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Tesfagaber W, Wang W, Wang L, Zhao R, Zhu Y, Li F, Sun E, Liu R, Bu Z, Meng G, Zhao D. A highly efficient blocking ELISA based on p72 monoclonal antibody for the detection of African swine fever virus antibodies and identification of its linear B cell epitope. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131695. [PMID: 38642684 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Due to the absence of effective vaccine and treatment, African swine fever virus (ASFV) control is entirely dependent on accurate and early diagnosis, along with culling of infected pigs. The B646L/p72 is the major capsid protein of ASFV and is an important target for developing a diagnostic assays and vaccines. Herein, we generated a monoclonal antibody (mAb) (designated as 2F11) against the trimeric p72 protein, and a blocking ELISA (bELISA) was established for the detection of both genotype I and II ASFV antibodies. To evaluate the performance of the diagnostic test, a total of 506 porcine serum samples were tested. The average value of percent of inhibition (PI) of 133 negative pig serum was 8.4 % with standard deviation (SD) 6.5 %. Accordingly, the cut-off value of the newly established method was set at 28 % (mean + 3SD). Similarly, a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) was applied to determine the cut off value and the p72-bELISA exhibited a sensitivity of 100 % and a specificity of 99.33 % when the detection threshold was set at 28 %. The bELISA was also able to specifically recognize anti-ASFV sera without cross-reacting with other positive serums for other major swine pathogens. Moreover, by designing a series of overlapped p72 truncated proteins, the linear B cell epitope recognized by 2F11 mAb was defined to be 283NSHNIQ288. Amino acid sequence comparison revealed that the amino acid sequence 283NSHNIQ288 is highly conserved between different ASFV isolates. Our findings indicate that the newly established mAb based blocking ELISA may have a great potential in improving the detection of ASFV antibodies and provides solid foundation for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weldu Tesfagaber
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, People's Republic of China
| | - Wan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, People's Republic of China
| | - Lulu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, People's Republic of China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanmao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, People's Republic of China
| | - Encheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, People's Republic of China
| | - Renqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigao Bu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, People's Republic of China.
| | - Geng Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dongming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National African Swine Fever Para-reference Laboratory, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, People's Republic of China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, People's Republic of China.
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Hosamani M, Gopinath S, Sreenivasa BP, Behera S, Basagoudanavar SH, Boora A, Bora DP, Deka P, Bhanuprakash V, Singh RK, Sanyal A, Weerdmeester K, Dekker A. A new blocking ELISA for detection of foot-and-mouth disease non-structural protein (NSP) antibodies in a broad host range. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:6745-6757. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12151-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Estevez Garcia AI, Lefebvre DJ, Nyabongo L, Haegeman A, Nkundwanayo C, De Vleeschauwer A, Ntakirutimana D, De Leeuw I, Nsanganiyumwami D, Niyokwizera P, van den Berg T, Niyokwishimira A, Clercq KD. Outbreaks of Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Burundi, East Africa, in 2016, Caused by Different Serotypes. Viruses 2022; 14:1077. [PMID: 35632817 PMCID: PMC9143720 DOI: 10.3390/v14051077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Burundi is a small, densely populated country in the African Great Lakes region. In March 2016, several hundreds of cattle were reported with vesicular lesions, suggesting foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Epithelial samples, saliva, and blood were collected in six of the affected provinces spread over the country. The overall seroprevalence of FMD virus (FMDV) in the affected herds, as determined by antibodies against FMDV non-structural proteins, was estimated at 87%. Antibodies against FMDV serotypes O (52%), A (44%), C (19%), SAT1 (36%), SAT2 (58%), and SAT3 (23%) were detected across the provinces. FMDV genome was detected in samples from five of the six provinces using rRT-PCR. FMDV was isolated from samples from three provinces: in Cibitoke province, serotypes A and SAT2 were isolated, while in Mwaro and Rutana provinces, only serotype SAT2 was isolated. In Bururi and Cankuzo provinces, the serological profile suggested a recent incursion with serotype SAT2, while in Bubanza province, the serological profile suggested past incursions with serotype O and possibly serotype SAT1. The phylogenetic assessments showed the presence of topotypes A/Africa/G-I and SAT2/IV, similarly to previously characterized virus strains from other countries in the region, suggesting a transboundary origin and necessitating a regional approach for vaccination and control of FMD.
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Zia MA, Dobson SJ, Rowlands DJ, Stonehouse NJ, Shah MS, Habib M. Development of an ELISA to distinguish between foot-and-mouth disease virus infected and vaccinated animals utilising the viral non-structural protein 3ABC. J Med Microbiol 2022; 71. [PMID: 35384830 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious and economically devastating viral disease of livestock and is endemic in much of Asia, including Pakistan. Vaccination is used to control disease outbreaks and sensitive diagnostic methods which can differentiate infected animals from vaccinated animals (DIVA) are essential for monitoring the effectiveness of disease control programmes. Tests based on the detection of the non-structural protein (NSP) 3ABC are reliable indicators of virus replication in infected and vaccinated populations.Hypothesis/Gap statement. Diagnosis of FMD is expensive using commercial ELISA kits, yet is essential for controlling this economically-important disease.Aim. The development of a low-cost diagnostic ELISA, using protein made in Escherichia coli.Methodology. In this study, the viral precursor protein 3ABC (r3ABC) was expressed in E. coli, solubilised using detergent and purified using nickel affinity chromatography. The fusion protein contained an attenuating mutation in the protease and a SUMO tag. It was characterised by immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation, which revealed antigenicity against virus-specific polyclonal sera. Using r3ABC, an indirect ELISA was developed and evaluated using field sera from healthy/naïve, vaccinated and infected animals.Results. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the r3ABC in-house ELISA were 95.3 and 96.3% respectively. The ELISA was validated through comparison with the commercially available ID Screen FMD NSP competition kit. Results indicated good concordance rates on tested samples and high agreement between the two tests.Conclusion. The ELISA described here can effectively differentiate between infected and vaccinated animals and represents an important low cost tool for sero-surveillance and control of FMD in endemic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ashir Zia
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIAB-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.,Vaccine development Group, Animal Sciences Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, Faisalabad, Pakistan.,School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Samuel J Dobson
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - David J Rowlands
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Nicola J Stonehouse
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Muhammad Salahuddin Shah
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIAB-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.,Vaccine development Group, Animal Sciences Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mudasser Habib
- Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (NIAB-C, PIEAS), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.,Vaccine development Group, Animal Sciences Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Liu W, Zhang G, Yang S, Li J, Gao Z, Ge S, Yang H, Shao J, Chang H. Development of a competitive chemiluminescence immunoassay using a monoclonal antibody recognizing 3B of foot-and-mouth disease virus for the rapid detection of antibodies induced by FMDV infection. Virol J 2021; 18:193. [PMID: 34565393 PMCID: PMC8474858 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01663-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a devastating animal disease. Anti-non-structural protein (NSP) antibody detection is very important for confirming suspected cases, evaluating the prevalence of infection, certifying animals for trade and controlling the disease. Methods In this study, a competitive chemiluminescence immunoassay (3B-cCLIA) was developed for the rapid detection of antibodies against NSPs in different species of livestock animals using the monoclonal antibody (mAb) 9E2 as a competitive antibody that recognizes NSP 3B. Results The cut-off value (50%), diagnostic sensitivity (Dsn) (97.20%, 95.71%, and 96.15%) and diagnostic specificity (Dsp) (99.51%, 99.43%, and 98.36) of the assay were estimated by testing a panel of known-background sera from swine, cattle and sheep, respectively. The accuracy rate of the 3B-cCLIA was further validated and subsequently compared with that of two commercial diagnostic kits. The early diagnostic results showed that antibodies recognizing NSPs developed later (approximately 1–2 days) than antibodies recognizing structural proteins. Furthermore, anti-NSP antibody presence in animals vaccinated multiple times (false positives), especially cattle and sheep, was confirmed, and the false-positive rate increased with the number of vaccinations. Conclusions These results indicate that the 3B-cCLIA is suitable for the rapid detection of antibodies against FMDV NSP 3B in a wide range of species. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12985-021-01663-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Guanglei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Sicheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Junhui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Zhan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Sudan Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Huihui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Junjun Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
| | - Huiyun Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot-and-Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.
