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Xiong G, Jean I, Farrugia AM, Metheny H, Johnson BN, Cohen NA, Cohen AS. Temporal and structural sensitivities of major biomarkers for detecting neuropathology after traumatic brain injury in the mouse. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1339262. [PMID: 38356651 PMCID: PMC10865493 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1339262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in teenagers to young adults. In recent decades, different biomarkers and/or staining protocols have been employed to evaluate the post-injury development of pathological structures, but they have produced many contradictory findings. Since correctly identifying the underlying neuroanatomical changes is critical to advancing TBI research, we compared three commonly used markers for their ability to detect TBI pathological structures: Fluoro-Jade C, the rabbit monoclonal antibody Y188 against amyloid precursor protein and the NeuroSilver kit were used to stain adjacent slices from naïve or injured mouse brains harvested at different time points from 30 min to 3 months after lateral fluid percussion injury. Although not all pathological structures were stained by all markers at all time points, we found damaged neurons and deformed dendrites in gray matter, punctate and perivascular structures in white matter, and axonal blebs and Wallerian degeneration in both gray and white matter. The present study demonstrates the temporal and structural sensitivities of the three biomarkers: each marker is highly effective for a set of pathological structures, each of which in turn emerges at a particular time point. Furthermore, the different biomarkers showed different abilities at detecting identical types of pathological structures. In contrast to previous studies that have used a single biomarker at a single time range, the present report strongly recommends that a combination of different biomarkers should be adopted and different time points need to be checked when assessing neuropathology after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxiang Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ian Jean
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Anthony M. Farrugia
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hannah Metheny
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Brian N. Johnson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Noam A. Cohen
- Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology−Head and Neck Surgery, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Akiva S. Cohen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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2
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Xiong G, Metheny H, Hood K, Jean I, Farrugia AM, Johnson BN, Tummala SR, Cohen NA, Cohen AS. Detection and verification of neurodegeneration after traumatic brain injury in the mouse: Immunohistochemical staining for amyloid precursor protein. Brain Pathol 2023; 33:e13163. [PMID: 37156643 PMCID: PMC10580020 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies of human traumatic brain injury (TBI) have shown diffuse axonal injury as varicosities or spheroids in white matter (WM) bundles when using immunoperoxidase-ABC staining with 22C11, a mouse monoclonal antibody against amyloid precursor protein (APP). These findings have been interpreted as TBI-induced axonal pathology. In a mouse model of TBI however, when we used immunofluorescent staining with 22C11, as opposed to immunoperoxidase staining, we did not observe varicosities or spheroids. To explore this discrepancy, we performed immunofluorescent staining with Y188, an APP knockout-validated rabbit monoclonal that shows baseline immunoreactivity in neurons and oligodendrocytes of non-injured mice, with some arranged-like varicosities. In gray matter after injury, Y188 intensely stained axonal blebs. In WM, we encountered large patches of heavily stained puncta, heterogeneous in size. Scattered axonal blebs were also identified among these Y188-stained puncta. To assess the neuronal origin of Y188 staining after TBI we made use of transgenic mice with fluorescently labeled neurons and axons. A close correlation was observed between Y188-stained axonal blebs and fluorescently labeled neuronal cell bodies/axons. By contrast, no correlation was observed between Y188-stained puncta and fluorescent axons in WM, suggesting that these puncta in WM did not originate from axons, and casting further doubt on the nature of previous reports with 22C11. As such, we strongly recommend Y188 as a biomarker for detecting damaged neurons and axons after TBI. With Y188, stained axonal blebs likely represent acute axonal truncations that may lead to death of the parent neurons. Y188-stained puncta in WM may indicate damaged oligodendrocytes, whose death and clearance can result in secondary demyelination and Wallerian degeneration of axons. We also provide evidence suggesting that 22C11-stained varicosities or spheroids previously reported in TBI patients might be showing damaged oligodendrocytes, due to a cross-reaction between the ABC kit and upregulated endogenous biotin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxiang Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care MedicineThe Children's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Hannah Metheny
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care MedicineThe Children's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Kaitlin Hood
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care MedicineThe Children's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Neuroscience Graduate GroupUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Ian Jean
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care MedicineThe Children's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Anthony M. Farrugia
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care MedicineThe Children's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Brian N. Johnson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care MedicineThe Children's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Shanti R. Tummala
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied SciencesUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Noam A. Cohen
- Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical CenterPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck SurgeryPerelman School of Medicine, University of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Akiva S. Cohen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care MedicineThe Children's Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
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3
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Kim J, Um H, Kim NH, Kim D. Potential Alzheimer's disease therapeutic nano-platform: Discovery of amyloid-beta plaque disaggregating agent and brain-targeted delivery system using porous silicon nanoparticles. Bioact Mater 2023; 24:497-506. [PMID: 36685808 PMCID: PMC9841037 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been a lot of basic and clinical research on Alzheimer's disease (AD) over the last 100 years, but its mechanisms and treatments have not been fully clarified. Despite some controversies, the amyloid-beta hypothesis is one of the most widely accepted causes of AD. In this study, we disclose a new amyloid-beta plaque disaggregating agent and an AD brain-targeted delivery system using porous silicon nanoparticles (pSiNPs) as a therapeutic nano-platform to overcome AD. We hypothesized that the negatively charged sulfonic acid functional group could disaggregate plaques and construct a chemical library. As a result of the in vitro assay of amyloid plaques and library screening, we confirmed that 6-amino-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid (ANA) showed the highest efficacy for plaque disaggregation as a hit compound. To confirm the targeted delivery of ANA to the AD brain, a nano-platform was created using porous silicon nanoparticles (pSiNPs) with ANA loaded into the pore of pSiNPs and biotin-polyethylene glycol (PEG) surface functionalization. The resulting nano-formulation, named Biotin-CaCl2-ANA-pSiNPs (BCAP), delivered a large amount of ANA to the AD brain and ameliorated memory impairment of the AD mouse model through the disaggregation of amyloid plaques in the brain. This study presents a new bioactive small molecule for amyloid plaque disaggregation and its promising therapeutic nano-platform for AD brain-targeted delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehoon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeji Um
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Hee Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Dokyoung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea,Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea,Center for Converging Humanities, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea,KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea,UC San Diego Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA,Corresponding author. Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
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Binding of Equine Seminal Lactoferrin/Superoxide Dismutase (SOD-3) Complex Is Biased towards Dead Spermatozoa. Animals (Basel) 2022; 13:ani13010052. [PMID: 36611662 PMCID: PMC9817809 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sperm-neutrophil binding is an important facet of breeding and significantly impacts fertility. While a specific seminal plasma protein has been found to reduce this binding and improve fertility (CRISP-3), additional molecule(s) appear to promote binding between defective sperm and neutrophils. Recent work has suggested one of these proteins is lactoferrin (LF), an 80 kDa iron-binding protein found throughout the body, but the purity of the protein was not confirmed. It is unknown if LF binds to sperm selectively based on viability, and if receptors for LF are located on equine sperm. To evaluate this, we attempted to purify equine seminal LF from five stallions (n = 5), biotinylate LF, and evaluate potential binding site(s) on spermatozoa. LF was consistently associated with superoxide dismutase (SOD-3), and all attempts to separate the two proteins were unsuccessful. Flow cytometric and microscopic analyses were used to compare LF/SOD-3 binding to viable and nonviable spermatozoa. Additionally, various methods of biotinylation were assessed to optimize this methodology. Biotinylation of seminal plasma protein was an effective and efficient method to study seminal plasma protein properties, and the binding site for LF/SOD-3 was found to be broadly localized to the entire sperm cell surface as well as selective towards nonviable/defective sperm. Although we were not able to determine if the binding to equine spermatozoa was through LF or SOD-3, we can conclude that equine seminal LF is tightly bound to SOD-3 and this protein complex binds selectively to nonviable spermatozoa, possibly to mark them for elimination by neutrophil phagocytosis.
