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Rodriguez-Zaccaro FD, Lieberman M, Groover A. A systems genetic analysis identifies putative mechanisms and candidate genes regulating vessel traits in poplar wood. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1375506. [PMID: 38867883 PMCID: PMC11167656 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1375506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Wood is the water conducting tissue of tree stems. Like most angiosperm trees, poplar wood contains water-conducting vessel elements whose functional properties affect water transport and growth rates, as well as susceptibility to embolism and hydraulic failure during water stress and drought. Here we used a unique hybrid poplar pedigree carrying genomically characterized chromosomal insertions and deletions to undertake a systems genomics analysis of vessel traits. We assayed gene expression in wood forming tissues from clonal replicates of genotypes covering dosage quantitative trait loci with insertions and deletions, genotypes with extreme vessel trait phenotypes, and control genotypes. A gene co-expression analysis was used to assign genes to modules, which were then used in integrative analyses to identify modules associated with traits, to identify putative molecular and cellular processes associated with each module, and finally to identify candidate genes using multiple criteria including dosage responsiveness. These analyses identified known processes associated with vessel traits including stress response, abscisic acid and cell wall biosynthesis, and in addition identified previously unexplored processes including cell cycle and protein ubiquitination. We discuss our findings relative to component processes contributing to vessel trait variation including signaling, cell cycle, cell expansion, and cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meric Lieberman
- University of California Davis, Genome Center, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Andrew Groover
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Davis, CA, United States
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Burlington, VT, United States
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Iuorio A, Eppinga MB, Baudena M, Veerman F, Rietkerk M, Giannino F. Modelling how negative plant-soil feedbacks across life stages affect the spatial patterning of trees. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19128. [PMID: 37926717 PMCID: PMC10625994 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44867-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we theoretically explore how litter decomposition processes and soil-borne pathogens contribute to negative plant-soil feedbacks, in particular in transient and stable spatial organisation of tropical forest trees and seedlings known as Janzen-Connell distributions. By considering soil-borne pathogens and autotoxicity both separately and in combination in a phenomenological model, we can study how both factors may affect transient dynamics and emerging Janzen-Connell distributions. We also identify parameter regimes associated with different long-term behaviours. Moreover, we compare how the strength of negative plant-soil feedbacks was mediated by tree germination and growth strategies, using a combination of analytical approaches and numerical simulations. Our interdisciplinary investigation, motivated by an ecological question, allows us to construct important links between local feedbacks, spatial self-organisation, and community assembly. Our model analyses contribute to understanding the drivers of biodiversity in tropical ecosystems, by disentangling the abilities of two potential mechanisms to generate Janzen-Connell distributions. Furthermore, our theoretical results may help guiding future field data analyses by identifying spatial signatures in adult tree and seedling distribution data that may reflect the presence of particular plant-soil feedback mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Iuorio
- Department of Engineering, Centro Direzionale-Isola C4, Parthenope University of Naples, 80143, Naples, Italy.
- Faculty of Mathematics, University of Vienna, Oskar-Morgenstern-Platz 1, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Maarten B Eppinga
- Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mara Baudena
- Environmental Sciences Group, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, 3508 TC, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR-ISAC), National Research Council of Italy, Corso Fiume 4, 10133, Torino, Italy
| | - Frits Veerman
- Mathematical Institute, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 1, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Max Rietkerk
- Environmental Sciences Group, Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, 3508 TC, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Giannino
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Università 100, 80055, Portici, Italy
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Characterizing the Utility of the Root-to-Shoot Ratio in Douglas-Fir Seedling Production. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12121745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Nursery-grown tree seedlings are a vital component of successful restoration and reforestation programs, useful when calls for increased planting for industrial forest management are made, and a tool for climate change mitigation. One of the most extensively planted and studied trees in Western North America is Douglas-fir. Building on that body of work, this review was conducted to identify if the root-to-shoot ratio (root:shoot, R:S), a commonly referred-to metric in reforestation planning, yields meaningful guidance for producing seedlings that are better able to establish across a variety of field conditions. The results indicated that there is wide variability in R:S of nursery-grown seedlings. The relationship between R:S and subsequent root growth and seedling survival varies depending on Douglas-fir variety, seedling stocktypes, and site conditions. The biological and physiological basis for using R:S remains, and likely could be used to enhance seedling quality; however, there is an ongoing need for planning and collaboration between researchers and practitioners to identify how to best deploy this evaluation tool.
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Osone Y, Hashimoto S, Kenzo T. Verification of our empirical understanding of the physiology and ecology of two contrasting plantation species using a trait database. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254599. [PMID: 34843472 PMCID: PMC8629320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of climate change on forest ecosystems take on increasing importance more than ever. Information on plant traits is a powerful predictor of ecosystem dynamics and functioning. We reviewed the major ecological traits, such as foliar gas exchange and nutrients, xylem morphology and drought tolerance, of Cryptomeria japonica and Chamaecyparis obtusa, which are major timber species in East Asia, especially in Japan, by using a recently developed functional trait database for both species (SugiHinokiDB). Empirically, C. obtusa has been planted under drier conditions, whereas C. japonica, which grows faster but thought to be less drought tolerant, has been planted under wetter conditions. Our analysis generally support the empirical knowledge: The maximum photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, foliar nutrient content and soil-to-foliage hydraulic conductance were higher in C. japonica than in C. obtusa. In contrast, the foliar turgor loss point and xylem pressure corresponding to 50% conductivity, which indicate drought tolerance, were lower in C. obtusa and are consistent with the drier habitat of C. obtusa. Ontogenetic shifts were also observed; as the age and height of the trees increased, foliar nutrient concentrations, foliar minimum midday water potential and specific leaf area decreased in C. japonica, suggesting that nutrient and water limitation occurs with the growth. In C. obtusa, the ontogenetic shits of these foliar traits were less pronounced. Among the Cupressaceae worldwide, the drought tolerance of C. obtusa, as well as C. japonica, was not as high. This may be related to the fact that the Japanese archipelago has historically not been subjected to strong dryness. The maximum photosynthetic rate showed intermediate values within the family, indicating that C. japonica and C. obtusa exhibit relatively high growth rates in the Cupressaceae family, and this is thought to be the reason why they have been selected as economically suitable timber species in Japanese forestry. This study clearly demonstrated that the plant trait database provides us a promising opportunity to verify out empirical knowledge of plantation management and helps us to understand effect of climate change on plantation forests by using trait-based modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Osone
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shoji Hashimoto
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tanaka Kenzo
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan
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Beikircher B, Sack L, Ganthaler A, Losso A, Mayr S. Hydraulic-stomatal coordination in tree seedlings: tight correlation across environments and ontogeny in Acer pseudoplatanus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:1297-1310. [PMID: 34176137 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic conductance is recognized as a major determinant of gas exchange and productivity. However, whether this also applies to seedlings, a critically important stage for vegetation regeneration, has been largely unknown. We analyzed the hydraulic and stomatal conductance of leaves and shoots for 6-wk-old Acer pseudoplatanus seedlings emerging in different lowland and treeline habitats and under glasshouse conditions, respectively, as well as on 9-, 15- and 18-wk-old plants, and related findings to leaf and xylem anatomical traits. Treeline seedlings had higher leaf area-specific shoot hydraulic conductance (Kshoot-L ), and stomatal conductance (gs ), associated with wider xylem conduits, lower leaf area and higher stomatal density than lowland and glasshouse-grown plants. Across the first 18 wk of development, seedlings increased four-fold in absolute shoot hydraulic conductance (Kshoot ) and declined by half in Kshoot-L , with correlated shifts in xylem and leaf anatomy. Distal leaves had higher leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf ) and gs compared to basal leaves. Seedlings show strong variation across growth environments and ontogenetic shifts in hydraulic and anatomical parameters. Across growth sites, ontogenetic stages and leaf orders, gs was tightly correlated with Kshoot-L and Kleaf , balancing hydraulic supply with demand for the earliest stages of seedling establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Beikircher
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestr. 15, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California (UCLA), 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Andrea Ganthaler
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestr. 15, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Adriano Losso
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestr. 15, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Stefan Mayr
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestr. 15, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
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Taneda H, Ikeda T. Hydraulic architecture with high root-resistance fraction contributes to efficient carbon gain of plants in temperate habitats. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:1932-1945. [PMID: 34658016 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE The hydraulic architecture in the leaves, stems and roots of plants constrains water transport and carbon gain through stomatal limitation to CO2 absorption. Because roots are the main bottleneck in water transport for a range of plant species, we assessed the ecophysiological mechanism and importance of a high fraction of root hydraulic resistance in woody and herbaceous species. METHODS Biomass partitioning and hydraulic conductance of leaves, stems, and roots of Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica, a perennial herb) and Japanese zelkova (Zelkova serrata, a deciduous tall tree) were measured. Theoretical analyses were used to examine whether the measured hydraulic architecture and biomass partitioning maximized the plant photosynthetic rate (the product of leaf area and photosynthetic rate per leaf area). RESULTS Root hydraulic resistance accounted for 83% and 68% of the total plant resistance for Japanese knotweed and Japanese zelkova, respectively. Comparisons of hydraulic and biomass partitioning revealed that high root-resistance fractions were attributable to low biomass partitioning to root organs rather than high mass-specific root conductance. The measured partitioning of hydraulic resistance closely corresponded to the predicted optimal partitioning, maximizing the plant photosynthetic rate for the two species. The high fraction of root resistance was predicted to be optimal with variations in air humidity and soil water potential. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the hydraulic architecture of plants growing in mesic and fertile habitats not only results in high root resistance due to small biomass partitioning to root organs, but contributes to efficient carbon gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhiko Taneda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takefumi Ikeda
- Department of Forest Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1-5 Shimogamohangi-cho, Sakyo, Kyoto, 606-8522, Japan