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Salem R, El-Kholy AA, Waly FR, Khaled R, Elmenofy W. Removal of 3C protease from the 3ABC improves expression, solubility, and purification of the recombinant 3AB of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Virus Genes 2021; 57:72-82. [PMID: 33400101 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-020-01815-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
During an ongoing outbreak of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV), it is crucial to distinguish naturally infected from vaccinated seropositive animals. This would support clinical assessment and punctual vigilance. Assays based on 3ABC non-structural protein as an antigen are reliable for this intention. However, the insolubility and degradation of recombinant 3ABC during expression and purification are serious challenges. In this study, alternatively to expressing the recombinant 3ABC (r3ABC), we expressed the 3AB coding sequence (~672 bp) as a recombinant protein (r3AB) with a molecular mass of ~26 KDa. Analytical data from three-dimensional structure, hydrophilicity, and antigenic properties for 3ABC and 3AB exhibited the 3C protein as a hydrophobic, while 3AB as a hydrophilic and highly antigenic protein. The expressed r3AB was recovered as a completely soluble matter after merely native purification, unlike the full expressed r3ABC. Immunoreactivity of r3AB to anti-FMDV antibody in infected sera with different FMDV serotypes was confirmed by the western blot and indirect ELISA. Besides, the authentic antigenicity of purified r3AB was demonstrated through its ability to induce specific seroconversion in mice. Summarily, the removal of 3C: has influenced neither 3D structure nor antigenic properties of the purified r3AB, overcame insolubility and degradation of the r3ABC, and generated a potential superior antigen (r3AB) for herd screening of animals to any FMDV serotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reda Salem
- Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), ARC, Giza, 12619, Egypt.
| | - Alaa A El-Kholy
- Veterinary Sera and Vaccines Research Institute (VSVRI), ARC, Abbassia, P.O. Box #131, Cairo, 11381, Egypt
| | - Fatma R Waly
- Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), ARC, Giza, 12619, Egypt
| | - Radwa Khaled
- Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), ARC, Giza, 12619, Egypt
| | - Wael Elmenofy
- Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), ARC, Giza, 12619, Egypt
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Moghaddam P, Zahmatkesh A, Bagheri M, Mahravani H. Are Epitopic Sites of 3AB and 3D Nonstructural Proteins Sufficient for Detection of Foot and Mouth Disease? Viral Immunol 2020; 34:79-85. [PMID: 33296262 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2020.0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient method for detection of foot and mouth disease (FMD) and, particularly, differentiation of vaccinated from infected animals is the use of nonstructural (NS) proteins as antigens in Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Kits. In this study, only epitopic regions of 3AB and 3D NS proteins were used for recombinant protein production, as a cost-effective method instead of peptide synthesis, for application in in-house ELISA diagnostic kits. Specific primers were designed according to the antigenic regions of 3AB (C-terminus of 3A and the whole 3B) and 3D (N-terminus) proteins, and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification was performed. Purified amplicons were cloned into pET21a (+) vectors and then transformed into Escherichia coli (BL21). Thereafter, bacteria were induced with 1 mM isopropyl β-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) for expression of antigenic proteins. Antigenic 3AB protein was expressed in soluble form, but 3D protein was extracted from the bacterial lysate. Protein expression was confirmed using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blot analyses. An indirect ELISA was developed for each protein, and the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were determined. The 3AB-ELISA showed higher sensitivity and specificity than 3D-ELISA (95.24% and 100%, compared with 90.48% and 88.71%, respectively). The epitopic 3AB-ELISA developed here can be used for detection and differentiation of FMD infected from vaccinated animals, but the epitopic 3D-ELISA showed lower efficiency in screening for FMD status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvin Moghaddam
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Zahmatkesh
- Department of Genomics and Genetic Engineering, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Bagheri
- Department of Genomics and Genetic Engineering, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Homayoon Mahravani
- Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
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Rhyan J, Mccollum M, Gidlewski T, Shalev M, Ward G, Donahue B, Arzt J, Stenfeldt C, Mohamed F, Nol P, Deng M, Metwally S, Salman M. FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE IN EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED MULE DEER (ODOCOILEUS HEMIONUS). J Wildl Dis 2020; 56:93. [DOI: 10.7589/2019-03-059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Gelkop S, Sobarzo A, Brangel P, Vincke C, Romão E, Fedida-Metula S, Strom N, Ataliba I, Mwiine FN, Ochwo S, Velazquez-Salinas L, McKendry RA, Muyldermans S, Lutwama JJ, Rieder E, Yavelsky V, Lobel L. The Development and Validation of a Novel Nanobody-Based Competitive ELISA for the Detection of Foot and Mouth Disease 3ABC Antibodies in Cattle. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:250. [PMID: 30370272 PMCID: PMC6194346 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective management of foot and mouth disease (FMD) requires diagnostic tests to distinguish between infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA). To address this need, several enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) platforms have been developed, however, these tests vary in their sensitivity and specificity and are very expensive for developing countries. Camelid-derived single-domain antibodies fragments so-called Nanobodies, have demonstrated great efficacy for the development of serological diagnostics. This study describes the development of a novel Nanobody-based FMD 3ABC competitive ELISA, for the serological detection of antibodies against FMD Non-Structural Proteins (NSP) in Uganda cattle herds. This in-house ELISA was validated using more than 600 sera from different Uganda districts, and virus serotype specificities. The evaluation of the performance of the assay demonstrated high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of 94 % (95 % CI: 88.9-97.2), and 97.67 % (95 % CI: 94.15-99.36) respectively, as well as the capability to detect NSP-specific antibodies against multiple FMD serotype infections. In comparison with the commercial PrioCHECK FMDV NSP-FMD test, there was a strong concordance and high correlation and agreement in the performance of the two tests. This new developed Nanobody based FMD 3ABC competitive ELISA could clearly benefit routine disease diagnosis, the establishment of disease-free zones, and the improvement of FMD management and control in endemically complex environments, such as those found in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigal Gelkop
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, BeerSheba, Israel
| | - Ariel Sobarzo
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, BeerSheba, Israel
| | - Polina Brangel
- London Centre for Nanotechnology and Div. of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cécile Vincke
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ema Romão
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Shlomit Fedida-Metula
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, BeerSheba, Israel
| | - Nick Strom
- Virology Division, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Irene Ataliba
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infection Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Frank Norbet Mwiine
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sylvester Ochwo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lauro Velazquez-Salinas
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service (USDA), New York, NY, United States
| | - Rachel A. McKendry
- London Centre for Nanotechnology and Div. of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Serge Muyldermans
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julius Julian Lutwama
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infection Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Elizabeth Rieder
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service (USDA), New York, NY, United States
| | - Victoria Yavelsky
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, BeerSheba, Israel
| | - Leslie Lobel
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, BeerSheba, Israel
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infection Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
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Fukai K, Nishi T, Shimada N, Morioka K, Yamada M, Yoshida K, Yamakawa M. Comparative evaluation of two ELISA kits for detecting antibodies to a nonstructural protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus using serum samples collected from naturally and experimentally infected cows. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:1624-1630. [PMID: 30135332 PMCID: PMC6207510 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
When foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) occurs and a “vaccination-to-live” policy is adopted in
a country, the country must perform serological surveillance of a nonstructural protein
(NSP) of FMD virus. The NCPanaftosa kit is the only kit for detecting antibodies to NSPs
that is officially recognized as the reference regent by the World Organization for Animal
Health; however, it is only used in South American countries. In this study, the
specificity and sensitivity of the NCPanaftosa kit were compared with those of the
PrioCHECK kit sold by an international company. Results in this study suggest that the
PrioCHECK kit performs similarly to the NCPanaftosa kit in detecting antibodies to the NSP
in the cattle population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Fukai
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 6-20-1 Josui-honcho, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nishi
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 6-20-1 Josui-honcho, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Shimada
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 6-20-1 Josui-honcho, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Kazuki Morioka
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 6-20-1 Josui-honcho, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Manabu Yamada
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 6-20-1 Josui-honcho, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yoshida
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 6-20-1 Josui-honcho, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
| | - Makoto Yamakawa
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 6-20-1 Josui-honcho, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
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Chung CJ, Clavijo A, Bounpheng MA, Uddowla S, Sayed A, Dancho B, Olesen IC, Pacheco J, Kamicker BJ, Brake DA, Bandaranayaka-Mudiyanselage CL, Lee SS, Rai DK, Rieder E. An improved, rapid competitive ELISA using a novel conserved 3B epitope for the detection of serum antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease virus. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 30:699-707. [PMID: 29916768 PMCID: PMC6505784 DOI: 10.1177/1040638718779641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly contagious foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) afflicts cloven-hoofed animals, resulting in significant costs because of loss of trade and recovery from disease. We developed a sensitive, specific, and rapid competitive ELISA (cELISA) to detect serum antibodies to FMDV. The cELISA utilized a monoclonal blocking antibody specific for a highly conserved FMDV nonstructural 3B epitope, a recombinant mutant FMDV 3ABC coating protein, and optimized format variables including serum incubation for 90 min at 20-25°C. Samples from 16 animals experimentally infected with one FMDV serotype (A, O, Asia, or SAT-1) demonstrated early detection capacity beginning 7 d post-inoculation. All samples from 55 vesicular stomatitis virus antibody-positive cattle and 44 samples from cloven-hoofed animals affected by non-FMD vesicular diseases were negative in the cELISA, demonstrating 100% analytical specificity. The diagnostic sensitivity was 100% against sera from 128 cattle infected with isolates of all FMDV serotypes, emphasizing serotype-agnostic results. Diagnostic specificities of U.S. cattle ( n = 1135) and swine ( n = 207) sera were 99.4% and 100%, respectively. High repeatability and reproducibility were demonstrated with 3.1% coefficient of variation in percent inhibition data and 100% agreement using 2 kit lots and 400 negative control serum samples, with no difference between bench and biosafety cabinet operation. Negative results from vaccinated, uninfected cattle, pig, and sheep sera confirmed the DIVA (differentiate infected from vaccinated animals) capability. This rapid (<3 h), select agent-free assay with high sensitivity and specificity, DIVA capability, and room temperature processing capability will serve as a useful tool in FMDV surveillance, emergency preparedness, response, and outbreak recovery programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chungwon J Chung
- U.S. Department of Homeland Security Science & Technology Directorate (Chung) Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY
| | - Alfonso Clavijo
- Institute for Infectious Animal Diseases, College Station, TX (Clavijo)
| | - Mangkey A Bounpheng
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX (Bounpheng)
| | - Sabena Uddowla
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Plum Island Animal Disease Center Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN (Uddowla, Pacheco, Rai)
| | - Abu Sayed
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (Sayed, Dancho, Olesen) Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY
| | - Brooke Dancho
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (Sayed, Dancho, Olesen) Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY
| | - Ian C Olesen
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (Sayed, Dancho, Olesen) Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY
| | - Juan Pacheco
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Plum Island Animal Disease Center Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN (Uddowla, Pacheco, Rai)
| | | | - David A Brake
- BioQuest Associates LLC (Brake) Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY
| | | | - Stephen S Lee
- Department of Statistics, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID (Lee)
| | - Devendra K Rai
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Plum Island Animal Disease Center Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN (Uddowla, Pacheco, Rai)
| | - Elizabeth Rieder
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit (Rieder) Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, NY
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12
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Yang M, Xu W, Bittner H, Horsington J, Vosloo W, Goolia M, Lusansky D, Nfon C. Generation of mAbs to foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype A and application in a competitive ELISA for serodiagnosis. Virol J 2016; 13:195. [PMID: 27894355 PMCID: PMC5126828 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0650-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an economically devastating disease that severely limits international trade of animals. Of the seven FMD virus (FMDV) serotypes, serotype A is one of the most widespread cross the world. Currently antibodies to FMDV are detected in animals using the virus neutralization test (VNT) and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The VNT is laborious, time-consuming and reliant on live virus and cell cultures, while ELISA has the advantage of using inactivated antigens and often provides more reproducible results. The aim of this study was to develop a reliable and rapid competitive ELISA (cELISA) for the detection of antibodies to FMDV serotype A (FMDV/A). RESULTS A panel of FMDV/A specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was generated and their ability to compete with a polyclonal serum from FMDV/A-infected cattle was examined. Two mAbs inhibited the binding of a polyclonal serum to FMDV/A viruses. The binding epitopes of each were determined as conformational and located on the VP2 viral capsid protein. The FMDV/A cELISA was developed using these two mAbs and FMDV/A inactivated virus as antigen. The diagnostic specificity and sensitivity were 99.7 and 99.3% (98.5-100%) respectively, based on a predetermined cut-off of 50% inhibition. When analysing sera from animals experimentally infected with FMDV/A, the cELISA detected antibodies from 5-days post infection (dpi) and remained positive for at least 21-28 days post infection. Comparison based on the Kappa coefficient showed strong agreement (90-94%) between cELISA and VNT. CONCLUSION The cELISA results are comparable to the VNT for antibody detection making it a simple and reliable test to detect antibodies against FMDV/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3M4, Canada.