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Munzuroğlu M, Danışman B, Akçay G, Yelli İ, Aslan M, Derin N. Effects Of Biotin Deficiency On Short Term Memory: The Role Of Glutamate, Glutamic Acid, Dopamine And Protein Kinase A. Brain Res 2022; 1792:148031. [PMID: 35901964 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.148031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Insufficient dietary biotin intake, biotinidase deficiency, drug-biotin interactions can cause biotin deficiency which may result in central nervous system dysfunctions. We hypothesized that biotin deficiency could disrupt learning and memory functions by altering glutamate, glutamine, dopamine levels and protein kinase A (PKA) activity in the hippocampus. Sixteen female and 4 male Wistar rats were mated and females were separated into 4 groups. Three pups were selected from each mother and a total of 48 pups were divided into the following experimental groups. NN group, normal diet in the prenatal and postnatal period. NB group, normal diet in the prenatal and a biotin-deficient diet in the postnatal period. BN group: biotin-deficient diet in the prenatal and a normal diet in the postnatal period, BB group: biotin-deficient diet in both the prenatal and postnatal period. Open Field, Y-Maze, Object Location, and Novel Object Recognition Tests were performed in all groups and rats were sacrificed. Glutamine, glutamate, dopamine levels and PKA activity were analyzed in the hippocampus. In the open field test, distance and velocity values of NB, BN and BB groups were decreased with respect to the NN group. Learning and memory functions of NB, BN and BB groups were found to be impaired in behavioral tests. Dopamine levels and PKA activity were also decreased in all rat pups fed with a biotin deficient diet. In conclusion, we demonstrated that biotin deficiency deteriorates short-term memory and locomotor activity. This impairment may relate to decreased dopamine levels and PKA activity in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Munzuroğlu
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070,Turkey
| | - Betül Danışman
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey
| | - Güven Akçay
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Hitit University, Çorum 19040, Turkey
| | - İhsan Yelli
- Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Turkey
| | - Mutay Aslan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Turkey
| | - Narin Derin
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070,Turkey.
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6
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Lyu Q, Zheng HS, Laprocina K, Huang CCJ. Microwaving and Fluorophore-Tyramide for Multiplex Immunostaining on Mouse Adrenals - Using Unconjugated Primary Antibodies from the Same Host Species. J Vis Exp 2020. [PMID: 32150172 DOI: 10.3791/60868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunostaining is widely used in biomedical research to show the cellular expression pattern of a given protein. Multiplex immunostaining allows labeling using multiple primary antibodies. To minimize antibody cross-reactivity, multiplex immunostaining using indirect staining requires unlabeled primary antibodies from different host species. However, the appropriate combination of different species antibodies is not always available. Here, we describe a method of using unlabeled primary antibodies from the same host species (e.g., in this case both antibodies are from rabbit) for multiplex immunofluorescence on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) mouse adrenal sections. This method uses the same procedure and reagents used in the antigen retrieval step to strip the activity of the previously stained primary antibody complex. Slides were stained with the first primary antibody using a general immunostaining protocol followed by a binding step with a biotinylated secondary antibody. Then, an avidin-biotin-peroxidase signal development method was used with fluorophore-tyramide as the substrate. The immunoactivity of the first primary antibody complex was stripped through immersion in a microwaved boiling sodium citrate solution for 8 min. The insoluble fluorophore-tyramide deposition remained on the sample, which allowed the slide to be stained with other primary antibodies. Although this method eliminates most false positive signals, some background from antibody cross-reactivity may remain. If the samples are enriched with endogenous biotin, a peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody may be used to replace the biotinylated secondary antibody to avoid the false positive from recovered endogenous biotin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongxia Lyu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology; Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University
| | - Huifei Sophia Zheng
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University
| | - Karly Laprocina
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University
| | - Chen-Che Jeff Huang
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University;
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Grant MKO, Shapiro SL, Ashe KH, Liu P, Zahs KR. A Cautionary Tale: Endogenous Biotinylated Proteins and Exogenously-Introduced Protein A Cause Antibody-Independent Artefacts in Western Blot Studies of Brain-Derived Proteins. Biol Proced Online 2019; 21:6. [PMID: 31019379 PMCID: PMC6474067 DOI: 10.1186/s12575-019-0095-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are commonly used to detect or isolate proteins from biological samples. Much attention has been paid to the potential for poorly-characterized antibodies to lead to misleading results, but antibody-independent artefacts may also occur. Here, we recount two examples of antibody-independent artefacts that have confounded the interpretation of results in our search for molecular entities associated with memory loss in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). First, when using biotin-avidin systems for antibody detection, endogenous biotinylated proteins created spurious bands in Western blots of brain lysates from AD patients and transgenic mouse models of AD. These artefactual bands occurred in a transgene- and strain-dependent manner. A second, unexpected artefact occurred when Protein A-conjugated Sepharose beads were used to deplete lysates of endogenous immunoglobulins prior to immunopurification of target proteins. In these assays, Protein A shed from the beads, then bound to (and was eluted from) an immunoaffinity matrix designed to capture AD-related proteins. The Protein A then bound detection antibodies when the immunoaffinity eluates were analyzed by Western blot. Both of these artefacts–the endogenous biotinylated proteins and the Protein A artefact–can be monitored by including an “irrelevant” antibody as an experimental control (e.g., running a parallel protocol in which the antibody directed against the target of interest is replaced by a non-specific antibody).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne K O Grant
- 1Departments of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.,3N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.,5Present address: Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Samantha L Shapiro
- 1Departments of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.,3N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.,6Present address: University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI 53705 USA
| | - Karen H Ashe
- 1Departments of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.,2Departments of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.,3N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.,4GRECC, VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55417 USA
| | - Peng Liu
- 1Departments of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.,3N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Kathleen R Zahs
- 1Departments of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.,3N. Bud Grossman Center for Memory Research and Care, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
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8
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Ma W, Saccardo A, Roccatano D, Aboagye-Mensah D, Alkaseem M, Jewkes M, Di Nezza F, Baron M, Soloviev M, Ferrari E. Modular assembly of proteins on nanoparticles. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1489. [PMID: 29662234 PMCID: PMC5902510 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03931-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Generally, the high diversity of protein properties necessitates the development of unique nanoparticle bio-conjugation methods, optimized for each different protein. Here we describe a universal bio-conjugation approach which makes use of a new recombinant fusion protein combining two distinct domains. The N-terminal part is Glutathione S-Transferase (GST) from Schistosoma japonicum, for which we identify and characterize the remarkable ability to bind gold nanoparticles (GNPs) by forming gold-sulfur bonds (Au-S). The C-terminal part of this multi-domain construct is the SpyCatcher from Streptococcus pyogenes, which provides the ability to capture recombinant proteins encoding a SpyTag. Here we show that SpyCatcher can be immobilized covalently on GNPs through GST without the loss of its full functionality. We then show that GST-SpyCatcher activated particles are able to covalently bind a SpyTag modified protein by simple mixing, through the spontaneous formation of an unusual isopeptide bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwei Ma
- College of Science, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, UK
| | - Angela Saccardo
- College of Science, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, UK
| | - Danilo Roccatano
- College of Science, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, UK
| | | | - Mohammad Alkaseem
- College of Science, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, UK
| | - Matthew Jewkes
- College of Science, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, UK
| | - Francesca Di Nezza
- Department of Bioscience and Territory, University of Molise, Contrada Fonte Lappone, 86090, Pesche, Italy
| | - Mark Baron
- College of Science, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, UK
| | - Mikhail Soloviev
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham Hill, Egham, TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Enrico Ferrari
- College of Science, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, UK.
