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Graham ML, Li M, Gong AY, Deng S, Jin K, Wang S, Chen XM. Cryptosporidium parvum hijacks a host's long noncoding RNA U90926 to evade intestinal epithelial cell-autonomous antiparasitic defense. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1205468. [PMID: 37346046 PMCID: PMC10280636 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1205468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is a zoonotic apicomplexan parasite that infects the gastrointestinal epithelium and other mucosal surfaces in humans. It is an important opportunistic pathogen in AIDS patients and a leading cause of infectious diarrhea and diarrheal-related death in children worldwide. The intestinal epithelial cells provide the first line of defense against Cryptosporidium infection and play a central role in activating and regulating the host's antiparasitic response. Increasing evidence suggests that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) participate in host-pathogen interactions and play a regulatory role in the pathogenesis of diseases but the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. We previously identified a panel of host lncRNAs that are upregulated in murine intestinal epithelial cells following Cryptosporidium infection, including U90926. We demonstrate here that U90926 is acting in a pro-parasitic manner in regulating intestinal epithelial cell-autonomous antiparasitic defense. Inhibition of U90926 resulted in a decreased infection burden of the parasite while overexpression of U90926 showed an increase in infection burden in cultured murine intestinal epithelial cells. Induction of U90926 suppressed transcription of epithelial defense genes involved in controlling Cryptosporidium infection through epigenetic mechanisms. Specifically, transcription of Aebp1, which encodes the Aebp1 protein, a potent modulator of inflammation and NF-κB signaling, was suppressed by U90926. Gain- or loss-of-function of Aebp1 in the host's epithelial cells caused reciprocal alterations in the infection burden of the parasite. Interestingly, Cryptosporidium carries the Cryptosporidium virus 1 (CSpV1), a double-stranded (ds) RNA virus coding two dsRNA fragments, CSpV1-dsRdRp and CSpV1-dsCA. Both CSpV1-dsRdRp and CSpV1-dsCA can be delivered into infected cells as previously reported. We found that cells transfected with in vitro transcribed CSpV1-dsCA or CSpV1-dsRdRp displayed an increased level of U90926, suggesting that CSpV1 is involved in the upregulation of U90926 during Cryptosporidium infection. Our study highlights a new strategy by Cryptosporidium to hijack a host lncRNA to suppress epithelial cell-autonomous antiparasitic defense and allow for a robust infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion L. Graham
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Min Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Ai-Yu Gong
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Silu Deng
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Kehua Jin
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei, China
| | - Shuhong Wang
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Xian-Ming Chen
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
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2
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Yahia SH, El gamal RL, Fathy GM, Al-Ghandour AMF, El-Akabawy N, Abdel-Hameed BH, Elbahaie ES. The potential therapeutic effect of Nigella sativa and Zingiber officinale extracts versus Nitazoxanide drug against experimentally induced cryptosporidiosis in laboratory mice. J Parasit Dis 2023; 47:329-339. [PMID: 37193490 PMCID: PMC10182196 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-023-01572-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the potential anti-cryptosporidial effect of Nigella sativa (black seeds) and Zingiber officinale (ginger) alcoholic extracts versus Nitazoxanide (NTZ) medication was investigated in immunosuppressed (IS) laboratory mice. Parasitological, histopathological studies were used to assess their therapeutic efficacy. Serum level and tissue expression percentage of IFN-γ was also used. Nigella extract succeeded to reduce the mean oocyst counts in the feces of immunosuppressed mice followed by NTZ. Ginger-treated ones showed the lowest reduction percentage. Nigella sativa showed the best results in terms of restoring the normal architecture of ileal epithelium in histopathological sections stained with H&E. NTZ treatment sub-groups showed mild improvement, followed by ginger-treated mice, which showed a slight improvement in small intestine microenvironment. A significant substantial rise in serum and intestinal tissue IFN-γ cytokine levels were recorded in Nigella subgroups compared to those of NTZ and ginger respectively. According to our findings Nigella sativa outperformed Nitazoxanide in terms of anti-cryptosporidial effectiveness and regeneration characteristics revealing a promising medication. When compared to the commonly used Nitazoxanide medication or Nigella extracts, the outcomes of ginger extract were suboptimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samah Hassan Yahia
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Reda Lamei El gamal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ghada Mahmoud Fathy
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | - Nadia El-Akabawy
- Department of Medical Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | - Enas Saed Elbahaie
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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3
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Deng S, He W, Gong AY, Li M, Wang Y, Xia Z, Zhang XT, Huang Pacheco AS, Naqib A, Jenkins M, Swanson PC, Drescher KM, Strauss-Soukup JK, Belshan M, Chen XM. Cryptosporidium uses CSpV1 to activate host type I interferon and attenuate antiparasitic defenses. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1456. [PMID: 36928642 PMCID: PMC10020566 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37129-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium infects gastrointestinal epithelium and is a leading cause of infectious diarrhea and diarrheal-related death in children worldwide. There are no vaccines and no fully effective therapy available for the infection. Type II and III interferon (IFN) responses are important determinants of susceptibility to infection but the role for type I IFN response remains obscure. Cryptosporidium parvum virus 1 (CSpV1) is a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus harbored by Cryptosporidium spp. Here we show that intestinal epithelial conditional Ifnar1-/- mice (deficient in type I IFN receptor) are resistant to C. parvum infection. CSpV1-dsRNAs are delivered into host cells and trigger type I IFN response in infected cells. Whereas C. parvum infection attenuates epithelial response to IFN-γ, loss of type I IFN signaling or inhibition of CSpV1-dsRNA delivery can restore IFN-γ-mediated protective response. Our findings demonstrate that type I IFN signaling in intestinal epithelial cells is detrimental to intestinal anti-C. parvum defense and Cryptosporidium uses CSpV1 to activate type I IFN signaling to evade epithelial antiparasitic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silu Deng
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Wei He
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Ai-Yu Gong
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Min Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Zijie Xia
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Xin-Tiang Zhang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Andrew S Huang Pacheco
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Children's Hospital & Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Ankur Naqib
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mark Jenkins
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, the United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Patrick C Swanson
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Kristen M Drescher
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Juliane K Strauss-Soukup
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Creighton University College of Arts and Sciences, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Michael Belshan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Xian-Ming Chen
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA.