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Rodríguez-Gamir J, Xue J, Meason DF, Clearwater M, Clinton PW, Domec JC. Interclonal variation, coordination, and trade-offs between hydraulic conductance and gas exchange in Pinus radiata: consequences on plant growth and wood density. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:2419-2433. [PMID: 33337485 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Stem growth reflects genetic and phenotypic differences within a tree species. The plant hydraulic system regulates the carbon economy, and therefore variations in growth and wood density. A whole-organism perspective, by partitioning the hydraulic system, is crucial for understanding the physical and physiological processes that coordinately mediate plant growth. The aim of this study was to determine whether the relationships and trade-offs between (i) hydraulic traits and their relative contribution to the whole-plant hydraulic system, (ii) plant water transport, (iii) CO2 assimilation, (iv) plant growth, and (v) wood density are revealed at the interclonal level within a variable population of 10 Pinus radiata (D. Don) clones for these characters. We demonstrated a strong coordination between several plant organs regarding their hydraulic efficiency. Hydraulic efficiency, gas exchange, and plant growth were intimately linked. Small reductions in stem wood density were related to a large increase in sapwood hydraulic efficiency, and thus to plant growth. However, stem growth rate was negatively related to wood density. We discuss insights explaining the relationships and trade-offs of the plant traits examined in this study. These insights provide a better understanding of the existing coordination, likely to be dependent on genetics, between the biophysical structure of wood, plant growth, hydraulic partitioning, and physiological plant functions in P. radiata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Rodríguez-Gamir
- Producción Vegetal en zonas tropicales y subtropicales, Instituto Canario de Investigaciones Agrarias (ICIA), Ctra de El boquerón s/n, 38270 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
- Forest Systems, Scion, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Jianming Xue
- Forest Systems, Scion, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Dean F Meason
- Forest Systems, Scion, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand
| | - Michael Clearwater
- Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | | | - Jean-Christophe Domec
- Bordeaux Sciences Agro, UMR INRA ISPA 1391, Gradignan, France
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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Machado Filho JA, Rodrigues WP, Baroni DF, Pireda S, Campbell G, de Souza GAR, Verdin Filho AC, Arantes SD, de Oliveira Arantes L, da Cunha M, Gambetta GA, Rakocevic M, Ramalho JC, Campostrini E. Linking root and stem hydraulic traits to leaf physiological parameters in Coffea canephora clones with contrasting drought tolerance. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 258-259:153355. [PMID: 33581558 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Knowing the key hydraulic traits of different genotypes at early seedling stages can potentially provide crucial information and save time for breeding programs. In the current study we investigated: (1) how root, stem and whole plant conductivities are linked to xylem traits, and (2) how the integrated hydraulic system impacts leaf water potential, gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence and the growth of three coffee cultivars (clones of Coffea canephora Pierre ex Froehner cv. Conilon) with known differences in drought tolerance. The Conilon clones CL 14, CL 5 V and CL 109A, classified as tolerant, moderately tolerant, and sensitive to drought respectively, were grown under non-limiting soil-water supply but high atmospheric demand (i.e., high VPDair). CL 14 and CL 5 V displayed higher root and stem hydraulic conductance and conductivity, and higher whole plant conductivity than CL 109A, and these differences were associated with higher root growth traits. In addition, CL 109A exhibited a non-significant trend towards wider vessels. Collectively, these responses likely contributed to reduce leaf water potential in CL 109A, and in turn, reduced leaf gas exchange, especially during elevated VPDair. Even when grown under well-watered conditions, the elevated VPDair observed during this study resulted in key differences in the hydraulic traits between the cultivars corresponding to differences in plant water status, gas exchange, and photochemical activity. Together these results suggest that coffee hydraulic traits, even when grown under non-water stress conditions, can be considered in breeding programs targeting more productive and efficient genotypes under drought and high atmospheric demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Altino Machado Filho
- Instituto Capixaba de Pesquisa, Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural, 29052-010, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Weverton Pereira Rodrigues
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Naturais e Letras, Universidade Estadual da Região Tocantina do Maranhão, Avenida Brejo do Pinto, S/N, 65975-000, Estreito, Maranhão, Brazil.
| | - Danilo Força Baroni
- Setor de Fisiologia Vegetal, LMGV, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, CEP: 28013620, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Saulo Pireda
- Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense (UENF), Av. Alberto Lamego 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-602, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Glaziele Campbell
- Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense (UENF), Av. Alberto Lamego 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-602, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Augusto Rodrigues de Souza
- Setor de Fisiologia Vegetal, LMGV, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, CEP: 28013620, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Sara Dousseau Arantes
- Instituto Capixaba de Pesquisa, Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural, 29052-010, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Lúcio de Oliveira Arantes
- Instituto Capixaba de Pesquisa, Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural, 29052-010, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Maura da Cunha
- Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense (UENF), Av. Alberto Lamego 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-602, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gregory A Gambetta
- EGFV (UMR 1287), Bordeaux-Sciences Agro, INRAE, Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, 210 chemin de Leysotte, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Miroslava Rakocevic
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Naturais e Letras, Universidade Estadual da Região Tocantina do Maranhão, Avenida Brejo do Pinto, S/N, 65975-000, Estreito, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - José Cochicho Ramalho
- Lab. Interações Planta-Ambiente & Biodiversidade (PlantStress&Biodiversity), Centro de Estudos Florestais (CEF), Departamento de Recursos Naturais, Ambiente e Território (DRAT), Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa (ULisboa), Av. República, 2784-505, Oeiras, Portugal; GeoBioSciences, GeoTechnologies and GeoEngineering (GeoBioTec), Faculdade de Ciências Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Eliemar Campostrini
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Naturais e Letras, Universidade Estadual da Região Tocantina do Maranhão, Avenida Brejo do Pinto, S/N, 65975-000, Estreito, Maranhão, Brazil.
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Jupa R, Mészáros M, Plavcová L. Linking wood anatomy with growth vigour and susceptibility to alternate bearing in composite apple and pear trees. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2021; 23:172-183. [PMID: 32939929 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Excess vegetative growth and irregular fruit-bearing are often undesirable in horticultural practice. However, the biological mechanisms underlying these traits in fruit trees are not fully understood. Here, we tested if growth vigour and susceptibility of apple and pear trees to alternate fruit-bearing are associated with vascular anatomy. We examined anatomical traits related to water transport and nutrient storage in young woody shoots and roots of 15 different scion/rootstock cultivars of apple and pear trees. In addition, soil and leaf water potentials were measured across a drought period. We found a positive correlation between the mean vessel diameter of roots and the annual shoot length. Vigorously growing trees also maintained less negative midday leaf water potential during drought. Furthermore, we observed a close negative correlation between the proportions of total parenchyma in the shoots and the alternate bearing index. Based on anatomical proxies, our results suggest that xylem transport efficiency of rootstocks is linked to growth vigour of both apple and pear trees, while limited carbohydrate storage capacity of scions may be associated with increased susceptibility to alternate bearing. These findings can be useful for the breeding of new cultivars of commercially important fruit trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Jupa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - M Mészáros
- Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology, Hořice, Czech Republic
| | - L Plavcová
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Boonman CCF, van Langevelde F, Oliveras I, Couédon J, Luijken N, Martini D, Veenendaal EM. On the importance of root traits in seedlings of tropical tree species. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:156-167. [PMID: 31834943 PMCID: PMC7317509 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant biomass allocation may be optimized to acquire and conserve resources. How trade-offs in the allocation of tropical tree seedlings depend on different stressors remains poorly understood. Here we test whether above- and below-ground traits of tropical tree seedlings could explain observed occurrence along gradients of resources (light, water) and defoliation (fire, herbivory). We grew 24 tree species occurring in five African vegetation types, varying from dry savanna to moist forest, in a glasshouse for 6 months, and measured traits associated with biomass allocation. Classification based on above-ground traits resulted in clusters representing savanna and forest species, with low and high shoot investment, respectively. Classification based on root traits resulted in four clusters representing dry savanna, humid savanna, dry forest and moist forest, characterized by a deep mean rooting depth, root starch investment, high specific root length in deeper soil layers, and high specific root length in the top soil layer, respectively. In conclusion, tree seedlings in this study show root trait syndromes, which vary along gradients of resources and defoliation: seedlings from dry areas invest in deep roots, seedlings from shaded environments optimize shoot investment, and seedlings experiencing frequent defoliation store resources in the roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coline C. F. Boonman
- Environmental ScienceRadboud University6525 AJNijmegenthe Netherlands
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation GroupWageningen University6700 AAWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Frank van Langevelde
- Wildife Ecology and Conservation GroupWageningen University6700 AAWageningenthe Netherlands
- School of Life SciencesWestville CampusUniversity of KwaZulu‐NatalDurban4000South Africa
| | - Imma Oliveras
- Change InstituteSchool of Geography and the EnvironmentUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3QYUK
| | - Jeremy Couédon
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation GroupWageningen University6700 AAWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Natascha Luijken
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation GroupWageningen University6700 AAWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - David Martini
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation GroupWageningen University6700 AAWageningenthe Netherlands
- Department of Biogeochemical IntegrationMax Planck Institute for BiogeochemistryHans‐Knöll‐Straße 10Jena07745Germany
| | - Elmar M. Veenendaal
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation GroupWageningen University6700 AAWageningenthe Netherlands
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Diverging Responses of Two Subtropical Tree Species (Schima superba and Cunninghamia lanceolata) to Heat Waves. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11050513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The frequency and intensity of heat waves (HWs) has increased in subtropical regions in recent years. The mechanism underlying the HW response of subtropical trees remains unclear. In this study, we conducted an experiment with broad-leaved Schima superba (S. superba) and coniferous Cunninghamia lanceolata (C. lanceolata) seedlings to examine HW (5-day long) effects on stem water transport, leaf water use efficiency (WUE), morphology and growth, and to elucidate differences in the responses of both species. Our results indicated that HWs can significantly reduce hydraulic conductivity in both species. C. lanceolata experienced significant xylem embolism, with the percentage loss of conductivity (PLC) increasing by 40%, while S. superba showed a non-significant increase in PLC (+25%). Furthermore, HW also caused a reduction in photosynthesis rates (An), but transpiration rates (Tr) increased on the 5th day of the HW, together leading to a significant decrease in leaf WUE. From diurnal dynamics, we observed that the HW caused significant decrease of S. superba An only in the morning, but nearly the all day for C. lanceolata. During the morning, with a high vapor pressure deficit (VPD) environment, the HW increased Tr, which contributed a lot to latently cooling the foliage. In comparing the two tree species, we found that HW effects on S. superba were mostly short-term, with leaf senescence but limited or no xylem embolism. The surviving S. superba recovered rapidly, forming new branches and leaves, aided by their extensive root systems. For C. lanceolata, continued seedling growth initially but with subsequent xylem embolism and withering of shoots, led to stunted recovery and regrowth. In conclusion, apart from the direct thermal impacts caused by HW, drought stress was the main cause of significant negative effects on plant water transport and the photosynthetic system. Furthermore, S. superba and C. lanceolata showed clearly different responses to HW, which implies that the response mechanisms of broad-leaved and coniferous tree species to climate change can differ.