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Abstract
Bio-imaging is a key technique in tracking and monitoring important biological processes and fundamental biomolecular interactions, however the interference of background autofluorescence with targeted fluorophores is problematic for many bio-imaging applications. This study reports on two novel methods for reducing interference with cellular autofluorescence for bio-imaging. The first method uses fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs), containing nitrogen vacancy centers. FNDs emit at near-infrared wavelengths typically higher than most cellular autofluorescence; and when appropriately functionalized, can be used for background-free imaging of targeted biomolecules. The second method uses europium-chelating tags with long fluorescence lifetimes. These europium-chelating tags enhance background-free imaging due to the short fluorescent lifetimes of cellular autofluorescence. In this study, we used both methods to target E-selectin, a transmembrane glycoprotein that is activated by inflammation, to demonstrate background-free fluorescent staining in fixed endothelial cells. Our findings indicate that both FND and Europium based staining can improve fluorescent bio-imaging capabilities by reducing competition with cellular autofluorescence. 30 nm nanodiamonds coated with the E-selectin antibody was found to enable the most sensitive detective of E-selectin in inflamed cells, with a 40-fold increase in intensity detected.
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10
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Hsu MF, Pan KT, Chang FY, Khoo KH, Urlaub H, Cheng CF, Chang GD, Haj FG, Meng TC. S-nitrosylation of endogenous protein tyrosine phosphatases in endothelial insulin signaling. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 99:199-213. [PMID: 27521458 PMCID: PMC5514559 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) exerts its biological function through S-nitrosylation of cellular proteins. Due to the labile nature of this modification under physiological condition, identification of S-nitrosylated residue in enzymes involved in signaling regulation remains technically challenging. The present study investigated whether intrinsic NO produced in endothelium-derived MS-1 cells response to insulin stimulation might target endogenous protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). For this, we have developed an approach using a synthetic reagent that introduces a phenylacetamidyl moiety on S-nitrosylated Cys, followed by detection with anti-phenylacetamidyl Cys (PAC) antibody. Coupling with sequential blocking of free thiols with multiple iodoacetyl-based Cys-reactive chemicals, we employed this PAC-switch method to show that endogenous SHP-2 and PTP1B were S-nitrosylated in MS-1 cells exposed to insulin. The mass spectrometry detected a phenylacetamidyl moiety specifically present on the active-site Cys463 of SHP-2. Focusing on the regulatory role of PTP1B, we showed S-nitrosylation to be the principal Cys reversible redox modification in endothelial insulin signaling. The PAC-switch method in an imaging format illustrated that a pool of S-nitrosylated PTP1B was colocalized with activated insulin receptor to the cell periphery, and that such event was endothelial NO synthase (eNOS)-dependent. Moreover, ectopic expression of the C215S mutant of PTP1B that mimics the active-site Cys215 S-nitrosylated form restored insulin responsiveness in eNOS-ablated cells, which was otherwise insensitive to insulin stimulation. This work not only introduces a new method that explores the role of physiological NO in regulating signal transduction, but also highlights a positive NO effect on promoting insulin responsiveness through S-nitrosylation of PTP1B's active-site Cys215.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Fo Hsu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Ting Pan
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Plank Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Fan-Yu Chang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kay-Hooi Khoo
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Henning Urlaub
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Plank Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany; Bioanalytics Research Group, Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ching-Feng Cheng
- Department of Medical Research, Tzu Chi University and Department of Pediatrics, Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Geen-Dong Chang
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Fawaz G Haj
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Tzu-Ching Meng
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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11
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Yuasa M, Aoyama Y, Shimada R, Sawamura H, Ebara S, Negoro M, Fukui T, Watanabe T. Effects of Biotin Deficiency on Biotinylated Proteins and Biotin-Related Genes in the Rat Brain. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2016; 62:81-7. [PMID: 27264091 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.62.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Biotin is a water-soluble vitamin that functions as a cofactor for biotin-dependent carboxylases. The biochemical and physiological roles of biotin in brain regions have not yet been investigated sufficiently in vivo. Thus, in order to clarify the function of biotin in the brain, we herein examined biotin contents, biotinylated protein expression (e.g. holocarboxylases), and biotin-related gene expression in the brain of biotin-deficient rats. Three-week-old male Wistar rats were divided into a control group, biotin-deficient group, and pair-fed group. Rats were fed experimental diets from 3 wk old for 8 wk, and the cortex, hippocampus, striatum, hypothalamus, and cerebellum were then collected. In the biotin-deficient group, the maintenance of total biotin and holocarboxylases, increases in the bound form of biotin and biotinidase activity, and the expression of an unknown biotinylated protein were observed in the cortex. In other regions, total and free biotin contents decreased, holocarboxylase expression was maintained, and bound biotin and biotinidase activity remained unchanged. Biotin-related gene (pyruvate carboxylase, sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter, holocarboxylase synthetase, and biotinidase) expression in the cortex and hippocampus also remained unchanged among the dietary groups. These results suggest that biotin may be related to cortex functions by binding protein, and the effects of a biotin deficiency and the importance of biotin differ among the different brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Yuasa
- Department of Dietary Environment Analysis, School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo
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12
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Leaderer D, Cashman SM, Kumar-Singh R. G-quartet oligonucleotide mediated delivery of proteins into photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium via intravitreal injection. Exp Eye Res 2016; 145:380-392. [PMID: 26923800 PMCID: PMC5334003 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
There is currently no available method to efficiently deliver proteins across the plasma membrane of photoreceptor or retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells in vivo. Thus, current clinical application of recombinant proteins in ophthalmology is limited to the use of proteins that perform their biological function extracellularly. The ability to traverse biological membranes would enable the mobilization of a significantly larger number of proteins with previously well characterized properties. Nucleolin is abundantly present on the surface of rapidly dividing cells including cancer cells. Surprisingly, nucleolin is also present on the surface of photoreceptor cell bodies. Here we investigated whether nucleolin can be utilized as a gateway for the delivery of proteins into retinal cells following intravitreal injection. AS1411 is a G-quartet aptamer capable of targeting nucleolin. Subsequent to intravitreal injection, fluorescently labeled AS1411 localized to various retinal cell types including the photoreceptors and RPE. AS1411 linked to streptavidin (a ∼50 kDa protein) via a biotin bridge enabled the uptake of Streptavidin into photoreceptors and RPE. AS1411-Streptavidin conjugate applied topically to the cornea allowed for uptake of the conjugate into the nucleus and cytoplasm of corneal endothelial cells. Clinical relevance of AS1411 as a delivery vehicle was strongly indicated by demonstration of the presence of cell surface nucleolin on the photoreceptors, inner neurons and ganglion cells of human retina. These data support exploration of AS1411 as a means of delivering therapeutic proteins to diseased retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Leaderer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Program in Genetics, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Siobhan M Cashman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Program in Genetics, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Rajendra Kumar-Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Program in Genetics, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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13
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Sedel F, Bernard D, Mock DM, Tourbah A. Targeting demyelination and virtual hypoxia with high-dose biotin as a treatment for progressive multiple sclerosis. Neuropharmacology 2015; 110:644-653. [PMID: 26327679 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) is a severely disabling neurological condition, and an effective treatment is urgently needed. Recently, high-dose biotin has emerged as a promising therapy for affected individuals. Initial clinical data have shown that daily doses of biotin of up to 300 mg can improve objective measures of MS-related disability. In this article, we review the biology of biotin and explore the properties of this ubiquitous coenzyme that may explain the encouraging responses seen in patients with progressive MS. The gradual worsening of neurological disability in patients with progressive MS is caused by progressive axonal loss or damage. The triggers for axonal loss in MS likely include both inflammatory demyelination of the myelin sheath and primary neurodegeneration caused by a state of virtual hypoxia within the neuron. Accordingly, targeting both these pathological processes could be effective in the treatment of progressive MS. Biotin is an essential co-factor for five carboxylases involved in fatty acid synthesis and energy production. We hypothesize that high-dose biotin is exerting a therapeutic effect in patients with progressive MS through two different and complementary mechanisms: by promoting axonal remyelination by enhancing myelin production and by reducing axonal hypoxia through enhanced energy production. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Oligodendrocytes in Health and Disease'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Sedel
- MedDay Pharmaceuticals, ICM-Brain and Spine Institute-IPEPs, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, 47 Boulevard de l'Hopital, 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Delphine Bernard
- MedDay Pharmaceuticals, ICM-Brain and Spine Institute-IPEPs, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, 47 Boulevard de l'Hopital, 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Donald M Mock
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Ayman Tourbah
- Department of Neurology and Faculté de Médecine de Reims, CHU de Reims, URCA, 45 Rue Cognacq Jay, 51092 Reims Cedex, France.