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4
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Mathy NW, Deng S, Gong AY, Li M, Wang Y, Burleigh O, Kochvar A, Whiteford ER, Shibata A, Chen XM. The Long Non-Coding RNA Nostrill Regulates Transcription of Irf7 Through Interaction With NF-κB p65 to Enhance Intestinal Epithelial Defense Against Cryptosporidium parvum. Front Immunol 2022; 13:863957. [PMID: 35464447 PMCID: PMC9021721 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.863957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The cells of the intestinal epithelium establish the frontline for host defense against pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract and play a vital role in the initiation of the immune response. Increasing evidence supports the role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) as critical regulators of diverse cellular processes, however, their role in antimicrobial host defense is incompletely understood. In this study, we provide evidence that the lncRNA Nostrill is upregulated in the intestinal epithelium following infection by Cryptosporidium parvum, a globally prevalent apicomplexan parasite that causes significant diarrheal disease and an important opportunistic pathogen in the immunocompromised and AIDS patients. Induction of Nostrill in infected intestinal epithelial cells was triggered by NF-κB signaling and was observed to enhance epithelial defense by decreasing parasitic infection burden. Nostrill participates in the transcriptional regulation of C. parvum-induced Irf7 expression through interactions with NF-κB p65, and induction of Nostrill promotes epigenetic histone modifications and occupancy of RNA polymerase II at the Irf7 promoter. Our data suggest that the induction of Nostrill promotes antiparasitic defense against C. parvum and enhances intestinal epithelial antimicrobial defense through contributions to transcriptional regulation of immune-related genes, such as Irf7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W Mathy
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Silu Deng
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Ai-Yu Gong
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, United States.,Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Min Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Olivia Burleigh
- Department of Biology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Andrew Kochvar
- Department of Biology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Erin R Whiteford
- Creighton University, School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Annemarie Shibata
- Department of Biology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Xian-Ming Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, United States.,Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
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5
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Gong AY, Wang Y, Li M, Zhang XT, Deng S, Chen JM, Lu E, Mathy NW, Martins GA, Strauss-Soukup JK, Chen XM. LncRNA XR_001779380 Primes Epithelial Cells for IFN-γ-Mediated Gene Transcription and Facilitates Age-Dependent Intestinal Antimicrobial Defense. mBio 2021; 12:e0212721. [PMID: 34488445 PMCID: PMC8546593 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02127-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) signaling is key to mucosal immunity in the gastrointestinal tract, but cellular regulatory elements that determine interferon gamma (IFN-γ)-mediated antimicrobial defense in intestinal epithelial cells are not fully understood. We report here that a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), GenBank accession no. XR_001779380, was increased in abundance in murine intestinal epithelial cells following infection by Cryptosporidium, an important opportunistic pathogen in AIDS patients and a common cause of diarrhea in young children. Expression of XR_001779380 in infected intestinal epithelial cells was triggered by TLR4/NF-κB/Cdc42 signaling and epithelial-specific transcription factor Elf3. XR_001779380 primed epithelial cells for IFN-γ-mediated gene transcription through facilitating Stat1/Swi/Snf-associated chromatin remodeling. Interactions between XR_001779380 and Prdm1, which is expressed in neonatal but not adult intestinal epithelium, attenuated Stat1/Swi/Snf-associated chromatin remodeling induced by IFN-γ, contributing to suppression of IFN-γ-mediated epithelial defense in neonatal intestine. Our data demonstrate that XR_001779380 is an important regulator in IFN-γ-mediated gene transcription and age-associated intestinal epithelial antimicrobial defense. IMPORTANCE Epithelial cells along the mucosal surface provide the front line of defense against luminal pathogen infection in the gastrointestinal tract. These epithelial cells represent an integral component of a highly regulated communication network that can transmit essential signals to cells in the underlying intestinal mucosa that, in turn, serve as targets of mucosal immune mediators. LncRNAs are recently identified long noncoding transcripts that can regulate gene transcription through their interactions with other effect molecules. In this study, we demonstrated that lncRNA XR_001779380 was upregulated in murine intestinal epithelial cells following infection by a mucosal protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium. Expression of XR_001779380 in infected cells primed host epithelial cells for IFN-γ-mediated gene transcription, relevant to age-dependent intestinal antimicrobial defense. Our data provide new mechanistic insights into how intestinal epithelial cells orchestrate intestinal mucosal defense against microbial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Yu Gong
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Min Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Xin-Tian Zhang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Silu Deng
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Jessie M. Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Eugene Lu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Nicholas W. Mathy
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Gislaine A. Martins
- Deptartments of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Research Division of Immunology Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Xian-Ming Chen