| | - Wanhong Xu
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Hilary Bittner
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Jacquelyn Horsington
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Wilna Vosloo
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Melissa Goolia
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Diana Lusansky
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Charles Nfon
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3M4, Canada
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13
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Parida S, Fleming L, Gibson D, Hamblin PA, Grazioli S, Brocchi E, Paton DJ. Bovine Serum Panel for Evaluating Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Nonstructural Protein Antibody Tests. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 19:539-44. [PMID: 17823399 DOI: 10.1177/104063870701900513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A panel of 36 sera has been assembled from experimental cattle that had been infected by inoculation or contact exposure with 4 serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) with or without prior vaccination. Virus replication and persistence had been characterized in all of the animals. The proportion of the sera scored positive by 5 tests for antibodies to the nonstructural proteins of FMDV varied, suggesting that the panel can discriminate between the sensitivity with which such tests are able to identify infected cattle. Use of this panel will help in assessment of new tests and quality control of existing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Parida
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Woking, Surrey, UK
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14
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Aw-Yong KL, Sam IC, Koh MT, Chan YF. Immunodominant IgM and IgG Epitopes Recognized by Antibodies Induced in Enterovirus A71-Associated Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease Patients. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165659. [PMID: 27806091 PMCID: PMC5091889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is one of the main causative agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). Unlike other enteroviruses that cause HFMD, EV-A71 is more frequently associated with severe neurological complications and fatality. To date, no effective licensed antivirals are available to combat EV-A71 infection. Little is known about the immunogenicity of viral non-structural proteins in humans. Previous studies have mainly focused on characterization of epitopes of EV-A71 structural proteins by using immunized animal antisera. In this study, we have characterized human antibody responses against the structural and non-structural proteins of EV-A71. Each viral protein was cloned and expressed in either bacterial or mammalian systems, and tested with antisera by western blot. Results revealed that all structural proteins (VP1-4), and non-structural proteins 2A, 3C and 3D were targets of EV-A71 IgM, whereas EV-A71 IgG recognized all the structural and non-structural proteins. Sixty three synthetic peptides predicted to be immunogenic in silico were synthesized and used for the characterization of EV-A71 linear B-cell epitopes. In total, we identified 22 IgM and four IgG dominant epitopes. Synthetic peptide PEP27, corresponding to residues 142-156 of VP1, was identified as the EV-A71 IgM-specific immunodominant epitope. PEP23, mapped to VP1 41-55, was recognized as the EV-A71 IgG cross-reactive immunodominant epitope. The structural protein VP1 is the major immunodominant site targeted by anti-EV-A71 IgM and IgG antibodies, but epitopes against non-structural proteins were also detected. These data provide new understanding of the immune response to EV-A71 infection, which benefits the development of diagnostic tools, potential therapeutics and subunit vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kam Leng Aw-Yong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - I-Ching Sam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mia Tuang Koh
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yoke Fun Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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15
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Rhyan J, McCollum M, Gidlewski T, Shalev M, Ward G, Donahue B, Arzt J, Stenfeldt C, Mohamed F, Nol P, Deng M, Metwally S, McKenna T, Salman M. FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE IN A SMALL SAMPLE OF EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED PRONGHORN (ANTILOCAPRA AMERICANA). J Wildl Dis 2016; 52:862-73. [PMID: 27525593 DOI: 10.7589/2015-11-312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
There is limited information on the pathogenesis and epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in North American wildlife and none concerning pronghorn ( Antilocapra americana ). In an experimental study of 13 pronghorn and six steers ( Bos taurus ), we compared the susceptibility of pronghorn to FMD virus (FMDV) strain O, with that of cattle ( Bos taurus ). We also determined the potential for intra- and interspecies transmission of FMDV strain O in pronghorn and cattle, assessed the application of conventional laboratory tests in their suitability to detect FMDV infection in pronghorn, and evaluated the potential role of pronghorn as efficient long-term carriers of FMDV. After acclimation to containment at Plum Island Animal Disease Center, two pronghorn and one steer were each infected by intraepithelial tongue inoculation with 10,000 bovine tongue infective doses of FMDV, strain O1 Manisa. Inoculated animals were housed with contact animals. When contact-exposed animals developed fever they were placed in rooms with previously unexposed animals. All inoculated and exposed cattle and pronghorn developed clinical disease typical of FMD. Pronghorn developed severe foot lesions and mild to moderate oral lesions, primarily on the tongue. Duration of clinical signs in both species was 2-3 wk with foot abnormalities evident to the end of the study (51 d postexposure). Other lesions included pancreatitis, myositis of the tongue, and secondary lesions including pleuritis, pneumonia, decubital ulcers, and tenosynovitis. Virus transmission occurred between pronghorn, from cattle to pronghorn, and from pronghorn to cattle. Conventional laboratory tests detected virus and antibodies against nonstructural and structural FMDV proteins in pronghorn and cattle. Virus was present in some animals for 1 wk but was not detectable by virus isolation or PCR at 3 wk postinfection or afterward.
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16
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Bronsvoort BMD, Handel IG, Nfon CK, Sørensen KJ, Malirat V, Bergmann I, Tanya VN, Morgan KL. Redefining the "carrier" state for foot-and-mouth disease from the dynamics of virus persistence in endemically affected cattle populations. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29059. [PMID: 27381947 PMCID: PMC4933899 DOI: 10.1038/srep29059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) "carrier" state was defined by van Bekkum in 1959. It was based on the recovery of infectious virus 28 days or more post infection and has been a useful construct for experimental studies. Using historic data from 1,107 cattle, collected as part of a population based study of endemic FMD in 2000, we developed a mixed effects logistic regression model to predict the probability of recovering viable FMDV by probang and culture, conditional on the animal's age and time since last reported outbreak. We constructed a second set of models to predict the probability of an animal being probang positive given its antibody response in three common non-structural protein (NSP) ELISAs and its age. We argue that, in natural ecological settings, the current definition of a "carrier" fails to capture the dynamics of either persistence of the virus (as measured by recovery using probangs) or the uncertainty in transmission from such animals that the term implies. In these respects it is not particularly useful. We therefore propose the first predictive statistical models for identifying persistently infected cattle in an endemic setting that captures some of the dynamics of the probability of persistence. Furthermore, we provide a set of predictive tools to use alongside NSP ELISAs to help target persistently infected cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barend M deC Bronsvoort
- The Roslin Institute at The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, East Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Ian G Handel
- The Roslin Institute at The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, East Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Charles K Nfon
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Viviana Malirat
- Pan-American Foot-and-Mouth Disease Center (PAHO/WHO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Centro de Virología Animal, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ingrid Bergmann
- Pan-American Foot-and-Mouth Disease Center (PAHO/WHO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Centro de Virología Animal, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Kenton L Morgan
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Wirral, CH64 7TE, UK
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17
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Gao Y, Sun SQ, Guo HC. Biological function of Foot-and-mouth disease virus non-structural proteins and non-coding elements. Virol J 2016; 13:107. [PMID: 27334704 PMCID: PMC4917953 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0561-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) represses host translation machinery, blocks protein secretion, and cleaves cellular proteins associated with signal transduction and the innate immune response to infection. Non-structural proteins (NSPs) and non-coding elements (NCEs) of FMDV play a critical role in these biological processes. The FMDV virion consists of capsid and nucleic acid. The virus genome is a positive single stranded RNA and encodes a single long open reading frame (ORF) flanked by a long structured 5ʹ-untranslated region (5ʹ-UTR) and a short 3ʹ-UTR. The ORF is translated into a polypeptide chain and processed into four structural proteins (VP1, VP2, VP3, and VP4), 10 NSPs (Lpro, 2A, 2B, 2C, 3A, 3B1–3, 3Cpro, and 3Dpol), and some cleavage intermediates. In the past decade, an increasing number of studies have begun to focus on the molecular pathogenesis of FMDV NSPs and NCEs. This review collected recent research progress on the biological functions of these NSPs and NCEs on the replication and host cellular regulation of FMDV to understand the molecular mechanism of host–FMDV interactions and provide perspectives for antiviral strategy and development of novel vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China
| | - Shi-Qi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China
| | - Hui-Chen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology and OIE/National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, China.