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14
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Duong H, Han M. A multispectral LED array for the reduction of background autofluorescence in brain tissue. J Neurosci Methods 2013; 220:46-54. [PMID: 23994358 PMCID: PMC3856220 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2013.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The presence of fixative-induced and cellular-derived artifactual autofluorescences (AAFs) presents a challenge in histological analysis involving immunofluorescence. We have established a simple and highly effective method for the reduction of AAFs that are ubiquitous in fixed mammalian brain and other tissues. A compact AAF-quenching photo-irradiation device was constructed using a commercially available light emitting diode (LED) array, cooling unit, and supporting components. The LED panel is comprised of an array of multispectral high intensity LEDs which serve as the illumination source for the photo-irradiation process. Rabbit and cat brain specimens of 5 μm- and 40 μm-thicknesses, respectively, were photo-irradiated for various durations. The AAFs were reduced to near tissue background levels after 24h of treatment for both deparaffinized and paraffinized rabbit brain specimens, and for the free-floating cat brain specimens. Subsequent immunofluorescence staining using primary antibodies against GFAP, NeuN, Iba-1, and MAP-2, and the corresponding Qdot(®) and Alexafluor(®) fluoroconjugates confirmed that the LED photo-irradiation treatment did not compromise the efficiency of the immunofluorescence labeling. The use of the device is not labor intensive, and only requires minimal tissue processing and experimental set-up time, with very low maintenance and operating costs. Finally, multiple specimens, in both slide and well-plate format, can be simultaneously photo-irradiated, thus, allowing for scalable batch processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haison Duong
- Huntington Medical Research Institutes (HMRI), 734 Fairmount Avenue, Pasadena, CA 91105, United States.
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15
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Hemmer R, Hall A, Spaulding R, Rossow B, Hester M, Caroway M, Haskamp A, Wall S, Bullen HA, Morris C, Haik KL. Analysis of biotinylated generation 4 poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer distribution in the rat brain and toxicity in a cellular model of the blood-brain barrier. Molecules 2013; 18:11537-52. [PMID: 24048286 PMCID: PMC6269868 DOI: 10.3390/molecules180911537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendrimers are highly customizable nanopolymers with qualities that make them ideal for drug delivery. The high binding affinity of biotin/avidin provides a useful approach to fluorescently label synthesized dendrimer-conjugates in cells and tissues. In addition, biotin may facilitate delivery of dendrimers through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) via carrier-mediated endocytosis. The purpose of this research was to: (1) measure toxicity using lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays of generation (G)4 biotinylated and non-biotinylated poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers in a co-culture model of the BBB, (2) determine distribution of dendrimers in the rat brain, kidney, and liver following systemic administration of dendrimers, and (3) conduct atomic force microscopy (AFM) on rat brain sections following systemic administration of dendrimers. LDH measurements showed that biotinylated dendrimers were toxic to cell co-culture after 48 h of treatment. Distribution studies showed evidence of biotinylated and non-biotinylated PAMAM dendrimers in brain. AFM studies showed evidence of dendrimers only in brain tissue of treated rats. These results indicate that biotinylation does not decrease toxicity associated with PAMAM dendrimers and that biotinylated PAMAM dendrimers distribute in the brain. Furthermore, this article provides evidence of nanoparticles in brain tissue following systemic administration of nanoparticles supported by both fluorescence microscopy and AFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Hemmer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, SC 204, Highland Heights, KY 41099, USA; E-Mails: (R.H.); (A.H.); (R.S.); (B.R.); (M.H.); (M.C.)
| | - Andrew Hall
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, SC 204, Highland Heights, KY 41099, USA; E-Mails: (R.H.); (A.H.); (R.S.); (B.R.); (M.H.); (M.C.)
- Department of Chemistry, Northern Kentucky University, SC 450, Highland Heights, KY 41099, USA; E-Mails: (A.H.); (S.W.)
| | - Robert Spaulding
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, SC 204, Highland Heights, KY 41099, USA; E-Mails: (R.H.); (A.H.); (R.S.); (B.R.); (M.H.); (M.C.)
| | - Brett Rossow
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, SC 204, Highland Heights, KY 41099, USA; E-Mails: (R.H.); (A.H.); (R.S.); (B.R.); (M.H.); (M.C.)
| | - Michael Hester
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, SC 204, Highland Heights, KY 41099, USA; E-Mails: (R.H.); (A.H.); (R.S.); (B.R.); (M.H.); (M.C.)
| | - Megan Caroway
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, SC 204, Highland Heights, KY 41099, USA; E-Mails: (R.H.); (A.H.); (R.S.); (B.R.); (M.H.); (M.C.)
| | - Anthony Haskamp
- Department of Chemistry, Northern Kentucky University, SC 450, Highland Heights, KY 41099, USA; E-Mails: (A.H.); (S.W.)
| | - Steven Wall
- Department of Chemistry, Northern Kentucky University, SC 450, Highland Heights, KY 41099, USA; E-Mails: (A.H.); (S.W.)
| | - Heather A. Bullen
- Department of Chemistry, Northern Kentucky University, SC 450, Highland Heights, KY 41099, USA; E-Mails: (A.H.); (S.W.)
| | - Celeste Morris
- Department of Chemistry, Northern Kentucky University, SC 450, Highland Heights, KY 41099, USA; E-Mails: (A.H.); (S.W.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (K.L.H.); (C.M.); Tel.: +1-859-572-1965 (K.L.H.); Fax: +1-859-572-5639(K.L.H.); Tel.: +1-859-572-5406 (C.M.); Fax: +1-859-572-5162 (C.M.)
| | - Kristi L. Haik
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, SC 204, Highland Heights, KY 41099, USA; E-Mails: (R.H.); (A.H.); (R.S.); (B.R.); (M.H.); (M.C.)
