1
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Yang X, Tian S, Min Z, Garbarino E, Ma J, Jia J, Tang H, Li L. AMPK restricts HHV-6A replication by inhibiting glycolysis and mTOR signaling. Virology 2024; 595:110080. [PMID: 38631099 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a cellular energy sensor regulating metabolic homeostasis. In this study, we investigated the role of AMPK in response to human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) infection. We show that HHV-6A infection significantly downregulates the active phosphorylated state of AMPK in infected T cells. Pharmacological activation of AMPK highly attenuated HHV-6A propagation. Mechanistically, we found that the activation of AMPK by AICAR blocked HHV-6-induced glycolysis by inhibiting glucose metabolism and lactate secretion, as well as decreasing expressions of key glucose transporters and glycolytic enzymes. In addition, mTOR signaling has been inactivated in HHV-6A infected T cells by AICAR treatment. We also showed that HHV-6A infection of human umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMCs) reduced AMPK activity whereas the activation of AMPK by metformin drastically reduced HHV-6A DNA replication and virions production. Taken together, this study demonstrates that AMPK is a promising antiviral therapeutic target against HHV-6A infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Yang
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Siyu Tian
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Zhujiang Min
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Emanuela Garbarino
- Department of Immunology, National Vaccine Innovation Platform, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Jingjing Ma
- Department of Immunology, National Vaccine Innovation Platform, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Junli Jia
- Department of Immunology, National Vaccine Innovation Platform, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Huamin Tang
- Department of Immunology, National Vaccine Innovation Platform, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; The Laboratory Center for Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
| | - Lingyun Li
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
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2
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Dai C, Mao Z, Xu Y, Jia J, Tang H, Zhao Y, Zhou Y. Bis-tridentate Iridium(III) Complex with the N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligand as a Novel Efficient Electrochemiluminescence Emitter for the Sandwich Immunoassay of the HHV-6A Virus. Anal Chem 2024; 96:7311-7320. [PMID: 38656817 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Human herpesvirus type 6A (HHV-6A) can cause a series of immune and neurological diseases, and the establishment of a sensitive biosensor for the rapid detection of HHV-6A is of great significance for public health and safety. Herein, a bis-tridentate iridium complex (BisLT-Ir-NHC) comprising the N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand as a novel kind of efficient ECL luminophore has been unprecedently reported. Based on its excellent ECL properties, a new sensitive ECL-based sandwich immunosensor to detect the HHV-6A virus was successfully constructed by encapsulating BisLT-Ir-NHC into silica nanoparticles and embellishing ECL sensing interface with MXene@Au-CS. Notably, the immunosensor illustrated in this work not only had a wide linear range of 102 to 107 cps/μL but also showed outstanding recoveries (98.33-105.11%) in real human serum with an RSD of 0.85-3.56%. Undoubtedly, these results demonstrated the significant potential of the bis-tridentate iridium(III) complex containing an NHC ligand in developing ECL-based sensitive analytical methods for virus detection and exploring novel kinds of efficient iridium-based ECL luminophores in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenji Dai
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Environmental Functional Materials, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215009, China
| | - Ziwang Mao
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Environmental Functional Materials, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215009, China
| | - Yaoyao Xu
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Environmental Functional Materials, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215009, China
| | - Junli Jia
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Huamin Tang
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Yibo Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Environmental Functional Materials, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215009, China
| | - Yuyang Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Environmental Functional Materials, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215009, China
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3
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Petrella RJ. The Eruptive Fevers at Sixes and Sevens. Open Access Emerg Med 2024; 16:101-105. [PMID: 38706755 PMCID: PMC11067716 DOI: 10.2147/oaem.s448246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Sixth Disease (roseola infantum) and its primary causative agent, HHV-6, share names that numerically concur. This article examines and answers the question of whether that correspondence is by design or coincidental by briefly reviewing the history and nomenclature of the HHV viruses and the classic febrile rashes of childhood while highlighting some clinical and microbiologic features of HHV-6 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Petrella
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Emergency Departments, CharterCARE Health Partners, Providence and North Providence, RI, USA
- Emergency Department, Boston VA Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Emergency Departments, Steward Health Care Systems, Boston and Methuen, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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4
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Kim TY, Park MS, Yun SA, Kang M, Kim DR, Shin A, Kim HY, Jang MA, Jang JH, Kwon MJ, Huh HJ, Kim YJ, Lee NY. Performance evaluation of the SMG HHV-6 Q Real-Time PCR Kit for quantitative detection and differentiation of human herpesvirus 6A and 6B. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0424923. [PMID: 38451228 PMCID: PMC10986541 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04249-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the performance of the newly developed SMG HHV-6 Q Real-Time PCR Kit (SMG assay) with the RealStar HHV-6 PCR Kit (RealStar assay). The analytical sensitivity and specificity, linearity, and precision of the SMG assay were evaluated. The clinical performance of the SMG assay was assessed and compared with that of the RealStar assay using 207 clinical specimens (HHV-6A positive, n = 51; HHV-6B positive, n = 64; HHV-6A/B negative, n = 92). The limit of detection of the SMG assay was 2.92 log10 copies/mL for HHV-6A DNA and 2.88 log10 copies/mL for HHV-6B DNA. The linear range was determined to be 3.40-9.00 log10 copies/mL for both viruses. Intra- and inter-assay variability were below 5% at concentrations ranging from 4 to 9 log10 copies/mL. No cross-reactivity was observed with the 25 microorganisms included in the specificity panel. The clinical sensitivity and specificity of the SMG and RealStar assays compared to in-house polymerase chain reaction and sequencing were as follows: SMG assay, 98.0% and 100% for HHV-6A DNA, respectively, and 96.9% and 100% for HHV-6B DNA, respectively; RealStar assay, 98.0% and 100% for HHV-6A DNA, respectively, and 90.6% and 100% for HHV-6B DNA, respectively. The correlation coefficients between viral loads measured by the two assays were 0.948 and 0.975, with mean differences of 0.62 and 0.32 log10 copies/mL for HHV-6A and HHV-6B DNA, respectively. These results demonstrate that the SMG assay is a sensitive and reliable tool for the quantitative detection and differentiation of HHV-6A and HHV-6B DNA.IMPORTANCEQuantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) that can distinguish between HHV-6A and HHV-6B DNA is recommended for diagnosis of active infection. The SMG HHV-6 Q Real-Time PCR Kit (SMG assay) is a newly developed qPCR assay that can differentiate between HHV-6A and HHV-6B DNA; however, little is known about its performance. In this study, we assessed the performance of the SMG assay and compared it with that of a commercially available qPCR assay, the RealStar HHV-6 PCR Kit (RealStar assay). The SMG assay demonstrated excellent analytical sensitivity and specificity, precision, and linearity. Furthermore, the viral loads measured by the SMG assay were highly correlated with those measured by the RealStar assay. Our results suggest that the SMG assay is a useful diagnostic tool for quantitative detection and differentiation of HHV-6A and HHV-6B DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Yeul Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min-Seung Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sun Ae Yun
- Center for Clinical Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Minhee Kang
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Smart Healthcare Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Medical Device Management and Research, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Doo Ri Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Areum Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Young Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mi-Ae Jang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ja-Hyun Jang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min-Jung Kwon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hee Jae Huh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yae-Jean Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Nam Yong Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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5
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Kobayashi N, Shimada K, Ishii A, Osaka R, Nishiyama T, Shigeta M, Yanagisawa H, Oka N, Kondo K. Identification of a strong genetic risk factor for major depressive disorder in the human virome. iScience 2024; 27:109203. [PMID: 38414857 PMCID: PMC10897923 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The heritability of major depressive disorder (MDD) is reportedly 30-50%. However, the genetic basis of its heritability remains unknown. Within SITH-1, a risk factor for MDD in human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B), we discovered a gene polymorphism with a large odds ratio for an association with MDD. It was a sequence whose number of repeats was inversely correlated with SITH-1 expression. This number was significantly lower in MDD patients. Rates for 17 or fewer repeats of the sequence were 67.9% for MDD and 28.6% for normal controls, with an odds ratio of 5.28. For patients with 17 or less repeats, the rate for presence of another MDD patient in their families was 47.4%, whereas there were no MDD patients in the families of patients with more than 17 repeats. Since HHV-6B is transmitted primarily mother to child and within families and persists for life, this gene polymorphism could potentially influence heritability of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Kobayashi
- Department of Virology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Kazuya Shimada
- Department of Virology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Azusa Ishii
- Department of Virology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Rui Osaka
- Department of Virology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Toshiko Nishiyama
- Department of Public Health & Environmental Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shigeta
- Department of Psychiatry, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yanagisawa
- Department of Public Health & Environmental Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Naomi Oka
- Department of Virology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kondo
- Department of Virology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
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6
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Sokolovska L, Cistjakovs M, Matroze A, Murovska M, Sultanova A. From Viral Infection to Autoimmune Reaction: Exploring the Link between Human Herpesvirus 6 and Autoimmune Diseases. Microorganisms 2024; 12:362. [PMID: 38399766 PMCID: PMC10892088 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The complexity of autoimmunity initiation has been the subject of many studies. Both genetic and environmental factors are essential in autoimmunity development. Among others, environmental factors include infectious agents. HHV-6 is a ubiquitous human pathogen with a high global prevalence. It has several properties suggestive of its contribution to autoimmunity development. HHV-6 has a broad cell tropism, the ability to establish latency with subsequent reactivation and persistence, and a range of immunomodulation capabilities. Studies have implicated HHV-6 in a plethora of autoimmune diseases-endocrine, neurological, connective tissue, and others-with some studies even proposing possible autoimmunity induction mechanisms. HHV-6 can be frequently found in autoimmunity-affected tissues and lesions; it has been found to infect autoimmune-pathology-relevant cells and influence immune responses and signaling. This review highlights some of the most well-known autoimmune conditions to which HHV-6 has been linked, like multiple sclerosis and autoimmune thyroiditis, and summarizes the data on HHV-6 involvement in autoimmunity development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liba Sokolovska
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Riga Stradins University, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia
| | - Maksims Cistjakovs
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Riga Stradins University, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia
| | - Asnate Matroze
- Faculty of Residency, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Modra Murovska
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Riga Stradins University, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia
| | - Alina Sultanova
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Riga Stradins University, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia
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7
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Patrucco F, Curtoni A, Sidoti F, Zanotto E, Bondi A, Albera C, Boffini M, Cavallo R, Costa C, Solidoro P. Herpes Virus Infection in Lung Transplantation: Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention Strategies. Viruses 2023; 15:2326. [PMID: 38140567 PMCID: PMC10747259 DOI: 10.3390/v15122326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung transplantation is an ultimate treatment option for some end-stage lung diseases; due to the intense immunosuppression needed to reduce the risk of developing acute and chronic allograft failure, infectious complications are highly incident. Viral infections represent nearly 30% of all infectious complications, with herpes viruses playing an important role in the development of acute and chronic diseases. Among them, cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, being associated with an increased risk of chronic lung allograft failure. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with transformation of infected B cells with the development of post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs). Similarly, herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella zoster virus and human herpesviruses 6 and 7 can also be responsible for acute manifestations in lung transplant patients. During these last years, new, highly sensitive and specific diagnostic tests have been developed, and preventive and prophylactic strategies have been studied aiming to reduce and prevent the incidence of these viral infections. In this narrative review, we explore epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment options for more frequent herpes virus infections in lung transplant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Patrucco