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18
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Morgan KL, Handel IG, Tanya VN, Hamman SM, Nfon C, Bergman IE, Malirat V, Sorensen KJ, de C Bronsvoort BM. Accuracy of herdsmen reporting versus serologic testing for estimating foot-and-mouth disease prevalence. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 20:2048-54. [PMID: 25417556 PMCID: PMC4257810 DOI: 10.3201/eid2012.140931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Herdsman-reported disease prevalence is widely used in veterinary epidemiologic studies, especially for diseases with visible external lesions; however, the accuracy of such reports is rarely validated. Thus, we used latent class analysis in a Bayesian framework to compare sensitivity and specificity of herdsman reporting with virus neutralization testing and use of 3 nonstructural protein ELISAs for estimates of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) prevalence on the Adamawa plateau of Cameroon in 2000. Herdsman-reported estimates in this FMD-endemic area were comparable to those obtained from serologic testing. To harness to this cost-effective resource of monitoring emerging infectious diseases, we suggest that estimates of the sensitivity and specificity of herdsmen reporting should be done in parallel with serologic surveys of other animal diseases.
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19
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Fukai K, Nishi T, Morioka K, Yamada M, Yoshida K, Kitano R, Yamazoe R, Kanno T. Further evaluation of an ELISA kit for detection of antibodies to a nonstructural protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 78:365-73. [PMID: 26498533 PMCID: PMC4829502 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An ELISA kit for detection of antibodies to a nonstructural protein of foot-and-mouth
disease (FMDV) was further evaluated using sequentially collected serum samples of
experimentally infected animals, because the sensitivity of the kit used in a previous
study was significantly low in field animals. The kit fully detected antibodies in
infected animals without vaccination; however, the first detections of antibodies by the
kit were later than those by the liquid-phase blocking ELISA that is used for serological
surveillance in the aftermath of outbreaks in Japan, for detection of antibodies to
structural proteins of FMDV. Additionally, although the kit effectively detected
antibodies in infected cattle with vaccination, there were several infected pigs with
vaccination for which the kit did not detect antibodies during the experimental period.
Taken together, the kit may not be suitable for serological surveillance after an FMD
outbreak either with or without emergency vaccination in FMD-free countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Fukai
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
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20
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Di Nardo A, Libeau G, Chardonnet B, Chardonnet P, Kock RA, Parekh K, Hamblin P, Li Y, Parida S, Sumption KJ. Serological profile of foot-and-mouth disease in wildlife populations of West and Central Africa with special reference to Syncerus caffer subspecies. Vet Res 2015; 46:77. [PMID: 26156024 PMCID: PMC4495843 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0213-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The role which West and Central African wildlife populations might play in the transmission dynamics of FMD is not known nor have studies been performed in order to assess the distribution and prevalence of FMD in wild animal species inhabiting those specific regions of Africa. This study reports the FMD serological profile extracted from samples (n = 696) collected from wildlife of West and Central Africa between 1999 and 2003. An overall prevalence of FMDV NSP reactive sera of 31.0% (216/696) was estimated, where a significant difference in seropositivity (p = 0.000) was reported for buffalo (64.8%) as opposed to other wild animal species tested (17.8%). Different levels of exposure to the FMDV resulted for each of the buffalo subspecies sampled (p = 0.031): 68.4%, 50.0% and 0% for Nile Buffalo, West African Buffalo and African Forest Buffalo, respectively. The characterisation of the FMDV serotypes tested for buffalo found presence of antibodies against all the six FMDV serotypes tested, although high estimates for type O and SAT 3 were reported for Central Africa. Different patterns of reaction to the six FMDV serotypes tested were recorded, from sera only positive for a single serotype to multiple reactivities. The results confirmed that FMDV circulates in wild ruminants populating both West and Central Africa rangelands and in particular in buffalo, also suggesting that multiple FMDV serotypes might be involved with type O, SAT 2 and SAT 1 being dominant. Differences in serotype and spill-over risk between wildlife and livestock likely reflect regional geography, historical circulation and differing trade and livestock systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonello Di Nardo
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom. .,The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, Woking, United Kingdom.
| | - Geneviève Libeau
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), UMR Contrôle des Maladies, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France.
| | | | - Philippe Chardonnet
- International Foundation for the Conservation of Wildlife (IGF), Paris, France.
| | - Richard A Kock
- Royal Veterinary College (RVC), Hatfield, United Kingdom.
| | - Krupali Parekh
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, Woking, United Kingdom.
| | - Pip Hamblin
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, Woking, United Kingdom.
| | - Yanmin Li
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, Woking, United Kingdom. .,Present address: Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH, Shanghai, China.
| | - Satya Parida
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey, Woking, United Kingdom.
| | - Keith J Sumption
- European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (EuFMD), Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy.
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21
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Yang M, Parida S, Salo T, Hole K, Velazquez-Salinas L, Clavijo A. Development of a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies against the 3B protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2015; 22:389-97. [PMID: 25651918 DOI: 10.1128/CVI.00594-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most highly contagious and economically devastating diseases, and it severely constrains the international trade of animals. Vaccination against FMD is a key element in the control of FMD. However, vaccination of susceptible animals raises critical issues, such as the differentiation of infected animals from vaccinated animals. The current study developed a reliable and rapid test to detect antibodies against the conserved, nonstructural proteins (NSPs) of the FMD virus (FMDV) to distinguish infected animals from vaccinated animals. A monoclonal antibody (MAb) against the FMDV NSP 3B was produced. A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) for FMDV/NSP antibody detection was developed using a recombinant 3ABC protein as the antigen and the 3B-specific MAb. Sera collected from naive, FMDV experimentally infected, vaccinated carrier, and noncarrier animals were tested using the 3B cELISA. The diagnostic specificity was 99.4% for naive animals (cattle, pigs, and sheep) and 99.7% for vaccinated noncarrier animals. The diagnostic sensitivity was 100% for experimentally inoculated animals and 64% for vaccinated carrier animals. The performance of this 3B cELISA was compared to that of four commercial ELISA kits using a panel of serum samples established by the World Reference Laboratory for FMD at The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom. The diagnostic sensitivity of the 3B cELISA for the panel of FMDV/NSP-positive bovine serum samples was 94%, which was comparable to or better than that of the commercially available NSP antibody detection kits. This 3B cELISA is a simple, reliable test to detect antibodies against FMDV nonstructural proteins.