- Center for Integrative Natural Science and Mathematics (CINSAM), Northern Kentucky University, FH 519, Highland Heights, KY 41099, USA
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (K.L.H.); (C.M.); Tel.: +1-859-572-1965 (K.L.H.); Fax: +1-859-572-5639(K.L.H.); Tel.: +1-859-572-5406 (C.M.); Fax: +1-859-572-5162 (C.M.)
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16
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Immunohistological tools to discriminate apoptotic and necrotic cell death in the skin. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 1004:135-42. [PMID: 23733574 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-383-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Perturbances in skin homeostasis are responsible for the development of skin inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis or atopic dermatitis. While the role of apoptosis has been extensively studied in the skin, the role of the newly described programmed necrosis also termed necroptosis in human skin remains poorly understood. We have recently described a mouse model of skin inflammation dependent on necroptotic cell death. Here we describe an immunohistological protocol allowing for the discrimination of apoptotic from necroptotic cell death in a single staining procedure on tissue sections.
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17
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Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of biotin as a feed additive for all animal species based on a dossier submitted by VITAC EEIG. EFSA J 2012. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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18
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Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of D-(+)-biotin as a feed additive for all animal species based on a dossier submitted by EUROPE-ASIA Import Export GmbH. EFSA J 2012. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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19
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Horling L, Neuhuber WL, Raab M. Pitfalls using tyramide signal amplification (TSA) in the mouse gastrointestinal tract: endogenous streptavidin-binding sites lead to false positive staining. J Neurosci Methods 2011; 204:124-132. [PMID: 22101195 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Highly sensitive immunohistochemical detection systems such as tyramide signal amplification (TSA) are widely used, since they allow using two primary antibodies raised in the same species. Most of them are based on the streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase system and include streptavidin-coupled secondary antibodies. Using TSA in cryostat-sectioned tissues of mouse esophagus, we were puzzled by negative controls with unexpected staining mostly in the ganglionic areas. This prompted us to search for the causing agent and to include also other parts of the mouse gastrointestinal tract for comparison. Streptavidin-coupled antibodies bound to endogenous binding sites yet to be characterized, which are present throughout the mouse intestines. Staining was mainly localized around neuronal cell bodies of enteric ganglia. Thus, caution is warranted when applying streptavidin-coupled antibodies in the mouse gastrointestinal tract. The use of endogenous biotin-blocking kits combined with a prolonged post-fixation time could significantly reduce unintentional staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Horling
- Institute of Anatomy I, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - W L Neuhuber
- Institute of Anatomy I, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Raab
- Institute of Anatomy I, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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20
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Bade S, Röckendorf N, Franek M, Gorris HH, Lindner B, Olivier V, Schaper KJ, Frey A. Biolabeling with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid derivatives: the 2,4-D tag. Anal Chem 2010; 81:9695-702. [PMID: 19873999 DOI: 10.1021/ac901900n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Many bioanalytic and diagnostic procedures rely on labels with which the molecule of interest can be tracked in or discriminated from accompanying like substances. Herein, we describe a new labeling and detection system based on derivatives of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and anti-2,4-D antibodies. The 2,4-D system is highly sensitive with a K(D) of 7 x 10(-11) M for the hapten-antibody pair, can be used on a large variety of biomolecules such as proteins, peptides, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids, is not hampered by endogenous backgrounds because 2,4-D is a xenobiotic, and is robust because 2,4-D is a very stable compound that withstands the conditions of most reactions usually performed on biomolecules. With this unique blend of properties, the 2,4-D system compares favorably with its rivals digoxigenin (DIG)/anti-DIG and biotin/(strept)avidin and provides an interesting and powerful tool in biomolecular labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Bade
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Pneumology, Research Center Borstel, Parkallee 22, 23845 Borstel, Germany
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21
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Fernández-Moreira V, Song B, Sivagnanam V, Chauvin AS, Vandevyver CDB, Gijs M, Hemmilä I, Lehr HA, Bünzli JCG. Bioconjugated lanthanide luminescent helicates as multilabels for lab-on-a-chip detection of cancer biomarkers. Analyst 2010; 135:42-52. [DOI: 10.1039/b922124g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Derda M, Winiecka-Krusnell J, Linder MB, Linder E. Labeled Trichoderma reesei cellulase as a marker for Acanthamoeba cyst wall cellulose in infected tissues. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:6827-30. [PMID: 19734326 PMCID: PMC2772417 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01555-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 08/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Some protozoans are able to encyst as a protective response to a harmful environment. The cyst wall usually contains chitin as its main structural constituent. Acanthamoeba is an exception since its cyst wall contains cellulose. Specific cytochemical differentiation between cellulose and chitin by microscopy has not been possible due to the similarity of the constituent beta-1,4-linked hexose backbones of these molecules. Thus, various fluorescent brightening agents and lectins bind to both cellulose and chitin. The identification of Acanthamoeba spp., which is based primarily on morphological and biochemical features, is labor-intensive and requires cloning and axenization. We describe a novel immunocytochemical method for identification of Acanthamoeba spp. based on selective binding of Trichoderma reesei cellulase to protozoan cyst wall cellulose. A recombinant cellulose-binding protein consisting of two cellulose-binding domains (CBDs) from T. reesei cellulases was coupled to the fluorescent dyes Alexa Fluor 350 and Alexa Fluor 568 or was labeled with biotin using EZ-Link sulfo-NHS-biotin. No staining reaction was observed with chitin-containing preparations of fungi. Thus, the recombinant CBDs can be used as a marker to distinguish between cellulose and chitin. This allows rapid identification of Acanthamoeba cyst wall cellulose in paraffin or frozen sections of infected tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Derda
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 10 Fredry Street, 61-701 Poznan, Poland.
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23
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A radioisotope label-free alpha-bungarotoxin-binding assay using BIAcore sensor chip technology for real-time analysis. Anal Biochem 2009; 389:86-8. [PMID: 19289092 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2009.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 03/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
alpha-Bungarotoxin (alpha-bgtx)-binding proteins, including certain nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and acetylcholine-binding proteins (AChBPs), are frequently characterized with radioisotope-labeled alpha-bgtx-binding assays. Such assays, however, preclude investigations of binding interactions in real time and are hampered by the inconveniences associated with radioisotope-labeled reagents. We used surface plasmon resonance-based technology (BIAcore) to investigate the binding of recombinant AChBP to CM-5 sensor chip surfaces with directly immobilized alpha-bgtx. We validated our BIAcore results by comparing the same biological samples using the traditional (125)I-labeled alpha-bgtx-binding assay. An alpha-bgtx sensor chip, as described here, enables detailed, real-time, radioisotope-free interaction studies that can greatly facilitate the characterization of novel alpha-bgtx-binding proteins and complexes.
