprotectants on the AOA of plant foods remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Paola Pittia
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technologies for Food, Agriculture, and Environment, University of Teramo, Via Renato Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (L.N.); (M.F.); (C.D.M.); (G.S.); (D.M.)
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15
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Ramirez VE, Poppenberger B. Modes of Brassinosteroid Activity in Cold Stress Tolerance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:583666. [PMID: 33240301 PMCID: PMC7677411 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.583666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cold stress is a significant environmental factor that negatively affects plant growth and development in particular when it occurs during the growth phase. Plants have evolved means to protect themselves from damage caused by chilling or freezing temperatures and some plant species, in particular those from temperate geographical zones, can increase their basal level of freezing tolerance in a process termed cold acclimation. Cold acclimation improves plant survival, but also represses growth, since it inhibits activity of the growth-promoting hormones gibberellins (GAs). In addition to GAs, the steroid hormones brassinosteroids (BRs) also take part in growth promotion and cold stress signaling; however, in contrast to Gas, BRs can improve cold stress tolerance with fewer trade-offs in terms of growth and yields. Here we summarize our current understanding of the roles of BRs in cold stress responses with a focus on freezing tolerance and cold acclimation pathways.
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16
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Hewage KAH, Yang J, Wang D, Hao G, Yang G, Zhu J. Chemical Manipulation of Abscisic Acid Signaling: A New Approach to Abiotic and Biotic Stress Management in Agriculture. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2001265. [PMID: 32999840 PMCID: PMC7509701 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202001265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) is the best-known stress signaling molecule in plants. ABA protects sessile land plants from biotic and abiotic stresses. The conserved pyrabactin resistance/pyrabactin resistance-like/regulatory component of ABA receptors (PYR/PYL/RCAR) perceives ABA and triggers a cascade of signaling events. A thorough knowledge of the sequential steps of ABA signaling will be necessary for the development of chemicals that control plant stress responses. The core components of the ABA signaling pathway have been identified with adequate characterization. The information available concerning ABA biosynthesis, transport, perception, and metabolism has enabled detailed functional studies on how the protective ability of ABA in plants might be modified to increase plant resistance to stress. Some of the significant contributions to chemical manipulation include ABA biosynthesis inhibitors, and ABA receptor agonists and antagonists. Chemical manipulation of key control points in ABA signaling is important for abiotic and biotic stress management in agriculture. However, a comprehensive review of the current knowledge of chemical manipulation of ABA signaling is lacking. Here, a thorough analysis of recent reports on small-molecule modulation of ABA signaling is provided. The challenges and prospects in the chemical manipulation of ABA signaling for the development of ABA-based agrochemicals are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamalani Achala H. Hewage
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical BiologyMinistry of EducationCollege of ChemistryCentral China Normal UniversityWuhan430079P. R. China
- International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and HealthCentral China Normal UniversityWuhan430079P. R. China
| | - Jing‐Fang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical BiologyMinistry of EducationCollege of ChemistryCentral China Normal UniversityWuhan430079P. R. China
- International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and HealthCentral China Normal UniversityWuhan430079P. R. China
| | - Di Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical BiologyMinistry of EducationCollege of ChemistryCentral China Normal UniversityWuhan430079P. R. China
- International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and HealthCentral China Normal UniversityWuhan430079P. R. China
| | - Ge‐Fei Hao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical BiologyMinistry of EducationCollege of ChemistryCentral China Normal UniversityWuhan430079P. R. China
- International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and HealthCentral China Normal UniversityWuhan430079P. R. China
| | - Guang‐Fu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical BiologyMinistry of EducationCollege of ChemistryCentral China Normal UniversityWuhan430079P. R. China
- International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and HealthCentral China Normal UniversityWuhan430079P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and EngineeringTianjin300072P. R. China
| | - Jian‐Kang Zhu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biologyand CAS Center of Excellence in Molecular Plant SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai20032P. R. China
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape ArchitecturePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
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17
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di Francescantonio D, Villagra M, Goldstein G, Campanello PI. Drought and frost resistance vary between evergreen and deciduous Atlantic Forest canopy trees. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2020; 47:779-791. [PMID: 32513382 DOI: 10.1071/fp19282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Frost and drought are key stress factors limiting the growth and distribution of tree species. Resistance to stress involves energy costs that may result in trade-offs between different functional traits. Structures or mechanisms that can help to withstand stress imply differences in the carbon economy of the species. Although adaptive responses to frost and drought resistance are usually of a similar nature, they are rarely assessed simultaneously. We investigated these resistance mechanisms in 10 canopy tree species coexisting in the semi-deciduous subtropical forests of northern Argentina. We measured leaf lifespan, anatomical, photosynthetic and water relations traits and performed a thermal analysis in leaves to determined ice nucleation and tissue damage temperatures. Our results showed that evergreen and deciduous species have different adaptive responses to cope with freezing temperatures and water deficits. Evergreen species exhibited cold tolerance, while deciduous species were more resistant to hydraulic dysfunction and showed greater water transport efficiency. Further research is needed to elucidate resistance strategies to stress factors at the whole tree- and stand level, and possible links with hydraulic safety and efficiency among different phenological groups. This will allow us to predict the responses of subtropical forest species to changes in environmental conditions under climate change scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora di Francescantonio
- Laboratorio de Ecología Forestal y Ecofisiología, Instituto de Biología Subtropical, Universidad Nacional de Misiones (UNaM)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). Bertoni 85, Puerto Iguazú (N3370BFA), Misiones, Argentina; and Asociación Civil Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico (CeIBA). Bertoni 85, Puerto Iguazú (N3370BFA), Misiones, Argentina; and Corresponding author.