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Pritzkow C, Williamson V, Szota C, Trouvé R, Arndt SK. Phenotypic plasticity and genetic adaptation of functional traits influences intra-specific variation in hydraulic efficiency and safety. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:215-229. [PMID: 31860729 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding which hydraulic traits are under genetic control and/or are phenotypically plastic is essential in understanding how tree species will respond to rapid shifts in climate. We quantified hydraulic traits in Eucalyptus obliqua L'Her. across a precipitation gradient in the field to describe (i) trait variation in relation to long-term climate and (ii) the short-term (seasonal) ability of traits to adjust (i.e., phenotypic plasticity). Seedlings from each field population were raised under controlled conditions to assess (iii) which traits are under strong genetic control. In the field, drier populations had smaller leaves with anatomically thicker xylem vessel walls, a lower leaf hydraulic vulnerability and a lower water potential at turgor loss point, which likely confers higher hydraulic safety. Traits such as the water potential at turgor loss point and ratio of sapwood to leaf area (Huber value) showed significant adjustment from wet to dry conditions in the field, indicating phenotypic plasticity and importantly, the ability to increase hydraulic safety in the short term. In the nursery, seedlings from drier populations had smaller leaves and a lower leaf hydraulic vulnerability, suggesting that key traits associated with hydraulic safety are under strong genetic control. Overall, our study suggests a strong genetic control over traits associated with hydraulic safety, which may compromise the survival of wet-origin populations in drier future climates. However, phenotypic plasticity in physiological and morphological traits may confer sufficient hydraulic safety to facilitate genetic adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Pritzkow
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, University of Melbourne, 500 Yarra Blvd Burnley, VIC 3121, Australia
| | - Virginia Williamson
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, University of Melbourne, 500 Yarra Blvd Burnley, VIC 3121, Australia
| | - Christopher Szota
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, University of Melbourne, 500 Yarra Blvd Burnley, VIC 3121, Australia
| | - Raphael Trouvé
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, University of Melbourne, 500 Yarra Blvd Burnley, VIC 3121, Australia
| | - Stefan K Arndt
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, University of Melbourne, 500 Yarra Blvd Burnley, VIC 3121, Australia
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Caroline Silva Lopes E, Pereira Rodrigues W, Ruas Fraga K, Machado Filho JA, Rangel da Silva J, Menezes de Assis-Gomes M, Moura Assis Figueiredo FAM, Gresshoff PM, Campostrini E. Hypernodulating soybean mutant line nod4 lacking 'Autoregulation of Nodulation' (AON) has limited root-to-shoot water transport capacity. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 124:979-991. [PMID: 30955042 PMCID: PMC6881229 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Although hypernodulating phenotype mutants of legumes, such as soybean, possess a high leaf N content, the large number of root nodules decreases carbohydrate availability for plant growth and seed yield. In addition, under conditions of high air vapour pressure deficit (VPD), hypernodulating plants show a limited capacity to replace water losses through transpiration, resulting in stomatal closure, and therefore decreased net photosynthetic rates. Here, we used hypernodulating (nod4) (282.33 ± 28.56 nodules per plant) and non-nodulating (nod139) (0 nodules per plant) soybean mutant lines to determine explicitly whether a large number of nodules reduces root hydraulic capacity, resulting in decreased stomatal conductance and net photosynthetic rates under high air VPD conditions. METHODS Plants were either inoculated or not inoculated with Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens (strain BR 85, SEMIA 5080) to induce nitrogen-fixing root nodules (where possible). Absolute root conductance and root conductivity, plant growth, leaf water potential, gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence, leaf 'greenness' [Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD) reading] and nitrogen content were measured 37 days after sowing. KEY RESULTS Besides the reduced growth of hypernodulating soybean mutant nod4, such plants showed decreased root capacity to supply leaf water demand as a consequence of their reduced root dry mass and root volume, which resulted in limited absolute root conductance and root conductivity normalized by leaf area. Thereby, reduced leaf water potential at 1300 h was observed, which contributed to depression of photosynthesis at midday associated with both stomatal and non-stomatal limitations. CONCLUSIONS Hypernodulated plants were more vulnerable to VPD increases due to their limited root-to-shoot water transport capacity. However, greater CO2 uptake caused by the high N content can be partly compensated by the stomatal limitation imposed by increased VPD conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emile Caroline Silva Lopes
- Setor de Fisiologia Vegetal, Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, CEP, Ilhéus, Bahia, Braz il
- Setor de Fisiologia Vegetal, LMGV, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Weverton Pereira Rodrigues
- Setor de Fisiologia Vegetal, LMGV, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Katherine Ruas Fraga
- Setor de Fisiologia Vegetal, LMGV, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Altino Machado Filho
- Setor de Fisiologia Vegetal, LMGV, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Capixaba de Pesquisa, Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Jefferson Rangel da Silva
- Setor de Fisiologia Vegetal, LMGV, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico, Cordeirópolis, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mara Menezes de Assis-Gomes
- Setor de Fisiologia Vegetal, LMGV, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Peter M Gresshoff
- Integrative Legume Research Group, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Eliemar Campostrini
- Setor de Fisiologia Vegetal, LMGV, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Conflicting functional effects of xylem pit structure relate to the growth-longevity trade-off in a conifer species. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:15282-15287. [PMID: 31209057 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1900734116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Consistent with a ubiquitous life history trade-off, trees exhibit a negative relationship between growth and longevity both among and within species. However, the mechanistic basis of this life history trade-off is not well understood. In addition to resource allocation conflicts among multiple traits, functional conflicts arising from individual morphological traits may also contribute to life history trade-offs. We hypothesized that conflicting functional effects of xylem structural traits contribute to the growth-longevity trade-off in trees. We tested this hypothesis by examining the extent to which xylem morphological traits (i.e., wood density, tracheid diameters, and pit structure) relate to growth rates and longevity in two natural populations of the conifer species Pinus ponderosa Hydraulic constraints arise as trees grow larger and xylem anatomical traits adjust to compensate. We disentangled the effects of size through ontogeny in individual trees and growth rates among trees on xylem traits by sampling each tree at multiple trunk diameters. We found that the oldest trees had slower lifetime growth rates compared with younger trees in the studied populations, indicating a growth-longevity trade-off. We further provide evidence that a single xylem trait, pit structure, with conflicting effects on xylem function (hydraulic safety and efficiency) relates to the growth-longevity trade-off in a conifer species. This study highlights that, in addition to trade-offs among multiple traits, functional constraints based on individual morphological traits like that of pit structure provide mechanistic insight into how and when life history trade-offs arise.
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15
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Hao X, Tang H, Wang B, Yue C, Wang L, Zeng J, Yang Y, Wang X. Integrative transcriptional and metabolic analyses provide insights into cold spell response mechanisms in young shoots of the tea plant. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:1041-1052. [PMID: 29401304 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Green tea has attracted an increasing number of consumers worldwide due to its multiple health benefits. With the increase in global warming, more frequent cold spells in the spring often cause more serious damage to green tea production because of the young leaves used. We recorded the changes in climatic conditions during a typical cold spell and the damage symptoms caused by the cold spell in different tea cultivars and breeding lines. By simulating the low temperature of a cold spell under controlled conditions, comparative transcriptome and metabolic analyses were performed with sprouting shoots. Many pathways and genes were regulated differentially by the cold spell conditions. Taking into account the metabolic analysis, the results suggested that the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-dependent ethylene and calcium signalling pathways were two major early cold-responsive mechanisms involved in sprouting shoots and were followed by the induction of the Inducer of CBF Expressions (ICE)-C-repeat binding factors (CBF)-cold-responsive (COR) signalling pathway to augment cold tolerance. During the cold shock, growth, photosynthesis and secondary metabolism-mainly involving flavonoid biosynthesis-were remarkably affected. Notably, the increased starch metabolism, which might be dependent on the high expression of β-amylase3 (BAM3) induced by CBF, played crucial roles in protecting young shoots against freezing cold. A schematic diagram of cold spell response mechanisms specifically involved in the sprouting shoots of the tea plant is ultimately proposed. Some essential transcriptional and metabolic changes were further confirmed in the plant materials under natural cold spell conditions. Our results provide a global view of the reprograming of transcription and metabolism in sprouting tea shoots during a cold spell and meaningful information for future practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Hao
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hu Tang
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Wang
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chuan Yue
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University/Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Universities of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lu Wang
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianming Zeng
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yajun Yang
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinchao Wang
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China
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16
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Bretfeld M, Ewers BE, Hall JS. Plant water use responses along secondary forest succession during the 2015-2016 El Niño drought in Panama. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 219:885-899. [PMID: 29504138 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Tropical forests are increasingly being subjected to hotter, drier conditions as a result of global climate change. The effects of drought on forests along successional gradients remain poorly understood. We took advantage of the 2015-2016 El Niño event to test for differences in drought response along a successional gradient by measuring the sap flow in 76 trees, representing 42 different species, in 8-, 25- and 80-yr-old secondary forests in the 15-km2 'Agua Salud Project' study area, located in central Panama. Average sap velocities and sapwood-specific hydraulic conductivities were highest in the youngest forest. During the dry season drought, sap velocities increased significantly in the 80-yr-old forest as a result of higher evaporative demand, but not in younger forests. The main drivers of transpiration shifted from radiation to vapor pressure deficit with progressing forest succession. Soil volumetric water content was a limiting factor only in the youngest forest during the dry season, probably as a result of less root exploration in the soil. Trees in early-successional forests displayed stronger signs of regulatory responses to the 2015-2016 El Niño drought, and the limiting physiological processes for transpiration shifted from operating at the plant-soil interface to the plant-atmosphere interface with progressing forest succession.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Bretfeld
- ForestGEO, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Av. Roosevelt 401, Balboa, Ancón, Panama
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Brent E Ewers
- Department of Botany and Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Jefferson S Hall
- ForestGEO, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Av. Roosevelt 401, Balboa, Ancón, Panama
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Zhang H, Li W, Adams HD, Wang A, Wu J, Jin C, Guan D, Yuan F. Responses of Woody Plant Functional Traits to Nitrogen Addition: A Meta-Analysis of Leaf Economics, Gas Exchange, and Hydraulic Traits. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:683. [PMID: 29875787 PMCID: PMC5974508 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition has been found to significantly affect plant growth and physiological performance in terrestrial ecosystems. Many individual studies have investigated how N addition influences plant functional traits, however these investigations have usually been limited to a single species, and thereby do not allow derivation of general patterns or underlying mechanisms. We synthesized data from 56 papers and conducted a meta-analysis to assess the general responses of 15 variables related to leaf economics, gas exchange, and hydraulic traits to N addition among 61 woody plant species, primarily from temperate and subtropical regions. Results showed that under N addition, leaf area index (+10.3%), foliar N content (+7.3%), intrinsic water-use efficiency (+3.1%) and net photosynthetic rate (+16.1%) significantly increased, while specific leaf area, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate did not change. For plant hydraulics, N addition significantly increased vessel diameter (+7.0%), hydraulic conductance in stems/shoots (+6.7%), and water potential corresponding to 50% loss of hydraulic conductivity (P50, +21.5%; i.e., P50 became less negative), while water potential in leaves (-6.7%) decreased (became more negative). N addition had little effect on vessel density, hydraulic conductance in leaves and roots, or water potential in stems/shoots. N addition had greater effects on gymnosperms than angiosperms and ammonium nitrate fertilization had larger effects than fertilization with urea, and high levels of N addition affected more traits than low levels. Our results demonstrate that N addition has coupled effects on both carbon and water dynamics of woody plants. Increased leaf N, likely fixed in photosynthetic enzymes and pigments leads to higher photosynthesis and water use efficiency, which may increase leaf growth, as reflected in LAI results. These changes appear to have downstream effects on hydraulic function through increases in vessel diameter, which leads to higher hydraulic conductance, but lower water potential and increased vulnerability to embolism. Overall, our results suggest that N addition will shift plant function along a tradeoff between C and hydraulic economies by enhancing C uptake while simultaneously increasing the risk of hydraulic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weibin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-Ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Henry D. Adams