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24
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Lin CAJ, Yang TY, Lee CH, Huang SH, Sperling RA, Zanella M, Li JK, Shen JL, Wang HH, Yeh HI, Parak WJ, Chang WH. Synthesis, characterization, and bioconjugation of fluorescent gold nanoclusters toward biological labeling applications. ACS NANO 2009; 3:395-401. [PMID: 19236077 DOI: 10.1021/nn800632j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 478] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of ultrasmall water-soluble fluorescent gold nanoclusters is reported. The clusters have a decent quantum yield, high colloidal stability, and can be readily conjugated with biological molecules. Specific staining of cells and nonspecific uptake by living cells is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-An J Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li 32023, Taiwan, ROC
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25
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Ambroz KLH, Zhang Y, Schutz-Geschwender A, Olive DM. Blocking and detection chemistries affect antibody performance on reverse phase protein arrays. Proteomics 2008; 8:2379-83. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200700676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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26
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Kamphuis W, Klooster J. Pseudo-immunolabelling with the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex due to the presence of endogenous biotin in the retina. Methods Mol Biol 2008; 418:129-138. [PMID: 18287655 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-579-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Immunodetection techniques are dependent on enzyme-protein conjugates for the visualization of antigen-antibody complexes. One of the most widely used is the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ABC) method. However, treatment of certain tissues with ABC reagents alone may result in high background, which is indicative for the presence of endogenous biotin or biotinylated proteins. In goldfish and salamander retinal sections, we observed a distinct staining pattern, presumably through binding of avidin to endogenous biotin in Müller cells. These findings summon for caution in the application of detection systems based on biotinylated antibodies or biotinylated DNA probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem Kamphuis
- Netherlands Opthalmic research Institute (NORI-KNAW), Department of Opthalmogenetics, Glaucoma Research Group, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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27
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Dakshinamurti K. Biotin--a regulator of gene expression. J Nutr Biochem 2005; 16:419-23. [PMID: 15992682 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2005.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2005] [Revised: 03/30/2005] [Accepted: 03/30/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The role of biotin as the prosthetic group of the four biotin-dependent carboxylases in higher organisms is well recognized. Based on the roles of these carboxylases in metabolism, the requirement of biotin for cell viability, growth and differentiation was established. Biotin seems to have a role in cell functions other than as the prosthetic group of biotin enzymes. Biotin seems to influence processes such as the proliferation of the mesenchyme, spermatogenesis and song-bird vocalization. A direct effect of biotin, at the transcriptional level, has been shown for the key enzymes of glucose metabolism. Glucokinase, a key glycolytic enzyme, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), a key gluconeogenic enzyme, are regulated in opposite directions by biotin in a manner similar to the action of insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnamurti Dakshinamurti
- Division of Stroke and Vascular Disease, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R2H 2A6.
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28
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Zagzag D, Krishnamachary B, Yee H, Okuyama H, Chiriboga L, Ali MA, Melamed J, Semenza GL. Stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha and CXCR4 expression in hemangioblastoma and clear cell-renal cell carcinoma: von Hippel-Lindau loss-of-function induces expression of a ligand and its receptor. Cancer Res 2005; 65:6178-88. [PMID: 16024619 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-4406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The genetic hallmark of hemangioblastomas and clear cell-renal cell carcinomas (CC-RCCs) is loss-of-function of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor protein. VHL is required for oxygen-dependent degradation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha). In hemangioblastomas and CC-RCCs, HIF-1alpha is constitutively overexpressed leading to increased transcription of HIF-1-regulated genes, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Because loss of VHL function is associated with increased expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 in CC-RCCs, we investigated the expression of HIF-1alpha, CXCR4, and its ligand stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha (SDF-1alpha) in hemangioblastomas and CC-RCCs. Immunohistochemistry revealed overexpression of both CXCR4 and SDF-1alpha within tumor cells and endothelial cells of hemangioblastomas and CC-RCCs. HIF-1alpha was detected in tumor cell nuclei of both hemangioblastomas and CC-RCCs. A specific ELISA showed that hemangioblastomas and CC-RCCs expressed SDF-1alpha protein at levels that were significantly higher than those found in normal tissue. Analysis of the VHL-null RCC line 786-0 revealed that SDF-1alpha mRNA levels were 100-fold higher than in a subclone transfected with the wild-type VHL gene. Expression of CXCR4 and SDF-1alpha mRNA was significantly decreased in HIF-1alpha-null compared with wild-type mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs). ELISA and Western blot studies for SDF-1alpha and CXCR4 protein expression confirmed the RNA findings in RCC lines and MEFs. These results suggest that loss-of-function of a single tumor suppressor gene can up-regulate the expression of both a ligand and its receptor, which may establish an autocrine signaling pathway with important roles in the pathogenesis of hemangioblastoma and CC-RCC.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/pathology
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Animals
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cerebellar Neoplasms/genetics
- Cerebellar Neoplasms/metabolism
- Cerebellar Neoplasms/pathology
- Chemokine CXCL12
- Chemokines, CXC/biosynthesis
- Chemokines, CXC/genetics
- Cytosol/metabolism
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Hemangioblastoma/genetics
- Hemangioblastoma/metabolism
- Hemangioblastoma/pathology
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Kidney Neoplasms/genetics
- Kidney Neoplasms/metabolism
- Kidney Neoplasms/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Middle Aged
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, CXCR4/biosynthesis
- Receptors, CXCR4/genetics
- Signal Transduction
- Transfection
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/physiology
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/genetics
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/physiology
- Up-Regulation
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/biosynthesis
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics
- Von Hippel-Lindau Tumor Suppressor Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- David Zagzag
- Microvascular and Molecular Neuro-oncology Laboratory, New York, New York, USA.
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Parkin RK, Boeckh MJ, Erard V, Huang ML, Myerson D. Specific delineation of BK polyomavirus in kidney tissue with a digoxigenin-labeled DNA probe. Mol Cell Probes 2005; 19:87-92. [PMID: 15680209 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2004.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2004] [Accepted: 06/27/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The detection of BK polyomavirus (BK virus, BKV) in kidney tissue is hampered by nonspecificity of antibodies suited to immunohistochemistry, and nonspecific background with in situ hybridization. The biotin-labeled DNA probe that is commercially available (Enzo Life Sciences, Inc.) shows good signal, but the intrinsic background in kidney tissue is high. We determined that the intrinsic background is due to endogenous biotin or biotin-binding activity in the renal tubular epithelium. Neither antibody blocking procedures nor an avidin/biotin block were entirely satisfactory for eliminating this background staining. We developed a digoxigenin-labeled DNA probe, and protocol, for detecting BK virus in formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded, kidney tissue obtained at autopsy. The hybridization signal is strong and there is no perceptible background staining. Eleven negative control kidneys all failed to hybridize. Conditions for low stringency hybridization may be employed, detecting both the related JC polyomavirus and BKV. Alternatively, high stringency hybridization conditions may be utilized, detecting BKV only. BK associated tubular necrosis is clearly demonstrated in two cases of BK nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael K Parkin
- Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, P.O. Box 19024/1100, Fairview Ave N-D2-190, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA.