- Respiratory Diseases Unit, Medical Department, AOU Maggiore della Carità di Novara, Corso Mazzini 18, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Antonio Curtoni
- Division of Virology, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Sidoti
- Division of Virology, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Elisa Zanotto
- Division of Virology, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bondi
- Division of Virology, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Carlo Albera
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Cardiovascular and Thoracic Department, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Medical Sciences Department, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Massimo Boffini
- Cardiac Surgery Division, Surgical Sciences Department, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Rossana Cavallo
- Division of Virology, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Cristina Costa
- Division of Virology, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo Solidoro
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Cardiovascular and Thoracic Department, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
- Medical Sciences Department, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
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8
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Lareau CA, Yin Y, Maurer K, Sandor KD, Daniel B, Yagnik G, Peña J, Crawford JC, Spanjaart AM, Gutierrez JC, Haradhvala NJ, Riberdy JM, Abay T, Stickels RR, Verboon JM, Liu V, Buquicchio FA, Wang F, Southard J, Song R, Li W, Shrestha A, Parida L, Getz G, Maus MV, Li S, Moore A, Roberts ZJ, Ludwig LS, Talleur AC, Thomas PG, Dehghani H, Pertel T, Kundaje A, Gottschalk S, Roth TL, Kersten MJ, Wu CJ, Majzner RG, Satpathy AT. Latent human herpesvirus 6 is reactivated in CAR T cells. Nature 2023; 623:608-615. [PMID: 37938768 PMCID: PMC10999258 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06704-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Cell therapies have yielded durable clinical benefits for patients with cancer, but the risks associated with the development of therapies from manipulated human cells are understudied. For example, we lack a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms of toxicities observed in patients receiving T cell therapies, including recent reports of encephalitis caused by reactivation of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6)1. Here, through petabase-scale viral genomics mining, we examine the landscape of human latent viral reactivation and demonstrate that HHV-6B can become reactivated in cultures of human CD4+ T cells. Using single-cell sequencing, we identify a rare population of HHV-6 'super-expressors' (about 1 in 300-10,000 cells) that possess high viral transcriptional activity, among research-grade allogeneic chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. By analysing single-cell sequencing data from patients receiving cell therapy products that are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration2 or are in clinical studies3-5, we identify the presence of HHV-6-super-expressor CAR T cells in patients in vivo. Together, the findings of our study demonstrate the utility of comprehensive genomics analyses in implicating cell therapy products as a potential source contributing to the lytic HHV-6 infection that has been reported in clinical trials1,6-8 and may influence the design and production of autologous and allogeneic cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb A Lareau
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Computational and Systems Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Yajie Yin
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Katie Maurer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Katalin D Sandor
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bence Daniel
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - José Peña
- Allogene Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Anne M Spanjaart
- Department of Hematology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jacob C Gutierrez
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Janice M Riberdy
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Tsion Abay
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert R Stickels
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Vincent Liu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Frank A Buquicchio
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Fangyi Wang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jackson Southard
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Translational Immunogenomics Laboratory, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ren Song
- Allogene Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wenjing Li
- Allogene Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Gad Getz
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marcela V Maus
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shuqiang Li
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Translational Immunogenomics Laboratory, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alison Moore
- Allogene Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Leif S Ludwig
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Aimee C Talleur
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology (BIMSB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | | | - Anshul Kundaje
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Stephen Gottschalk
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Theodore L Roth
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Marie J Kersten
- Department of Hematology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Catherine J Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Robbie G Majzner
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Stanford Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplantation & Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ansuman T Satpathy
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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9
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Atamna A, Raphaeli G, Dovrat S, Grosman A, Bishara J. Inherited chromosomally integrated HHV6 in an adult who presented with a generalized tonic clonic seizure. J Neurol Sci 2023; 453:120824. [PMID: 37806208 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2023.120824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Atamna
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel; Tel Aviv Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Guy Raphaeli
- Tel Aviv Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Interventional Neuroradiology Unit, Neurology Department, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Sara Dovrat
- Tel Aviv Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; National Center for Herpes Viruses, Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Services, Israel Ministry of Health, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Alon Grosman
- Tel Aviv Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Internal Medicine B, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Jihad Bishara
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petach Tikva, Israel; Tel Aviv Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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10
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Huang JR, Arii J, Hirai M, Nishimura M, Mori Y. Human herpesvirus 6A nuclear matrix protein U37 interacts with heat shock transcription factor 1 and activates the heat shock response. J Virol 2023; 97:e0071823. [PMID: 37671864 PMCID: PMC10537701 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00718-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nascent nucleocapsids of herpesviruses acquire a primary envelope during their nuclear export by budding through the inner nuclear membrane into the perinuclear space between the inner and outer nuclear membranes. This process is mediated by a conserved viral heterodimeric complex designated the nuclear egress complex, which consists of the nuclear matrix protein and the nuclear membrane protein. In addition to its essential roles during nuclear egress, the nuclear matrix protein has been shown to interact with intracellular signaling pathway molecules including NF-κB and IFN-β to affect viral or cellular gene expression. The human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) U37 gene encodes a nuclear matrix protein, the role of which has not been analyzed. Here, we show that HHV-6A U37 activates the heat shock element promoter and induces the accumulation of the molecular chaperone Hsp90. Mechanistically, HHV-6A U37 interacts with heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1) and induces its phosphorylation at Ser-326. We report that pharmacological inhibition of HSF1, Hsp70, or Hsp90 decreases viral protein accumulation and viral replication. Taken together, our results lead us to propose a model in which HHV-6A U37 activates the heat shock response to support viral gene expression and replication. IMPORTANCE Human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) is a dsDNA virus belonging to the Roseolovirus genus within the Betaherpesvirinae subfamily. It is frequently found in patients with neuroinflammatory disease, although its pathogenetic role, if any, awaits elucidation. The heat shock response is important for cell survival under stressful conditions that disrupt homeostasis. Our results indicate that HHV-6A U37 activates the heat shock element promoter and leads to the accumulation of heat shock proteins. Next, we show that the heat shock response is important for viral replication. Overall, our findings provide new insights into the function of HHV-6A U37 in host cell signaling and identify potential cellular targets involved in HHV-6A pathogenesis and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Rin Huang
- Division of Clinical Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Jun Arii
- Division of Clinical Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Mansaku Hirai
- Division of Clinical Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Nishimura
- Division of Clinical Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yasuko Mori
- Division of Clinical Virology, Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
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11
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Piotrowski SL, Tucker A, Jacobson S. The elusive role of herpesviruses in Alzheimer's disease: current evidence and future directions. NEUROIMMUNE PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS 2023; 2:253-266. [PMID: 38013835 PMCID: PMC10474380 DOI: 10.1515/nipt-2023-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. While pathologic hallmarks, such as extracellular beta-amyloid plaques, are well-characterized in affected individuals, the pathogenesis that causes plaque formation and eventual cognitive decline is not well understood. A recent resurgence of the decades-old "infectious hypothesis" has garnered increased attention on the potential role that microbes may play in AD. In this theory, it is thought that pathogens such as viruses may act as seeds for beta-amyloid aggregation, ultimately leading to plaques. Interest in the infectious hypothesis has also spurred further investigation into additional characteristics of viral infection that may play a role in AD progression, such as neuroinflammation, latency, and viral DNA integration. While a flurry of research in this area has been recently published, with herpesviruses being of particular interest, the role of pathogens in AD remains controversial. In this review, the insights gained thus far into the possible role of herpesviruses in AD are summarized. The challenges and potential future directions of herpesvirus research in AD and dementia are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey L. Piotrowski
- Viral Immunology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Comparative Biomedical Scientist Training Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Allison Tucker
- Viral Immunology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Steven Jacobson
- Viral Immunology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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12
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Zhu H, Ren V. Immunopathogenic Insights on Preferential Human Herpesvirus-6 Reactivation in Drug Rash With Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms: A Scoping Review. J Cutan Med Surg 2023; 27:388-398. [PMID: 37231539 PMCID: PMC10523827 DOI: 10.1177/12034754231177590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) is a ubiquitous lymphotropic betaherpesvirus that can reactivate in drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS). Despite recent publications advancing our understanding of HHV-6 in DRESS, the exact role of HHV-6 in disease pathogenesis remains unclear. METHODS A scoping review with the PubMed query "(HHV 6 AND (drug OR DRESS OR DIHS)) OR (HHV6 AND (drug OR DRESS OR DIHS))" was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Articles containing original data on at least one DRESS patient with HHV-6 testing were included. RESULTS Our search returned a total of 373 publications, of which 89 met eligibility criteria. HHV-6 reactivation occurred in 63% of DRESS patients (n = 748), which was significantly more often than other herpesviruses. HHV-6 reactivation was associated with worse outcomes and greater severity in controlled studies. Case reports have demonstrated sometimes fatal HHV-6-related multi-organ involvement. Temporally, HHV-6 reactivation typically occurs 2 to 4 weeks after DRESS onset and has been linked to markers of immunologic signaling, such as OX40 (CD134), an HHV-6 entry receptor. Efficacy of antiviral or immunoglobulin treatment has only been demonstrated anecdotally, and steroid use may affect HHV-6 reactivation. CONCLUSION HHV-6 is implicated in DRESS more than in any other dermatologic condition. It is still unclear whether HHV-6 reactivation is cause or consequence of DRESS dysregulation. Similar pathogenic mechanisms precipitated by HHV-6 in other contexts may be relevant in DRESS. Future randomized controlled studies to assess effects of viral suppression on clinical outcomes is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison Zhu
- School of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- HHV-6 Foundation, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Vicky Ren
- Department of Dermatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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13
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Beltrami S, Rizzo S, Schiuma G, Speltri G, Di Luca D, Rizzo R, Bortolotti D. Gestational Viral Infections: Role of Host Immune System. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1637. [PMID: 37512810 PMCID: PMC10383666 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections in pregnancy are major causes of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Infections can develop in the neonate transplacentally, perinatally, or postnatally (from breast milk or other sources) and lead to different clinical manifestations, depending on the viral agent and the gestational age at exposure. Viewing the peculiar tolerogenic status which characterizes pregnancy, viruses could exploit this peculiar immunological status to spread or affect the maternal immune system, adopting several evasion strategies. In fact, both DNA and RNA virus might have a deep impact on both innate and acquired immune systems. For this reason, investigating the interaction with these pathogens and the host's immune system during pregnancy is crucial not only for the development of most effective therapies and diagnosis but mostly for prevention. In this review, we will analyze some of the most important DNA and RNA viruses related to gestational infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Beltrami