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Anzhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiabing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Changjie Jin
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Dexin Guan
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Fenghui Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
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18
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Fine Root Biomass and Its Relationship with Aboveground Traits of Larix gmelinii Trees in Northeastern China. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Wang C, Geng Z, Chen Z, Li J, Guo W, Zhao TH, Cao Y, Shen S, Jin D, Li MH. Six-Year Nitrogen-Water Interaction Shifts the Frequency Distribution and Size Inequality of the First-Order Roots of Fraxinus mandschurica in a Mixed Mature Pinus koraiensis Forest. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1691. [PMID: 29018474 PMCID: PMC5622955 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The variation in fine root traits in terms of size inequality at the individual root level can be identified as a strategy for adapting to the drastic changes in soil water and nutrient availabilities. The Gini and Lorenz asymmetry coefficients have been applied to describe the overall degree of size inequality, which, however, are neglected when conventional statistical means are calculated. Here, we used the Gini coefficient, Lorenz asymmetry coefficient and statistical mean in an investigation of Fraxinus mandschurica roots in a mixed mature Pinus koraiensis forest on Changbai Mountain, China. We analyzed 967 individual roots to determine the responses of length, diameter and area of the first-order roots and of branching intensity to 6 years of nitrogen addition (N), rainfall reduction (W) and their combination (NW). We found that first-order roots had a significantly greater average length and area but had smaller Gini coefficients in NW plots compared to in control plots (CK). Furthermore, the relationship between first-order root length and branching intensity was negative in CK, N, and W plots but positive in NW plots. The Lorenz asymmetry coefficient was >1 for the first-order root diameter in NW and W plots as well as for branching intensity in N plots. The bimodal frequency distribution of the first-order root length in NW plots differed clearly from the unimodal one in CK, N, and W plots. These results demonstrate that not only the mean but also the variation and the distribution mode of the first-order roots of F. mandschurica respond to soil nitrogen and water availability. The changes in size inequality of the first-order root traits suggest that Gini and Lorenz asymmetry coefficients can serve as informative parameters in ecological investigations of roots to improve our ability to predict how trees will respond to a changing climate at the individual root level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunguo Wang
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhenzhen Geng
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhao Chen
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiandong Li
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Guo
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tian-Hong Zhao
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Cao
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Si Shen
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Daming Jin
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Mai-He Li
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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Guderle M, Bachmann D, Milcu A, Gockele A, Bechmann M, Fischer C, Roscher C, Landais D, Ravel O, Devidal S, Roy J, Gessler A, Buchmann N, Weigelt A, Hildebrandt A. Dynamic niche partitioning in root water uptake facilitates efficient water use in more diverse grassland plant communities. Funct Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Guderle
- Friedrich‐Schiller‐University JenaInstitute of Geosciences Jena Germany
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem ManagementTechnische Universität München Freising Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Biogeochemical Processes Jena Germany
| | - Dörte Bachmann
- Institute of Agricultural SciencesETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Alexandru Milcu
- CNRS, Ecotron ‐ UPS 3248 Montferrier‐sur‐Lez France
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et EvolutiveCEFE‐CNRSUMR 5175Université de Montpellier – Université Paul Valéry – EPHE Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Annette Gockele
- Department of GeobotanyFaculty of BiologyUniversity of Freiburg Freiburg Germany
| | - Marcel Bechmann
- Friedrich‐Schiller‐University JenaInstitute of Geosciences Jena Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Biogeochemical Processes Jena Germany
| | - Christine Fischer
- Friedrich‐Schiller‐University JenaInstitute of Geosciences Jena Germany
- Department of Conservation BiologyUFZHelmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig Germany
| | - Christiane Roscher
- Department of Physiological DiversityUFZHelmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | | | | | | | - Jacques Roy
- CNRS, Ecotron ‐ UPS 3248 Montferrier‐sur‐Lez France
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL Birmensdorf Switzerland
- Berlin‐Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB) Berlin Germany
| | - Nina Buchmann
- Institute of Agricultural SciencesETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Weigelt
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
- Systematic Botany and Functional BiodiversityInstitute of BiologyUniversity of Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Anke Hildebrandt
- Friedrich‐Schiller‐University JenaInstitute of Geosciences Jena Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Biogeochemical Processes Jena Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
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Jiang GF, Goodale UM, Liu YY, Hao GY, Cao KF. Salt management strategy defines the stem and leaf hydraulic characteristics of six mangrove tree species. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:389-401. [PMID: 28100712 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Mangroves in hypersaline coastal habitats are under constant high xylem tension and face great risk of hydraulic dysfunction. To investigate the relationships between functional traits and salt management, we measured 20 hydraulic and photosynthetic traits in four salt-adapted (SA) and two non-SA (NSA) mangrove tree species in south China. The SA species included two salt secretors (SSs), Avicennia marina (Forsskål) Vierhapper and Aegiceras corniculatum (L.) Blanco and two salt excluders (SEs), Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Savigny and Kandelia obovata (L.) Sheue et al. The two NSA species were Hibiscus tiliaceus (L.) and Pongamia pinnata (L.) Merr. Extremely high xylem cavitation resistance, indicated by water potential at 50% loss of xylem conductivity (Ψ50; -7.85 MPa), was found in SEs. Lower cavitation resistance was observed in SSs, and may result from incomplete salt removal that reduces the magnitude of xylem tension required to maintain water uptake from the soil. Surprisingly, the NSA species, P. pinnata, had very low Ψ50 (-5.44 MPa). Compared with NSAs, SAs had lower photosynthesis, vessel density, hydraulic conductivity and vessel diameter, but higher sapwood density. Eight traits were strongly associated with species' salt management strategies, with predawn water potential (ΨPD) and mean vessel diameter accounting for 95% flow (D95) having the most significant association; D95 separated SAs from NSAs and SEs had the lowest ΨPD. There was significant coupling between hydraulic traits and carbon assimilation traits. Instead of hydraulic safety being compromised by xylem efficiency, mangrove species with higher safety had higher efficiency and greater sapwood density (ρSapwood), but there was no relationship between ρSapwood and efficiency. Principal component analysis differentiated the species of the three salt management strategies by loading D, D95 and vessel density on the first axis and loading ΨPD, Ψ50 and water potential at 12% loss of xylem conductivity (Ψ12), ρSapwood and quantum yield on the second axis. Our results provide the first comparative characterization of hydraulic and photosynthetic traits among mangroves with different salt management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Feng Jiang
- Plant Ecophysiology & Evolution Group, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China
| | - Uromi Manage Goodale
- Plant Ecophysiology & Evolution Group, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China
| | - Yan-Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang110010, PR China
| | - Guang-You Hao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang110010, PR China
| | - Kun-Fang Cao
- Plant Ecophysiology & Evolution Group, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China
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Wang AY, Wang M, Yang D, Song J, Zhang WW, Han SJ, Hao GY. Responses of hydraulics at the whole-plant level to simulated nitrogen deposition of different levels in Fraxinus mandshurica. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 36:1045-1055. [PMID: 27259635 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) deposition is expected to have great impact on forest ecosystems by affecting many aspects of plant-environmental interactions, one of which involves its influences on plant water relations through modifications of plant hydraulic architecture. However, there is a surprising lack of integrative study on tree hydraulic architecture responses to N deposition, especially at the whole-plant level. In the present study, we used a 5-year N addition experiment to simulate the effects of six different levels of N deposition (20-120 kg ha(-1) year(-1)) on growth and whole-plant hydraulic conductance of a dominant tree species (Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr.) from the typical temperate forest of NE China. The results showed that alleviation of N limitation by moderate concentrations of fertilization (20-80 kg ha(-1) year(-1)) promoted plant growth, but further N additions on top of the threshold level showed negative effects on plant growth. Growth responses of F. mandshurica seedlings to N addition of different concentrations were accompanied by corresponding changes in whole-plant hydraulic conductance; higher growth rate was accompanied by reduced whole-plant hydraulic conductance (Kplant) and higher leaf water-use efficiency. A detailed analysis on hydraulic conductance of different components of the whole-plant water transport pathway revealed that changes in root and leaf hydraulic conductance, rather than that of the stem, were responsible for Kplant responses to N fertilization. Both plant growth and hydraulic architecture responses to increasing levels of N addition were not linear, i.e., the correlation between measured parameters and N availability exhibited bell-shaped curves with peak values observed at medium levels of N fertilization. Changes in hydraulic architecture in response to fertilization found in the present study may represent an important underlying mechanism for the commonly observed changes in water-related tree performances in response to N deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110010, China College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Miao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110010, China
| | - Da Yang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110010, China College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jia Song
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110010, China College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei-Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110010, China
| | - Shi-Jie Han
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110010, China
| | - Guang-You Hao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110010, China
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Rodríguez-Gamir J, Primo-Millo E, Forner-Giner MÁ. An Integrated View of Whole-Tree Hydraulic Architecture. Does Stomatal or Hydraulic Conductance Determine Whole Tree Transpiration? PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155246. [PMID: 27223695 PMCID: PMC4880183 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydraulic conductance exerts a strong influence on many aspects of plant physiology, namely: transpiration, CO2 assimilation, growth, productivity or stress response. However we lack full understanding of the contribution of root or shoot water transport capacity to the total water balance, something which is difficult to study in trees. Here we tested the hypothesis that whole plant hydraulic conductance modulates plant transpiration using two different seedlings of citrus rootstocks, Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. and Cleopatra mandarin (Citrus reshni Hort ex Tan.). The two genotypes presented important differences in their root or shoot hydraulic conductance contribution to whole plant hydraulic conductance but, even so, water balance proved highly dependent on whole plant conductance. Further, we propose there is a possible equilibrium between root and shoot hydraulic conductance, similar to that between shoot and root biomass production, which could be related with xylem anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Rodríguez-Gamir
- Department of Citriculture and Vegetal Production, Valencian Institute of Agrarias Research, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eduardo Primo-Millo
- Department of Citriculture and Vegetal Production, Valencian Institute of Agrarias Research, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Forner-Giner
- Department of Citriculture and Vegetal Production, Valencian Institute of Agrarias Research, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