| | - Mariana Villagra
- Laboratorio de Ecología Forestal y Ecofisiología, Instituto de Biología Subtropical, Universidad Nacional de Misiones (UNaM)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). Bertoni 85, Puerto Iguazú (N3370BFA), Misiones, Argentina; and Asociación Civil Centro de Investigaciones del Bosque Atlántico (CeIBA). Bertoni 85, Puerto Iguazú (N3370BFA), Misiones, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Goldstein
- Laboratorio de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Instituto IEGEBA (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CABA, C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Paula I Campanello
- Laboratorio de Ecología Forestal y Ecofisiología, Instituto de Biología Subtropical, Universidad Nacional de Misiones (UNaM)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). Bertoni 85, Puerto Iguazú (N3370BFA), Misiones, Argentina; and Centro de Estudios Ambientales Integrados, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, CONICET, RN Nº 259 - Km 16.4, Esquel (9200), Chubut, Argentina
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18
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Cryo-Scanning Electron Microscopy to Study the Freezing Behavior of Plant Tissues. Methods Mol Biol 2020. [PMID: 32607978 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0660-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
A cryo-scanning electron microscope (cryo-SEM) is a valuable tool for observing bulk frozen samples to monitor freezing responses of plant tissues and cells. Here, the essential processes of a cryo-SEM to observe freezing behaviors of plant tissue cells are described.
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19
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Impact of Processing Factors on Quality of Frozen Vegetables and Fruits. FOOD ENGINEERING REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12393-020-09216-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AbstractIn this paper I review the production of frozen vegetables and fruits from a chain perspective. I argue that the final quality of the frozen product still can be improved via (a) optimization of the complete existing production chain towards quality, and/or (b) introduction of some promising novel processing technology. For this optimization, knowledge is required how all processing steps impact the final quality. Hence, first I review physicochemical and biochemical processes underlying the final quality, such as water holding capacity, ice crystal growth and mechanical damage. Subsequently, I review how each individual processing step impacts the final quality via these fundamental physicochemical and biochemical processes. In this review of processing steps, I also review the potential of novel processing technologies. The results of our literature review are summarized via a causal network, linking processing steps, fundamental physicochemical and biochemical processes, and their correlation with final product quality. I conclude that there is room for optimization of the current production chains via matching processing times with time scales of the fundamental physicochemical and biochemical processes. Regarding novel processing technology, it is concluded in general that they are difficult to implement in the context of existing production chains. I do see the potential for novel processing technology combined with process intensification, incorporating the blanching pretreatment—but which involves quite a change of the production chain.
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20
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Radial Movement of Minerals in the Trunks of Standing Japanese Cedar (Cryptomeria Japonica D. Don) Trees in Summer by Tracer Analysis. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11050562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The radial movement of minerals in tree trunks is a widely accepted function of ray parenchyma cells, but there is little experimental evidence for this. We previously obtained experimental data showing that the parenchyma cells were the site of the radial mineral movement in Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) trunks in winter. Therefore, the aim of this study was to answer two remaining questions: do parenchyma cells move minerals via active transport or passive diffusion and how do seasonality and the injection duration affect the radial movement of minerals. To analyze this, we compared mineral movement in living standing Japanese cedar trees with heartwood in which the trunk had been left untreated or freeze–thawed with liquid nitrogen to kill the living cells. A solution of a stable isotope of cesium (Cs), as a tracer of mineral movement, was continuously injected into the outer sapwood of these normal and freeze–thaw-treated trees for an objective period, following which the trunk was freeze-fixed with liquid nitrogen. The Cs distribution in frozen samples was then analyzed by cryo-scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. After 1 and 5 days of injection, the Cs detection area was almost the same among parenchyma cells and tracheid cell walls in the freeze–thaw-treated samples (without living cells) but was further toward the inner xylem in the parenchyma cells than the tracheids in the normal samples (with living cells), indicating that living parenchyma cells move Cs. Furthermore, after 5 days of injection, Cs in the tracheid cell walls was detected further toward the inner xylem in the normal samples than in the freeze–thaw-treated samples, indicating that Cs is exuded from the parenchyma cells into the tracheid cell walls. Together, these results suggest that the radial movement of minerals in standing Japanese cedar trees occurs through a combination of active transport by parenchyma cells and diffusion in the cell walls.
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21
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Peng LN, Xu YQ, Wang X, Feng X, Zhao QQ, Feng SS, Zhao ZY, Hu BZ, Li FL. Overexpression of paralogues of the wheat expansin gene TaEXPA8 improves low-temperature tolerance in Arabidopsis. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2019; 21:1119-1131. [PMID: 31192523 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Low temperature is one of the important factors limiting wheat yield in cold regions. Expansins are nonenzymatic proteins that loosen cell walls and play important roles in diverse biological processes related to cell wall modification, including development and stress tolerance. Many studies have shown that expansins are involved in resistance to various abiotic stresses, such as heat and drought. However, the role of expansins in response to low-temperature stress remains unclear. Based on our previous transcriptome data of a winter wheat cultivar Dongnongdongmai 2 (DN2), we found that one of the expansin genes, TaEXPA8, was significantly induced by low temperature, indicating a role for TaEXPA8 in cold resistance. In this study, the paralogous TaEXPA8 genes TaEXPA8-A, TaEXPA8-B and TaEXPA8-D were cloned by RT-PCR. These three genes were then transformed into Arabidopsis by the floral dip method. Expression patterns of TaEXPA8 genes in different tissues and in response to several abiotic stresses and hormones were detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The results showed that TaEXPA8-A and TaEXPA8-B were expressed mainly in roots, while TaEXPA8-D was expressed predominantly in flowers. TaEXPA8 genes were induced by low-temperature and drought. The overexpression of TaEXPA8-B and TaEXPA8-D enhanced low-temperature resistance and had increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activity and soluble protein, MDA and proline content. In summary, our study suggested that the expansins TaEXPA8-B and TaEXPA8-D are involved in the response to low temperature and possibly play a role in cold resistance by activating the protective enzyme system.