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Science, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sabrina Rizzo
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Science, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giovanna Schiuma
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Science, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giorgia Speltri
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Science, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Dario Di Luca
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Roberta Rizzo
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Science, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Daria Bortolotti
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Science, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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14
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Miranda JL. Single-Cell Transcriptomics of Epstein-Barr Virus and Human Herpesvirus 6 Coinfection. Microbiol Resour Announc 2023:e0034223. [PMID: 37338391 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00342-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) infections are widespread in human populations. Here, I describe single-cell RNA sequencing of two lymphoblastoid cell lines harboring both episomal EBV and inherited chromosomally integrated HHV-6. Rare instances of HHV-6 expression appear enriched with EBV reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jj L Miranda
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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15
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Frau J, Coghe G, Lorefice L, Fenu G, Cocco E. The Role of Microorganisms in the Etiopathogenesis of Demyelinating Diseases. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1309. [PMID: 37374092 DOI: 10.3390/life13061309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica (NMO) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody disease (MOGAD) are inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) with a multifactorial aetiology. Environmental factors are important for their development and microorganisms could play a determining role. They can directly damage the CNS, but their interaction with the immune system is even more important. The possible mechanisms involved include molecular mimicry, epitope spreading, bystander activation and the dual cell receptor theory. The role of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in MS has been definitely established, since being seropositive is a necessary condition for the onset of MS. EBV interacts with genetic and environmental factors, such as low levels of vitamin D and human endogenous retrovirus (HERV), another microorganism implicated in the disease. Many cases of onset or exacerbation of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) have been described after infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, EBV and human immunodeficiency virus; however, no definite association with a virus has been found. A possible role has been suggested for Helicobacter pylori, in particular in individuals with aquaporin 4 antibodies. The onset of MOGAD could occur after an infection, mainly in the monophasic course of the disease. A role for the HERV in MOGAD has been hypothesized. In this review, we examined the current understanding of the involvement of infectious factors in MS, NMO and MOGAD. Our objective was to elucidate the roles of each microorganism in initiating the diseases and influencing their clinical progression. We aimed to discuss both the infectious factors that have a well-established role and those that have yielded conflicting results across various studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Frau
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, ASL Cagliari, 09126 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Coghe
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, ASL Cagliari, 09126 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Lorena Lorefice
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, ASL Cagliari, 09126 Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Eleonora Cocco
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, ASL Cagliari, 09126 Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
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16
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Itoh K, Tsutani H, Mitsuke Y, Iwasaki H. Two possible mechanisms of ganciclovir for treatment of major depressive disorder. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1109723. [PMID: 37181897 PMCID: PMC10166851 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1109723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Itoh
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Hospital Organization Awara Hospital, Awara, Japan
- Division of Infection Control and Prevention, University of Fukui Hospital, Fukui, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tsutani
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Hospital Organization Awara Hospital, Awara, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Mitsuke
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Hospital Organization Awara Hospital, Awara, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Iwasaki
- Division of Infection Control and Prevention, University of Fukui Hospital, Fukui, Japan
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Kyaw T, Drummond G, Bobik A, Peter K. Myocarditis: causes, mechanisms, and evolving therapies. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:225-238. [PMID: 36946552 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2193330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Myocarditis is a severe lymphocyte-mediated inflammatory disorder of the heart, mostly caused by viruses and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Recently, myocarditis as a rare adverse event of mRNA vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 has caused global attention. The clinical consequences of myocarditis can be very severe, but specific treatment options are lacking or not yet clinically proven. AREAS COVERED This paper offers a brief overview of the biology of viruses that frequently cause myocarditis, focusing on mechanisms important for viral entry and replication following host infection. Current and new potential therapeutic targets/strategies especially for viral myocarditis are reviewed systematically. In particular, the immune system in myocarditis is dissected with respect to infective viral and non-infective, ICI-induced myocarditis. EXPERT OPINION Vaccination is an excellent emerging preventative strategy for viral myocarditis, but most vaccines still require further development. Anti-viral treatments that inhibit viral replication need to be considered following viral infection in host myocardium, as lower viral load reduces inflammation severity. Understanding how the immune system continues to damage the heart even after viral clearance will define novel therapeutic targets/strategies. We propose that viral myocarditis can be best treated using a combination of antiviral agents and immunotherapies that control cytotoxic T cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin Kyaw
- Inflammation and Cardiovascular Disease Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
| | - Grant Drummond
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, La Trobe University Melbourne Australia
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alex Bobik
- Inflammation and Cardiovascular Disease Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
- Heart Centre, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- Inflammation and Cardiovascular Disease Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute
- Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, La Trobe University Melbourne Australia
- Heart Centre, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University Melbourne Australia
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Once Daily Foscarnet is Effective for HHV-6 Reactivation after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Transplant Cell Ther 2023:S2666-6367(23)01132-6. [PMID: 36878429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtct.2023.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) reactivation is common after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) and is associated with higher mortality and transplant-related complications. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that preemptive treatment with short course of foscarnet at lower cut point of plasma HHV-6 viral load would be effective in treating early HHV-6 reactivation, prevent complications and hospitalization of these patients. METHODS We reviewed outcomes of adult patients (18 years or older) who received preemptive treatment with once daily foscarnet 60-90 mg/kg for 7 days for HHV-6 reactivation after allo-HSCT at our institution between 05/2020-11/2022. Plasma HHV-6 viral load was monitored using quantitative polymerase chain reaction twice monthly in the first 100 days post-transplant and twice weekly after reactivation until resolution. RESULTS Eleven patients with a median age of 46 years (range, 23-73) were included in the analysis. Ten patients received HSCT from a haploidentical and one patient from HLA matched related donor. The most common diagnosis was acute leukemia (9 cases). Myeloablative- and reduced-intensity conditioning regimens were used in 4 cases and 7 cases, respectively. Most patients (10/11) received post-transplantation cyclophosphamide-based graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis. Median follow-up was 440 days (range, 174-831). Median time to HHV-6 reactivation was 22 days post-transplantation (range, 15-89), median level of viral load 3,100 copies/mL (range, 210-118,000) at first reactivation and median peak viral load was 11,300 copies/mL (range, 600-983,000). All patients received a short course of foscarnet of 90 mg/kg/day (N=7) and 60 mg/kg/day (N=4). Plasma HHV-6 DNA in all patients became undetected after completion of one week treatment. No HHV-6 encephalitis or pneumonitis occurred. All patients achieved neutrophil and platelet engraftment after a median time of 16 (range, 8-22) and 26 (range, 14-168) days, respectively, with no secondary graft failure. No complications related to foscarnet administration were noted. One patient with very high HHV-6 viremia had recurrent reactivation and received a second course of foscarnet as outpatient. CONCLUSIONS Short course of once daily foscarnet is effective in treating early HHV-6 reactivation post-transplant, may reduce incidence of HHV-6-related and treatment-related complications, and prevent hospitalization in these patients.
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19
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Imafuku S. Recent advance in management of herpes simplex in Japan. J Dermatol 2023; 50:299-304. [PMID: 36779390 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.16734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Herpes simplex, a common infection caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV), is transmitted through contact of the skin/mucous membrane and establishes latency in the sensory ganglia for the rest of the life of the host. HSV occasionally reactivates and forms blisters around the lips or genitalia in some patients. Repeated overt symptoms, and, much more frequent, subclinical reactivation in the mucosa, make the host retain anti-HSV immunity continuously, resulting in maintaining steadily elevated antibody titer at any point after infection. Clinical symptoms differ in primary infection and recurrence. Primary infections sometimes manifest as severe symptoms such as fever and lymphadenopathy in addition to blisters/erosions of the skin, gingiva, lips, and oral mucosa, while recurrent herpes is generally mild. Diagnosing typical herpes simplex is not difficult, but when the course and manifestations are typical, definitive tests to identify HSV infection are limited since serology is not useful except with primary infection. For treatment, safe and effective oral antiviral drugs are available. Patient-initiated therapy is a new method of administration labeled in Japan. Amenamevir, an inhibitor of viral helicase primase, is available in Japan and labeled in addition to herpes zoster. These new diagnostic and therapeutic tools should be used for better management of herpes simplex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Imafuku
- Faculty of Medicine - Dermatology, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
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20
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Inherited Chromosomally Integrated Human Herpesvirus 6: Laboratory and Clinical Features. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030548. [PMID: 36985122 PMCID: PMC10052293 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited chromosomally integrated human herpesvirus 6 (iciHHV-6) is a condition in which the complete HHV-6 genome is integrated into the chromosomes of the host germ cell and is vertically transmitted. The aims of this study were to identify iciHHV-6 prevalence in hospitalized patients and clinical features in individuals carrying this integration. HHV-6 PCR on hair follicles was used to confirm iciHHV-6 status when the blood viral load was more than 5 Log10 copies/mL. From January 2012 to June 2022, HHV-6 DNAemia was investigated in 2019 patients. In particular, 49 had a viral load higher than 6 Log10 copies/mL and HHV-6 DNA in hair follicles was positive. A viral load between 5.0 and 5.9 Log10 copies/mL was observed in 10 patients: 6 infants with acute HHV-6 infection and 4 patients with leukopenia and HHV-6 integration. Therefore, the iciHHV-6 prevalence in our population was 2.6% (53/2019). Adult patients with integration presented hematological (24%), autoimmune (11%), autoimmune neurological (19%), not-autoimmune neurological (22%), and other diseases (19%), whereas 5% had no clinically relevant disease. Although in our study population a high percentage of iciHHV-6 adult hospitalized patients presented a specific pathology, it is still unknown whether the integration is responsible for, or contributes to, the disease development.
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21
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Guo Y, Zhu Z, Cai W, Tao S, Yin D. Intracerebral opportunistic infections caused by immunosuppressants after orthotopic liver transplantation: Report of two cases and literature review. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1003254. [PMID: 36544772 PMCID: PMC9762491 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1003254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) infections in adults are rare because of normal immunity and the existence of the blood brain barrier, which prevents the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms. Liver transplant recipients are at an increased risk of opportunistic infections (OI) due to immunosuppressive therapy compared to those with normal immunity. Early diagnosis and timely implementation of treatment are critical for the successful treatment of these infections. We present two cases of intracerebral OI after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), with different clinical presentations. Patient 1 presented with epileptic seizures, mainly manifested as unresponsiveness, unconsciousness, and coma complicated with involuntary limb twitching. Patient 2 presented with a consciousness disorder, mainly manifested as unclear consciousness content, poor orientation, calculation power, and logical ability. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) examination of the cerebrospinal fluid confirmed human herpesvirus 6 B (HHV-6B) infection in patient 1 and intracranial Aspergillus infection in patient 2. Intracranial OI has insidious onset and atypical clinical manifestations. NGS can allow for the proper diagnosis and monitoring of the effects of treatment.