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Gleason SM, Westoby M, Jansen S, Choat B, Hacke UG, Pratt RB, Bhaskar R, Brodribb TJ, Bucci SJ, Cao KF, Cochard H, Delzon S, Domec JC, Fan ZX, Feild TS, Jacobsen AL, Johnson DM, Lens F, Maherali H, Martínez-Vilalta J, Mayr S, McCulloh KA, Mencuccini M, Mitchell PJ, Morris H, Nardini A, Pittermann J, Plavcová L, Schreiber SG, Sperry JS, Wright IJ, Zanne AE. Weak tradeoff between xylem safety and xylem-specific hydraulic efficiency across the world's woody plant species. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 209:123-36. [PMID: 26378984 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of lignified xylem allowed for the efficient transport of water under tension, but also exposed the vascular network to the risk of gas emboli and the spread of gas between xylem conduits, thus impeding sap transport to the leaves. A well-known hypothesis proposes that the safety of xylem (its ability to resist embolism formation and spread) should trade off against xylem efficiency (its capacity to transport water). We tested this safety-efficiency hypothesis in branch xylem across 335 angiosperm and 89 gymnosperm species. Safety was considered at three levels: the xylem water potentials where 12%, 50% and 88% of maximal conductivity are lost. Although correlations between safety and efficiency were weak (r(2) < 0.086), no species had high efficiency and high safety, supporting the idea for a safety-efficiency tradeoff. However, many species had low efficiency and low safety. Species with low efficiency and low safety were weakly associated (r(2) < 0.02 in most cases) with higher wood density, lower leaf- to sapwood-area and shorter stature. There appears to be no persuasive explanation for the considerable number of species with both low efficiency and low safety. These species represent a real challenge for understanding the evolution of xylem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Gleason
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
- USDA-ARS, Water Management Research, 2150 Center Ave, Build D, Suite 320, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - Mark Westoby
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Brendan Choat
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Uwe G Hacke
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Robert B Pratt
- Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, CA, 93311, USA
| | - Radika Bhaskar
- Department of Biology, Haverford College, 370 Lancaster Avenue, Haverford, PA, 19041, USA
| | - Tim J Brodribb
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Sandra J Bucci
- Grupo de Estudios Biofísicos y Eco-fisiológicos (GEBEF), Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, 9000, Comodoro Rivadavia, Argentina
| | - Kun-Fang Cao
- Plant Ecophysiology and Evolution Group, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, and College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedonglu 100, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China
| | - Hervé Cochard
- INRA, UMR547 PIAF, F-63100, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, UMR547 PIAF, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- INRA, University of Bordeaux, UMR BIOGECO, F-33450, Talence, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Domec
- Bordeaux Sciences AGRO, UMR1391 ISPA INRA, 1 Cours du général de Gaulle, 33175, Gradignan Cedex, France
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Ze-Xin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan, 666303, China
| | - Taylor S Feild
- School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, 4811, Australia
| | - Anna L Jacobsen
- Department of Biology, California State University, Bakersfield, CA, 93311, USA
| | - Daniel M Johnson
- Department of Forest, Rangeland and Fire Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Frederic Lens
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, PO Box 9517, 2300RA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Hafiz Maherali
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, E-08193, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA at CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, E-08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stefan Mayr
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestr. 15, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Maurizio Mencuccini
- ICREA at CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, E-08193, Barcelona, Spain
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Crew Building, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FF, UK
| | | | - Hugh Morris
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Andrea Nardini
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita, Università Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Jarmila Pittermann
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Lenka Plavcová
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Stefan G Schreiber
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - John S Sperry
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257S 1400E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Ian J Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Amy E Zanne
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Science and Engineering Hall, 800 22nd Street NW, Suite 6000, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
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25
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Nguyen HT, Stanton DE, Schmitz N, Farquhar GD, Ball MC. Growth responses of the mangrove Avicennia marina to salinity: development and function of shoot hydraulic systems require saline conditions. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015; 115:397-407. [PMID: 25600273 PMCID: PMC4332612 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Halophytic eudicots are characterized by enhanced growth under saline conditions. This study combines physiological and anatomical analyses to identify processes underlying growth responses of the mangrove Avicennia marina to salinities ranging from fresh- to seawater conditions. METHODS Following pre-exhaustion of cotyledonary reserves under optimal conditions (i.e. 50% seawater), seedlings of A. marina were grown hydroponically in dilutions of seawater amended with nutrients. Whole-plant growth characteristics were analysed in relation to dry mass accumulation and its allocation to different plant parts. Gas exchange characteristics and stable carbon isotopic composition of leaves were measured to evaluate water use in relation to carbon gain. Stem and leaf hydraulic anatomy were measured in relation to plant water use and growth. KEY RESULTS Avicennia marina seedlings failed to grow in 0-5% seawater, whereas maximal growth occurred in 50-75% seawater. Relative growth rates were affected by changes in leaf area ratio (LAR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) along the salinity gradient, with NAR generally being more important. Gas exchange characteristics followed the same trends as plant growth, with assimilation rates and stomatal conductance being greatest in leaves grown in 50-75% seawater. However, water use efficiency was maintained nearly constant across all salinities, consistent with carbon isotopic signatures. Anatomical studies revealed variation in rates of development and composition of hydraulic tissues that were consistent with salinity-dependent patterns in water use and growth, including a structural explanation for low stomatal conductance and growth under low salinity. CONCLUSIONS The results identified stem and leaf transport systems as central to understanding the integrated growth responses to variation in salinity from fresh- to seawater conditions. Avicennia marina was revealed as an obligate halophyte, requiring saline conditions for development of the transport systems needed to sustain water use and carbon gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoa T Nguyen
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia and Institute of Botany, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel E Stanton
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia and Institute of Botany, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Nele Schmitz
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia and Institute of Botany, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Graham D Farquhar
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia and Institute of Botany, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Marilyn C Ball
- Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia and Institute of Botany, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
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26
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Badel E, Ewers FW, Cochard H, Telewski FW. Acclimation of mechanical and hydraulic functions in trees: impact of the thigmomorphogenetic process. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:266. [PMID: 25954292 PMCID: PMC4406077 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The secondary xylem (wood) of trees mediates several functions including water transport and storage, mechanical support and storage of photosynthates. The optimal structures for each of these functions will most likely differ. The complex structure and function of xylem could lead to trade-offs between conductive efficiency, resistance to embolism, and mechanical strength needed to count for mechanical loading due to gravity and wind. This has been referred to as the trade-off triangle, with the different optimal solutions to the structure/function problems depending on the environmental constraints as well as taxonomic histories. Thus, the optimisation of each function will lead to drastically different anatomical structures. Trees are able to acclimate the internal structure of their trunk and branches according to the stress they experience. These acclimations lead to specific structures that favor the efficiency or the safety of one function but can be antagonistic with other functions. Currently, there are no means to predict the way a tree will acclimate or optimize its internal structure in support of its various functions under differing environmental conditions. In this review, we will focus on the acclimation of xylem anatomy and its resulting mechanical and hydraulic functions to recurrent mechanical strain that usually result from wind-induced thigmomorphogenesis with a special focus on the construction cost and the possible trade-off between wood functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Badel
- INRA, UMR 547 PIAF, Clermont-FerrandFrance
- Clermont Université–Université Blaise-Pascal, UMR 547 PIAF, Clermont-FerrandFrance
- *Correspondence: Eric Badel, INRA, UMR 547 PIAF, 63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université–Université Blaise-Pascal, UMR 547 PIAF, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Frank W. Ewers
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic UniversityPomona, CA, USA
| | - Hervé Cochard
- INRA, UMR 547 PIAF, Clermont-FerrandFrance
- Clermont Université–Université Blaise-Pascal, UMR 547 PIAF, Clermont-FerrandFrance
| | - Frank W. Telewski
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, USA
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27
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Wright A, Tobin M, Mangan S, Schnitzer SA. Unique competitive effects of lianas and trees in a tropical forest understory. Oecologia 2014; 177:561-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-3179-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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28
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Smith DD, Sperry JS. Coordination between water transport capacity, biomass growth, metabolic scaling and species stature in co-occurring shrub and tree species. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:2679-90. [PMID: 25041417 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The significance of xylem function and metabolic scaling theory begins from the idea that water transport is strongly coupled to growth rate. At the same time, coordination of water transport and growth seemingly should differ between plant functional types. We evaluated the relationships between water transport, growth and species stature in six species of co-occurring trees and shrubs. Within species, a strong proportionality between plant hydraulic conductance (K), sap flow (Q) and shoot biomass growth (G) was generally supported. Across species, however, trees grew more for a given K or Q than shrubs, indicating greater growth-based water-use efficiency (WUE) in trees. Trees also showed slower decline in relative growth rate (RGR) than shrubs, equivalent to a steeper G by mass (M) scaling exponent in trees (0.77-0.98). The K and Q by M scaling exponents were common across all species (0.80, 0.82), suggesting that the steeper G scaling in trees reflects a size-dependent increase in their growth-based WUE. The common K and Q by M exponents were statistically consistent with the 0.75 of ideal scaling theory. A model based upon xylem anatomy and branching architecture consistently predicted the observed K by M scaling exponents but only when deviations from ideal symmetric branching were incorporated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan D Smith
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
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29
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Nardini A, Õunapuu-Pikas E, Savi T. When smaller is better: leaf hydraulic conductance and drought vulnerability correlate to leaf size and venation density across four Coffea arabica genotypes. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2014; 41:972-982. [PMID: 32481050 DOI: 10.1071/fp13302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf) and drought vulnerability in terms of leaf water potential inducing 50% loss of Kleaf (P50), were assessed in four genotypes of Coffea arabica L. We tested three hypotheses: (1) leaf P50 is lower in small leaves with higher vein densities; (2) lower P50 translates into lower Kleaf, limiting gas exchange rates and higher leaf mass per unit area (LMA); (3) P50 values are coordinated with symplastic drought tolerance. We found partial support for Hypotheses 1 and 3, but not for Hypothesis 2. Significant correlations existed among leaf size, vein network and drought resistance. Smaller leaves displayed higher major vein density, higher Kleaf and more negative P50. Kleaf was correlated with leaf gas exchange rates. A negative relationship was observed between Kleaf and LMA, whereas P50 was found to be positively correlated with LMA. Across coffee genotypes, reduced leaf surface area and increased vein density shifts P50 towards more negative values while not translating into higher LMA or lower Kleaf. Breeding crop varieties for both increased safety of the leaf hydraulic system towards drought-induced dysfunction and high gas exchange rates per unit of leaf area is probably a feasible target for future adaptation of crops to climate change scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Nardini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Eele Õunapuu-Pikas
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Tadeja Savi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy
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30