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22
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Hosamani M, Basagoudanavar SH, Tamil Selvan RP, Das V, Ngangom P, Sreenivasa BP, Hegde R, Venkataramanan R. A multi-species indirect ELISA for detection of non-structural protein 3ABC specific antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease virus. Arch Virol 2015; 160:937-44. [PMID: 25623051 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2339-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Reliable diagnostic tests that are able to distinguish infected from vaccinated animals are a critical component of regional control programs for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in the affected countries. Non-structural protein (NSP) serology based on the 3ABC protein has been widely used for this purpose, and several kits are commercially available worldwide. This report presents the development of a 3ABC-antigen-based indirect ELISA, employing a peroxidase-conjugated protein G secondary antibody that can detect antibodies from multiple species. Recombinant 3ABC protein was expressed in insect cells and purified using affinity column chromatography. Using this protein, an indirect ELISA was developed and validated for the detection of NSP antibodies in serum samples collected from animals with different status of FMD. Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were found to be 95.8 (95 % CI: 92.8-97.8) and 97.45 % (95 % CI: 94.8-99.0), respectively. The in-house ELISA compared well with the commercially available prioCHECK FMDV NS-FMD kit, with a high agreement between the tests, as determined by the kappa coefficient, which was 0.87. The in-house ELISA showed higher sensitivity for detecting vaccinated and subsequently infected animals, when compared to the reference test. Both of the tests were able to detect NSP antibodies as early as 7-8 days after experimental infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hosamani
- FMD Research Centre, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560024, India,
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Paton D, Füssel A, Vosloo W, Dekker A, De Clercq K. The use of serosurveys following emergency vaccination, to recover the status of “foot-and-mouth disease free where vaccination is not practised”. Vaccine 2014; 32:7050-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.10.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Fu Y, Lu Z, Li P, Cao Y, Sun P, Tian M, Wang N, Bao H, Bai X, Li D, Chen Y, Liu Z. Development of a blocking ELISA based on a monoclonal antibody against a predominant epitope in non-structural protein 3B2 of foot-and-mouth disease virus for differentiating infected from vaccinated animals. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111737. [PMID: 25369323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A monoclonal antibody (McAb) against non-structural protein (NSP) 3B of foot-mouth-disease virus (FMDV) (3B4B1) was generated and shown to recognize a conserved epitope spanning amino acids 24-32 of 3B (GPYAGPMER) by peptide screening ELISA. This epitope was further shown to be a unique and predominant B cell epitope in 3B2, as sera from animals infected with different serotypes of FMDV blocked the ability of McAb 3B4B1 to bind to NSP 2C3AB. Also, a polyclonal antibody against NSP 2C was produced in a rabbit vaccinated with 2C epitope regions expressed in E. coli. Using McAb 3B4B1 and the 2C polyclonal antibody, a solid-phase blocking ELISA (SPB-ELISA) was developed for the detection of antibodies against NSP 2C3AB to distinguish FMDV-infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA test). The parameters for this SPB-ELISA were established by screening panels of sera of different origins. Serum samples with a percent inhibition (PI) greater than or equal to 46% were considered to be from infected animals, and a PI lower than 46% was considered to indicate a non-infected animal. This test showed a similar performance as the commercially available PrioCHECK NS ELISA. This is the first description of the conserved and predominant GPYAGPMER epitope of 3B and also the first report of a DIVA test for FMDV NSP 3B based on a McAb against this epitope.
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Chen TH, Lee F, Lin YL, Pan CH, Shih CN, Tseng CH, Tsai HJ. Development of a multiplex Luminex assay for detecting swine antibodies to structural and nonstructural proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus in Taiwan. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 2014; 49:196-207. [PMID: 25074628 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE(S) Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and swine vesicular disease (SVD) are serious vesicular diseases that have devastated swine populations throughout the world. The aim of this study was to develop a multianalyte profiling (xMAP) Luminex assay for the differential detection of antibodies to the FMD virus of structural proteins (SP) and nonstructural proteins (NSP). METHODS After the xMAP was optimized, it detected antibodies to SP-VP1 and NSP-3ABC of the FMD virus in a single serum sample. These tests were also compared with 3ABC polypeptide blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and virus neutralization test (VNT) methods for the differential diagnosis and assessment of immune status, respectively. RESULTS To detect SP antibodies in 661 sera from infected naïve pigs and vaccinated pigs, the diagnostic sensitivity (DSn) and diagnostic specificity (DSp) of the xMAP were 90.0-98.7% and 93.0-96.5%, respectively. To detect NSP antibodies, the DSn was 90% and the DSp ranged from 93.3% to 99.1%. The xMAP can detect the immune response to SP and NSP as early as 4 days postinfection and 8 days postinfection, respectively. Furthermore, the SP and NSP antibodies in all 15 vaccinated but unprotected pigs were detected by xMAP. A comparison of SP and NSP antibodies detected in the sera of the infected samples indicated that the results from the xMAP had a high positive correlation with results from the VNT and a 3ABC polypeptide blocking ELISA assay. However, simultaneous quantitation detected that xMAP had no relationship with the VNT. Furthermore, the specificity was 93.3-94.9% with 3ABC polypeptide blocking ELISA for the FMDV-NSP antibody. CONCLUSION The results indicated that xMAP has the potential to detect antibodies to FMDV-SP-VP1 and NSP-3ABC and to distinguish FMDV-infected pigs from pigs infected with the swine vesicular disease virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsu-Han Chen
- Animal Health Research Institute, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fan Lee
- Animal Health Research Institute, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yeou-Liang Lin
- Animal Health Research Institute, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Hsiang Pan
- Animal Health Research Institute, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ni Shih
- Animal Health Research Institute, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | | | - Hsiang-Jung Tsai
- Animal Health Research Institute, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Colling A, Morrissy C, Barr J, Meehan G, Wright L, Goff W, Gleeson LJ, van der Heide B, Riddell S, Yu M, Eagles D, Lunt R, Khounsy S, Than Long N, Phong Vu P, Than Phuong N, Tung N, Linchongsubongkoch W, Hammond J, Johnson M, Johnson WO, Unger H, Daniels P, Crowther JR. Development and validation of a 3ABC antibody ELISA in Australia for foot and mouth disease. Aust Vet J 2014; 92:192-9. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Colling
- CSIRO Livestock Industries; Australian Animal Health Laboratory; Geelong Victoria Australia
| | - C Morrissy
- CSIRO Livestock Industries; Australian Animal Health Laboratory; Geelong Victoria Australia
| | - J Barr
- CSIRO Livestock Industries; Australian Animal Health Laboratory; Geelong Victoria Australia
| | - G Meehan
- CSIRO Livestock Industries; Australian Animal Health Laboratory; Geelong Victoria Australia
| | - L Wright
- CSIRO Livestock Industries; Australian Animal Health Laboratory; Geelong Victoria Australia
| | - W Goff
- CSIRO Livestock Industries; Australian Animal Health Laboratory; Geelong Victoria Australia
| | - LJ Gleeson
- CSIRO Livestock Industries; Australian Animal Health Laboratory; Geelong Victoria Australia
| | - B van der Heide
- CSIRO Livestock Industries; Australian Animal Health Laboratory; Geelong Victoria Australia
| | - S Riddell
- CSIRO Livestock Industries; Australian Animal Health Laboratory; Geelong Victoria Australia
| | - M Yu
- CSIRO Livestock Industries; Australian Animal Health Laboratory; Geelong Victoria Australia
| | - D Eagles
- CSIRO Livestock Industries; Australian Animal Health Laboratory; Geelong Victoria Australia
| | - R Lunt
- CSIRO Livestock Industries; Australian Animal Health Laboratory; Geelong Victoria Australia
| | - S Khounsy
- Northern Region Sustainable Livelihoods through Livestock Development Project, Ministry of Agriculture; DLF Regional Office; Luang Prabang Lao PDR
| | - Ngo Than Long
- Regional Animal Health Office No. 6; Ho Chi Minh City (RAHO6-HCMC) Vietnam
| | - Pham Phong Vu
- Regional Animal Health Office No. 6; Ho Chi Minh City (RAHO6-HCMC) Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Than Phuong
- Regional Animal Health Office No. 6; Ho Chi Minh City (RAHO6-HCMC) Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Tung
- National Centre for Disease Control; Hanoi Vietnam
| | - W Linchongsubongkoch
- Foot and Mouth Disease Centre; Department of Livestock Development; Pakchong Thailand
| | - J Hammond
- Institute for Animal Health; Pirbright Laboratory; Pirbright Woking, Surrey UK
| | - M Johnson
- Institute for Animal Health; Pirbright Laboratory; Pirbright Woking, Surrey UK
| | - WO Johnson
- Department of Statistics; University of California; Irvine USA
| | - H Unger
- Joint FAO/IAEA Division; Vienna Austria
| | - P Daniels
- CSIRO Livestock Industries; Australian Animal Health Laboratory; Geelong Victoria Australia
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Mkama M, Kasanga CJ, Sallu R, Ranga E, Yongolo M, Mulumba M, Rweyemamu M, Wambura P. Serosurveillance of foot-and-mouth disease virus in selected livestock-wildlife interface areas of Tanzania. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 81:E1-4. [PMID: 25005680 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v81i2.718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is caused by a virus of the genus Aphthorvirus of the family Picornaviridae. There is great scientific need for determining the transmission dynamics of FMD virus (FMDV) by drawing more attention to the livestock-wildlife interface areas. A variety of literature suggests that buffalo could serve as reservoir of FMDV in wildlife and cattle. However, many FMDV research studies conducted on experimentally infected cattle as carriers and groups of animal highly susceptible to FMDV (i.e. bovine calves) have shown lower chances of transmission of the virus between carriers and the susceptible groups. These findings underscore the importance of continued research on the role played by carrier animals on FMDV transmission dynamics under natural conditions. The aim of this research study was to determine FMDV infection status among buffalo and cattle herds in selected livestock-wildlife interface areas. The sampled areas included Mikumi, Mkomazi and Ruaha national parks, where a total of 330 buffalo and bovine sera samples were collected. Laboratory analysis of the samples was done through the NSP ELISA technique using the PrioCHECK® FMDV NS Kit for detection of antibodies directed against 3ABC non-structural proteins and confirming natural infections. Results showed that 76.3% of tested sera samples were positive for FMDV. However, serotyping of NSP ELISA seroreactors with LPBE is yet to be done. This information is important for further epidemiological studies towards developing effective FMD control strategies.