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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6
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Xia Z, Xu J, Lu E, He W, Deng S, Gong AY, Strass-Soukup J, Martins GA, Lu G, Chen XM. m 6A mRNA Methylation Regulates Epithelial Innate Antimicrobial Defense Against Cryptosporidial Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:705232. [PMID: 34295340 PMCID: PMC8291979 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.705232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports that N6-methyladenosine (m6A) mRNA modification may play an important role in regulating immune responses. Intestinal epithelial cells orchestrate gastrointestinal mucosal innate defense to microbial infection, but underlying mechanisms are still not fully understood. In this study, we present data demonstrating significant alterations in the topology of host m6A mRNA methylome in intestinal epithelial cells following infection by Cryptosporidium parvum, a coccidian parasite that infects the gastrointestinal epithelium and causes a self-limited disease in immunocompetent individuals but a life-threatening diarrheal disease in AIDS patients. Altered m6A methylation in mRNAs in intestinal epithelial cells following C. parvum infection is associated with downregulation of alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase alkB homolog 5 and the fat mass and obesity-associated protein with the involvement of NF-кB signaling. Functionally, m6A methylation statuses influence intestinal epithelial innate defense against C. parvum infection. Specifically, expression levels of immune-related genes, such as the immunity-related GTPase family M member 2 and interferon gamma induced GTPase, are increased in infected cells with a decreased m6A mRNA methylation. Our data support that intestinal epithelial cells display significant alterations in the topology of their m6A mRNA methylome in response to C. parvum infection with the involvement of activation of the NF-кB signaling pathway, a process that modulates expression of specific immune-related genes and contributes to fine regulation of epithelial antimicrobial defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijie Xia
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Jihao Xu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Eugene Lu
- Department of Biology, School of Interdisciplinary Informatics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Wei He
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Silu Deng
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, United States.,Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ai-Yu Gong
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, United States.,Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Juliane Strass-Soukup
- Department of Chemistry, Creighton University College of Arts & Sciences, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Gislaine A Martins
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Research Division of Immunology Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Guoqing Lu
- Department of Biology, School of Interdisciplinary Informatics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Xian-Ming Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, United States.,Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
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7
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Wang Y, Shen Y, Liu H, Yin J, Zhang XT, Gong AY, Chen X, Chen S, Mathy NW, Cao J, Chen XM. Induction of Inflammatory Responses in Splenocytes by Exosomes Released from Intestinal Epithelial Cells following Cryptosporidium parvum Infection. Infect Immun 2019; 87:e00705-18. [PMID: 30642905 PMCID: PMC6434132 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00705-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium, a protozoan parasite that infects the gastrointestinal epithelium and other mucosal surfaces in humans and animals, is an important opportunistic pathogen in AIDS patients and one of the most common enteric pathogens affecting young children in developing regions. This parasite is referred to as a "minimally invasive" mucosal pathogen, and epithelial cells play a central role in activating and orchestrating host immune responses. We previously demonstrated that Cryptosporidium parvum infection stimulates host epithelial cells to release exosomes, and these released exosomes shuttle several antimicrobial peptides to carry out anti-C. parvum activity. In this study, we detected the upregulation of inflammatory genes in the liver and spleen following C. parvum intestinal infection in neonatal mice. Interestingly, exosomes released from intestinal epithelial cells following C. parvum infection could activate the nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway and trigger inflammatory gene transcription in isolated primary splenocytes. Several epithelial cell-derived proteins and a subset of parasite RNAs were detected in the exosomes released from C. parvum-infected intestinal epithelial cells. Shuttling of these effector molecules, including the high mobility group box 1 protein, was involved in the induction of inflammatory responses in splenocytes induced by the exosomes released from infected cells. Our data indicate that exosomes released from intestinal epithelial cells upon C. parvum infection can activate immune cells by shuttling various effector molecules, a process that may be relevant to host systemic responses to Cryptosporidium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Yujuan Shen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Liu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhai Yin
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Tian Zhang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Ai-Yu Gong
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Xiqiang Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Siyi Chen
- Creighton University School of Pharmacy and Health Professions, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Nicholas W Mathy
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Jianping Cao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Xian-Ming Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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8