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Affiliation(s)
- L N Peng
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural Univerisity, Harbin, China
| | - Y Q Xu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural Univerisity, Harbin, China
| | - X Wang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural Univerisity, Harbin, China
| | - X Feng
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural Univerisity, Harbin, China
| | - Q Q Zhao
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural Univerisity, Harbin, China
| | - S S Feng
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural Univerisity, Harbin, China
| | - Z Y Zhao
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural Univerisity, Harbin, China
| | - B Z Hu
- Harbin University, Harbin, China
| | - F L Li
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural Univerisity, Harbin, China
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22
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Wei H, Yang Y, Himmel ME, Tucker MP, Ding SY, Yang S, Arora R. Identification and Characterization of Five Cold Stress-Related Rhododendron Dehydrin Genes: Spotlight on a FSK-Type Dehydrin With Multiple F-Segments. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:30. [PMID: 30847341 PMCID: PMC6393390 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dehydrins are a family of plant proteins that accumulate in response to dehydration stresses, such as low temperature, drought, high salinity, or during seed maturation. We have previously constructed cDNA libraries from Rhododendron catawbiense leaves of naturally non-acclimated (NA; leaf LT50, temperature that results in 50% injury of maximum, approximately -7°C) and cold-acclimated (CA; leaf LT50 approximately -50°C) plants and analyzed expressed sequence tags (ESTs). Five ESTs were identified as dehydrin genes. Their full-length cDNA sequences were obtained and designated as RcDhn 1-5. To explore their functionality vis-à-vis winter hardiness, their seasonal expression kinetics was studied at two levels. Firstly, in leaves of R. catawbiense collected from the NA, CA, and de-acclimated (DA) plants corresponding to summer, winter and spring, respectively. Secondly, in leaves collected monthly from August through February, which progressively increased freezing tolerance from summer through mid-winter. The expression pattern data indicated that RcDhn 1-5 had 6- to 15-fold up-regulation during the cold acclimation process, followed by substantial down-regulation during deacclimation (even back to NA levels for some). Interestingly, our data shows RcDhn 5 contains a histidine-rich motif near N-terminus, a characteristic of metal-binding dehydrins. Equally important, RcDhn 2 contains a consensus 18 amino acid sequence (i.e., ETKDRGLFDFLGKKEEEE) near the N-terminus, with two additional copies upstream, and it is the most acidic (pI of 4.8) among the five RcDhns found. The core of this consensus 18 amino acid sequence is a 11-residue amino acid sequence (DRGLFDFLGKK), recently designated in the literature as the F-segment (based on the pair of hydrophobic F residues it contains). Furthermore, the 208 orthologs of F-segment-containing RcDhn 2 were identified across a broad range of species in GenBank database. This study expands our knowledge about the types of F-segment from the literature-reported single F-segment dehydrins (FSKn) to two or three F-segment dehydrins: Camelina sativa dehydrin ERD14 as F2S2Kn type; and RcDhn 2 as F3SKn type identified here. Our results also indicate some consensus amino acid sequences flanking the core F-segment in dehydrins. Implications for these cold-responsive RcDhn genes in future genetic engineering efforts to improve plant cold hardiness are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wei
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Biosciences Center, Golden, CO, United States.,Department of Horticulture, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Yongfu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Michael E Himmel
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Biosciences Center, Golden, CO, United States
| | - Melvin P Tucker
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, National Bioenergy Center, Golden, CO, United States
| | - Shi-You Ding
- DOE-Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.,Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Shihui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rajeev Arora
- Department of Horticulture, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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Sawada S, Fukuda M. Effects of the Shape of Intracellular Ice Crystals in Frozen Vegetables on Drip Loss after Thawing. J JPN SOC FOOD SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.3136/nskkk.65.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sayuri Sawada
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Mukogawa Women’s University
| | - Mitsuru Fukuda
- Research Institute of Nutrition Science, Mukogawa Women’s University
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24
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Chen J, Chen X, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Ou X, An L, Feng H, Zhao Z. A cold-induced pectin methyl-esterase inhibitor gene contributes negatively to freezing tolerance but positively to salt tolerance in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 222:67-78. [PMID: 29407551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plant pectin methyl-esterase (PME) and PME inhibitor (PMEI) belong to large gene families whose members are proposed to be widely involved in growth, development, and stress responses; however, the biological functions of most PMEs and PMEIs have not been characterized. In this study, we studied the roles of CbPMEI1, a cold-induced pectin methyl-esterase inhibitor (PMEI) gene from Chorispora bungeana, under freezing and salt stress. The putative CbPMEI1 peptide shares highest similarity (83%) with AT5G62360 (PMEI13) of Arabidopsis. Overexpression of either CbPMEI1 or PMEI13 in Arabidopsis decreased tissue PME activity and enhanced the degree of methoxylation of cell wall pectins, indicating that both genes encode functional PMEIs. CbPMEI1 and PMEI13 were induced by cold but repressed by salt stress and abscisic acid, suggesting distinct roles of the genes in freezing and salt stress tolerance. Interestingly, transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing CbPMEI1 or PMEI13 showed decreased freezing tolerance, as indicated by survival and electrolyte leakage assays. On the other hand, the salt tolerance of transgenic plants was increased, showing higher rates of germination, root growth, and survival under salinity conditions as compared with non-transgenic wild-type plants. Although the transgenic plants were freezing-sensitive, they showed longer roots than wild-type plants under cold conditions, suggesting a role of PMEs in balancing the trade-off between freezing tolerance and growth. Thus, our study indicates that CbPMEI1 and PMEI13 are involved in root growth regulation under cold and salt stresses, and suggests that PMEIs may be potential targets for genetic engineering aimed to improve fitness of plants under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xuehui Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qingfeng Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yidan Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiangli Ou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lizhe An
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Huyuan Feng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Zhiguang Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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25