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Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals including cattle, pigs, sheep and many wildlife species. It can cause enormous economic losses when incursions occur into countries which are normally disease free. In addition, it has long-term effects within countries where the disease is endemic due to reduced animal productivity and the restrictions on international trade in animal products. The disease is caused by infection with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), a picornavirus. Seven different serotypes (and numerous variants) of FMDV have been identified. Some serotypes have a restricted geographical distribution, e.g. Asia-1, whereas others, notably serotype O, occur in many different regions. There is no cross-protection between serotypes and sometimes protection conferred by vaccines even of the same serotype can be limited. Thus it is important to characterize the viruses that are circulating if vaccination is being used for disease control. This review describes current methods for the detection and characterization of FMDVs. Sequence information is increasingly being used for identifying the source of outbreaks. In addition such information can be used to understand antigenic change within virus strains. The challenges and opportunities for improving the control of the disease within endemic settings, with a focus on Eurasia, are discussed, including the role of the FAO/EuFMD/OIE Progressive Control Pathway. Better control of the disease in endemic areas reduces the risk of incursions into disease-free regions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Graham J Belsham
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, 4771 Kalvehave, Denmark.
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Chen TH, Lee F, Lin YL, Pan CH, Shih CN, Lee MC, Tsai HJ. Development of a Luminex assay for the detection of swine antibodies to non-structural proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus. J Immunol Methods 2013; 396:87-95. [PMID: 23962586 PMCID: PMC7127766 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and mouth disease (FMD), swine vesicular disease (SVD), and vesicular stomatitis (VS) are highly contagious vesicular diseases of swine but are not easy to differentiate clinically. For the purpose of instant detecting of FMD and differentiating it from the other vesicular diseases, a Luminex assay was developed. Sera from 64 infected, 307 vaccinated, and 280 naïve pigs were tested by the Luminex assay. Diagnostic sensitivity of the assay was 100%. Diagnostic specificity of the assay was 98.7% in vaccinated pigs and 97.5% to 100% in naïve pigs. Agreement between the results from the Luminex assay and those from a 3ABC polypeptide blocking ELISA was 96.3% with kappa statistics of 0.92. The Luminex assay can detect the immune response to NSP-3ABC in swine as early as eight days post-infection. Moreover, all of the 15 vaccinated but unprotected pigs were all detected by the Luminex assay. The results indicated that the Luminex assay has potential with specificity in detecting antibodies to FMDV 3ABC NSP and in distinguishing FMDV-infected pigs from with either SVDV or VSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsu-Han Chen
- Animal Health Research Institute, 376, Chung-Cheng Road, Tamsui District, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, 1, Section 4 Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Namatovu A, Belsham GJ, Ayebazibwe C, Dhikusooka MT, Wekesa SN, Siegismund HR, Muwanika VB, Tjørnehøj K. Challenges for Serology-Based Characterization of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Outbreaks in Endemic Areas; Identification of Two Separate Lineages of Serotype O FMDV in Uganda in 2011. Transbound Emerg Dis 2013; 62:522-34. [PMID: 24118785 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Control of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Uganda by ring vaccination largely depends on costly trivalent vaccines, and use of monovalent vaccines could improve the cost effectiveness. This, however, requires application of highly specific diagnostic tests. This study investigated outbreaks of FMD in seven Ugandan districts, during 2011, using the PrioCHECK® FMDV NS ELISA, solid-phase blocking ELISAs (SPBEs) and virus neutralization tests (VNTs), together with virological analyses for characterization of the responsible viruses. Two hundred and eighteen (218) cattle and 23 goat sera as well as 82 oropharyngeal fluid/epithelial tissue samples were collected. Some 50% of the cattle and 17% of the goat sera were positive by the PrioCHECK® FMDV NS ELISA, while SPBEs identified titres ≥80 for antibodies against serotype O FMD virus (FMDV) in 51% of the anti-NSP positive cattle sera. However, 35% of the anti-NSP positive cattle sera had SPBE titres ≥80 against multiple serotypes, primarily against serotypes O, SAT 1 and SAT 3. Comparison of SPBEs and VNTs for the detection of antibodies against serotypes O, SAT 1 and SAT 3 in 72 NSP positive cattle sera showed comparable results against serotype O (P = 0.181), while VNTs detected significantly fewer samples positive for antibodies against SAT 1 and SAT 3 than the SPBEs (P < 0.001). Detection of antibodies against serotype O was consistent with the isolation of serotype O FMDVs from 13 samples. Four of these viruses were sequenced and belonged to two distinct lineages within the East Africa-2 (EA-2) topotype, each differing from the currently used vaccine strain (EA-1 topotype). The relationships of these lineages to other serotype O viruses in the Eastern Africa region are discussed. To enhance the control of FMD in Uganda, there is need to improve the specificity of the SAT-SPBEs, perform vaccine matching and implement improved regional FMD control.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Namatovu
- National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiology Centre, Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries, Entebbe, Uganda.,Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - G J Belsham
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kalvehave, Denmark
| | - C Ayebazibwe
- National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiology Centre, Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - M T Dhikusooka
- National Animal Disease Diagnostics and Epidemiology Centre, Ministry of Agriculture Animal Industry and Fisheries, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - S N Wekesa
- Department of Environmental Management, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.,Foot-and-Mouth Disease Laboratory, Ministry of Livestock Development, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - H R Siegismund
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - V B Muwanika
- Department of Environmental Management, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - K Tjørnehøj
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kalvehave, Denmark
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Cong Y, Huang Z, Sun Y, Ran W, Zhu L, Yang G, Ding X, Yang Z, Huang X, Wang C, Ding Z. Development and application of a blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to differentiate antibodies against live and inactivated porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Virology 2013; 444:310-6. [PMID: 23871220 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to establish a method that could differentiate antibodies against live and inactivated vaccines of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). A blocking ELISA (b-ELISA) was established using the PRRSV non-structural protein, Nsp9, as the antigen and a monoclonal antibody, 2D6, against the Nsp9 protein as the capture antibody. The test was validated by using 415 clinical sera in the b-ELISA compared to a commercial kit based on the indirect ELISA using the nucleocapsid (N) protein as antigen. Significant differences were observed for the data obtained by the two detection methods. This may be due to the commercial kit detecting antibodies elicited by live and inactivated virus, whereas the b-ELISA only detects antibodies produced by any active viral replication, such as natural infection or live vaccination. Therefore, the b-ELISA in this study is able to distinguish between antibodies against live and inactivated viruses in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlong Cong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
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Fukai K, Morioka K, Onozato H, Yoshida K, Sakamoto K. Comparative evaluation of three commercial ELISA kits for detection of antibodies to a nonstructural protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus. J Vet Med Sci 2013; 75:693-9. [PMID: 23328606 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.12-0430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we validated three commercial ELISA (NSP-ELISA) kits that detect antibodies to a nonstructural protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in terms of their specificities and sensitivities. Although the specificities of the NSP-ELISA kits were as high as that of liquid-phase blocking ELISA (LPBE) in non-infected, non-vaccinated animals, the sensitivities of the NSP-ELISA kits were significantly lower than those of the present LPBE and did not agree with the findings of a previous report on infected animals in the field. Therefore, although countries can adopt both a "vaccination-to-kill" policy and a "vaccination-to-live" policy after emergency vaccination during an FMD epidemic, the NSP-ELISA kits do not seem to be suitable for the latter policy in Japan. These results should be useful for choosing appropriate control measures for potential future FMD epidemics in Japan and elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Fukai
- Exotic Disease Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tokyo 187-0022, Japan
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Sharma GK, Mohapatra JK, Pandey LK, Mahajan S, Mathapati BS, Sanyal A, Pattnaik B. Immunodiagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease using mutated recombinant 3ABC polyprotein in a competitive ELISA. J Virol Methods 2012; 185:52-60. [PMID: 22683829 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) is essential for effective control of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) by vaccination. The antibody response against FMD viral non-structural proteins (NSPs) has been used widely for this purpose. Among all the NSPs, the 3ABC polyprotein has been recognized as the most appropriate indicator for DIVA. In this study, mutated full-length 3ABC polyprotein was expressed in a prokaryotic system and monoclonal antibody against the recombinant protein was developed. A competitive ELISA (C-ELISA) for DIVA was standardized for different species of livestock animals using recombinant 3ABC and monoclonal antibodies. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the assay were estimated by testing a panel of known serum samples consisting of sera from naive, vaccinated and infected animals as 86.9% with 66.4-97.2 (95%) confidence interval and 97% with 89.6-99.6 (95%) confidence interval respectively at 40% inhibition cut-off. The assay was validated further by testing sera from different livestock species collected at random from different parts of the country. The assay will provide a common method for testing sera from different species of livestock and wild animals. The C-ELISA is a sensitive and specific DIVA assay for FMD and can be used as a method for FMD control programme with vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav K Sharma
- Project Directorate on Foot and Mouth Disease, Mukteswar, India
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Gao M, Zhang R, Li M, Li S, Cao Y, Ma B, Wang J. An ELISA based on the repeated foot-and-mouth disease virus 3B epitope peptide can distinguish infected and vaccinated cattle. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 93:1271-9. [PMID: 22207215 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3815-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingchun Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China
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Dukpa K, Robertson ID, Ellis TM. Serological and clinical surveillance studies to validate reported foot-and-mouth disease free status in Tsirang district of Bhutan. Prev Vet Med 2011; 104:23-33. [PMID: 22172605 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Serological and clinical studies were conducted between March 2009 and August 2010 to validate the foot-and-mouth disease free status of Tsirang district of Bhutan as determined by the country's passive surveillance system. Randomised (first survey) and targeted (third survey) samplings, with subsequent follow-up samplings (second and fourth), were conducted on FMD-susceptible animals to detect the disease at a design prevalence of 25% and 20% at the individual animal-level and village-level, respectively. Sera from cattle, goats, pigs, and sheep were tested for the presence of non-structural protein (NSP) antibodies using two commercial (PrioCHECK(®) FMDV NS and CHEKIT(®)-FMD-3ABC-bo-ov) and one in-house NSP kit (c-ELISA, AAHL, Australia). The overall seropositivity (all species) at the animal-level was 3% (95% CI: 1.7, 4.8) and 3.5% (95% CI: 2.1, 5.4), for the randomised and targeted surveys, respectively. Except for one goat from the first survey, none of the small ruminants and pigs had NSP antibodies. The seropositives from the first and targeted surveys were distributed among 13 and 16 of 20 villages sampled, respectively. All repeat testing from the initial seropositive animals and their herd mates, for both the first and third surveys, were negative in the NSP tests 6-8 months later. Using the hypergeometric exact probability formula for two-stage analyses, the results enabled rejection of the null hypothesis and supported conclusion that the population was free from disease at the minimum expected prevalence of 20% at the 95.53% and 99.46% confidence levels, for the randomised and targeted surveys, respectively. Clinical surveillance also showed absence of disease or clinical signs suggestive of FMD. The few seropositives were likely to be false positives due to factors such as imperfect specificities of the tests and possible NSP-residues in the vaccines. The study has paved the way for initiation of zoning approaches for the progressive control of FMD in Bhutan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinzang Dukpa
- National Centre for Animal Health, Department of Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Thimphu, Bhutan.