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Ming Z, Gong AY, Wang Y, Zhang XT, Li M, Mathy NW, Strauss-Soukup JK, Chen XM. Involvement of Cryptosporidium parvum Cdg7_FLc_1000 RNA in the Attenuation of Intestinal Epithelial Cell Migration via Trans-Suppression of Host Cell SMPD3. J Infect Dis 2019; 217:122-133. [PMID: 28961856 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal infection by Cryptosporidium parvum causes inhibition of epithelial turnover, but underlying mechanisms are unclear. Previous studies demonstrate that a panel of parasite RNA transcripts of low protein-coding potential are delivered into infected epithelial cells. Using in vitro and in vivo models of intestinal cryptosporidiosis, we report here that host delivery of parasite Cdg7_FLc_1000 RNA results in inhibition of epithelial cell migration through suppression of the gene encoding sphingomyelinase 3 (SMPD3). Delivery of Cdg7_FLc_1000 into infected cells promotes the histone methyltransferase G9a-mediated H3K9 methylation in the SMPD3 locus. The DNA-binding transcriptional repressor, PR domain zinc finger protein 1, is required for the assembly of Cdg7_FLc_1000 into the G9a complex and associated with the enrichment of H3K9 methylation at the gene locus. Pathologically, nuclear transfer of Cryptosporidium parvum Cdg7_FLc_1000 RNA is involved in the attenuation of intestinal epithelial cell migration via trans-suppression of host cell SMPD3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenping Ming
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Hubei, China.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine
| | - Ai-Yu Gong
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine
| | - Xin-Tian Zhang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine
| | - Min Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine
| | - Nicholas W Mathy
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine
| | | | - Xian-Ming Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine
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9
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Li M, Gong AY, Zhang XT, Wang Y, Mathy NW, Martins GA, Strauss-Soukup JK, Chen XM. Induction of a Long Noncoding RNA Transcript, NR_045064, Promotes Defense Gene Transcription and Facilitates Intestinal Epithelial Cell Responses against Cryptosporidium Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:3630-3640. [PMID: 30446564 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is an important opportunistic intestinal pathogen for immunocompromised individuals and a common cause of diarrhea in young children in developing countries. Gastrointestinal epithelial cells play a central role in activating and orchestrating host immune responses against Cryptosporidium infection, but underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. We report in this paper that C. parvum infection causes significant alterations in long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) expression profiles in murine intestinal epithelial cells. Transcription of a panel of lncRNA genes, including NR_045064, in infected cells is controlled by the NF-κB signaling. Functionally, inhibition of NR_045064 induction increases parasite burden in intestinal epithelial cells. Induction of NR_045064 enhances the transcription of selected defense genes in host cells following C. parvum infection. Epigenetic histone modifications are involved in NR_045064-mediated transcription of associated defense genes in infected host cells. Moreover, the p300/MLL-associated chromatin remodeling is involved in NR_045064-mediated transcription of associated defense genes in intestinal epithelial cells following C. parvum infection. Expression of NR_045064 and associated genes is also identified in intestinal epithelium in C57BL/6J mice following phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide or LPS stimulation. Our data demonstrate that lncRNAs, such as NR_045064, play a role in regulating epithelial defense against microbial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178
| | - Ai-Yu Gong
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178
| | - Xin-Tian Zhang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178
| | - Nicholas W Mathy
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178
| | - Gislaine A Martins
- Research Division of Immunology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90048.,Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90048; and
| | | | - Xian-Ming Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178;
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Ming Z, Wang Y, Gong AY, Zhang XT, Li M, Chen T, Mathy NW, Strauss-Soukup JK, Chen XM. Attenuation of Intestinal Epithelial Cell Migration During Cryptosporidium parvum Infection Involves Parasite Cdg7_FLc_1030 RNA-Mediated Induction and Release of Dickkopf-1. J Infect Dis 2018; 218:1336-1347. [PMID: 30052999 PMCID: PMC6129111 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal infection by Cryptosporidium is known to cause epithelial cell migration disorder but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Previous studies demonstrated that a panel of parasite RNA transcripts of low protein-coding potential are delivered into infected epithelial cells. Using multiple models of intestinal cryptosporidiosis, we report here that C. parvum infection induces expression and release of the dickkopf protein 1 (Dkk1) from intestinal epithelial cells. Delivery of parasite Cdg7_FLc_1030 RNA to intestinal epithelial cells triggers transactivation of host Dkk1 gene during C. parvum infection. Release of Dkk1 is involved in C. parvum-induced inhibition of cell migration of epithelial cells, including noninfected bystander cells. Moreover, Dkk1-mediated suppression of host cell migration during C. parvum infection involves inhibition of Cdc42/Par6 signaling. Our data support the hypothesis that attenuation of intestinal epithelial cell migration during Cryptosporidium infection involves parasite Cdg7_FLc_1030 RNA-mediated induction and release of Dkk1 from infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenping Ming
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Hubei, China
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Ai-Yu Gong
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Xin-Tian Zhang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Min Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
| | - Nicholas W Mathy
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska