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22
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Hogestyn JM, Salois G, Xie L, Apa C, Youngyunpipatkul J, Pröschel C, Mayer-Pröschel M. Expression of the human herpesvirus 6A latency-associated transcript U94A impairs cytoskeletal functions in human neural cells. Mol Cell Neurosci 2022; 123:103770. [PMID: 36055520 PMCID: PMC10124163 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2022.103770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Many neurodegenerative diseases have a multifactorial etiology and variable course of progression that cannot be explained by current models. Neurotropic viruses have long been suggested to play a role in these diseases, although their exact contributions remain unclear. Human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) is one of the most common viruses detected in the adult brain, and has been clinically associated with multiple sclerosis (MS), and, more recently, Alzheimer's disease (AD). HHV-6A is a ubiquitous viral pathogen capable of infecting glia and neurons. Primary infection in childhood is followed by the induction of latency, characterized by expression of the U94A viral transcript in the absence of viral replication. Here we examine the effects of U94A on cells of the central nervous system. We found that U94A expression inhibits the migration and impairs cytoplasmic maturation of human oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) without affecting their viability, a phenotype that may contribute to the failure of remyelination seen in many patients with MS. A subsequent proteomics analysis of U94A expression OPCs revealed altered expression of genes involved in tubulin associated cytoskeletal regulation. As HHV-6A seems to significantly be associated with early AD pathology, we extended our initially analysis of the impact of U94A on human derived neurons. We found that U94A expression inhibits neurite outgrowth of primary human cortical neurons and impairs synapse maturation. Based on these data we suggest that U94A expression by latent HHV-6A in glial cells and neurons renders them susceptible to dysfunction and degeneration. Therefore, latent viral infections of the brain represent a unique pathological risk factor that may contribute to disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Hogestyn
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 633, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 633, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Garrick Salois
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 633, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 633, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Li Xie
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 633, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Connor Apa
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 633, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Stem cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 633, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Justin Youngyunpipatkul
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 633, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Christoph Pröschel
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 633, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Stem cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 633, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Margot Mayer-Pröschel
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 633, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 633, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA,.
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Carneiro VCDS, Pereira JG, de Paula VS. Family Herpesviridae and neuroinfections: current status and research in progress. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2022; 117:e220200. [PMID: 36417627 PMCID: PMC9677594 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760220200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This article addresses the relationship between human herpesviruses (HHVs) and neuroinfections. Alphaherpesviruses, betaherpesviruses and gammaherpesviruses are neurotropic viruses that establish latency and exhibit reactivation capacity. Encephalitis and meningitis are common in cases of HHV. The condition promoted by HHV infection is a purported trigger for certain neurodegenerative diseases. Ongoing studies have identified an association between HSV-1 and the occurrence of Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis and infections by HHV-6 and Epstein-Barr virus. In this review, we highlight the importance of research investigating the role of herpesviruses in the pathogenesis of diseases that affect the nervous system and describe other studies in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vanessa Salete de Paula
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil,+ Corresponding author:
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24
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Leung AKC, Lam J, Barankin B, Leong KF, Hon KL. Roseola Infantum: An Updated Review. Curr Pediatr Rev 2022; 20:CPR-EPUB-127686. [PMID: 36411550 DOI: 10.2174/1573396319666221118123844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Roseola infantum is a common viral disease that occurs during childhood worldwide. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this article is to familiarize pediatricians with the clinical manifestations, evaluation, diagnosis, and management of roseola infantum. METHODS A search was conducted in April, 2022, in PubMed Clinical Queries using the key terms "roseola infantum" OR "exanthem subitum" OR "sixth disease". The search strategy included all clinical trials, observational studies, and reviews published within the past 10 years. Only papers published in the English literature were included in this review. The information retrieved from the above search was used in the compilation of the present article. RESULTS Roseola infantum is a viral illness characterized by high fever that lasts 3 to 4 days, followed by the sudden appearance of rash at defervescence. The disease occurs most frequently in children between 6 months and 2 years of age. Human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) is the major cause of roseola infantum, followed by HHV-7. Transmission of the infection most likely results from the asymptomatic shedding of the virus in the saliva of the caregivers or other close contacts. Characteristically, the rash is discrete, rose-pink in color, circular or elliptical, macular or maculopapular, measuring 2 to 3 mm in diameter. The eruption is first seen on the trunk. It then spreads to the neck and proximal extremities. Typically, the rash blanches on pressure and subsides in 2 to 4 days without sequelae. Most children look well otherwise and appear to be happy, active, alert, and playful. The diagnosis is mainly clinical. Febrile seizures occur in 10 to 15 % of children with roseola infantum during the febrile period. In general, serious complications are rare and occur more often in individuals who are immunocompromised. There is no specific treatment. An antipyretic may be used to reduce fever and discomfort. CONCLUSION Roseola infantum is generally a benign and self-limited disease. Failure to recognize this condition may result in undue parental fear, unnecessary investigations, delay in treatment for conditions that mimic roseola infantum and complications from roseola infantum, unnecessary treatment of roseola infantum per se, and misuse of healthcare expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander K C Leung
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Calgary, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Joseph Lam
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Dermatology and Skin Sciences University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia
| | | | - Kin Fon Leong
- Pediatric Institute, Kuala Lumpur General Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kam Lun Hon
- Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, and Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Hong Kong Children's Hospital, Hong Kong
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25
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Shimohama S, Iizuka T, Takizawa T, Watanabe N, Tezuka T, Matsuda K, Yamanoi K, Kanazawa N, Kawamura Y, Yoshikawa T, Suzuki T, Takao M, Nakahara J, Izawa Y. Anti‐N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor encephalitis with concurrent human herpes virus‐6A deoxyribonucleic acid detection: An autopsy case. Neuropathology 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/neup.12881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sho Shimohama
- Department of Neurology Keio University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Takahiro Iizuka
- Department of Neurology Kitasato University School of Medicine Sagamihara Japan
| | - Tsubasa Takizawa
- Department of Neurology Keio University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Narumi Watanabe
- Department of Neurology Keio University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Toshiki Tezuka
- Department of Neurology Keio University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Kosuke Matsuda
- Department of Pathology Keio University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yamanoi
- Department of Pathology Keio University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Naomi Kanazawa
- Department of Neurology Kitasato University School of Medicine Sagamihara Japan
| | - Yoshiki Kawamura
- Department of Pediatrics Fujita Health University School of Medicine Toyoake Japan
| | - Tetsushi Yoshikawa
- Department of Pediatrics Fujita Health University School of Medicine Toyoake Japan
| | - Tadaki Suzuki
- Department of Pathology National Institute of Infectious Diseases Tokyo Japan
| | - Masaki Takao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP) National Center Hospital Kodaira Japan
| | - Jin Nakahara
- Department of Neurology Keio University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Yoshikane Izawa
- Department of Neurology Keio University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
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26
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Friedl MS, Djakovic L, Kluge M, Hennig T, Whisnant AW, Backes S, Dölken L, Friedel CC. HSV-1 and influenza infection induce linear and circular splicing of the long NEAT1 isoform. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276467. [PMID: 36279270 PMCID: PMC9591066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) virion host shut-off (vhs) protein cleaves both cellular and viral mRNAs by a translation-initiation-dependent mechanism, which should spare circular RNAs (circRNAs). Here, we show that vhs-mediated degradation of linear mRNAs leads to an enrichment of circRNAs relative to linear mRNAs during HSV-1 infection. This was also observed in influenza A virus (IAV) infection, likely due to degradation of linear host mRNAs mediated by the IAV PA-X protein and cap-snatching RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. For most circRNAs, enrichment was not due to increased circRNA synthesis but due to a general loss of linear RNAs. In contrast, biogenesis of a circRNA originating from the long isoform (NEAT1_2) of the nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1 (NEAT1) was induced both in HSV-1 infection-in a vhs-independent manner-and in IAV infection. This was associated with induction of novel linear splicing of NEAT1_2 both within and downstream of the circRNA. NEAT1_2 forms a scaffold for paraspeckles, nuclear bodies located in the interchromatin space, must likely remain unspliced for paraspeckle assembly and is up-regulated in HSV-1 and IAV infection. We show that NEAT1_2 splicing and up-regulation can be induced by ectopic co-expression of the HSV-1 immediate-early proteins ICP22 and ICP27, potentially linking increased expression and splicing of NEAT1_2. To identify other conditions with NEAT1_2 splicing, we performed a large-scale screen of published RNA-seq data. This uncovered both induction of NEAT1_2 splicing and poly(A) read-through similar to HSV-1 and IAV infection in cancer cells upon inhibition or knockdown of CDK7 or the MED1 subunit of the Mediator complex phosphorylated by CDK7. In summary, our study reveals induction of novel circular and linear NEAT1_2 splicing isoforms as a common characteristic of HSV-1 and IAV infection and highlights a potential role of CDK7 in HSV-1 or IAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Sophie Friedl
- Institute of Informatics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Lara Djakovic
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Kluge
- Institute of Informatics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Hennig
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Adam W. Whisnant
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Simone Backes
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lars Dölken
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Caroline C. Friedel
- Institute of Informatics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
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ATF1 Restricts Human Herpesvirus 6A Replication via Beta Interferon Induction. J Virol 2022; 96:e0126422. [PMID: 36154610 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01264-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The stimulus-induced cAMP response element (CRE)-binding protein (CREB) family of transcription factors bind to CREs to regulate diverse cellular responses, including proliferation, survival, and differentiation. Human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A), which belongs to the Betaherpesvirinae subfamily, is a lymphotropic herpesvirus frequently found in patients with neuroinflammatory diseases. Previous reports implicated the importance of CREs in the HHV-6A life cycle, although the effects of the binding of transcription factors to CREs in viral replication have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we analyzed the role of the CREB family of transcription factors during HHV-6A replication. We found that HHV-6A infection enhanced phosphorylation of the CREB family members CREB1 and activating transcription factor 1 (ATF1). Knockout (KO) of CREB1 or ATF1 enhanced viral gene expression and viral replication. The increase in viral yields in supernatants from ATF1-KO cells was greater than that in supernatants from CREB1-KO cells. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis showed that sensors of the innate immune system were downregulated in ATF1-KO cells, and mRNAs of beta interferon (IFN-β) and IFN-regulated genes were reduced in these cells infected with HHV-6A. IFN-β treatment of ATF1-KO cells reduced progeny viral yields significantly, suggesting that the enhancement of viral replication was caused by a reduction of IFN-β. Taken together, our results suggest that ATF1 is activated during HHV-6A infection and restricts viral replication via IFN-β induction. IMPORTANCE Human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) is a ubiquitous herpesvirus implicated in Alzheimer's disease, although its role in its pathogenesis has not been confirmed. Here, we showed that the transcription factor ATF1 restricts HHV-6A replication, mediated by IFN-β induction. Our study provides new insights into the role of ATF1 in innate viral immunity and reveals the importance of IFN-β for regulation of HHV-6A replication, which possibly impairs HHV-6A pathogenesis.