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Nardini A, Luglio J. Leaf hydraulic capacity and drought vulnerability: possible trade-offs and correlations with climate across three major biomes. Funct Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Nardini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita; Università di Trieste; Via L. Giorgieri 10 34127 Trieste Italia
| | - Jessica Luglio
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita; Università di Trieste; Via L. Giorgieri 10 34127 Trieste Italia
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31
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Laur J, Hacke UG. Transpirational demand affects aquaporin expression in poplar roots. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:2283-93. [PMID: 23599275 PMCID: PMC3654427 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Isohydric plants tend to maintain a water potential homeostasis primarily by controlling water loss via stomatal conductance. However, there is accumulating evidence that plants can also modulate water uptake in a dynamic manner. The dynamics of water uptake are influenced by aquaporin-mediated changes in root hydraulics. Most studies in this area have been conducted on herbaceous plants, and less is known about responses of woody plants. Here a study was conducted to determine how roots of hybrid poplar plants (Populus trichocarpa×deltoides) respond to a step change in transpirational demand. The main objective was to measure the expression of selected aquaporin genes and to assess how transcriptional responses correspond to changes in root water flow (Q R) and other parameters of water relations. A subset of plants was grown in shade and was subsequently exposed to a 5-fold increase in light level. Another group of plants was grown at ~95% relative humidity (RH) and was then subjected to lower RH while the light level remained unchanged. Both plant groups experienced a transient drop in stem water potentials. At 28h after the increase in transpirational demand, water potentials recovered. This recovery was associated with changes in the expression of PIP1 and PIP2 subfamily genes and an increase in Q R. Stomata of plants growing at high RH were larger and showed incomplete closure after application of abscisic acid. Since stomatal conductance remained high and unchanged in these plants, it is suggested that the recovery in water potential in these plants was largely driven by the increase in Q R.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Uwe G. Hacke
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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32
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Lusk CH, Kelly JWG, Gleason SM. Light requirements of Australian tropical vs. cool-temperate rainforest tree species show different relationships with seedling growth and functional traits. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 111:479-488. [PMID: 23264237 PMCID: PMC3579444 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcs289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS A trade-off between shade tolerance and growth in high light is thought to underlie the temporal dynamics of humid forests. On the other hand, it has been suggested that tree species sorting on temperature gradients involves a trade-off between growth rate and cold resistance. Little is known about how these two major trade-offs interact. METHODS Seedlings of Australian tropical and cool-temperate rainforest trees were grown in glasshouse environments to compare growth versus shade-tolerance trade-offs in these two assemblages. Biomass distribution, photosynthetic capacity and vessel diameters were measured in order to examine the functional correlates of species differences in light requirements and growth rate. Species light requirements were assessed by field estimation of the light compensation point for stem growth. RESULTS Light-demanding and shade-tolerant tropical species differed markedly in relative growth rates (RGR), but this trend was less evident among temperate species. This pattern was paralleled by biomass distribution data: specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf area ratio (LAR) of tropical species were significantly positively correlated with compensation points, but not those of cool-temperate species. The relatively slow growth and small SLA and LAR of Tasmanian light-demanders were associated with narrow vessels and low potential sapwood conductivity. CONCLUSIONS The conservative xylem traits, small LAR and modest RGR of Tasmanian light-demanders are consistent with selection for resistance to freeze-thaw embolism, at the expense of growth rate. Whereas competition for light favours rapid growth in light-demanding trees native to environments with warm, frost-free growing seasons, frost resistance may be an equally important determinant of the fitness of light-demanders in cool-temperate rainforest, as seedlings establishing in large openings are exposed to sub-zero temperatures that can occur throughout most of the year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H Lusk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, New Zealand.
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33
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Zufferey V, Smart DR. Stomatal behaviour of irrigated Vitis vinifera cv. Syrah following partial root removal. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2012; 39:1019-1027. [PMID: 32480851 DOI: 10.1071/fp12091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We examined stomatal behaviour of a grapevine cultivar (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Syrah) following partial root removal under field conditions during progressively developing water deficits. Partial root removal led to an increase in hydraulic resistances along the soil-to-leaf pathway and leaf wilting symptoms appeared in the root-pruned plants immediately following root removal. Leaves recovered from wilting shortly thereafter, but hydraulic resistances were sustained. In comparison with the non-root pruned vines, leaves of root-pruned vines showed an immediate decrease in both pre-dawn (ψPD) and midday (ψleaf) leaf water potential. The decline in ψPD was unexpected in as much as soil moisture was not altered and it has been shown that axial water transport readily occurs in woody perennials. Only ~30% of the functional root system was removed, thus leaving the system mainly intact for water redistribution. Stem water potential (ψStem) and leaf gas exchanges of CO2 (A) and H2O (E) also declined immediately following root pruning. The lowering of ψPD, ψleaf, ψStem, A and E was sustained during the entire growing season and was not dependent on irrigation during that time. This, and a close relationship between stomatal conductance (gs) and leaf-specific hydraulic conductance (Kplant), indicated that the stomatal response was linked to plant hydraulics. Stomatal closure was observed only in the root-restricted plants and at times of very high evaporative demand (VPD). In accordance with the Ball-Berry stomatal control model proposed by Ball et al. (1987), the stomatal sensitivity factor was also lower in the root-restricted plants than in intact plants as soil water availability decreased. Although ψPD, ψStem and ψLeaf changed modestly and gradually following root removal, gs changed dramatically and abruptly following removal. These results suggest the involvement of stomatal restricting signals being propagated following removal of roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Zufferey
- Station de recherche Agroscope Changins-Wädenswil ACW, CP 1012, CH-1260 Nyon (Switzerland)
| | - D R Smart
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Nardini A, Pedà G, Rocca NL. Trade-offs between leaf hydraulic capacity and drought vulnerability: morpho-anatomical bases, carbon costs and ecological consequences. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 196:788-798. [PMID: 22978628 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04294.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Leaf hydraulic conductance (K(leaf) ) and vulnerability constrain plant productivity, but no clear trade-off between these fundamental functional traits has emerged in previous studies. We measured K(leaf) on a leaf area (K(leaf_area)) and mass basis (K(leaf_mass)) in six woody angiosperms, and compared these values with species' distribution and leaf tolerance to dehydration in terms of P(50), that is, the leaf water potential inducing 50% loss of K(leaf) . We also measured several morphological and anatomical traits associated with carbon investment in leaf construction and water transport efficiency. Clear relationships emerged between K(leaf_mass), P(50), and leaf mass per unit area (LMA), suggesting that increased tolerance to hydraulic dysfunction implies increased carbon costs for leaf construction and water use. Low P(50) values were associated with narrower and denser vein conduits, increased thickness of conduit walls, and increased vein density. This, in turn, was associated with reduced leaf surface area. Leaf P(50) was closely associated with plants' distribution over a narrow geographical range, suggesting that this parameter contributes to shaping vegetation features. Our data also highlight the carbon costs likely to be associated with increased leaf tolerance to hydraulic dysfunction, which confers on some species the ability to thrive under reduced water availability but decreases their competitiveness in high-resource habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Nardini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, Trieste, Italia
| | - Giulia Pedà
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, Trieste, Italia
| | - Nicoletta La Rocca
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, Padova, Italia
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Nardini A, Ped G, Salleo S. Alternative methods for scaling leaf hydraulic conductance offer new insights into the structure-function relationships of sun and shade leaves. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2012; 39:394-401. [PMID: 32480791 DOI: 10.1071/fp12020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydraulic conductance (Kleaf) and morpho-anatomical parameters were measured in sun and shade Quercus ilex L. (holm oak) leaves. Sun leaves had lower surface area (Aleaf) and volume (Vleaf) and higher specific mass (leaf mass per area, LMA) than shade leaves. Transpiration rate and Kleaf scaled by Aleaf (Kleaf_area) were 2-fold higher in sun than in shade leaves. Kleaf_area was not correlated with vein density or stomatal density, which were found to be similar in the two leaf types. Values of Kleaf scaled by Vleaf or leaf dry weight (Kleaf_dw) were only 40% higher in sun than in shade leaves, suggesting that structural changes of Holm oak leaves acclimating to different light intensities enhance water transport to the unit evaporating leaf surface area, while maintaining more constant hydraulic supply to mesophyll cells and carbon costs of the water transport system. Sun leaves had higher Kleaf_dw and LMA than shade ones, indicating that high LMA resulted from resource allocation involved in both water transport and structural rigidity. Future studies of the intra- and inter-specific variability of mass-based hydraulic efficiency might provide important insights into leaf hydraulics and carbon economy. Kleaf_dw might prove to be an important driver of plant acclimation and adaptation to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Nardini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italia
| | - Giulia Ped
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italia
| | - Sebastiano Salleo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italia
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Gebauer T, Bassirirad H. Effects of high atmospheric CO2 concentration on root hydraulic conductivity of conifers depend on species identity and inorganic nitrogen source. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2011; 159:3455-3461. [PMID: 21890251 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We examined root hydraulic conductivity (L(p)) responses of one-year-old seedlings of four conifers to the combined effects of elevated CO2 and inorganic nitrogen (N) sources. We found marked interspecific differences in L(p) responses to high CO2 ranging from a 37% increase in P. abies to a 27% decrease in P. menziesii, but these effects depended on N source. The results indicate that CO2 effects on root water transport may be coupled to leaf area responses under nitrate (NO(3)(-)), but not ammonium (NH(4)(+)) dominated soils. To our knowledge, this is the first study that highlights the role of inorganic N source and species identity as critical factors that determine plant hydraulic responses to rising atmospheric CO2 levels. The results have important implications for understanding root biology in a changing climate and for models designed to predict feedbacks between rising atmospheric CO2, N deposition, and ecohydrology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Gebauer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60607, United States
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Fu Q, Cheng L, Guo Y, Turgeon R. Phloem loading strategies and water relations in trees and herbaceous plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 157:1518-27. [PMID: 21873572 PMCID: PMC3252136 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.184820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Most herbaceous plants employ thermodynamically active mechanisms of phloem loading, whereas in many trees, the mechanism is passive, by diffusion. Considering the different water transport characteristics of herbs and trees, we hypothesized that water relations play a role in the adoption of phloem loading strategies. We measured whole-plant hydraulic conductance (K(p)), osmolality, concentrations of polar metabolites, and key inorganic ions in recently mature leaves of 45 dicotyledonous species at midafternoon. Trees, and the few herbs that load passively, have low K(p), high osmolality, and high concentrations of transport sugars and total polar metabolites. In contrast, herbs that actively load sucrose alone have high K(p), low osmolality, and low concentrations of sugars and total polar metabolites. Solute levels are higher in sugar alcohol-transporting species, both herbs and trees, allowing them to operate at lower leaf water potentials. Polar metabolites are largely responsible for leaf osmolality above a baseline level (approximately 300 mm) contributed by ions. The results suggest that trees must offset low K(p) with high concentrations of foliar transport sugars, providing the motivating force for sugar diffusion and rendering active phloem loading unnecessary. In contrast, the high K(p) of most herbaceous plants allows them to lower sugar concentrations in leaves. This reduces inventory costs and significantly increases growth potential but necessitates active phloem loading. Viewed from this perspective, the elevation of hydraulic conductance marks a major milestone in the evolution of the herbaceous habit, not only by facilitating water transport but also by maximizing carbon use efficiency and growth.