| | | | - Xian-Ming Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska
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Wang Y, Gong AY, Ma S, Chen X, Strauss-Soukup JK, Chen XM. Delivery of parasite Cdg7_Flc_0990 RNA transcript into intestinal epithelial cells during Cryptosporidium parvum infection suppresses host cell gene transcription through epigenetic mechanisms. Cell Microbiol 2017; 19. [PMID: 28655069 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidial infection causes dysregulated transcription of host genes key to intestinal epithelial homeostasis, but the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. Previous studies demonstrate that several Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum) RNA transcripts are selectively delivered into epithelial cells during host cell invasion and may modulate gene transcription in infected cells. We report here that C. parvum infection suppresses the transcription of LRP5, SLC7A8, and IL33 genes in infected intestinal epithelium. Trans-suppression of these genes in infected host cells is associated with promoter enrichment of suppressive epigenetic markers (i.e., H3K9me3). Cdg7_FLc_0990, a C. parvum RNA that has previously demonstrated to be delivered into the nuclei of infected epithelial cells, is recruited to the promoter regions of LRP5, SLC7A8, and IL33 genes. Cdg7_FLc_0990 appears to be recruited to their promoter regions together with G9a, a histone methyltransferase for H3K9 methylation. The PR domain zinc finger protein 1, a G9a-interacting protein, is required for the assembly of Cdg7_FLc_0990 to the G9a complex and gene-specific enrichment of H3K9 methylation. Our data demonstrate that cryptosporidial infection induces epigenetic histone methylations in infected cells through nuclear transfer of parasite Cdg7_Flc_0990 RNA transcript, resulting in transcriptional suppression of the LRP5, SLC7A8, and IL33 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Ai-Yu Gong
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Shibin Ma
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Xiqiang Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | - Xian-Ming Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
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12
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Ming Z, Zhou R, Chen XM. Regulation of host epithelial responses toCryptosporidiuminfection by microRNAs. Parasite Immunol 2017; 39. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z. Ming
- Department of Medical Parasitology; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Wuhan University; Hubei China
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology; Creighton University School of Medicine; Omaha NE USA
| | - R. Zhou
- Department of Medical Parasitology; School of Basic Medical Sciences; Wuhan University; Hubei China
| | - X.-M. Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology; Creighton University School of Medicine; Omaha NE USA
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13
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Codices V, Martins C, Novo C, de Sousa B, Lopes Â, Borrego M, Matos O. Dynamics of cytokines and immunoglobulins serum profiles in primary and secondary Cryptosporidium parvum infection: Usefulness of Luminex® xMAP technology. Exp Parasitol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Choudhry N, Petry F, van Rooijen N, McDonald V. A protective role for interleukin 18 in interferon γ-mediated innate immunity to Cryptosporidium parvum that is independent of natural killer cells. J Infect Dis 2012; 206:117-24. [PMID: 22517912 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity against some intracellular parasitic protozoa involves interleukin 18 (IL-18)-mediated interferon γ (IFN-γ) production by natural killer (NK) cells, but the role of IL-18 in innate resistance to Cryptosporidium infection is unknown. Adult Rag2(-/-)γc(-/-) mice that lack NK cells, T cells, and B cells demonstrated resistance to Cryptosporidium parvum infection that was IFN-γ dependent. Treatment with anti-IL-18-neutralizing antibodies resulted in loss of resistance correlating with reduced intestinal IFN-γ expression. Intestinal mature IL-18 expression increased in vivo during infection and also in the intestinal epithelial cell line CMT-93 following combined IFN-γ treatment/infection. Peritoneal macrophages produced IFN-γ when stimulated with IL-18 combined with interleukin 12, and the latter was expressed in vivo during infection. Macrophage depletion in infected mice caused a rapid growth of infection with no increase in IFN-γ expression. These findings provide evidence of an NK cell-independent, IFN-γ-mediated innate immune pathway against C. parvum in which IL-18 and macrophages play prominent parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naheed Choudhry
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Centre for Digestive Diseases, Queen Mary College University of London, United Kingdom
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15
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McDonald V. Cryptosporidiosis: host immune responses and the prospects for effective immunotherapies. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2012; 9:1077-86. [PMID: 22029525 DOI: 10.1586/eri.11.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. that develop in intestinal epithelial cells are responsible for the diarrhoeal disease cryptosporidiosis, which is common in humans of all ages and in neonatal livestock. Following infection, parasite reproduction increases for a number of days before it is blunted and then impeded by innate and adaptive immune responses. Immunocompromised hosts often cannot establish strong immunity and develop chronic infections that can lead to death. Few drugs consistently inhibit parasite reproduction in the host, and chemotherapy might be ineffective in immunodeficient hosts. Future options for prevention or treatment of cryptosporidiosis might include vaccines or recombinant immunological molecules, but this will probably require a better understanding of both the mucosal immune system and intestinal immune responses to the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent McDonald
- Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Digestive Diseases, Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Queen Mary College University of London, Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK.