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Namdari S, Chong PP, Behzad-Behbahani A, Geramizadeh B, Nazhvani AD, Sekawi Z, Farhadi A. Human herpesvirus 6A and 6B and polyomavirus JC and BK infections in renal cell carcinoma and their relationship with p53, p16INK4a, Ki-67, and nuclear factor-kappa B expression. Microbiol Immunol 2022; 66:510-518. [PMID: 36073532 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.13026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
There are a limited number of studies regarding the involvement of viruses in the development and pathogenesis of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). In this study, we aimed to discover whether human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) and 6B (HHV-6B) and human polyomavirus JC (JCV) and BK (BKV) are associated with RCC and the expression of p53, p16INK4a, Ki-67 and NF-κB in RCC patients. A total of 122 histologically confirmed RCC tissue specimens and 96 specimens of their corresponding peritumoral tissues were included in this prospective study. Nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) was performed in order to amplify viral DNA sequences. Restriction endonuclease analysis was carried out to discriminate between HHV-6A and HHV-6B. p53, p16INK4a, Ki-67, and NF-κB immunostaining data of the studied tissue specimens were available from our previous study. Statistical analysis was performed to demonstrate the potential associations. HHV-6B and JCV were detected in 10.7% and 13.9% of RCC patients, respectively. We did not detect HHV-6A and BKV in any of RCC tissue specimens. Moreover, no association was found between either of these viruses and RCC. Our study revealed a significant association between HHV-6B and p53 overexpression. No other associations were found between cellular biomarkers p53, p16INK4a, Ki-67, and NF-κB and the studied viruses. The data of the present study, though very limited, disprove the involvement of HHV-6A, HHV-6B, BKV, and JCV in the initiation or progression of RCC. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepide Namdari
- Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Pei Pei Chong
- School of Biosciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Abbas Behzad-Behbahani
- Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bita Geramizadeh
- Department of Pathology, Medical School of Shiraz University, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Dehghani Nazhvani
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Biomaterials Research Center, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zamberi Sekawi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ali Farhadi
- Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Vyazovaya AA, Narvskaya OV, Vedernikov VE, Nikolskiy MA. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the U86 Gene of Human betaherpesvirus 6B. MOLECULAR GENETICS, MICROBIOLOGY AND VIROLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3103/s0891416822030090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Epstein–Barr Virus and Human Herpesvirus-6 Reactivation in Acute COVID-19 Patients. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091872. [PMID: 36146679 PMCID: PMC9504756 DOI: 10.3390/v14091872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Beyond their pulmonary disease, many COVID-19 patients experience a complex constellation of characteristics, including hyperinflammatory responses, autoimmune disorders, and coagulopathies. However, the pathogenesis of these aspects of COVID-19 is obscure. More than 90% of people are latently infected with the lymphotropic herpesviruses Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) and/or Human Herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6). Some of the inflammatory features of COVID-19 resemble clinical syndromes seen during EBV and HHV-6 infection, and these latent viruses can be reactivated by inflammatory mediators. We hypothesized that EBV and HHV-6 reactivation might be a common feature of early COVID-19, particularly in patients with more inflammation. We tested for EBV and HHV-6 reactivation in 67 patients acutely hospitalized with COVID-19 using previously validated quantitative PCR assays on the plasma. In our cohort, we found that 15/67 (22.4%) patients had detectable EBV and 3/67 (4.5%) had detectable HHV-6. This frequency of activation is somewhat more than the frequency reported for some healthy cohorts, such as blood donors and other healthy control cohorts. There was no association between EBV or HHV-6 and markers indicative of more inflammatory disease. We conclude that EBV and HHV-6 activation at about day 7 of hospitalization occurred in a modest fraction of our cohort of COVID-19 patients and was not associated with high levels of inflammation. In the modest fraction of patients, EBV and HHV-6 reactivation could contribute to some features of acute disease and pre-disposition to post-acute sequelae in a subset of patients.
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31
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Handley G. Current Role of Prospective Monitoring, Pre-emptive and Prophylactic Therapy for Human Herpesvirus-6 after Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac398. [PMID: 36004309 PMCID: PMC9394762 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) frequently reactivates after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT). Most patients are asymptomatic and viremia often resolves without therapy; however, transplant-related complications may be associated with reactivation. Multiple presentations have been attributed to HHV-6 reactivation after SCT including encephalitis. Several strategies have been trialed to reduce such risks or complications. Challenges exist with prospective monitoring strategies, and established thresholds of high-level reactivation may be limited. Three published guidelines and extensive trials focusing on preemptive and prophylactic strategies are reviewed. Future areas of investigation and high-risk populations are described. Existing trials and testing platforms have significant limitations, and to date no clear benefit for a preemptive or prophylactic intervention has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Handley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease and International Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida , Tampa, FL , USA
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute , Tampa, FL , USA
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Darvish Molla Z, Kalbasi S, Kalantari S, Bidari Zerehpoosh F, Shayestehpour M, Yazdani S. Evaluation of the association between human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2022; 14:563-567. [PMID: 36721502 PMCID: PMC9867642 DOI: 10.18502/ijm.v14i4.10243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives Hashimoto's thyroiditis is a chronic inflammation and an autoimmune disease of the thyroid gland that causes hypothyroidism. Genetic, internal, and environmental factors are the causes of this disease. Because human herpes viruses such as herpesvirus type 6 (HHV-6) are involved in some autoimmune disorders, they may also play a role in causing this disease. This study aimed to evaluate the association between human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6) with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Materials and Methods In the present study, 64 samples of thyroid paraffin tissue including 32 samples of thyroid paraffin tissue of healthy individuals as control, and 32 samples of thyroid paraffin tissue of Hashimoto's thyroiditis patients were taken from the pathology department of Loghman Hakim Hospital in Tehran. A questionnaire collected demographic information of patients. After DNA extraction from the samples, the nested-PCR technique was performed using specific primers for HHV-6. Results Totally, the HHV6-DNA was found in 34.4% of thyroid tissues of healthy individuals (81.8% female and 18.2% male) and 46.9% of patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (73.3% female and 26.7% male). It was found that this difference in virus frequency between the two groups was not statistically significant (P value=0.309). There was also no statistically significant relationship between the prevalence of human herpesvirus type 6 and age or sex. Conclusion Based on the present study, the number of HHV-6-infected individuals in Hashimoto's patients and controls did not differ significantly; therefore, HHV-6 appears not to be associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Darvish Molla
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Kalbasi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Kalantari
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farahnaz Bidari Zerehpoosh
- Department of Pathology, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shayestehpour
- Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran,Corresponding author: Mohammad Shayestehpour, Ph.D, Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran. Tel: +98-9362122840 Fax: +98-03155589444
| | - Shaghayegh Yazdani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran,Co-Corresponding author: Shaghayegh Yazdani, Ph.D, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Tel: +98-03155589444
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Investigation of the Involvement of HHV-6 Encoded Viral Chemokine Receptors in Autoimmune Thyroiditis Development. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0236921. [PMID: 35604160 PMCID: PMC9241611 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02369-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) contains two genes (U12 and U51) that encode putative homologues of human G-protein-coupled receptors like CCR1, CCR3, and CCR5. It has been shown that these viral proteins can be expressed on the surface of epithelial and some peripheral blood mononuclear cells, suggesting that they could potentially induce autoimmunity. We aimed to investigate the possibility of HHV-6 encoded viral chemokine receptors (U12 and U51) involvement in autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) development by detecting viral peptide specific antibodies in AIT patient samples. Seventy-nine AIT patients whose thyroid tissues were shown to be positive for HHV-6 and 32 blood donors were enrolled in this study. Twenty-eight synthetic peptides derived from HHV-6 U12 and U51 proteins’ amino acid sequences, as well as recombinant human CCR1, CCR3, and CCR5 proteins were used in suspension multiplex immunological assay to detect specific IgG and IgM antibodies. HHV-6 peptide specific IgG and IgM antibodies were found in patients’ samples. AIT patients' samples were found to be more frequently positive for peptide IgGs in comparison to control group’s samples. Even though peptide antibody cross-reactivity with human CCRs was not demonstrated, our results show a new immunogenic HHV-6 antigen—a possible new player in the HHV-6 induced autoimmunity exacerbation. IMPORTANCE The study of human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) involvement in autoimmunity development is very challenging, due to the complex nature of this virus. HHV-6 is a ubiquitous, lifelong persistent, and immunomodulating virus, which mainly spreads in solid tissues using cell-to-cell mechanics, and thus can escape from the host’s immune response. It has been implicated as an environmental factor in several autoimmune diseases. An association between HHV-6 and autoimmune thyroiditis has been demonstrated, yet clear mechanism of involvement remains to be elucidated, since the virus can be detected in nearly all autoimmune thyroiditis patient thyroid glands. Our results show new potentially immunogenic human herpesvirus-6 antigens—possible new players in the HHV-6 induced autoimmunity exacerbation, which could be subjects for further research. Together with previously published results, this study described possible mechanisms which may underlie the induction of autoimmune reactivities against thyroid tissues in AIT.