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Kong X, Wei B, Gao Z, Zhou Y, Shi F, Zhou X, Zhou Q, Ji S. Changes in Membrane Lipid Composition and Function Accompanying Chilling Injury in Bell Peppers. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:167-178. [PMID: 29136239 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Bell peppers are vulnerable to low temperature (<7°C) and subject to chilling injury (CI). To elucidate the relationship between cell membrane lipid composition and CI, a membrane lipidomic approach was taken. In addition, we performed microstructural analysis and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance to better understand CI. We also monitored primary physiological metabolism parameters to explain lipidomics. Our study indicated that cellular structure damage was more serious at 4°C, mostly represented by damage to the plasmalemma and plastid degradation. Membrane lipidomic data analysis reveals monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidic acid as crucial biomarkers during CI. Furthermore, the significant increase in proline, electrolyte leakage and phospholipase D in chilled fruits also proved that membrane lipid metabolism is involved in the response to low temperature stress. To our knowledge, this study is the first attempt to describe the CI mechanisms in bell peppers based on membrane lipidomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximan Kong
- Post-harvest Biology and Storage of Fruits and Vegetables laboratory, Department of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, 110866, China
| | - Baodong Wei
- Post-harvest Biology and Storage of Fruits and Vegetables laboratory, Department of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, 110866, China
| | - Zhu Gao
- Post-harvest Biology and Storage of Fruits and Vegetables laboratory, Department of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, 110866, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- College of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, China
| | - Fei Shi
- Post-harvest Biology and Storage of Fruits and Vegetables laboratory, Department of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, 110866, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Post-harvest Biology and Storage of Fruits and Vegetables laboratory, Department of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, 110866, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Post-harvest Biology and Storage of Fruits and Vegetables laboratory, Department of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, 110866, China
| | - Shujuan Ji
- Post-harvest Biology and Storage of Fruits and Vegetables laboratory, Department of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, 110866, China
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26
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Takahashi D, Uemura M, Kawamura Y. Freezing Tolerance of Plant Cells: From the Aspect of Plasma Membrane and Microdomain. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1081:61-79. [PMID: 30288704 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-1244-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Freezing stress is accompanied by a state change from water to ice and has multiple facets causing dehydration; consequently, hyperosmotic and mechanical stresses coupled with unfavorable chilling stress act in a parallel way. Freezing tolerance varies widely among plant species, and, for example, most temperate plants can overcome deleterious effects caused by freezing temperatures in winter. Destabilization and dysfunction of the plasma membrane are tightly linked to freezing injury of plant cells. Plant freezing tolerance increases upon exposure to nonfreezing low temperatures (cold acclimation). Recent studies have unveiled pleiotropic responses of plasma membrane lipids and proteins to cold acclimation. In addition, advanced techniques have given new insights into plasma membrane structural non-homogeneity, namely, microdomains. This chapter describes physiological implications of plasma membrane responses enhancing freezing tolerance during cold acclimation, with a focus on microdomains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Takahashi
- Central Infrastructure Group Genomics and Transcript Profiling, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Matsuo Uemura
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences and Department of Plant-biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Yukio Kawamura
- Cryobiofrontier Research Center and Department of Plant-biosciences, and United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan.
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27
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Khan MIH, Karim MA. Cellular water distribution, transport, and its investigation methods for plant-based food material. Food Res Int 2017; 99:1-14. [PMID: 28784465 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous and hygroscopic characteristics of plant-based food material make it complex in structure, and therefore water distribution in its different cellular environments is very complex. There are three different cellular environments, namely the intercellular environment, the intracellular environment, and the cell wall environment inside the food structure. According to the bonding strength, intracellular water is defined as loosely bound water, cell wall water is categorized as strongly bound water, and intercellular water is known as free water (FW). During food drying, optimization of the heat and mass transfer process is crucial for the energy efficiency of the process and the quality of the product. For optimizing heat and mass transfer during food processing, understanding these three types of waters (strongly bound, loosely bound, and free water) in plant-based food material is essential. However, there are few studies that investigate cellular level water distribution and transport. As there is no direct method for determining the cellular level water distributions, various indirect methods have been applied to investigate the cellular level water distribution, and there is, as yet, no consensus on the appropriate method for measuring cellular level water in plant-based food material. Therefore, the main aim of this paper is to present a comprehensive review on the available methods to investigate the cellular level water, the characteristics of water at different cellular levels and its transport mechanism during drying. The effect of bound water transport on quality of food product is also discussed. This review article presents a comparative study of different methods that can be applied to investigate cellular water such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and dilatometry. The article closes with a discussion of current challenges to investigating cellular water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Imran H Khan
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George St, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering & Technology, Gazipur 1700, Bangladesh
| | - M A Karim
- Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George St, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.
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28
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Variation and Correlations among European and North American Orchardgrass Germplasm for Herbage Yield and Nutritive Value. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy6040061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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29
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Fava J, Alzamora SM, Castro MA. Structure and Nanostructure of the Outer Tangential Epidermal Cell Wall in Vaccinium corymbosum L. (Blueberry) Fruits by Blanching, Freezing-Thawing and Ultrasound. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1082013206065702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The design of minimal technologies for blueberries preservation requires, among others, the knowledge of structural and ultrastructural cell changes during the processing. This work examined the main structural alterations that occurred in the outer tangential epidermal cell wall of fruits of Vaccinium corymbosum L. (blueberries) due to blanching, freezing-thawing and ultrasound. Light microscope (LM), environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM) observations were analysed and discussed. Each treatment produced specific effects on the outer tangential epidermal cell wall of the epicarp: swelling and rupture of the inner and outer tangential cell wall by blanching; and cell wall shrinkage and rupture by ultrasound; and folding and compression of the epicarp by freezing-thawing. After treatments, a delimited transition between the cuticle, the cutinised layer and the cellulosic layer on the outer tangential epidermal cell wall was observed in all treated fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Fava