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16
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Conn DB, Galán-Puchades MT, Fuentes MV. Normal and aberrant Mesocestoides tetrathyridia from Crocidura spp. (Soricimorpha) in Corsica and Spain. J Parasitol 2011; 97:915-9. [PMID: 21612421 DOI: 10.1645/ge-2441.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides sp. were collected from the body cavities of the shrews (Insectivora), Crocidura russula, in Valencia, Spain and Crocidura suaveolens on the Mediterranean island of Corsica, France. Specimens were processed by routine microscopic and histological techniques, including examination with brightfield, phase-contrast, and differential-interference-contrast optics. Most tetrathyridia were clustered together inside host-derived fibrotic capsules, but some occurred free in the body cavity. All specimens examined from both locations had solid hindbodies, i.e., lacking a primary lacuna, thus conforming to the plerocercoid metacestode type; all possessed a single normal tetra-acetabulate scolex. All metacestodes from C. russula in Valencia were normal tetrathyridia. Those from C. suaveolens in Corsica were either normal tetrathyridia or had aberrant deep convolutions of an unusually elongated hindbody. No tetrathyridium from either location or host showed tegumental or excretory duct anomalies such as those reported by several authors from aberrant tetrathyridia and spargana in some other locations. No definitive evidence of asexual proliferation was visible in any of the tetrathyridia, but those with abnormally convoluted hindbodies from a single C. suaveolens in Corsica suggest the potential for asexuality by fission of the hindbody. These results add to our understanding of morphological and developmental variation among metacestodes in this widespread and variable genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bruce Conn
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
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17
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Smales L, Skuballa J, Taraschewski H, Petney T, Pfäffle M. An immature polymorphid acanthocephalan from a European hedgehog (Erinaceidae) from New Zealand. NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2010.488788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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18
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Petry F, Jakobi V, Tessema TS. Host immune response to Cryptosporidium parvum infection. Exp Parasitol 2010; 126:304-9. [PMID: 20685209 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2010.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Revised: 05/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Species of the genus Cryptosporidium are protozoan parasites (Apicomplexa) that cause gastroenteritis in animals and humans. Of these Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis are the major causative agents of human cryptosporidiosis. Whereas infection is self-limiting in the immunocompetent hosts, immunocompromised individuals develop a chronic, life-threatening disease. As specific therapeutic or preventive interventions are not yet available, better understanding of the immune response to the parasite is required. This minireview briefly summarizes the factors involved in the innate and acquired immune response in this pathogen-host interaction with an emphasis on more recent data from mouse models of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Petry
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
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19
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Adoptive transfer of protective immunity from Cryptosporidium parvum-infected interferon-γ and interleukin-12-deficient mice to naive recipients. Vaccine 2009; 27:6575-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2008] [Revised: 08/07/2009] [Accepted: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Dynamics of gut mucosal and systemic Th1/Th2 cytokine responses in interferon-gamma and interleukin-12p40 knock out mice during primary and challenge Cryptosporidium parvum infection. Immunobiology 2009; 214:454-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2008.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Revised: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Guitard J, Menotti J, Desveaux A, Alimardani P, Porcher R, Derouin F, Kapel N. Experimental study of the effects of probiotics on Cryptosporidium parvum infection in neonatal rats. Parasitol Res 2006; 99:522-7. [PMID: 16612627 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-006-0181-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2006] [Accepted: 03/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
To date, there is no efficient treatment for cryptosporidiosis and parasite eradication relies on innate and acquired immunity. In this study, we investigated the effect of administration of probiotic bacteria on the development and progression of the experimental infection in suckling rats. Rats were fed daily with 2.10(7) CFU of Lactobacillus casei-containing mixture, starting 2 days before the infection until the spontaneous clearance of the parasite. Effects on weight gain, parasite burden, mucosal histology and production of mucosal cytokines (IFNgamma, IL10 and TNFalpha) were studied. Although a trend to a more rapid clearance of parasites was noted in rats treated with probiotics, no significant effect of probiotics administration was observed in terms of weight gain, parasite burden, mucosal damage, or kinetics of mucosal cytokines during the course of infection. Overall, our results showed that the daily administration of L. casei-containing mixtures was unable to eradicate the parasite in our model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Guitard
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine Paris 7, 15 rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France
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22
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Leav BA, Yoshida M, Rogers K, Cohen S, Godiwala N, Blumberg RS, Ward H. An early intestinal mucosal source of gamma interferon is associated with resistance to and control of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in mice. Infect Immun 2005; 73:8425-8. [PMID: 16299343 PMCID: PMC1307021 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.12.8425-8428.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2005] [Revised: 03/29/2005] [Accepted: 09/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to and control of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in mice in the absence of adaptive immunity appears to be gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) dependent. Using an IFN-gamma-neutralizing antibody in a murine model, we demonstrated increased susceptibility to infection within 24 h. We correlated this early resistance and control with increased mucosal expression of IFN-gamma and demonstrate that CD8+ T-cell receptor alphabeta intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes express and secrete this cytokine shortly after infection. The rapid kinetics of IFN-gamma expression and secretion by naive CD8+ T cells in response to a protozoan pathogen have not previously been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett A Leav
- Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Box 041, 750 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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23
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Mariotte D, Comby E, Brasseur P, Ballet JJ. Kinetics of spleen and Peyer's patch lymphocyte populations during gut parasite clearing in Cryptosporidium parvum infected suckling mice. Parasite Immunol 2004; 26:1-6. [PMID: 15198640 DOI: 10.1111/j.0141-9838.2004.00676.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Data from experimental and human cryptosporidiosis have established a major role of specific immunity in the control of Cryptosporidium parvum infection. In this work, alterations in spleen and Peyer's patch (Pp) lymphocytes were investigated in the course of a spontaneously resolutive gut cryptosporidiosis in four-day-old suckling NMRI mice infected with either 4 x 10(5) or 30 viable oocysts. Oocysts from entire small intestines, and spleen and Pp lymphocytes were examined using flow cytometry from day 7 to day 27 post-infection. Compared to uninfected animals, a 3-5 fold increase in the numbers of spleen TCR alphabeta+, CD4+, CD8+, TCR gammadelta+ and CD45R/B220+ lymphocytes was observed on day 17 post-infection in heavily infected animals. In Pp, more than ten-fold increases were observed, except for TCR gammadelta+ lymphocytes. At termination of infection, i.e. on days 21-23 after ingestion of 4 x 105 oocysts, T and B lymphocytes decreased rapidly in both organs, and remained lower than in uninfected animals on days 19-23 post-infection. In mice infected with 30 oocysts, similar alterations were observed in Pp, but not in spleen. Data suggest that in normally developing mice, clearance of gut C. parvum infection is associated with an initial increase in systemic and local lymphocyte numbers, followed by their decrease to below control levels during the recovery phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mariotte
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Immunopathologie, CHU-Clemenceau, Caen, France.