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Faierstein K, Shilo N, Levartovsky A, Raphael R, Givon A, Agmon-Levin N, Mayan H. Autoimmune Neutropenia Associated With HHV-6 Virus Infection: A Case Report. Front Immunol 2022; 13:880016. [PMID: 35615353 PMCID: PMC9124847 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.880016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autoimmune neutropenia (AIN) is divided into primary and secondary forms. The former is more prevalent in children and is usually a self-limiting disease. Secondary AIN is more common in adults and often occurs in the setting of another autoimmune disorder or secondary to infections, malignancies or medications. Several viral and bacterial pathogens were described to trigger AIN. Here we report a case of AIN in an adult woman associated with human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) infection. Case Presentation We report a case of AIN in an adult woman associated with HHV-6 infection. The patient presented to the emergency department with fever and painful genital ulcers. Upon arrival, her laboratory workup demonstrated severe neutropenia and elevated inflammatory markers. She was hospitalized and underwent a thorough infectious, hematological, autoimmune and inflammatory workup. Malignancy was also excluded using an advanced whole body radiological scan. Serological tests confirmed the presence of both acute and chronic types of HHV-6 antibodies, at very high titers. Polymerase chain reaction demonstrated a numerous copies of the virus in the patient’s blood. Specific immunofluorescence test confirmed the diagnosis of autoimmune neutropenia. Conclusion Secondary AIN is a rare disease that may affect all range of ages. The adult type is a challenging disorder that has different etiologies and may be triggered by a variable infectious pathogen. The finding of HHV-6 as a possible culprit pathogen may warrant physicians into widening the evaluation and include HHV-6 in the analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kobi Faierstein
- Department of Medicine E, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- *Correspondence: Kobi Faierstein,
| | - Noya Shilo
- Department of Medicine E, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Asaf Levartovsky
- Department of Medicine E, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Roy Raphael
- Department of Medicine E, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Amir Givon
- Department of Medicine E, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nancy Agmon-Levin
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Clinical Immunology, Angioedema and Allergy Unit, Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Haim Mayan
- Department of Medicine E, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Lundström W, Gustafsson R. Human Herpesvirus 6A Is a Risk Factor for Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:840753. [PMID: 35222435 PMCID: PMC8866567 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.840753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The role for human herpesvirus (HHV)-6A or HHV-6B in multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis has been controversial. Possibly because the damage of the virus infection may occur before onset of clinical symptoms and because it has been difficult to detect active infection and separate serological responses to HHV-6A or 6B. Recent studies report that in MS patients the serological response against HHV-6A is increased whereas it is decreased against HHV-6B. This effect seems to be even more pronounced in MS patients prior to diagnosis and supports previous studies postulating a predomination for HHV-6A in MS disease and suggests that the infection is important at early stages of the disease. Furthermore, HHV-6A infection interacts with other factors suspected of modulating MS susceptibility and progression such as infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Cytomegalovirus (CMV), tobacco smoking, HLA alleles, UV irradiation and vitamin D levels. The multifactorial nature of MS and pathophysiological role for HHV-6A in inflammation and autoimmunity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangko Lundström
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rasmus Gustafsson
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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36
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Berneking L, Both A, Langebrake C, Aepfelbacher M, Lütgehetmann M, Kröger N, Christopeit M. Detection of human herpes virus 6 DNA and chromosomal integration after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a retrospective single center analysis. Transpl Infect Dis 2022; 24:e13836. [PMID: 35389547 DOI: 10.1111/tid.13836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6) can reactivate after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) and may be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. METHODS The epidemiology of HHV-6 infections and their impact on outcome after allo-HSCT were retrospectively analyzed in 689 adult allo-HSCT recipients (January 2015-December 2018). Chromosomal integration of HHV-6 (ciHHV-6) in the donor was retrospectively investigated to critically evaluate antiviral treatment strategies. RESULTS HHV-6 DNA in any specimen was found in 89 patients. HHV-6 infections (encephalitis (1), gastroenteritis (44), dermatitis (2), hepatitis (1) or pneumonitis (5)) were diagnosed in 53/689 patients (7.7%). Elevated levels of HHV-6 DNA were found in 38 patients (5.5%). CiHHV-6, analyzed in patients with HHV-6 viral loads ≥104 copies/mL, was identified in 4 patients (10/38 patients; 10.5%). Two of those displayed copy numbers of HHV-6 ranging from ≥ 2 × 105 to 2.5 × 106 copies/mL (HHV-6A). Here, ciHHV-6 was integrated into donor and not into the patients' cells. In this series of allo-HSCT recipients, 10.5% of patients with blood viral loads of HHV-6 showed ciHHV-6. CONCLUSION Screening of the donor for chromosomal integration of HHV-6 (ciHHV-6) before initiation of antiviral therapy is recommended. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Berneking
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna Both
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Langebrake
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Hospital Pharmacy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Aepfelbacher
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marc Lütgehetmann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicolaus Kröger
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Christopeit
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Medical Clinic, Department of Hematology, Oncology, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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Mentzer AJ, Brenner N, Allen N, Littlejohns TJ, Chong AY, Cortes A, Almond R, Hill M, Sheard S, McVean G, Collins R, Hill AVS, Waterboer T. Identification of host-pathogen-disease relationships using a scalable multiplex serology platform in UK Biobank. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1818. [PMID: 35383168 PMCID: PMC8983701 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29307-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain infectious agents are recognised causes of cancer and other chronic diseases. To understand the pathological mechanisms underlying such relationships, here we design a Multiplex Serology platform to measure quantitative antibody responses against 45 antigens from 20 infectious agents including human herpes, hepatitis, polyoma, papilloma, and retroviruses, as well as Chlamydia trachomatis, Helicobacter pylori and Toxoplasma gondii, then assayed a random subset of 9695 UK Biobank participants. We find seroprevalence estimates consistent with those expected from prior literature and confirm multiple associations of antibody responses with sociodemographic characteristics (e.g., lifetime sexual partners with C. trachomatis), HLA genetic variants (rs6927022 with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) EBNA1 antibodies) and disease outcomes (human papillomavirus-16 seropositivity with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, and EBV responses with multiple sclerosis). Our accessible dataset is one of the largest incorporating diverse infectious agents in a prospective UK cohort offering opportunities to improve our understanding of host-pathogen-disease relationships with significant clinical and public health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Mentzer
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK ,grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicole Brenner
- grid.7497.d0000 0004 0492 0584Division of Infections and Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Naomi Allen
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK ,grid.421945.f0000 0004 0396 0496UK Biobank, Stockport, UK ,grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas J. Littlejohns
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK ,grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Amanda Y. Chong
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adrian Cortes
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rachael Almond
- grid.421945.f0000 0004 0396 0496UK Biobank, Stockport, UK
| | - Michael Hill
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK ,grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948MRC-Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Simon Sheard
- grid.421945.f0000 0004 0396 0496UK Biobank, Stockport, UK
| | - Gil McVean
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Rory Collins
- grid.421945.f0000 0004 0396 0496UK Biobank, Stockport, UK ,grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adrian V. S. Hill
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK ,grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tim Waterboer
- Division of Infections and Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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Romeo MA, Montani MSG, Benedetti R, Arena A, Gaeta A, Cirone M. The dysregulation of autophagy and ER stress induced by HHV-6A infection activates pro-inflammatory pathways and promotes the release of inflammatory cytokines and cathepsin S by CNS cells. Virus Res 2022; 313:198726. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Jasinski-Bergner S, Schmiedel D, Mandelboim O, Seliger B. Role of HLA-G in Viral Infections. Front Immunol 2022; 13:826074. [PMID: 35237271 PMCID: PMC8882596 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.826074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G is a non-classical HLA class I molecule, which has distinct features to classical HLA-A, -B, -C antigens, such as a low polymorphism, different splice variants, highly restricted, tightly regulated expression and immune modulatory properties. HLA-G expression in tumor cells and virus-infected cells, as well as the release of soluble HLA-G leads to escape from host immune surveillance. Increased knowledge of the link between HLA-G expression, viral infection and disease progression is urgently required, which highlights the possible use of HLA-G as novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for viral infections, but also as therapeutic target. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the expression, regulation, function and impact of HLA-G in the context of different viral infections including virus-associated cancers. The characterization of HLA-G-driven immune escape mechanisms involved in the interactions between host cells and viruses might result in the design of novel immunotherapeutic strategies targeting HLA-G and/or its interaction with its receptors on immune effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Jasinski-Bergner
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Dominik Schmiedel
- Department of Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) Development & Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products (ATMP) Design, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ofer Mandelboim
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The BioMedical Research Institute Israel Canada of the Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Barbara Seliger
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Department of Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) Development & Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products (ATMP) Design, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Barbara Seliger,
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40
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Ono T, Iwasaki T, Terada Y, Mori Y, Nejima R, Ozaki M, Mochizuki M, Miyata K. Long-term outcome in corneal endotheliitis with molecular detection of herpes simplex virus 1 and human herpes virus 6: a case report. BMC Ophthalmol 2022; 22:48. [PMID: 35105322 PMCID: PMC8808982 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-022-02274-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) is known to cause exanthema subitem and has been detected in various ocular diseases, including keratitis, uveitis, optic neuritis, and endophthalmitis; however, the long-term outcome after the reactivation of HHV-6B has not been well-addressed. Sugita et al. previously reported the concomitant presence of HHV-6B with herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) in the aqueous fluid at the onset of corneal endotheliitis. We focused on the same patient with corneal endotheliitis, in whom both HSV-1 and HHV-6B sequences were observed, and reported the clinical course and long-term outcomes. CASE PRESENTATION A 64-year-old woman was referred to our center for visual disturbances in the left eye. Her best-corrected visual acuity in the left eye was 0.5 and the left intraocular pressure was elevated to 33 mmHg. Mid-sized keratic precipitates and 2+ cells were observed in the anterior chamber with corneal endothelial edema and reduction of the corneal endothelial cell density to 1828 cells/mm2. The patient was diagnosed with corneal endotheliitis with increased intraocular pressure. Polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed the concomitant presence of both HSV-1 and HHV-6B sequences in the left aqueous fluid. After treatment with oral valacyclovir and topical betamethasone, her intraocular inflammation gradually improved and has not recurred at 12 years after corneal endotheliitis onset although corneal opacity remained. CONCLUSIONS Reactivation of HHV-6B infection might be associated with HSV-1 corneal endotheliitis; however, no serious late sequelae occurred after appropriate treatment for HSV-1 infection in this immunocompetent host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ono
- Miyata Eye Hospital, 6-3, Kuraharacho, Miyakonojo, Miyazaki, 885-0051, Japan. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takuya Iwasaki
- Miyata Eye Hospital, 6-3, Kuraharacho, Miyakonojo, Miyazaki, 885-0051, Japan
| | - Yukiko Terada
- Miyata Eye Hospital, 6-3, Kuraharacho, Miyakonojo, Miyazaki, 885-0051, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosai Mori
- Miyata Eye Hospital, 6-3, Kuraharacho, Miyakonojo, Miyazaki, 885-0051, Japan
| | - Ryohei Nejima
- Miyata Eye Hospital, 6-3, Kuraharacho, Miyakonojo, Miyazaki, 885-0051, Japan
| | | | - Manabu Mochizuki
- Miyata Eye Hospital, 6-3, Kuraharacho, Miyakonojo, Miyazaki, 885-0051, Japan
| | - Kazunori Miyata
- Miyata Eye Hospital, 6-3, Kuraharacho, Miyakonojo, Miyazaki, 885-0051, Japan
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Elsanhoury A, Kühl U, Stautner B, Klein O, Krannich A, Morris D, Willner M, Jankowska E, Klingel K, Van Linthout S, Tschöpe C. The Spontaneous Course of Human Herpesvirus 6 DNA-Associated Myocarditis and the Effect of Immunosuppressive Intervention. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020299. [PMID: 35215893 PMCID: PMC8879301 DOI: 10.3390/v14020299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: This study investigated the spontaneous clinical course of patients with endomyocardial biopsy (EMB)-proven lymphocytic myocarditis and cardiac human herpesvirus 6 (HHV6) DNA presence, and the effectiveness of steroid-based intervention in HHV6-positive patients. Results: 756 heart failure (HF) patients underwent an EMB procedure to determine the underlying cause of unexplained HF. Low levels of HHV6 DNA, detectable by nested PCR only, were found in 10.4% of the cases (n = 79) of which 62% (n = 49) showed myocardial inflammation. The spontaneous course of patients with EMB-proven HHV6 DNA-associated lymphocytic myocarditis (n = 26) showed significant improvements in the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and clinical symptoms, respectively, in 15/26 (60%) patients, 3–12 months after disease onset. EMB mRNA expression of components of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway and protein analysis of cardiac remodeling markers, analyzed by real-time PCR and MALDI mass spectrometry, respectively, did not differ between HHV6-positive and -negative patients. In another cohort of patients with ongoing symptoms related to lymphocytic myocarditis associated with cardiac levels of HHV6-DNA copy numbers <500 copies/µg cardiac DNA, quantified by real-time PCR, the efficacy and safety of steroid-based immunosuppression for six months was investigated. Steroid-based immunosuppression improved the LVEF (≥5%) in 8/10 patients and reduced cardiac inflammation in 7/10 patients, without an increase in cardiac HHV6 DNA levels in follow-up EMBs. Conclusion: Low HHV6 DNA levels are frequently detected in the myocardium, independent of inflammation. In patients with lymphocytic myocarditis with low levels of HHV6 DNA, the spontaneous clinical improvement is nearby 60%. In selected symptomatic patients with cardiac HHV6 DNA copy numbers less than 500 copies/µg cardiac DNA and without signs of an active systemic HHV6 infection, steroid-based therapy was found to be effective and safe. This finding needs to be further confirmed in large, randomized trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Elsanhoury
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charite (BIH)-Universitätmedizin Berlin-BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), 13353 Berlin, Germany; (A.E.); (U.K.); (B.S.); (O.K.); (S.V.L.)
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Kühl
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charite (BIH)-Universitätmedizin Berlin-BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), 13353 Berlin, Germany; (A.E.); (U.K.); (B.S.); (O.K.); (S.V.L.)