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38
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Markesteijn L, Poorter L, Bongers F, Paz H, Sack L. Hydraulics and life history of tropical dry forest tree species: coordination of species' drought and shade tolerance. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2011; 191:480-495. [PMID: 21477008 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03708.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant hydraulic architecture has been studied extensively, yet we know little about how hydraulic properties relate to species' life history strategies, such as drought and shade tolerance. The prevailing theories seem contradictory. We measured the sapwood (K(s) ) and leaf (K(l) ) hydraulic conductivities of 40 coexisting tree species in a Bolivian dry forest, and examined associations with functional stem and leaf traits and indices of species' drought (dry-season leaf water potential) and shade (juvenile crown exposure) tolerance. Hydraulic properties varied across species and between life-history groups (pioneers vs shade-tolerant, and deciduous vs evergreen species). In addition to the expected negative correlation of K(l) with drought tolerance, we found a strong, negative correlation between K(l) and species' shade tolerance. Across species, K(s) and K(l) were negatively correlated with wood density and positively with maximum vessel length. Consequently, drought and shade tolerance scaled similarly with hydraulic properties, wood density and leaf dry matter content. We found that deciduous species also had traits conferring efficient water transport relative to evergreen species. Hydraulic properties varied across species, corresponding to the classical trade-off between hydraulic efficiency and safety, which for these dry forest trees resulted in coordinated drought and shade tolerance across species rather than the frequently hypothesized trade-off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Markesteijn
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Centre for Ecosystem Studies, Wageningen University (WU), PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Instituto Boliviano de Investigación Forestal (IBIF), Casilla 6204, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
| | - Lourens Poorter
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Centre for Ecosystem Studies, Wageningen University (WU), PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Instituto Boliviano de Investigación Forestal (IBIF), Casilla 6204, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
- Resource Ecology Group, Centre for Ecosystem Studies, Wageningen University (WU), PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Frans Bongers
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Centre for Ecosystem Studies, Wageningen University (WU), PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Horacio Paz
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Campus Morelia, Antigua Carretera a Patzcuaro 8701, 58190 Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California (UCLA), 621 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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McCulloh KA, Meinzer FC, Sperry JS, Lachenbruch B, Voelker SL, Woodruff DR, Domec JC. Comparative hydraulic architecture of tropical tree species representing a range of successional stages and wood density. Oecologia 2011; 167:27-37. [PMID: 21445684 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-011-1973-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Plant hydraulic architecture (PHA) has been linked to water transport sufficiency, photosynthetic rates, growth form and attendant carbon allocation. Despite its influence on traits central to conferring an overall competitive advantage in a given environment, few studies have examined whether key aspects of PHA are indicative of successional stage, especially within mature individuals. While it is well established that wood density (WD) tends to be lower in early versus late successional tree species, and that WD can influence other aspects of PHA, the interaction of WD, successional stage and the consequent implications for PHA have not been sufficiently explored. Here, we studied differences in PHA at the scales of wood anatomy to whole-tree hydraulic conductance in species in early versus late successional Panamanian tropical forests. Although the trunk WD was indistinguishable between the successional groups, the branch WD was lower in the early successional species. Across all species, WD correlated negatively with vessel diameter and positively with vessel packing density. The ratio of branch:trunk vessel diameter, branch sap flux and whole-tree leaf-specific conductance scaled negatively with branch WD across species. Pioneer species showed greater sap flux in branches than in trunks and a greater leaf-specific hydraulic conductance, suggesting that pioneer species can move greater quantities of water at a given tension gradient. In combination with the greater water storage capacitance associated with lower WD, these results suggest these pioneer species can save on the carbon expenditure needed to build safer xylem and instead allow more carbon to be allocated to rapid growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A McCulloh
- Department of Wood Science and Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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40
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Fichot R, Chamaillard S, Depardieu C, Le Thiec D, Cochard H, Barigah TS, Brignolas F. Hydraulic efficiency and coordination with xylem resistance to cavitation, leaf function, and growth performance among eight unrelated Populus deltoidesxPopulus nigra hybrids. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:2093-106. [PMID: 21193576 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Tests were carried out to determine whether variations in the hydraulic architecture of eight Populus deltoides×Populus nigra genotypes could be related to variations in leaf function and growth performance. Measurements were performed in a coppice plantation on 1-year-old shoots under optimal irrigation. Hydraulic architecture was characterized through estimates of hydraulic efficiency (the ratio of conducting sapwood area to leaf area, A(X):A(L); leaf- and xylem-specific hydraulic conductance of defoliated shoots, k(SL) and k(SS), respectively; apparent whole-plant leaf-specific hydraulic conductance, k(plant)) and xylem safety (water potential inducing 50% loss in hydraulic conductance). The eight genotypes spanned a significant range of k(SL) from 2.63 kg s(-1) m(-2) MPa(-1) to 4.18 kg s(-1) m(-2) MPa(-1), variations being mostly driven by k(SS) rather than A(X):A(L). There was a strong trade-off between hydraulic efficiency and xylem safety. Values of k(SL) correlated positively with k(plant), indicating that high-pressure flowmeter (HPFM) measurements of stem hydraulic efficiency accurately reflected whole-plant water transport efficiency of field-grown plants at maximum transpiration rate. No clear relationship could be found between hydraulic efficiency and either net CO(2) assimilation rates, water-use efficiency estimates (intrinsic water-use efficiency and carbon isotope discrimination against (13)C), or stomatal characteristics (stomatal density and stomatal pore area index). Estimates of hydraulic efficiency were negatively associated with relative growth rate. This unusual pattern, combined with the trade-off observed between hydraulic efficiency and xylem safety, provides the rationale for the positive link already reported between relative growth rate and xylem safety among the same eight P. deltoides×P. nigra genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Régis Fichot
- Université d'Orléans, UFR-Faculté des Sciences, UPRES EA 1207 Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), BP 6759, F-45067, France
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41
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Kufa T, Burkhardt J. Variations in Leaf Water Potential in the Wild Ethiopian Coffea arabica Accessions under Contrasting Nursery Environments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.3923/ja.2011.1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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42
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LI QM, LIU BB. Comparison of Three Methods for Determination of Root Hydraulic Conductivity of Maize (Zea mays L.) Root System. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1671-2927(09)60235-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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43
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Marulanda A, Azcón R, Chaumont F, Ruiz-Lozano JM, Aroca R. Regulation of plasma membrane aquaporins by inoculation with a Bacillus megaterium strain in maize (Zea mays L.) plants under unstressed and salt-stressed conditions. PLANTA 2010; 232:533-43. [PMID: 20499084 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-010-1196-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
It is documented that some plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) enhance plant salt tolerance. However, as to how PGPR may influence two crucial components of plant salt tolerance such as, root hydraulic characteristics and aquaporin regulation has been almost unexplored. Here, maize (Zea mays L.) plants were inoculated with a Bacillus megaterium strain previously isolated from a degraded soil and characterized as PGPR. Inoculated plants were found to exhibit higher root hydraulic conductance (L) values under both unstressed and salt-stressed conditions. These higher L values in inoculated plants correlated with higher plasma membrane type two (PIP2) aquaporin amount in their roots under salt-stressed conditions. Also, ZmPIP1;1 protein amount under salt-stressed conditions was higher in inoculated leaves than in non-inoculated ones. Hence, the different regulation of PIP aquaporin expression and abundance by the inoculation with the B. megaterium strain could be one of the causes of the different salt response in terms of root growth, necrotic leaf area, leaf relative water content and L by the inoculation treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Marulanda
- Departamento de Microbiologia del Suelo y Sistemas Simbióticos, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Granada, Spain
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44
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Pratt RB, North GB, Jacobsen AL, Ewers FW, Davis SD. Xylem root and shoot hydraulics is linked to life history type in chaparral seedlings. Funct Ecol 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01613.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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45
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Poorter L, McDonald I, Alarcón A, Fichtler E, Licona JC, Peña-Claros M, Sterck F, Villegas Z, Sass-Klaassen U. The importance of wood traits and hydraulic conductance for the performance and life history strategies of 42 rainforest tree species. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2010; 185:481-92. [PMID: 19925555 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03092.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
*In a comparative study of 42 rainforest tree species we examined relationships amongst wood traits, diameter growth and survival of large trees in the field, and shade tolerance and adult stature of the species. *The species show two orthogonal axes of trait variation: a primary axis related to the vessel size-number trade-off (reflecting investment in hydraulic conductance vs hydraulic safety) and a secondary axis related to investment in parenchyma vs fibres (storage vs strength). Across species, growth rate was positively related to vessel diameter and potential specific hydraulic conductance (K(p)), and negatively related to wood density. Survival rate was only positively related to wood density. *Light-demanding species were characterized by low wood and vessel density and wide vessels. Tall species were characterized by wide vessels with low density and large K(p). Hydraulic traits were more closely associated with adult stature than with light demand, possibly because tall canopy species experience more drought stress and face a higher cavitation risk. *Vessel traits affect growth and wood density affects growth and survival of large trees in the field. Vessel traits and wood density are therefore important components of the performance and life history strategies of tropical tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourens Poorter