- Laboratorio de Anatomía Vegetal, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental
| | - S. M. Alzamora
- Departamento de Industrias, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428 EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
| | - M. A. Castro
- Laboratorio de Anatomía Vegetal, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental,
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30
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Takahashi D, Kawamura Y, Uemura M. Cold acclimation is accompanied by complex responses of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:5203-15. [PMID: 27471282 PMCID: PMC5014161 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Cold acclimation results in changes of the plasma membrane (PM) composition. The PM is considered to contain specific lipid/protein-enriched microdomains which can be extracted as detergent-resistant plasma membrane (DRM). Previous studies in animal cells have demonstrated that glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) can be targeted to microdomains and/or the apoplast. However, the functional significance of GPI-APs during cold acclimation in plants is not yet fully understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the responsiveness of GPI-APs to cold acclimation treatment in Arabidopsis We isolated the PM, DRM, and apoplast fractions separately and, in addition, GPI-AP-enriched fractions were prepared from the PM preparation. Label-free quantitative shotgun proteomics identified a number of GPI-APs (163 proteins). Among them, some GPI-APs such as fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins and glycerophosphoryldiester phosphodiesterase-like proteins predominantly increased in PM- and GPI-AP-enriched fractions while the changes of GPI-APs in the DRM and apoplast fractions during cold acclimation were considerably different from those of other fractions. These proteins are thought to be associated with cell wall structure and properties. Therefore, this study demonstrated that each GPI-AP responded to cold acclimation in a different manner, suggesting that these changes during cold acclimation are involved in rearrangement of the extracellular matrix including the cell wall towards acquisition of freezing tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Takahashi
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan Cryobiofrontier Research Center, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, D -14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Yukio Kawamura
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan Cryobiofrontier Research Center, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Matsuo Uemura
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan Cryobiofrontier Research Center, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
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31
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Zhang YJ, Bucci SJ, Arias NS, Scholz FG, Hao GY, Cao KF, Goldstein G. Freezing resistance in Patagonian woody shrubs: the role of cell wall elasticity and stem vessel size. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 36:1007-1018. [PMID: 27217529 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Freezing resistance through avoidance or tolerance of extracellular ice nucleation is important for plant survival in habitats with frequent subzero temperatures. However, the role of cell walls in leaf freezing resistance and the coordination between leaf and stem physiological processes under subzero temperatures are not well understood. We studied leaf and stem responses to freezing temperatures, leaf and stem supercooling, leaf bulk elastic modulus and stem xylem vessel size of six Patagonian shrub species from two sites (plateau and low elevation sites) with different elevation and minimum temperatures. Ice seeding was initiated in the stem and quickly spread to leaves, but two species from the plateau site had barriers against rapid spread of ice. Shrubs with xylem vessels smaller in diameter had greater stem supercooling capacity, i.e., ice nucleated at lower subzero temperatures. Only one species with the lowest ice nucleation temperature among all species studied exhibited freezing avoidance by substantial supercooling, while the rest were able to tolerate extracellular freezing from -11.3 to -20 °C. Leaves of species with more rigid cell walls (higher bulk elastic modulus) could survive freezing to lower subzero temperatures, suggesting that rigid cell walls potentially reduce the degree of physical injury to cell membranes during the extracellular freezing and/or thaw processes. In conclusion, our results reveal the temporal-spatial ice spreading pattern (from stem to leaves) in Patagonian shrubs, and indicate the role of xylem vessel size in determining supercooling capacity and the role of cell wall elasticity in determining leaf tolerance of extracellular ice formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303, China Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Sandra J Bucci
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) and Grupo de Estudios Biofísicos y Eco-fisiológicos (GEBEF), Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Comodoro Rivadavia 9000, Argentina
| | - Nadia S Arias
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) and Grupo de Estudios Biofísicos y Eco-fisiológicos (GEBEF), Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Comodoro Rivadavia 9000, Argentina
| | - Fabian G Scholz
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) and Grupo de Estudios Biofísicos y Eco-fisiológicos (GEBEF), Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Comodoro Rivadavia 9000, Argentina
| | - Guang-You Hao
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110164, China
| | - Kun-Fang Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, The Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Microbial and Plant Genetic Engineering, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Guillermo Goldstein
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, PO Box 249118, Coral Gables, FL 33124, USA Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Nuñez, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
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Ji H, Wang Y, Cloix C, Li K, Jenkins GI, Wang S, Shang Z, Shi Y, Yang S, Li X. The Arabidopsis RCC1 Family Protein TCF1 Regulates Freezing Tolerance and Cold Acclimation through Modulating Lignin Biosynthesis. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005471. [PMID: 26393916 PMCID: PMC4579128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell water permeability and cell wall properties are critical to survival of plant cells during freezing, however the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we report that a specifically cold-induced nuclear protein, Tolerant to Chilling and Freezing 1 (TCF1), interacts with histones H3 and H4 and associates with chromatin containing a target gene, blue-copper-binding protein (BCB), encoding a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein that regulates lignin biosynthesis. Loss of TCF1 function leads to reduced BCB transcription through affecting H3K4me2 and H3K27me3 levels within the BCB gene, resulting in reduced lignin content and enhanced freezing tolerance. Furthermore, plants with knocked-down BCB expression (amiRNA-BCB) under cold acclimation had reduced lignin accumulation and increased freezing tolerance. The pal1pal2 double mutant (lignin content reduced by 30% compared with WT) also showed the freezing tolerant phenotype, and TCF1 and BCB act upstream of PALs to regulate lignin content. In addition, TCF1 acts independently of the CBF (C-repeat binding factor) pathway. Our findings delineate a novel molecular pathway linking the TCF1-mediated cold-specific transcriptional program to lignin biosynthesis, thus achieving cell wall remodeling with increased freezing tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Center for Agricultural Research Resources, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Youning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Center for Agricultural Research Resources, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Catherine Cloix