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Guk SM, Yong TS, Chai JY. Role of murine intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes and lamina propria lymphocytes against primary and challenge infections with Cryptosporidium parvum. J Parasitol 2003; 89:270-5. [PMID: 12760640 DOI: 10.1645/0022-3395(2003)089[0270:romiil]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the role of intestinal lamina propria lymphocytes (LPL) and intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) in controlling Cryptosporidium parvum infection, changes in their phenotypes and functional properties were studied after induction of primary and challenge infections in immunocompetent mice. As shown by oocyst-shedding patterns, the challenge-infected group recovered more rapidly from infection than did the primary-infected group. In LPL, proportions of activated CD4+, CD25+, IgG1+, IgA+, and CD4+/IFN-gamma+ cells increased significantly in the primary-infected group compared with controls. In the challenge-infected group, proportions of these cells decreased. The antigen-specific IgA level was elevated significantly among LPL of both primary- and challenge-infected groups. Among IEL, proportions of activated CD8+, T cell receptor (TCR) gammadelta+, and CD8+/TCR gammadelta+ cells increased significantly in the challenge-infected group compared with controls and the primary-infected group; their cytotoxicity also was enhanced. However, the proportion of IEL expressing Th1 cytokines was lower than that among LPL in both infected groups. The results suggest that LPL play a more important role in protection against a primary infection with C. parvum, through the production of IFN-gamma and IgA, whereas IEL are more involved in protection against a challenge infection, through enhanced cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Mee Guk
- Department of Parasitology, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
An increased understanding of host immune responses to Cryptosporidium parvum which are responsible for clearance of primary infection and resistance to reinfection, and characterization of the parasite molecules to which they are directed, are essential for discovery of effective active and passive immunization strategies against cryptosporidiosis. In this article, recent advances in knowledge of humoral and cellular immune responses to C. parvum, their antigen specificities, and mechanisms of protection are briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Riggs
- Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology, Veterinary Science and Microbiology Building, Room 202, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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Pollok RC, Farthing MJ, Bajaj-Elliott M, Sanderson IR, McDonald V. Interferon gamma induces enterocyte resistance against infection by the intracellular pathogen Cryptosporidium parvum. Gastroenterology 2001; 120:99-107. [PMID: 11208718 DOI: 10.1053/gast.2001.20907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Interferon (IFN)-gamma plays an important role in the immunologic control of infection by the protozoan enteropathogen Cryptosporidium parvum. We tested the hypothesis that IFN-gamma may directly inhibit infection of enterocytes by this pathogen. METHODS HT-29, Caco-2, and H4 human enterocyte cell lines were grown in monolayers and incubated with IFN-gamma before exposure with C. parvum. IFN-gamma receptor expression in the cell lines was determined by Western blot analysis. RESULTS IFN-gamma inhibited C. parvum infection of both HT-29 and Caco-2 cells but not H4 cells. Response to IFN-gamma was related to the expression of the IFN-gamma receptor in the respective cell lines. The effect of IFN-gamma was partially reversed by inhibition of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. IFN-gamma mediated its action by at least 2 mechanisms: (1) inhibition of parasite invasion and (2) by modification of intracellular Fe(2+) concentration. No role for tryptophan starvation or nitric oxide synthase activity was found. TNF-alpha and IL-1beta also had anti-C. parvum activity but had no synergistic effect with IFN-gamma. CONCLUSIONS IFN-gamma directly induces enterocyte resistance against C. parvum infection; this observation may have important consequences for our understanding of the mucosal immune response to invasive pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Pollok
- Digestive Diseases Research Centre, St. Bartholomew's and The Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, England.
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Abstract
The coccidian Cryptosporidium infects epithelial cells of a variety of vertebrate hosts and is the causative agent of cryptosporidiosis. In mammals, including humans and domestic animals, C. parvum infects the gastrointestinal tract producing an acute watery diarrhoea and weight loss. CD4+ T-cell-deficient hosts have increased susceptibility to infection with the parasite and may develop severe life-threatening complications. The host responses which induce protective immunity and contribute to pathogenesis are poorly understood. In the immunological control of infection, recent studies with murine infection models suggest that IFN-gamma plays a key role in a partially protective innate immunity against infection identified in immunocompromised mice and also in the elimination of infection mediated by CD4+ T-cells. At the mucosal level, CD4+ intraepithelial lymphocytes are involved in the control of cryptosporidial infection, acting at least in part through production of IFN-gamma which has a direct inhibitory effect on parasite development in enterocytes. Primary infection of ruminants induces an intestinal inflammatory response in which increased numbers of various T-cell subpopulations appear in the villi. In addition, infection results in increased intestinal expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-12, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha. Because these cytokines appear to be important in the aetiology of inflammatory bowel disease, it is possible that they are involved in the mucosal pathogenesis of cryptosporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V McDonald
- St Bartholomew's and The Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Digestive Diseases Research Centre, London, UK.