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Sariya L, Thangthumniyom N, Wajjwalku W, Chumsing W, Ramasoota P, Lekcharoensuk P. Expression of foot and mouth disease virus nonstructural polyprotein 3ABC with inactive 3Cpro in Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif 2011; 80:17-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2011.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 07/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
Background FMD is one of the major causes of economic loss of cloven-hoofed animals in the world today. The assessment of dominant genotype/lineage and prevalent trends and confirmation the presence of infection or vaccination not only provides scientific basis and first-hand information for appropriate control measure but also for disease eradication and regaining FMD free status following an outbreak. Although different biological and serological approaches are still applied to study this disease, ELISA test based on the distinct format, antigen type and specific antibody reinforce its predominance in different research areas of FMD, and this may replace the traditional methods in the near future. This review gives comprehensive insight on ELISA currently available for typing, antigenic analysis, vaccination status differentiation and surveillance vaccine purity and content at all stages of manufacture in FMDV. Besides, some viewpoint about the recent advances and trends of ELISA reagent for FMD are described here. Methods More than 100 studies regarding ELISA method available for FMD diagnosis, antigenic analysis and monitor were thoroughly reviewed. We investigated previous sagacious results of these tests on their sensitivity, specificity. Results We found that in all ELISA formats for FMD, antibody-trapping and competitive ELISAs have high specificity and RT-PCR (oligoprobing) ELISA has extra sensitivity. A panel of monoclonal antibodies to different sites or monoclonal antibody in combination of antiserum is the most suitable combination of antibodies in ELISA for FMD. Even though from its beginning, 3ABC is proven to be best performance in many studies, no single NSP can differentiate infected from vaccinated animals with complete confidence. Meanwhile, recombinant antigens and peptide derived from FMDV NPs, and NSPs have been developed for use as an alternative to the inactivated virus antigen for security. Conclusions There is a need of target protein, which accurately determines the susceptible animal status based on the simple, fast and reliable routine laboratory test. A further alternative based on virus-like particle (VLP, also called empty capsids) in combination of high throughput antibody technique (Phage antibody library/antibody microarray) may be the powerful ELISA diagnostic reagents in future.
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Chen S, Lee M, Sun Y, Yang P. Application of non-structural protein ELISA kits in nationwide FMD surveillance in pigs to demonstrate virus circulation in Taiwan. Vet Microbiol 2011; 152:266-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Fowler VL, Bashiruddin JB, Maree FF, Mutowembwa P, Bankowski B, Gibson D, Cox S, Knowles N, Barnett PV. Foot-and-mouth disease marker vaccine: cattle protection with a partial VP1 G-H loop deleted virus antigen. Vaccine 2011; 29:8405-11. [PMID: 21856354 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Contrary to the dogma that the VP1 G-H loop is essential for FMD vaccine efficacy, it has been previously shown that foot-and-mouth disease 146s antigen containing heterologous VP1 G-H loops confers complete protection in pigs and cattle. Moreover, serological evaluation of cattle vaccinated with an antigen lacking a large proportion of the VP1 G-H loop indicated that these animals should be protected against infection with FMD. Absence of this loop provides opportunity for the development of an FMD negative marker vaccine, allowing infection to be detected by antibodies against this missing region. Cattle vaccinated with this negative marker vaccine were fully protected following virus challenge 28 days post vaccination as determined by the absence of generalised lesions on their feet. Furthermore, use of our improved differentiation ELISA identified animals exposed to infection as early as 7 days post-challenge. We thus demonstrate, for the first time, the ability of this FMD negative marker vaccine to fully protect cattle from experimental challenge and rapidly distinguish animals that are subsequently exposed to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Fowler
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Surrey, UK.
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Dukpa K, Robertson ID, Ellis TM. The seroprevalence of foot-and-mouth disease in the sedentary livestock herds in four districts of Bhutan. Prev Vet Med 2011; 100:231-6. [PMID: 21570142 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 04/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cross sectional serological surveys were conducted between March and December 2009 to determine the distribution of foot-and-mouth disease and also to validate the current passive surveillance system in Bhutan. A total of 1909 sera collected from cattle, goats, sheep, and pigs, from 485 herds in 106 villages, were tested using a foot-and-mouth disease non-structural protein 3ABC ELISA. The true prevalence at the animal-level for all species was 15% (95% CI: 13.5, 16.7) using the sensitivity (97.2%) and specificity (99.5%) for cattle. The true prevalence for cattle, goats, sheep and pigs were 17.6 (95% CI: 15.6, 19.5), 11.9% (95% CI: 5.6, 18.3), 11.9% (95% CI: 1.3, 25.1), and 1.9% (95% CI: 0.0, 3.8), respectively. The sub-districts that shared border with India had significantly (p=0.03) higher seroprevalence than the interior sub-districts. Villages located in the sub-tropical zone had significantly (p<0.0001) higher seroprevalence than those located at high altitude zones. Herds with known outbreaks of FMD were 3.6 times more likely (p<0.001) to be seropositive than those with no history of outbreaks of FMD. The study showed the usefulness of population-based serological surveys in detecting circulation of active infection in populations which were, until now, considered to be free of disease based on a passive surveillance system. The study also highlighted the benefits of conducting serological and questionnaire surveys, simultaneously, to ascertain the infection status of herds and animals. Some of the findings from this study could be considered for strengthening of the current FMD control program in Bhutan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinzang Dukpa
- National Centre for Animal Health, Department of Livestock, Ministry of Agriculture and Forests, Thimphu, Bhutan, Australia.
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Chen TH, Lee F, Lin YL, Dekker A, Chung WB, Pan CH, Jong MH, Huang CC, Lee MC, Tsai HJ. Differentiation of foot-and-mouth disease-infected pigs from vaccinated pigs using antibody-detecting sandwich ELISA. J Vet Med Sci 2011; 73:977-84. [PMID: 21467761 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.10-0351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of serum antibodies for nonstructural proteins of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) can differentiate FMDV-infected animals from vaccinated animals. In this study, a sandwich ELISA was developed for rapid detection of the foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) antibodies; it was based on an Escherichia coli-expressed, highly conserved region of the 3ABC nonstructural protein of the FMDV O/TW/99 strain and a monoclonal antibody derived from the expressed protein. The diagnostic sensitivity of the assay was 98.4%, and the diagnostic specificity was 100% for naïve and vaccinated pigs; the detection ability of the assay was comparable those of the PrioCHECK and UBI kits. There was 97.5, 93.4 and 66.6% agreement between the results obtained from our ELISA and those obtained from the PrioCHECK, UBI and CHEKIT kits, respectively. The kappa statistics were 0.95, 0.87 and 0.37, respectively. Moreover, antibodies for nonstructural proteins of the serotypes A, C, Asia 1, SAT 1, SAT 2 and SAT 3 were also detected in bovine sera. Furthermore, the absence of cross-reactions generated by different antibody titers against the swine vesicular disease virus and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) was also highlighted in this assay's specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsu-Han Chen
- Division of Hog Cholera Research, Animal Health Research Institute, 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tamsui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan
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Ayebazibwe C, Mwiine FN, Tjørnehøj K, Balinda SN, Muwanika VB, Ademun Okurut AR, Belsham GJ, Normann P, Siegismund HR, Alexandersen S. The role of African buffalos (Syncerus caffer) in the maintenance of foot-and-mouth disease in Uganda. BMC Vet Res 2010; 6:54. [PMID: 21143994 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-6-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To study the role of African buffalos (Syncerus caffer) in the maintenance of foot-and-mouth disease in Uganda, serum samples were collected from 207 African buffalos, 21 impalas (Aepyceros melampus), 1 giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis), 1 common eland (Taurotragus oryx), 7 hartebeests (Alcelaphus buselaphus) and 5 waterbucks (Kobus ellipsiprymnus) from four major National Parks in Uganda between 2005 and 2008. Serum samples were screened to detect antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) non-structural proteins (NSP) using the Ceditest® FMDV NS ELISA. Solid Phase Blocking ELISAs (SPBE) were used to determine the serotype-specificity of antibodies against the seven serotypes of FMDV among the positive samples. Virus isolation and sequencing were undertaken to identify circulating viruses and determine relatedness between them. Results Among the buffalo samples tested, 85% (95% CI = 80-90%) were positive for antibodies against FMDV non-structural proteins while one hartebeest sample out of seven (14.3%; 95% CI = -11.6-40.2%) was the only positive from 35 other wildlife samples from a variety of different species. In the buffalo, high serotype-specific antibody titres (≥ 80) were found against serotypes O (7/27 samples), SAT 1 (23/29 samples), SAT 2 (18/32 samples) and SAT 3 (16/30 samples). Among the samples titrated for antibodies against the four serotypes O, SAT 1, SAT 2 and SAT 3, 17/22 (77%; CI = 59.4-94.6%) had high titres against at least two serotypes. FMDV isolates of serotypes SAT 1 (1 sample) and SAT 2 (2 samples) were obtained from buffalo probang samples collected in Queen Elizabeth National Park (QENP) in 2007. Sequence analysis and comparison of VP1 coding sequences showed that the SAT 1 isolate belonged to topotype IV while the SAT 2 isolates belonged to different lineages within the East African topotype X. Conclusions Consistent detection of high antibody titres in buffalos supports the view that African buffalos play an important role in the maintenance of FMDV infection within National Parks in Uganda. Both SAT 1 and SAT 2 viruses were isolated, and serological data indicate that it is also likely that FMDV serotypes O and SAT 3 may be present in the buffalo population. Detailed studies should be undertaken to define further the role of wildlife in the epidemiology of FMDV in East Africa.