- Department Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité—University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (D.M.); (M.W.)
| | - Bruno Stautner
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charite (BIH)-Universitätmedizin Berlin-BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), 13353 Berlin, Germany; (A.E.); (U.K.); (B.S.); (O.K.); (S.V.L.)
- Institute of Heart Diseases, University Hospital Wroclaw, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Oliver Klein
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charite (BIH)-Universitätmedizin Berlin-BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), 13353 Berlin, Germany; (A.E.); (U.K.); (B.S.); (O.K.); (S.V.L.)
| | - Alexander Krannich
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13125 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Daniel Morris
- Department Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité—University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (D.M.); (M.W.)
| | - Monika Willner
- Department Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité—University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (D.M.); (M.W.)
| | - Ewa Jankowska
- Institute of Heart Diseases, University Hospital Wroclaw, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Institute of Heart Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Karin Klingel
- Cardiopathology, Institute for Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany;
| | - Sophie Van Linthout
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charite (BIH)-Universitätmedizin Berlin-BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), 13353 Berlin, Germany; (A.E.); (U.K.); (B.S.); (O.K.); (S.V.L.)
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Tschöpe
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charite (BIH)-Universitätmedizin Berlin-BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), 13353 Berlin, Germany; (A.E.); (U.K.); (B.S.); (O.K.); (S.V.L.)
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- Department Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité—University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (D.M.); (M.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(30)-450-553711
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Cytomegalovirus and other herpesviruses after hematopoietic cell and solid organ transplantation: From antiviral drugs to virus-specific T cells. Transpl Immunol 2022; 71:101539. [PMID: 35051589 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2022.101539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Herpesviruses can either cause primary infection or may get reactivated after both hematopoietic cell and solid organ transplantations. In general, viral infections increase post-transplant morbidity and mortality. Prophylactic, preemptive, or therapeutically administered antiviral drugs may be associated with serious side effects and may induce viral resistance. Virus-specific T cells represent a valuable addition to antiviral treatment, with high rates of response and minimal side effects. Even low numbers of virus-specific T cells manufactured by direct selection methods can reconstitute virus-specific immunity after transplantation and control viral replication. Virus-specific T cells belong to the advanced therapy medicinal products, and their production is regulated by appropriate legislation; also, strict safety regulations are required to minimize their side effects.
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Ogawa H, Fujikura D, Namba H, Yamashita N, Honda T, Yamada M. Nectin-2 Acts as a Viral Entry Mediated Molecule That Binds to Human Herpesvirus 6B Glycoprotein B. Viruses 2022; 14:v14010160. [PMID: 35062364 PMCID: PMC8779676 DOI: 10.3390/v14010160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) is a T-lymphotropic virus and the etiological agent of exanthem subitum. HHV-6B is present in a latent or persistent form after primary infection and is produced in the salivary glands or transmitted to this organ. Infected individuals continue to secrete the virus in their saliva, which is thus considered a source for virus transmission. HHV-6B primarily propagates in T cells because its entry receptor, CD134, is mainly expressed by activated T cells. The virus then spreads to the host’s organs, including the salivary glands, nervous system, and liver. However, CD134 expression is not detected in these organs. Therefore, HHV-6B may be entering cells via a currently unidentified cell surface molecule, but the mechanisms for this have not yet been investigated. In this study, we investigated a CD134-independent virus entry mechanism in the parotid-derived cell line HSY. First, we confirmed viral infection in CD134-membrane unanchored HSY cells. We then determined that nectin cell adhesion molecule 2 (nectin-2) mediated virus entry and that HHV-6B-insensitive T-cells transduced with nectin-2 were transformed into virus-permissive cells. We also found that virus entry was significantly reduced in nectin-2 knockout parotid-derived cells. Furthermore, we showed that HHV-6B glycoprotein B (gB) interacted with the nectin-2 V-set domain. The results suggest that nectin-2 acts as an HHV-6B entry-mediated protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohito Ogawa
- Department of Virology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (H.N.); (N.Y.); (T.H.)
- Correspondence: (H.O.); (M.Y.)
| | - Daisuke Fujikura
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Higashi 23-35-1, Towada 034-8628, Japan;
| | - Hikaru Namba
- Department of Virology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (H.N.); (N.Y.); (T.H.)
| | - Nobuko Yamashita
- Department of Virology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (H.N.); (N.Y.); (T.H.)
| | - Tomoyuki Honda
- Department of Virology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (H.N.); (N.Y.); (T.H.)
| | - Masao Yamada
- Department of Virology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; (H.N.); (N.Y.); (T.H.)
- Correspondence: (H.O.); (M.Y.)
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Singh A, Dandoy CE, Chen M, Kim S, Mulroney CM, Kharfan-Dabaja MA, Ganguly S, Maziarz RT, Kanakry CG, Kanakry JA, Patel SS, Hill JA, De Oliveir S, Taplitz R, Hematti P, Lazarus HM, Abid MB, Goldsmith SR, Romee R, Komanduri KV, Badawy SM, Friend BD, Beitinjaneh A, Politikos I, Perales MA, Riches M. Post-Transplantation Cyclophosphamide Is Associated with an Increase in Non-Cytomegalovirus Herpesvirus Infections in Patients with Acute Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndrome. Transplant Cell Ther 2022; 28:48.e1-48.e10. [PMID: 34587551 PMCID: PMC9717499 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtct.2021.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The use of post-transplantation cyclophosphamide (PTCy) for graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis in recipients of haploidentical and fully matched transplantations is on the increase. Published studies have reported an increased incidence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection with the use of PTCy. Limited data exist on the incidence and outcomes of infection with non-CMV herpesviruses (NCHV) in this setting. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cumulative incidence of NCHV infections and the association of NCHV infections with transplantation-specific outcomes in recipients of haploidentical transplantation with PTCy (HaploCy), matched sibling donor transplantation with PTCy (SibCy), and matched sibling donor transplantation with calcineurin inhibitor-based prophylaxis (SibCNI). We hypothesized that, like CMV infection, HaploCy recipients of also will have a higher risk of NCHV infections. Using the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplantation Research database, we analyzed 2765 patients (HaploCy, n = 757; SibCNI, n = 1605; SibCy, n = 403) who had undergone their first hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) between 2012 and 2017 for acute myelogenous leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, or myelodysplastic syndrome. The cumulative incidence of NCHV at 6 months post-NCT was 13.9% (99% confidence interval], 10.8% to 17.3%) in the HaploCy group, 10.7% (99% CI, 7.1% to 15%) in the SibCy group, and 5.7% (99% CI, 4.3% to 7.3%) in the Sib CNI group (P < .001). This was due primarily to a higher frequency of human herpesvirus 6 viremia reported in patients receiving PTCy. The incidence of Epstein-Barr viremia was low in all groups, and no cases of post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder were seen in either PTCy group. The incidence of NCHV organ disease was low in all 3 cohorts. The development of NCHV infection was associated with increased treatment-related mortality, particularly in the HaploCy group. There was no association with the development of GVHD, relapse, or disease-free survival. Patients in PTCy cohorts who did not develop NCHV infection had lower rates of cGVHD. This study demonstrates that the use of PTCy is associated with an increased risk of NCHV infection. The development of NCHV infection was associated with increased nonrelapse mortality, especially in the HaploCy group. Prospective trials should consider viral surveillance strategies in conjunction with assessment of immune reconstitution for a better understanding of the clinical relevance of viral reactivation in different HCT settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Singh
- University of Kansas, University of Kansas Cancer Center, Westwood, Kansas,Correspondence and reprint requests: Anurag Singh, Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, The University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS (A. Singh)
| | - Christopher E. Dandoy
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Min Chen
- Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplantation Research, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Soyoung Kim
- Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplantation Research, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin,Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Health and Equity, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Carolyn M. Mulroney
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplant. University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Mohamed A. Kharfan-Dabaja
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Siddhartha Ganguly
- Division of Hematological Malignancy and Cellular Therapeutics, University of Kansas Health System, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Richard T. Maziarz
- Adult Blood and Marrow Stem Cell Transplant Program, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Christopher G. Kanakry
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunotherapy Branch, Center for Cancer Research National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jennifer A. Kanakry
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunotherapy Branch, Center for Cancer Research National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sagar S. Patel
- Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Joshua A. Hill
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Satiro De Oliveir
- Divsion of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California
| | - Randy Taplitz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Peiman Hematti
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Hillard M. Lazarus
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Muhammad Bilal Abid
- Divisions of Hematology/Oncology & Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Scott R. Goldsmith
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Rizwan Romee
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Krishna V. Komanduri
- Division of Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Sherif M. Badawy
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplant, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois,Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Brian D. Friend
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Amer Beitinjaneh
- Division of Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Ioannis Politikos
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplantation Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Miguel-Angel Perales
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplantation Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Marcie Riches
- Division of Hematology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Izquierdo L, Canivet CM, De Martin E, Antonini TM, Roque-Afonso AM, Coilly A, Deback C. Investigation of Inherited Chromosomally Integrated Human Herpesvirus-6A+ and -6B+ in a Patient with Ulipristal Acetate-Induced Fulminant Hepatic Failure. Viruses 2021; 14:v14010062. [PMID: 35062266 PMCID: PMC8778448 DOI: 10.3390/v14010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited chromosomally integrated (ici) human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6) is estimated to occur in 0.6–2.7% of people worldwide. HHV-6 comprises two distinct species: HHV-6A and HHV-6B. Both HHV-6A and HHV-6B integration have been reported. Several drugs are capable of activating iciHHV-6 in tissues, the consequences of which are poorly understood. We report herein a case of a woman with iciHHV-6A+ and iciHHV-6B+, who developed ulipristal acetate (a selective progesterone receptor modulator)-induced fulminant hepatic failure that required liver transplantation. We confirmed the presence of ~one copy per cell of both HHV-6A and HHV-6B DNA in her hair follicles using multiplex HHV-6A/B real-time PCR and demonstrated the Mendelian inheritance of both iciHHV-6A and iciHHV-6B in her family members over three generations. Because of the rarity of this presentation, we discuss herein the possible links between reactivated HHV-6 from iciHHV-6A and/or iciHHV-6B and adverse drug reactions, suggesting that iciHHV-6 could be screened before the introduction of any hepatotoxic drugs to exclude HHV-6 active disease or combined idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Izquierdo
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1193 AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Saclay, Hôpital Paul-Brousse, 94800 Villejuif, France; (L.I.); (A.-M.R.-A.)
| | - Clémence M. Canivet
- Laboratoire HIFIH, UPRES EA3859, SFR 4208, Service d’Hépato-Gastroentérologie et Oncologie Digestive, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d’Angers, Université d’Angers, 49000 Angers, France;
| | - Eleonora De Martin
- Centre Hépato-Biliaire, AP-HP, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1193, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Saclay, Hôpital Paul-Brousse, 94800 Villejuif, France; (E.D.M.); (T.M.A.); (A.C.)
| | - Teresa M. Antonini
- Centre Hépato-Biliaire, AP-HP, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1193, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Saclay, Hôpital Paul-Brousse, 94800 Villejuif, France; (E.D.M.); (T.M.A.); (A.C.)