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kexue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Center for Agricultural Research Resources, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Gareth I. Jenkins
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Shuangfeng Wang
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhonglin Shang
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yiting Shi
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuhua Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Center for Agricultural Research Resources, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Menon M, Barnes WJ, Olson MS. Population genetics of freeze tolerance among natural populations of Populus balsamifera across the growing season. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 207:710-22. [PMID: 25809016 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Protection against freeze damage during the growing season influences the northern range limits of plants. Freeze tolerance and freeze avoidance are the two major freeze resistance strategies. Winter survival strategies have been extensively studied in perennials, but few have addressed them and their genetic basis during the growing season. We examined intraspecific phenotypic variation in freeze resistance of Populus balsamifera across latitude and the growing season. To investigate the molecular basis of this variation, we surveyed nucleotide diversity and examined patterns of gene expression in the poplar C-repeat binding factor (CBF) gene family. Foliar freeze tolerance exhibited latitudinal and seasonal variation indicative of natural genotypic variation. CBF6 showed signatures of recent selective sweep. Of the 46 SNPs surveyed across the six CBF homologs, only CBF2_619 exhibited latitudinal differences consistent with increased freeze tolerance in the north. All six CBF genes were cold inducible, but showed varying patterns of expression across the growing season. Some Poplar CBF homologs exhibited patterns consistent with historical selection and clinal variation in freeze tolerance documented here. However, the CBF genes accounted for only a small amount of the variation, indicating that other genes in this and other molecular pathways likely play significant roles in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Menon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - William J Barnes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Matthew S Olson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
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Bonat Celli G, Ghanem A, Su-Ling Brooks M. Influence of freezing process and frozen storage on the quality of fruits and fruit products. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2015.1075212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Le Gall H, Philippe F, Domon JM, Gillet F, Pelloux J, Rayon C. Cell Wall Metabolism in Response to Abiotic Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 4:112-66. [PMID: 27135320 PMCID: PMC4844334 DOI: 10.3390/plants4010112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 565] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the responses of the plant cell wall to several abiotic stresses including drought, flooding, heat, cold, salt, heavy metals, light, and air pollutants. The effects of stress on cell wall metabolism are discussed at the physiological (morphogenic), transcriptomic, proteomic and biochemical levels. The analysis of a large set of data shows that the plant response is highly complex. The overall effects of most abiotic stress are often dependent on the plant species, the genotype, the age of the plant, the timing of the stress application, and the intensity of this stress. This shows the difficulty of identifying a common pattern of stress response in cell wall architecture that could enable adaptation and/or resistance to abiotic stress. However, in most cases, two main mechanisms can be highlighted: (i) an increased level in xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH) and expansin proteins, associated with an increase in the degree of rhamnogalacturonan I branching that maintains cell wall plasticity and (ii) an increased cell wall thickening by reinforcement of the secondary wall with hemicellulose and lignin deposition. Taken together, these results show the need to undertake large-scale analyses, using multidisciplinary approaches, to unravel the consequences of stress on the cell wall. This will help identify the key components that could be targeted to improve biomass production under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyacinthe Le Gall
- EA3900-BIOPI, Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France.
| | - Florian Philippe
- EA3900-BIOPI, Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France.
| | - Jean-Marc Domon
- EA3900-BIOPI, Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France.
| | - Françoise Gillet
- EA3900-BIOPI, Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France.
| | - Jérôme Pelloux
- EA3900-BIOPI, Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France.
| | - Catherine Rayon
- EA3900-BIOPI, Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France.
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JcCBF2 gene from Jatropha curcas improves freezing tolerance of Arabidopsis thaliana during the early stage of stress. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 42:937-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3831-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Baldwin L, Domon JM, Klimek JF, Fournet F, Sellier H, Gillet F, Pelloux J, Lejeune-Hénaut I, Carpita NC, Rayon C. Structural alteration of cell wall pectins accompanies pea development in response to cold. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2014; 104:37-47. [PMID: 24837358 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Pea (Pisum sativum) cell wall metabolism in response to chilling was investigated in a frost-sensitive genotype 'Terese' and a frost-tolerant genotype 'Champagne'. Cell walls isolated from stipules of cold acclimated and non-acclimated plants showed that cold temperatures induce changes in polymers containing xylose, arabinose, galactose and galacturonic acid residues. In the tolerant cultivar Champagne, acclimation is accompanied by increases in homogalacturonan, xylogalacturonan and highly branched Rhamnogalacturonan I with branched and unbranched (1→5)-α-arabinans and (1→4)-β-galactans. In contrast, the sensitive cultivar Terese accumulates substantial amounts of (1→4)-β-xylans and glucuronoxylan, but not the pectins. Greater JIM7 labeling was observed in Champagne compared to Terese, indicating that cold acclimation also induces an increase in the degree of methylesterification of pectins. Significant decrease in polygalacturonase activities in both genotypes were observed at the end of cold acclimation. These data indicate a role for esterified pectins in cold tolerance. The possible functions for pectins and their associated arabinans and galactans in cold acclimation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laëtitia Baldwin
- EA 3900-BIOPI, Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France.
| | - Jean-Marc Domon
- EA 3900-BIOPI, Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France.
| | - John F Klimek
- Department of Botany & Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054, United States.
| | - Françoise Fournet
- EA 3900-BIOPI, Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France.
| | - Hélène Sellier
- INRA USTL UMR 1281, Laboratoire de Génétique et d'Amélioration des Plantes, Estrées-Mons BP50136, 80203 Péronne, France.
| | - Françoise Gillet
- EA 3900-BIOPI, Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France.
| | - Jérôme Pelloux
- EA 3900-BIOPI, Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France.
| | - Isabelle Lejeune-Hénaut
- INRA USTL UMR 1281, Laboratoire de Génétique et d'Amélioration des Plantes, Estrées-Mons BP50136, 80203 Péronne, France.
| | - Nicholas C Carpita
- Department of Botany & Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054, United States.
| | - Catherine Rayon
- EA 3900-BIOPI, Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France.