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Shao JJ, Wong CK, Lin T, Lee SK, Cong GZ, Sin FW, Du JZ, Gao SD, Liu XT, Cai XP, Xie Y, Chang HY, Liu JX. Promising multiple-epitope recombinant vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease virus type O in swine. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2011; 18:143-9. [PMID: 21084463 DOI: 10.1128/CVI.00236-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In order to develop a completely safe immunogen to replace the traditional inactivated vaccine, a tandem-repeat multiple-epitope recombinant vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus (FMDV) type O was developed. It contained three copies each of residues 141 to 160 and 200 to 213 of VP1 of the O/China/99 strain of FMDV coupled with a swine immunoglobulin G heavy-chain constant region (scIgG). The data showed that the multiple-epitope recombinant vaccine elicited high titers of anti-FMDV specific antibodies in swine at 30 days postvaccination (dpv) and conferred complete protection against a challenge with 10³ 50% swine infective doses of the O/China/99 strain. The anti-FMDV specific antibody titers were not significantly different between the multiple-epitope recombinant vaccine and the traditional vaccine (t test, P > 0.05). The number of 50% pig protective doses was 6.47, which is higher than the number recommended by the World Organization for Animal Health. The multiple-epitope recombinant vaccine resulted in a duration of immunity of at least 6 months. We speculate that the multiple-epitope recombinant vaccine is a promising vaccine that may replace the traditional inactivated vaccine for the prevention and control of FMD in swine in the future.
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Mwiine FN, Ayebazibwe C, Olaho-Mukani W, Alexandersen S, Balinda SN, Masembe C, Okurut ARA, Christensen LS, Sørensen KJ, Tjørnehøj K. Serotype specificity of antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus in cattle in selected districts in Uganda. Transbound Emerg Dis 2010; 57:365-74. [PMID: 20696028 DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2010.01157.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Uganda had an unusually large number of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks in 2006, and all clinical reports were in cattle. A serological investigation was carried out to confirm circulating antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) by ELISA for antibodies against non-structural proteins and structural proteins. Three hundred and forty-nine cattle sera were collected from seven districts in Uganda, and 65% of these were found positive for antibodies against the non-structural proteins of FMDV. A subset of these samples were analysed for serotype specificity of the identified antibodies. High prevalences of antibodies against non-structural proteins and structural proteins of FMDV serotype O were demonstrated in herds with typical visible clinical signs of FMD, while prevalences were low in herds without clinical signs of FMD. Antibody titres were higher against serotype O than against serotypes SAT 1, SAT 2 and SAT 3 in the sera investigated for serotype-specific antibodies. Only FMDV serotype O virus was isolated from one probang sample. This study shows that the majority of the FMD outbreaks in 2006 in the region studied were caused by FMDV serotype O; however, there was also evidence of antibodies to both SAT 1 and SAT 3 in one outbreak in a herd inside Queen Elizabeth national park area.
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Affiliation(s)
- F N Mwiine
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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van Roermund H, Eblé P, de Jong M, Dekker A. No between-pen transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus in vaccinated pigs. Vaccine 2010; 28:4452-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Revised: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 04/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Uttenthal A, Parida S, Rasmussen TB, Paton DJ, Haas B, Dundon WG. Strategies for differentiating infection in vaccinated animals (DIVA) for foot-and-mouth disease, classical swine fever and avian influenza. Expert Rev Vaccines 2010; 9:73-87. [PMID: 20021307 DOI: 10.1586/erv.09.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The prophylactic use of vaccines against exotic viral infections in production animals is undertaken exclusively in regions where the disease concerned is endemic. In such areas, the infection pressure is very high and so, to assure optimal protection, the most efficient vaccines are used. However, in areas considered to be free from these diseases and in which there is the possibility of only limited outbreaks, the use of Differentiation of Infected from Vaccinated Animals (DIVA) or marker vaccines allows for vaccination while still retaining the possibility of serological surveillance for the presence of infection. This literature review describes the current knowledge on the use of DIVA diagnostic strategies for three important transboundary animal diseases: foot-and-mouth disease in cloven-hoofed animals, classical swine fever in pigs and avian influenza in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ase Uttenthal
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, DK-4771 Kalvehave, Denmark.
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Muller JD, Wilkins M, Foord AJ, Dolezal O, Yu M, Heine HG, Wang LF. Improvement of a recombinant antibody-based serological assay for foot-and-mouth disease virus. J Immunol Methods 2010; 352:81-8. [PMID: 19913020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2009] [Revised: 11/04/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Differentiating foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) antibodies generated during a natural infection from those due to vaccination (DIVA) is crucial for proving freedom from disease after an outbreak and allowing resumption of trade in livestock products. The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) recommends that FMDV vaccines are composed of inactivated virus that has been purified to remove non-structural viral proteins. Such purified vaccines primarily induce antibodies to viral structural proteins, whereas replicating virus stimulates host antibodies specific for both structural and non-structural proteins. The current preferred FMDV DIVA test is a competitive ELISA (C-ELISA) designed to detect antibodies to the non-structural protein 3ABC. Previously, we described the development of an FMDV DIVA test based entirely on recombinant proteins (the recombinant detecting antibody and the 3ABC coating antigen) produced in Escherichia coli. In this study, we have determined the precise binding site of the recombinant detecting antibody to a conserved sequence within the 3B region of the 3ABC protein, replaced the original E-tag of the detecting antibody with two in-house tags and engineered a direct antibody–reporting enzyme (alkaline phosphatase) fusion protein. These modifications have further improved the DIVA test, providing great potential for large scale production and uptake due to its simplicity, reproducibility and low cost.
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Balinda SN, Tjørnehøj K, Muwanika VB, Sangula AK, Mwiine FN, Ayebazibwe C, Masembe C, Siegismund HR, Alexandersen S. Prevalence Estimates of Antibodies Towards Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Small Ruminants in Uganda. Transbound Emerg Dis 2009; 56:362-71. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2009.01094.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Paton DJ, Ferris NP, Hutchings GH, Li Y, Swabey K, Keel P, Hamblin P, King DP, Reid SM, Ebert K, Parida S, Savva S, Georgiou K, Kakoyiannis C. Investigations into the Cause of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Seropositive Small Ruminants in Cyprus During 2007. Transbound Emerg Dis 2009; 56:321-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2009.01088.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Chen TH, Pan CH, Jong MH, Lin HM, Huang YL, Hsiung KP, Chao PH, Lee F. Development of a chromatographic strip assay for detection of porcine antibodies to 3ABC non-structural protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O. J Vet Med Sci 2009; 71:703-8. [PMID: 19578276 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.71.703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A chromatographic strip assay was developed for rapid detection of serum antibodies to non-structural protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus. The assay was based on Escherichia coli-expressed 3ABC non-structural protein and an immunochromatographic technique, which shortened the detection time to about one hour. The sensitivity of the assay was determined to be 96.8% for infected pigs; its specificity was 100% for naïve pigs and 98.8% for vaccinated pigs. In the experimentally infected pigs, anti-3ABC antibodies were detectable from eight days post-infection until the end of the study, 34 days post-infection. The performance of this assay was comparable to that of two commercial ELISA kits, Ceditest FMDV-NS and UBI FMDV NS EIA, and was better than that of CHEKIT FMD-3ABC po. Given its advantages of instant testing and quantitative measurement, this assay has potential as a useful tool for rapid on-farm diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsu-Han Chen
- Division of Hog Cholera Research, Animal Health Research Institute 376 Chung-Cheng Road, Tamsui, Taipei County 25158, Taiwan
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