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30
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McKay BE, Molineux ML, Turner RW. Biotin is endogenously expressed in select regions of the rat central nervous system. J Comp Neurol 2004; 473:86-96. [PMID: 15067720 DOI: 10.1002/cne.20109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The vitamin biotin is an endogenous molecule that acts as an important cofactor for several carboxylases in the citric acid cycle. Disorders of biotin metabolism produce neurological symptoms that range from ataxia to sensory loss, suggesting the presence of biotin in specific functional systems of the CNS. Although biotin has been described in some cells of nonmammalian nervous systems, the distribution of biotin in mammalian CNS is virtually unknown. We report the presence of biotin in select regions of rat CNS, as revealed with a monoclonal antibody directed against biotin and with avidin- and streptavidin-conjugated labels. Detectable levels of biotin were primarily found caudal to the diencephalon, with greatest expression in the cerebellar motor system and several brainstem auditory nuclei. Biotin was found as a somatic label in cerebellar Purkinje cells, in cell bodies and proximal dendrites of cerebellar deep nuclear neurons, and in red nuclear neurons. Biotin was detected in cells of the spiral ganglion, somata and proximal dendrites of cells in the cochlear nuclei, superior olivary nuclei, medial nucleus of the trapezoid body, and nucleus of the lateral lemniscus. Biotin was further found in pontine nuclei and fiber tracts, the substantia nigra pars reticulata, lateral mammillary nucleus, and a small number of hippocampal interneurons. Biotin was detected in glial cells of major tract systems throughout the brain but was most prominent in tracts of the hindbrain. Biotin is thus expressed in select regions of rat CNS with a distribution that correlates to the known clinical sequelae associated with biotin deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce E McKay
- Neuroscience Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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31
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Roulston CL, Lawrence AJ, Jarrott B, Widdop RE. Non-angiotensin II [125I] CGP42112 binding is a sensitive marker of neuronal injury in brainstem following unilateral nodose ganglionectomy: Comparison with markers for activated microglia. Neuroscience 2004; 127:753-67. [PMID: 15283972 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previously we reported that a non-angiotensin II [(125)I] CGP42112 binding site is up-regulated in rat brainstem nuclei as a result of unilateral nodose ganglionectomy. In the present study, we compared non-angiotensin II [(125)I] CGP42112 binding with microglia/macrophage activation following nodose ganglionectomy, using both in vitro autoradiography and immunohistochemistry. Specific [(125)I] CGP42112 binding was observed in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and revealed an AT(2) receptor component as well as a non-angiotensin II receptor component. Subsequent to unilateral nodose ganglionectomy, [(125)I] CGP42112 binding in the ipsilateral NTS was increased approximately two-fold and was also induced in the ipsilateral dorsal motor nucleus (DMX) and the nucleus ambiguus (n.amb). This non-angiotensin II [(125)I] CGP42112 binding site was displaced by CGP42112 but not other ligands. Increased [(3)H] PK11195 binding (a known marker of reactive gliosis) was also observed in the same brainstem nuclei as non-angiotensin II [(125)I] CGP42112 binding after nodose ganglionectomy. The similarity in binding patterns between [(125)I] CGP42112 and [(3)H] PK11195 was shown to be primarily due to retrograde degeneration in the ipsilateral NTS, DMX and n.amb, as both radioligands were localized to similar cellular targets within the interstial space and over cellular debris. Immunohistochemical data confirmed reactive gliosis within the ipsilateral NTS, DMX and n.amb, following nodose ganglionectomy, which was predominantly characterized by an increase in OX-42 immunoreactivity (a marker for activated microglia/macrophages), with only a small increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity (a marker of astrogliosis) detected. These data demonstrate for the first time that non-angiotensin II [(125)I] CGP42112 binding is associated with activated microglia, as well as macrophages, following unilateral nodose ganglionectomy. Furthermore, these studies also demonstrate the potential use of non-angiotensin II [(125)I] CGP42112 binding as a marker for quantitating inflammatory events which occur as a result of damage to the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Roulston
- Department of Pharmacology, Clayton Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
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32
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Thomas-Crusells J, Vieira A, Saarma M, Rivera C. A novel method for monitoring surface membrane trafficking on hippocampal acute slice preparation. J Neurosci Methods 2003; 125:159-66. [PMID: 12763242 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0270(03)00050-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Protein trafficking has attracted considerable attention as a potential regulator of neuronal plasticity. Therefore, it is of interest to study the mechanism involved in protein trafficking in experimental paradigms commonly used in this context. Here, we present a method for cell surface protein biotinylation in the acute hippocampal slice, the most commonly used preparation for electrophysiological recordings. We validated this procedure with two previously characterized cell surface receptors, glutamate receptor subunit A (GluR A) and the transferrin receptor (TfR). We observed a glutamate-dependent increase in the degradation of surface GluR A, whereas the TfR did not show significant degradation in the time window used. In addition, the presented method offers the opportunity to study processes such as internalisation and recycling, and can also be applied to examine the effect of normal and pathological patterns of activity on membrane protein trafficking in commonly used preparations for electrophysiological recordings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Thomas-Crusells
- Program for Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Viikki Biocenter, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
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Roulston CL, Lawrence AJ, Jarrott B, Widdop RE. Localization of AT(2) receptors in the nucleus of the solitary tract of spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar Kyoto rats using [125I] CGP42112: upregulation of a non-angiotensin II binding site following unilateral nodose ganglionectomy. Brain Res 2003; 968:139-55. [PMID: 12644272 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(03)02231-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We have examined the binding distribution of a selective AT(2) receptor ligand [125I] CGP42112 in the brain of adult Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). AT(2) receptor localization was also examined in the rat brainstem following unilateral nodose ganglionectomy. Specific [125I] CGP42112 binding was observed in discrete brain regions from both rat strains, including the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), and did not differ between WKY and SHR. [125I] CGP42112 binding in the NTS revealed an AT(2) receptor component that was displaceable by PD 123319 and Ang II (50-58%), as well as a non-angiotensin II receptor component (42-49%). Following unilateral nodose ganglionectomy, [125I] CGP42112 binding density on the denervated side of the NTS was increased approximately two-fold in both WKY and SHR. This increased [125I] CGP42112 binding density in the ipsilateral NTS was comprised of a greater non-angiotensin II component than that observed in the sham groups, since only approximately 30% was displaced by PD123319 and angiotensin II. Furthermore, [125I] CGP42112 also revealed high binding density on the denervated side in the dorsal motor nucleus and the nucleus ambiguus in both WKY and SHR. AT(2) receptor immunoreactivity was also visualised in the NTS of sham operated rats, but was not observed in the dorsal motor nucleus or the nucleus ambiguus, nor was it up-regulated following nodose ganglionectomy. These results demonstrate, for the first time, an AT(2) receptor binding site in the NTS, as well as a non-angiotensin II [125I] CGP42112 binding site. These studies also demonstrate that nodose ganglionectomy represents a useful model in which to study a non-angiotensin II [125I] CGP42112 binding site that is up-regulated following degeneration of afferent vagal nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carli L Roulston
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, 3800, Victoria, Australia
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Alscher DM, Redmann D, Wehner F, Maier A, Mettang T, Kuhlmann U, Fritz P. Metallothionein in liver-biopsies from patients with different diseases. EXPERIMENTAL AND TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE GESELLSCHAFT FUR TOXIKOLOGISCHE PATHOLOGIE 2002; 54:245-53. [PMID: 12484563 DOI: 10.1078/0940-2993-00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Metallothioneins (MT) are ubiquitous found in eukaryotic organism. MT have a potential for metal-storage and protect the cells against stress. On the genomic level, proinflammatory cytokines like interleukin-6 and transition metals like copper cause induction of MT. Therefore, an estimation of MT in liver-biopsies from patients with different diseases probably could help in identifying acute-phase reactions and processes which lead to increased copper. We investigated paraffin embedded liver biopsies from 170 patients and 13 control biopsies from cases of sudden death. Tissue was stained with a primary antibody against MT and a peroxidase technique was used to make results visible. A grading was performed using an immunoreactive score (IRS from 0-24) and by computer-aided measurement of the optical density (OD) of the stained tissue slides. Patients with cholestasis (IRS: 12.1 +/- 2.8, n = 11), autoimmune (10.6 +/- 3.1, n = 7) or inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) (13.3 +/- 5.1, n = 4) and lymphoma (9.8 +/- 5.8, n = 21) showed marked increases in MT compared to the controls (5.2 +/- 2.8, n = 13). Patients with chronic hepatitis B or C or chronic alcoholic abuse had no elevation of MT. Furthermore, no correlation was found between histological damage and amount of MT except in cases of cholestasis, in which increased MT was observed. Results by OD confirmed the findings. In summary, we were able to demonstrate a clear increase of MT content in liver-biopsies in proinflammatory and cholestatic conditions. Marked elevation in patients with systemic diseases (like autoimmune-, IBD and lymphoma) seems to be best explained by an acute-phase induction of MT by proinflammatory cytokines. This could help in identifying these conditions in liver biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Mark Alscher
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Robert-Bosch Hospital, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Berkowitz A. Endogenous biotin staining in a subset of spinal neuronal cell bodies: a potential confounding factor for neuroanatomical studies. Brain Res 2002; 938:98-102. [PMID: 12031541 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(02)02553-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Biotinylated compounds are commonly used to label neuronal cell bodies via intracellular filling or retrograde tracing. Endogenous concentrations of biotin within a subset of neuronal cell bodies would pose a problem for interpreting such experiments. Here I report that a subset of turtle spinal cord neuronal cell bodies strongly stains for biotin, using the avidin-biotin-horseradish peroxidase (ABC) reaction, in the absence of any exogenous biotinylated compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Berkowitz
- Department of Zoology, 730 Van Vleet Oval, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA.