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Fujikawa S, Endoh K. Cryo-scanning electron microscopy to study the freezing behavior of plant tissues. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1166:99-116. [PMID: 24852632 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0844-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A cryo-scanning electron microscope (cryo-SEM) is a valuable tool for observing bulk frozen samples to monitor freezing responses of plant tissues and cells. Here, essential processes of a cryo-SEM to observe freezing behaviors of plant tissue cells are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seizo Fujikawa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan,
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Kasuga J, Endoh K, Yoshiba M, Taido I, Arakawa K, Uemura M, Fujikawa S. Roles of cell walls and intracellular contents in supercooling capability of xylem parenchyma cells of boreal trees. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2013; 148:25-35. [PMID: 22901079 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2012.01678.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The supercooling capability of xylem parenchyma cells (XPCs) in boreal hardwood species differs depending not only on species, but also season. In this study, the roles of cell walls and intracellular contents in supercooling capability of XPCs were examined in three boreal hardwood species, Japanese beech, katsura tree and mulberry, whose supercooling capability differs largely depending on species and season. XPCs in these species harvested in winter and summer were treated by rapid freezing and thawing (RFT samples) or by RFT with further washing (RFTW samples) to remove intracellular contents from XPCs in order to examine the roles of cell walls in supercooling. RFT samples were also treated with glucose solution (RFTG samples) to examine roles of intracellular contents in supercooling. The supercooling capabilities of these samples were examined by differential thermal analysis after ultrastructural observation of XPCs by a cryo-scanning electron microscope to confirm effects of the above treatments. XPCs in RFTW samples showed a large reduction in supercooling capability to similar temperatures regardless of species or season. On the other hand, XPCs in RFTG samples showed a large increase in supercooling capability to similar temperatures regardless of species or season. These results indicate that although cell walls have an important role in maintenance of supercooling, change in supercooling capability of XPCs is induced by change in intracellular contents, but not by change in cell wall properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kasuga
- Cryobiofrontier Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Morioka 020-8550, Japan.
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Sanyal A, Linder CR. Plasticity and constraints on fatty acid composition in the phospholipids and triacylglycerols of Arabidopsis accessions grown at different temperatures. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 13:63. [PMID: 23594395 PMCID: PMC3637579 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-13-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural selection acts on multiple traits in an organism, and the final outcome of adaptive evolution may be constrained by the interaction of physiological and functional integration of those traits. Fatty acid composition is an important determinant of seed oil quality. In plants the relative proportions of unsaturated fatty acids in phospholipids and seed triacylglycerols often increases adaptively in response to lower growing temperatures to increase fitness. Previous work produced evidence of genetic constraints between phospholipids and triacylglycerols in the widely studied Arabidopsis lines Col and Ler, but because these lines are highly inbred, the correlations might be spurious. In this study, we grew 84 wild Arabidopsis accessions at two temperatures to show that genetic correlation between the fatty acids of the two lipid types is not expected and one should not influence the other and seed oil evolution and also tested for the adaptive response of fatty acids to latitude and temperature. RESULTS As expected no significant correlations between the two lipids classes at either growing temperature were observed. The saturated fatty acids and erucic acid of triacylglycerols followed a significant latitudinal cline, while the fatty acids in phospholipids did not respond to latitude as expected. The expected plastic response to temperature was observed for all the triacylglycerol fatty acids whereas only oleic acid showed the expected pattern in phospholipids. Considerable phenotypic variation of the fatty acids in both the lipid types was seen. CONCLUSION We report the first evidence supporting adaptive evolution of seed triacylglycerols in Arabidopsis on a latitudinal cline as seen in other species and also their plastic adaptive response to growing temperature. We show that as expected there is no genetic correlations between the fatty acids in triacylglycerols and phospholipids, indicating selection can act on seed triacylglycerols without being constrained by the fatty acid requirements of the phospholipids. Phospholipid fatty acids do not respond to latitude and temperature as seen elsewhere and needs further investigation. Thus, the adaptive response of Arabidopsis and the genetic tools available for manipulating Arabidopsis, makes it an excellent system for studying seed oil evolution and also for breeding seed oil crops especially the Brassica species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushree Sanyal
- Section of Integrative Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Craig Randal Linder
- Section of Integrative Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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Domon JM, Baldwin L, Acket S, Caudeville E, Arnoult S, Zub H, Gillet F, Lejeune-Hénaut I, Brancourt-Hulmel M, Pelloux J, Rayon C. Cell wall compositional modifications of Miscanthus ecotypes in response to cold acclimation. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 85:51-61. [PMID: 23079767 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Miscanthus, a potential energy crop grass, can be damaged by late frost when shoots emerge too early in the spring and during the first winter after planting. The effects of cold acclimation on cell wall composition were investigated in a frost-sensitive clone of Miscanthus x giganteus compared to frost-tolerant clone, Miscanthus sinensis August Feder, and an intermediate frost-tolerant clone, M. sinensis Goliath. Cellulose and lignin contents were higher in M. x giganteus than in the M. sinensis genotypes. In ambient temperature controls, each clone displayed different glucuronoarabinoxylan (GAX) contents and degree of arabinose substitution on the xylan backbone. During cold acclimation, an increase in (1→3),(1→4)-β-D-glucan content was observed in all genotypes. Uronic acid level increased in the frost sensitive genotype but decreased in the frost tolerant genotypes in response to cold. In all clones, major changes in cell wall composition were observed with modifications in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) activities in both non- and cold-acclimated experiments. A large increase in CAD activity under cold stress was displayed in each clone, but it was largest in the frost-tolerant clone, M. sinensis August Feder. The marked increase in PAL activity observed in the frost-tolerant clones under cold acclimation, suggests a reorientation of the products towards the phenylpropanoid pathway or aromatic synthesis. How changes in cell wall physical properties can impact frost tolerance is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Domon
- EA 3900-BIOPI, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France
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Scholz FG, Bucci SJ, Arias N, Meinzer FC, Goldstein G. Osmotic and elastic adjustments in cold desert shrubs differing in rooting depth: coping with drought and subzero temperatures. Oecologia 2012; 170:885-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-012-2368-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Ando H, Kajiwara K, Oshita S, Suzuki T. The effect of osmotic dehydrofreezing on the role of the cell membrane in carrot texture softening after freeze-thawing. J FOOD ENG 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2011.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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44
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Water status and quality improvement in high-CO2 treated table grapes. Food Chem 2011; 128:34-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.02.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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45