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Centre for Ecosystem Studies, Wageningen University, AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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46
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Gortan E, Nardini A, Gascó A, Salleo S. The hydraulic conductance of Fraxinus ornus leaves is constrained by soil water availability and coordinated with gas exchange rates. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 29:529-539. [PMID: 19203976 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpn053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf) is known to be an important determinant of plant gas exchange and photosynthesis. Little is known about the long-term impact of different environmental factors on the hydraulic construction of leaves and its eventual consequences on leaf gas exchange. In this study, we investigate the impact of soil water availability on Kleaf of Fraxinus ornus L. as well as the influence of Kleaf on gas exchange rates and plant water status. With this aim, Kleaf, leaf conductance to water vapour (gL), leaf water potential (Psileaf) and leaf mass per area (LMA) were measured in F. ornus trees, growing in 21 different sites with contrasting water availability. Plants growing in arid sites had lower Kleaf, gL and Psileaf than those growing in sites with higher water availability. On the contrary, LMA was similar in the two groups. The Kleaf values recorded in sites with two different levels of soil water availability were constantly different from each other regardless of the amount of precipitation recorded over 20 days before measurements. Moreover, Kleaf was correlated with gL values. Our data suggest that down-regulation of Kleaf is a component of adaptation of plants to drought-prone habitats. Low Kleaf implies reduced gas exchange which may, in turn, influence the climatic conditions on a local/regional scale. It is concluded that leaf hydraulics and its changes in response to resource availability should receive greater attention in studies aimed at modelling biosphere-atmosphere interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Gortan
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy
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47
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The effect of light, seed size and biomass removal on cotyledon reserve use and root mass allocation in Gustavia superba seedlings. JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1017/s0266467408005440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:Some large-seeded tree species have cotyledonary reserves that persist for months after seedling establishment. We carried out two screened growing-house experiments with seedlings of Gustavia superba (Lecythidaceae) to test hypotheses proposed to explain why cotyledons are retained. We grew seedlings from large and small seeds in sun and shade to determine if cotyledon reserves supplement photosynthetic carbon gain, and in a second experiment applied defoliation and shoot removal treatments to determine if reserves are allocated to resprout tissue. In each experiment we tracked cotyledonary resource use over time and measured the fraction of seedling biomass allocated to roots and shoots. We found no evidence that light environment, seed size or damage treatment affected the rate of cotyledon resource usage; 20% of the cotyledonary mass remained 9 wk after leaves were fully developed in both sun and shade and 25–30% of the cotyledonary mass remained 6 wk after leaf or shoot removal. Instead, cotyledon reserves appear to be slowly translocated to roots regardless of light environment or seedling damage. Once seedlings are established, lost tissue is replaced using reserves stored in roots; in high light, damaged seedlings had a lower root mass fraction (0.42) than undamaged ones (0.56) when considering the mass of tissue removed and resprout tissue combined. We conclude that cotyledon reserves are important for resprouting during early seedling emergence and establishment, but do not directly contribute to seedling growth or biomass recovery from herbivores at the post-establishment stage. Persistence of cotyledons may ultimately depend on the development of sufficient root mass for reserve reallocation.
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Costa E Silva F, Shvaleva A, Almeida MH, Chaves MM, Pereira JS. Responses to chilling of two Eucalyptus globulus clones with contrasting drought resistance. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2007; 34:793-802. [PMID: 32689407 DOI: 10.1071/fp07080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2007] [Accepted: 06/21/2007] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The effect of chilling on growth and plant hydraulic properties in a drought-resistant clone (CN5) and a drought-sensitive clone (ST51) of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. was evaluated. Chilling (10/5°C, day/night) led to a general decrease in growth of both clones and significant reductions in root hydraulic conductivity, rate of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance in comparison to plants grown at control temperature (24/16°C). The drought-resistant CN5 clone maintained higher root growth and lower leaf-to-root-area ratio than the drought-sensitive ST51 clone, in both temperature treatments. Conversely, ST51 exhibited greater carbon allocation to the foliage and higher hydraulic conductance than clone CN5 at both temperatures. Plants of both clones, when acclimated to chilling, maintained a higher hydraulic conductivity than control plants exposed to chilling temperatures without acclimation. Under chilling, the main differences between clones were a higher water status and anthocyanin concentration in CN5 plants, and a stronger inhibition of root growth in ST51 plants. Except for roots, the hypothesis of a lower depression of growth rate in the drought-resistant clone under chilling was not verified. However, higher root growth under low temperatures, as observed in CN5, can be an advantageous trait in Mediterranean-type environments, protecting trees against summer water-stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alla Shvaleva
- Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Tapada da Ajuda, Lisbon 1349-017, Portugal
| | - M Helena Almeida
- Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Tapada da Ajuda, Lisbon 1349-017, Portugal
| | - M Manuela Chaves
- Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Tapada da Ajuda, Lisbon 1349-017, Portugal
| | - João S Pereira
- Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Tapada da Ajuda, Lisbon 1349-017, Portugal
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Knipfer T, Das D, Steudle E. During measurements of root hydraulics with pressure probes, the contribution of unstirred layers is minimized in the pressure relaxation mode: comparison with pressure clamp and high-pressure flowmeter. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2007; 30:845-60. [PMID: 17547656 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01670.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The effects of unstirred layers (USLs) at the endodermis of roots of young maize plants (Zea mays L.) were quantified, when measuring the water permeability of roots using a root pressure probe (RPP) in the pressure relaxation (PR) and pressure clamp (PC) modes. Different from PRs, PCs were performed by applying a constant pressure for certain periods of time. Experimental data were compared with results from simulations based on a convection versus diffusion (C/D) model, with the endodermis being the main barrier for solutes and water. Solute profiles in the stele were calculated as they occurred during rapid water flows across the root. The model quantitatively predicted the experimental finding of two distinct phases during PRs, in terms of a build-up of concentration profiles in the stele between endodermis and xylem vessels. It also predicted that, following a PC, half-times (T1/2) of PRs increased as the time used for clamping (and the build-up of USLs) increased. Following PCs of durations of 15, 30 and 60 s, T1/2 increased by factors of between 2.5 and 7.0, and water permeability of roots (root hydraulic conductivity, Lpr) was reduced by the same factors. When root pressure was immediately taken back to the original equilibrium root pressure following a PC, there was a transient uptake of water into the root stele (transient increase of root pressure), and the size of transients rose with time of clamping, as predicted by the model. The results indicated that the 'real' hydraulic conductivity of roots should be measured during initial water flows, such as during the rapid phase of PRs, when the effect of USLs was minimized. It was discussed that 'pressure-propagation effects' could not explain the finding of two phases during PRs. The results of USL effects threw some doubt on the use of PC and high-pressure flowmeter (HPFM) techniques with roots, where rigorous estimates of USLs were still missing despite the fact that large quantities of water were forced across the root.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Knipfer
- Department of Plant Ecology, Bayreuth University, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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Christensen-Dalsgaard KK, Fournier M, Ennos AR, Barfod AS. Changes in vessel anatomy in response to mechanical loading in six species of tropical trees. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2007; 176:610-622. [PMID: 17953543 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02227.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that trees adapt their supportive tissues to changes in loading conditions, yet little is known about how the vascular anatomy is modified in this process. We investigated this by comparing more and less mechanically loaded sections in six species of tropical trees with two different rooting morphologies. We measured the strain, vessel size, frequency and area fraction and from this calculated the specific conductivity, then measured the conductivity, modulus of elasticity and yield stress. The smallest vessels and the lowest vessel frequency were found in the parts of the trees subjected to the greatest stresses or strains. The specific conductivity varied up to two orders of magnitude between mechanically loaded and mechanically unimportant parts of the root system. A trade-off between conductivity and stiffness or strength was revealed, which suggests that anatomical alterations occur in response to mechanical strain. By contrast, between-tree comparisons showed that average anatomical features for the whole tree seemed more closely related to their ecological strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen K Christensen-Dalsgaard
- The University of Manchester, Faculty of Life Sciences, Jackson's Mill, Manchester M60 1QD, UK
- Aarhus University, Department of Biological Sciences, Ny Munkesgade 1540, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Meriem Fournier
- AgroParisTech. ECOFOG. UMR CIRAD-CNRS-ENGREF-INRA-UAG, BP709, 87310 Kourou, French Guiana, France
- AgroParisTech. LERFOB, UMR ENGREF INRA 1092. Ecole Nationale du Genie Rural, des Eaux et Forêts, 14 Avenue Girardet - CS 4216, F-54000 Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Anthony R Ennos
- The University of Manchester, Faculty of Life Sciences, Jackson's Mill, Manchester M60 1QD, UK
| | - Anders S Barfod
- Aarhus University, Department of Biological Sciences, Ny Munkesgade 1540, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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