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28
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Leitch GJ, He Q. Reactive nitrogen and oxygen species ameliorate experimental cryptosporidiosis in the neonatal BALB/c mouse model. Infect Immun 1999; 67:5885-91. [PMID: 10531244 PMCID: PMC96970 DOI: 10.1128/iai.67.11.5885-5891.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Four-day-old BALB/c mice were infected by the oral administration of 50,000 Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts, and the resulting infection was scored histologically and by counting colonic oocysts. Infection occurred in the ileum and proximal colon (but not duodenum and jejunum), peaked on days 14 to 18, and was cleared between days 24 and 30. Nitric oxide (NO) appeared to play a protective role in this model as evidenced by the facts that plasma nitrite and nitrate levels increased during the period of peak parasitosis; immunohistochemically detected inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was increased in the ileum and colon enterocytes of infected animals; the NOS inhibitor L-N-iminoethyl lysine or N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) decreased the elevated plasma nitrite and nitrate levels while exacerbating the infection and increasing oocyst shedding; administration of a NO donor, S-nitroso-N-penicillamine, reduced oocyst and infection scores; and neonatal iNOS knockout mice exhibited a slightly longer infection than control animals. The oral administration of oocysts to L-NAME-treated BALB/c mice, but not control animals, between 24 and 40 days old resulted in the fecal excretion of oocysts 1 week later. Administration of the antioxidant ascorbic acid also exacerbated the C. parvum infection, suggesting a protective role for reactive nitrogen and/or reactive oxygen compounds, while administration of the superoxide scavenger superoxide dismutase exacerbated the infection. Taken together these data suggest that both reactive nitrogen and reactive oxygen species play protective roles in experimental cryptosporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Leitch
- Department of Physiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310, USA. leitch2msm.edu
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Fayer R, Gasbarre L, Pasquali P, Canals A, Almeria S, Zarlenga D. Cryptosporidium parvum infection in bovine neonates: dynamic clinical, parasitic and immunologic patterns. Int J Parasitol 1998; 28:49-56. [PMID: 9504334 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(97)00170-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-six experimentally infected calves were monitored daily for oocyst excretion. All began excreting oocysts 3-6 days p.i. Most calves (n = 23) excreted oocysts for 6-9 days, with a daily range from 4 x 10(2) to 4.15 x 10(7) oocysts g(-1) of faeces. Over half the calves excreted peak numbers of oocysts 6-8 days p.i. Diarrhoea, observed intermittently beginning as early as day 3 p.i., lasted 4-16 days and varied greatly in severity from calf to calf. In a second study, nine of 18 calves were orally inoculated with 5 x 10(6) oocysts between birth and 2 days of age and nine remained uninfected. Monoclonal antibodies for cell surface markers indicated substantial increases in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the intraepithelial lymphocyte population of the ilea of infected calves at 7-9 days of age. RT-PCR demonstrated increases in mRNA for interleukin-12 and interferon-gamma that correlated with increases in both CD4+ and CD8 + intraepithelial lymphocyte cells. Increased mRNA for interleukin-12 and interferon-gamma from lamina propria lymphocytes correlated with increased numbers of CD8+ cells. No changes were found in interleukin-2, interleukin-4 or interleukin-10 mRNA levels. However, interleukin-15 mRNA, possibly from epithelial cells contaminating intraepithelial lymphocytes, was decreased in infected calves and had a negative correlation with increases in CD4+ and CD8+ cells. No differences were detected in mRNA levels for cytokines from lymph node lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Fayer
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Immunology and Disease Resistance Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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Culshaw RJ, Bancroft GJ, McDonald V. Gut intraepithelial lymphocytes induce immunity against Cryptosporidium infection through a mechanism involving gamma interferon production. Infect Immun 1997; 65:3074-9. [PMID: 9234756 PMCID: PMC175433 DOI: 10.1128/iai.65.8.3074-3079.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunological control of infection with cryptosporidia in mice is dependent on CD4+ T cells and the production of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), but to date, the mucosal T cells which produce IFN-gamma local to the infection have not been characterized. We previously showed that immunity against the gastric parasite Cryptosporidium muris could be adoptively transferred to adult SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency) mice with small intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) from previously infected immunocompetent mice, but only if the donor CD4+ T cells were intact. The present investigation examined whether IFN-gamma was important in the effector mechanisms mediated by immune IEL in SCID mice. The development of resistance against C. muris infection in SCID mice given immune IEL was prevented by treatment with a hamster anti-mouse IFN-gamma-neutralizing monoclonal antibody, but following cessation of antibody treatment, the mice recovered from infection. In further experiments, an enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) technique was used to compare frequencies of IFN-gamma-producing cells in activated T-cell populations from C. muris-immune and naive donor mice. Stimulation with concanavalin A or a rat anti-mouse CD3 monoclonal antibody resulted in detection of greater numbers of cells producing IFN-gamma from immune than naive IEL populations. Small numbers of IEL from C. muris-immune mice, but not from naive mice, also produced IFN-gamma when cultured with soluble oocyst antigen, but this occurred only if gamma-irradiated spleen cells were cocultured with the immune IEL. These results suggested that IEL were important in the generation of immunity to Cryptosporidium and that one of their crucial functions was to produce IFN-gamma at the site of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Culshaw
- Department of Clinical Sciences, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
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