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He X. Thermostability of biological systems: fundamentals, challenges, and quantification. Open Biomed Eng J 2011; 5:47-73. [PMID: 21769301 PMCID: PMC3137158 DOI: 10.2174/1874120701105010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This review examines the fundamentals and challenges in engineering/understanding the thermostability of biological systems over a wide temperature range (from the cryogenic to hyperthermic regimen). Applications of the bio-thermostability engineering to either destroy unwanted or stabilize useful biologicals for the treatment of diseases in modern medicine are first introduced. Studies on the biological responses to cryogenic and hyperthermic temperatures for the various applications are reviewed to understand the mechanism of thermal (both cryo and hyperthermic) injury and its quantification at the molecular, cellular and tissue/organ levels. Methods for quantifying the thermophysical processes of the various applications are then summarized accounting for the effect of blood perfusion, metabolism, water transport across cell plasma membrane, and phase transition (both equilibrium and non-equilibrium such as ice formation and glass transition) of water. The review concludes with a summary of the status quo and future perspectives in engineering the thermostability of biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming He
- Multiscale Biothermostability Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Biomedical Engineering Program, University of South Carolina, 300 Main Street, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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46
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Cryo-scanning electron microscopic study on freezing behaviors of tissue cells in dormant buds of larch (Larix kaempferi). Cryobiology 2009; 59:214-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2009.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Revised: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Solecka D, Żebrowski J, Kacperska A. Are pectins involved in cold acclimation and de-acclimation of winter oil-seed rape plants? ANNALS OF BOTANY 2008; 101:521-30. [PMID: 18222909 PMCID: PMC2710196 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcm329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2007] [Revised: 10/09/2007] [Accepted: 12/04/2007] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The hypothesis was tested that pectin content and methylation degree participate in regulation of cell wall mechanical properties and in this way may affect tissue growth and freezing resistance over the course of plant cold acclimation and de-acclimation. METHODS Experiments were carried on the leaves of two double-haploid lines of winter oil-seed rape (Brassica napus subsp. oleifera), differing in winter survival and resistance to blackleg fungus (Leptosphaeria maculans). KEY RESULTS Plant acclimation in the cold (2 degrees C) brought about retardation of leaf expansion, concomitant with development of freezing resistance. These effects were associated with the increases in leaf tensile stiffness, cell wall and pectin contents, pectin methylesterase (EC 3.1.1.11) activity and the low-methylated pectin content, independently of the genotype studied. However, the cold-induced modifications in the cell wall properties were more pronounced in the leaves of the more pathogen-resistant genotype. De-acclimation promoted leaf expansion and reversed most of the cold-induced effects, with the exception of pectin methylesterase activity. CONCLUSIONS The results show that the temperature-dependent modifications in pectin content and their methyl esterification degree correlate with changes in tensile strength of a leaf tissue, and in this way affect leaf expansion ability and its resistance to freezing and to fungus pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta Solecka
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Institute of Experimental Plant Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Żebrowski
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Acclimation, Radzików, 95-870 Błonie, Poland
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszow, Rejtana 16c, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Alina Kacperska
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Institute of Experimental Plant Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
- For correspondence. E-mail
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Zhang Y, Schläppi M. Cold responsive EARLI1 type HyPRPs improve freezing survival of yeast cells and form higher order complexes in plants. PLANTA 2007; 227:233-43. [PMID: 17786468 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-007-0611-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2007] [Accepted: 08/01/2007] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants have large families of proteins sharing a conserved eight-cysteine-motif (8CM) domain. The biological functions of these proteins are largely unknown. EARLI1 is a cold responsive Arabidopsis gene that encodes a hybrid proline-rich protein (HyPRP) with a three-domain architecture: a putative signal peptide at the N-terminus, a proline-rich domain (PRD) in the middle, and an 8CM domain at the C-terminus. We report here that yeast cells expressing different EARLI1 genes had significantly higher rates of freezing survival than empty-vector transformed controls. Arabidopsis plants with knocked down EARLI1 genes had an increased tendency for freezing-induced cellular damage. EARLI1-GFP fluorescence in transgenic plants and immunoblot analyses using protoplasts suggested cell wall localization for EARLI1 proteins. Immunoblot analyses showed that EARLI1 proteins form higher order complexes in plants, and that the PRD is a soluble and the 8CM an insoluble protein domain. We propose that EARLI1 proteins have a bimodular architecture in which the PRD may interact with the cell wall and the 8CM domain with the plasma membrane to protect the cells during freezing stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
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Anti-ice nucleation activity in xylem extracts from trees that contain deep supercooling xylem parenchyma cells. Cryobiology 2007; 55:305-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2007.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2007] [Revised: 08/27/2007] [Accepted: 08/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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50
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Takata N, Kasuga J, Takezawa D, Arakawa K, Fujikawa S. Gene expression associated with increased supercooling capability in xylem parenchyma cells of larch (Larix kaempferi). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2007; 58:3731-3742. [PMID: 18057043 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erm223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Xylem parenchyma cells (XPCs) in larch adapt to subfreezing temperatures by deep supercooling, while cortical parenchyma cells (CPCs) undergo extracellular freezing. The temperature limits of supercooling in XPCs changed seasonally from -30 degrees C during summer to -60 degrees C during winter as measured by freezing resistance. Artificial deacclimation of larch twigs collected in winter reduced the supercooling capability from -60 degrees C to -30 degrees C. As an approach to clarify the mechanisms underlying the change in supercooling capability of larch XPCs, genes expressed in association with increased supercooling capability were examined. By differential screening and differential display analysis, 30 genes were found to be expressed in association with increased supercooling capability in XPCs. These 30 genes were categorized into several groups according to their functions: signal transduction factors, metabolic enzymes, late embryogenesis abundant proteins, heat shock proteins, protein synthesis and chromatin constructed proteins, defence response proteins, membrane transporters, metal-binding proteins, and functionally unknown proteins. All of these genes were expressed most abundantly during winter, and their expression was reduced or disappeared during summer. The expression of all of the genes was significantly reduced or disappeared with deacclimation of winter twigs. Interestingly, all but one of the genes were expressed more abundantly in the xylem than in the cortex. Eleven of the 30 genes were thought to be novel cold-induced genes. The results suggest that change in the supercooling capability of XPCs is associated with expression of genes, including genes whose functions have not been identified, and also indicate that gene products that have been thought to play a role in dehydration tolerance by extracellular freezing also have a function by deep supercooling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Takata
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
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