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37
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Coller JK, Fritz P, Zanger UM, Siegle I, Eichelbaum M, Kroemer HK, Mürdter TE. Distribution of microsomal epoxide hydrolase in humans: an immunohistochemical study in normal tissues, and benign and malignant tumours. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2001; 33:329-36. [PMID: 11758809 DOI: 10.1023/a:1012414806166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Microsomal epoxide hydrolase is a biotransformation enzyme which is involved in the hydrolysis of various epoxides and epoxide intermediates. In the present study, its distribution was investigated in both normal human tissues and human tumours of different histogenetic origin using immunohistochemical techniques. In normal tissue, epithelial cells were more often and more intensely immunostained than mesenchymal cells. The main epithelial cell types expressing microsomal epoxide hydrolase were hepatocytes, acinus cells of the pancreas, and cells of salivary and adrenal glands. Immunostained cells of mesenchymal origin included monocytes, fibrocytes, fibroblasts, vessel endothelium, muscle cells, and cells of the reproductive system. Three patterns of expression were observed in tumour tissues: (1) moderate or strong in hepatocellular carcinomas, tumours of the adrenal gland, and theca-fibromas of the ovary; (2) inhomogeneous staining pattern of variable intensity in breast cancer, lung cancer, colorectal carcinomas, carcinoid tumours, and some tumours of mesenchymal origin; and (3) no expression in malignant melanomas, malignant lymphomas, and renal carcinomas. These data indicate that microsomal epoxide hydrolase expression is not restricted to tissue of any particular histogenetic origin. Nonetheless, immunohistochemical identification of microsomal epoxide hydrolase may be helpful in some well-defined histological settings, for example, confirmation of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Coller
- Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie, Stuttgart, Germany
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38
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Salam M, Ando H, Ban M, Ueda H, Urano A. Immunocytochemical Analysis of Pituitary Cells in Pre-spawning Chum Salmon. Zoolog Sci 2000. [DOI: 10.2108/zsj.17.805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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39
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Wehner F, Wehner H, Schieffer MC, Subke J. Immunohistochemical detection of methadone in the human brain. Forensic Sci Int 2000; 112:11-6. [PMID: 10882827 DOI: 10.1016/s0379-0738(00)00157-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To develop a method of detecting methadone in the human brain by immunohistochemistry, brain tissue of frontal cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus, basal ganglions and brain stem from victims of a lethal methadone overdose was examined. The staining was performed with a monoclonal anti-methadone antibody from the mouse, originally developed for immunochemichal purposes (ELISA). With the help of the DAKO((R)) Catalyzed Signal Amplification (CSA) System, a specific positive immunoreaction was obtained in the neurons of the frontal cortex and hippocampus, as compared with specimen from deaths without exposition to methadone. Thus, along with metamphetamine, phenobarbital, morphine and insulin, immunohistochemical detection is also possible for methadone and the intake of this medicament can now be proven morphologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Wehner
- Institut für Gerichtliche Medizin der Universität Tübingen Nägelestrasse 5, D-72074, Tübingen, Germany.
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40
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Hymes J, Wolf B. The use of biotinylated compounds or reagents is much more complicated than originally thought. J Neurosci Methods 2000; 98:171-3. [PMID: 10880831 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0270(00)00204-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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41
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Siegle I, Klein T, Zou MH, Fritz P, Kömhoff M. Distribution and cellular localization of prostacyclin synthase in human brain. J Histochem Cytochem 2000; 48:631-41. [PMID: 10769047 DOI: 10.1177/002215540004800507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostacyclin (PGI(2)) is a labile, lipid-derived metabolite of arachidonic acid synthesized through the sequential action of cyclo-oxygenase (COX) and prostacyclin synthase (PGIS). In addition to its well-characterized vasodilatory and thrombolytic effects, an increasing number of studies report an important role of PGI(2) in nociception in various animal species. In this study we investigated the regional distribution of PGIS in human brain by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. PGIS-immunoreactive (ir) protein was localized to blood vessels throughout the brain. Neuronal cells and glial cells, such as microglia and oligodendrocytes, also showed intense labeling. The strongest expression of PGIS was seen in large principal neurons, such as pyramidal cells of the cortex, pyramidal cells of the hippocampus, and Purkinje cells of the cerebellum. Abundance of PGIS mRNA was observed in blood vessels and large neurons and correlated well with the immunohistochemical findings. The expression of PGIS in human brain was further demonstrated by immunoblotting and detection of 6-keto-PGF (1alpha), the stable degradation product of prostacyclin in human brain homogenate. These results demonstrate a widespread expression of PGIS in the central nervous system and suggest a potentially important role of prostacylin in modulating neuronal activity in human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Siegle
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.
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42
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Johnson F, Norstrom E, Soderstrom K. Increased expression of endogenous biotin, but not BDNF, in telencephalic song regions during zebra finch vocal learning. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 2000; 120:113-23. [PMID: 10727739 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-3806(00)00002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is thought to regulate multiple aspects of brain development and neural plasticity in vertebrates. We have examined BDNF expression in two telencephalic nuclei (RA and HVC) in the zebra finch brain that control song learning by juvenile males and the production of already-learned song by adults. Using two different antibody-labeling techniques (avidin-biotin complex and horseradish peroxidase), we were unable to detect BDNF-like immunoreactivity in RA of juvenile or adult birds. BDNF-like immunoreactive labeling of somata was detected in HVC, but the density of labeled cells was not different between juvenile and adult birds. Immunocytochemical findings were confirmed by RT-PCR for BDNF mRNA. Thus, in contrast to a previous report (Akutagawa and Konishi, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95 (1998) 11429-11434), we did not observe elevated levels of BDNF immunoreactivity in RA and HVC of juvenile birds that were learning to sing. However, RA and HVC of juvenile birds were found to express elevated levels of endogenous biotin (as detected by avidin peroxidase), suggesting a possible role for biotin-regulated mechanisms in songbird vocal learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Johnson
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
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43
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Khan AM, Stanley BG, Bozzetti L, Chin C, Stivers C, Curr�s-Collazo MC. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit NR2B is widely expressed throughout the rat diencephalon: An immunohistochemical study. J Comp Neurol 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1096-9861(20001218)428:3<428::aid-cne4>3.0.co;2-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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