| | - Anne-Marie Roque-Afonso
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1193 AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Saclay, Hôpital Paul-Brousse, 94800 Villejuif, France; (L.I.); (A.-M.R.-A.)
| | - Audrey Coilly
- Centre Hépato-Biliaire, AP-HP, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1193, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Saclay, Hôpital Paul-Brousse, 94800 Villejuif, France; (E.D.M.); (T.M.A.); (A.C.)
| | - Claire Deback
- Laboratoire de Virologie, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Saclay, Hôpital Paul-Brousse, 94800 Villejuif, France
- Inserm U996, Inflammation, Microbiome and Immunosurveillance, Université Paris-Saclay, 92140 Clamart, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-141-28-80-00
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Obeid M, Gakhal I, McDonald PJ. Persistent viremia in an immunocompetent patient with inherited chromosomally integrated HHV-6B. Access Microbiol 2021; 3:000256. [PMID: 34888484 PMCID: PMC8650848 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6), the virus which causes roseola, has traditionally been associated with benign and self-limited childhood illness. However, HHV-6 establishes lifelong latency and can reactivate in immunocompromised adult patients. In about 1% of cases, it integrates into the human genome as inherited chromosomally integrated HHV-6 (iciHHV-6). We report the case of a 70-year-old man presenting with altered mental status and agitation. His infectious workup revealed a cerebrospinal fluid sample positive for HHV-6 with virus detectable in the blood as well. He was subsequently treated with ganciclovir. HHV-6 viremia (DNAemia) persisted, and the antiviral medications were switched to foscarnet under the assumption of treatment failure due to drug resistance. After several admissions to the hospital for the same complaint, and after noticing that DNAemia persisted despite adequate treatment for HHV-6, infectious disease specialists ordered testing for chromosomally integrated virus. Test results confirmed the presence of iciHHV-6, explaining his consistently elevated serum viral load. Primary HHV-6 infection in adults causes a transient increase in viral load with resolution and clearance after a few weeks while iciHHV-6 is characterized by persistent detection of viral DNA at a high copy number. Individuals with iciHHV-6 can develop HHV-6 disease and are at increased risk for active viral replication when treated with immunosuppressive medications, but only mRNA testing, which is not widely available can differentiate between latent and active infection. This makes the decision to treat challenging in this patient population. When faced with a positive HHV-6 DNA result in the setting of equivocal symptoms, clinicians should consider the possibility of chromosomally integrated virus rather than drug-resistant virus in order to reduce exposure to potentially toxic antiviral medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Obeid
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hurley Medical Center/Michigan State University, Flint, Michigan, USA
| | - Inderdeep Gakhal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hurley Medical Center/Michigan State University, Flint, Michigan, USA
| | - Philip J McDonald
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hurley Medical Center/Michigan State University, Flint, Michigan, USA
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Human herpesvirus 6A U4 inhibits proteasomal degradation of amyloid precursor protein. J Virol 2021; 96:e0168821. [PMID: 34878807 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01688-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) belongs to the betaherpesvirus subfamily and is divided into two distinct species, HHV-6A and HHV-6B. HHV-6 can infect nerve cells and is associated with a variety of nervous system diseases. Recently, the association of HHV-6A infection with Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been suggested. The main pathological phenomena of AD are the accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ), neurofibrillary tangles, and neuroinflammation, however, the specific molecular mechanism of pathogenesis of AD is not fully clear. In this study, we focused on the effect of HHV-6A U4 gene function on Aβ expression. Co-expression of HHV-6A U4 with APP resulted in inhibition of ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation of amyloid precursor protein (APP). Consequently, accumulation of β-amyloid peptide (Aβ), insoluble neurofibrillary tangles, and loss of neural cells may occur. Immunoprecipitation coupled to mass spectrometry (IP-MS) showed that HHV-6A U4 protein interacts with E3 ubiquitin ligase composed of DDB1 and Cullin 4B which is also responsible for APP degradation. We hypothesize that HHV-6A U4 protein competes with APP for binding to E3 ubiquitin ligase, resulting in inhibition of APP ubiquitin modification and clearance. Finally, this is leading to the increase of APP expression and Aβ deposition, which is the hallmark of AD. These findings provide novel evidence for the etiological hypothesis of AD that can contribute to the further analysis of HHV-6A role in AD. IMPORTANCE The association of HHV-6A infection with Alzheimer's disease has attracted increasing attention, although its role and molecular mechanism remain to be established. Our results here indicate that HHV-6A U4 inhibits APP (amyloid precursor protein) degradation. U4 protein interacts with CRLs (Cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases) which is also responsible for APP degradation. We propose a model that U4 competitively binds to CRLs with APP, resulting in APP accumulation and Aβ generation. Our findings provide new insights into the etiological hypothesis of HHV-6A in AD that can help further analyses.
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Human Herpesvirus 6A Tegument Protein U14 Induces NF-κB Signaling by Interacting with p65. J Virol 2021; 95:e0126921. [PMID: 34549982 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01269-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infection induces host cells to mount a variety of immune responses, which may either limit viral propagation or create conditions conducive to virus replication in some instances. In this regard, activation of the NF-κB transcription factor is known to modulate virus replication. Human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A), which belongs to the Betaherpesvirinae subfamily, is frequently found in patients with neuroinflammatory diseases, although its role in disease pathogenesis has not been elucidated. In this study, we found that the HHV-6A-encoded U14 protein activates NF-κB signaling following interaction with the NF-κB complex protein, p65. Through induction of nuclear translocation of p65, U14 increases the expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 transcripts. We also demonstrated that activation of NF-κB signaling is important for HHV-6A replication, since inhibition of this pathway reduced virus protein accumulation and viral genome copy number. Taken together, our results suggest that HHV-6A infection activates the NF-κB pathway and promotes viral gene expression via late gene products, including U14. IMPORTANCE Human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) is frequently found in patients with neuro-inflammation, although its role in the pathogenesis of this disease has not been elucidated. Most viral infections activate the NF-κB pathway, which causes the transactivation of various genes, including those encoding proinflammatory cytokines. Our results indicate that HHV-6A U14 activates the NF-κB pathway, leading to upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines. We also found that activation of the NF-κB transcription factor is important for efficient viral replication. This study provides new insight into HHV-6A U14 function in host cell signaling and identifies potential cellular targets involved in HHV-6A pathogenesis and replication.
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Ruchawapol C, Yuan M, Wang SM, Fu WW, Xu HX. Natural Products and Their Derivatives against Human Herpesvirus Infection. Molecules 2021; 26:6290. [PMID: 34684870 PMCID: PMC8541008 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses establish long-term latent infection for the life of the host and are known to cause numerous diseases. The prevalence of viral infection is significantly increased and causes a worldwide challenge in terms of health issues due to drug resistance. Prolonged treatment with conventional antiviral drugs is more likely to develop drug-resistant strains due to mutations of thymidine nucleoside kinase or DNA polymerase. Hence, the development of alternative treatments is clearly required. Natural products and their derivatives have played a significant role in treating herpesvirus infection rather than nucleoside analogs in drug-resistant strains with minimal undesirable effects and different mechanisms of action. Numerous plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria-derived compounds have been proved to be efficient and safe for treating human herpesvirus infection. This review covers the natural antiherpetic agents with the chemical structural class of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, polyphenols, anthraquinones, anthracyclines, and miscellaneous compounds, and their antiviral mechanisms have been summarized. This review would be helpful to get a better grasp of anti-herpesvirus activity of natural products and their derivatives, and to evaluate the feasibility of natural compounds as an alternative therapy against herpesvirus infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chattarin Ruchawapol
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Cai Lun Lu 1200, Shanghai 201203, China; (C.R.); (M.Y.); (S.-M.W.)
- Engineering Research Centre of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Man Yuan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Cai Lun Lu 1200, Shanghai 201203, China; (C.R.); (M.Y.); (S.-M.W.)
- Engineering Research Centre of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Si-Min Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Cai Lun Lu 1200, Shanghai 201203, China; (C.R.); (M.Y.); (S.-M.W.)
| | - Wen-Wei Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Cai Lun Lu 1200, Shanghai 201203, China; (C.R.); (M.Y.); (S.-M.W.)
- Engineering Research Centre of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hong-Xi Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Cai Lun Lu 1200, Shanghai 201203, China; (C.R.); (M.Y.); (S.-M.W.)
- Engineering Research Centre of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, China
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50
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Ferri C, Arcangeletti MC, Caselli E, Zakrzewska K, Maccari C, Calderaro A, D'Accolti M, Soffritti I, Arvia R, Sighinolfi G, Artoni E, Giuggioli D. Insights into the knowledge of complex diseases: Environmental infectious/toxic agents as potential etiopathogenetic factors of systemic sclerosis. J Autoimmun 2021; 124:102727. [PMID: 34601207 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2021.102727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a connective tissue disease secondary to three cardinal pathological features: immune-system alterations, diffuse microangiopathy, and fibrosis involving the skin and internal organs. The etiology of SSc remains quite obscure; it may encompass multiple host genetic and environmental -infectious/chemical-factors. The present review focused on the potential role of environmental agents in the etiopathogenesis of SSc based on epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory investigations previously published in the world literature. Among infectious agents, some viruses that may persist and reactivate in infected individuals, namely human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6), and parvovirus B19 (B19V), and retroviruses have been proposed as potential causative agents of SSc. These viruses share a number of biological activities and consequent pathological alterations, such as endothelial dysfunction and/or fibroblast activation. Moreover, the acute worsening of pre-existing interstitial lung involvement observed in SSc patients with symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection might suggest a potential role of this virus in the overall disease outcome. A variety of chemical/occupational agents might be regarded as putative etiological factors of SSc. In this setting, the SSc complicating silica dust exposure represents one of the most promising models of study. Considering the complexity of SSc pathogenesis, none of suggested causative factors may explain the appearance of the whole SSc; it is likely that the disease is the result of a multifactorial and multistep pathogenetic process. A variable combination of potential etiological factors may modulate the appearance of different clinical phenotypes detectable in individual scleroderma patients. The in-deep investigations on the SSc etiopathogenesis may provide useful insights in the broad field of human diseases characterized by diffuse microangiopathy or altered fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clodoveo Ferri
- Rheumatology Unit, Medical School, University of Modena and Reggio E, University-Hospital Policlinico of Modena, Modena, Italy; Rheumatology Unit, Casa di Cura Madonna dello Scoglio, Cotronei (KR), Italy.
| | | | - Elisabetta Caselli
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences and LTTA, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Krystyna Zakrzewska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Clara Maccari
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Adriana Calderaro
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Maria D'Accolti
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences and LTTA, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Irene Soffritti
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences and LTTA, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Rosaria Arvia
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gianluca Sighinolfi
- Rheumatology Unit, Medical School, University of Modena and Reggio E, University-Hospital Policlinico of Modena, Modena, Italy.
| | - Erica Artoni
- Rheumatology Unit, Medical School, University of Modena and Reggio E, University-Hospital Policlinico of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Dilia Giuggioli
- Rheumatology Unit, Medical School, University of Modena and Reggio E, University-Hospital Policlinico of Modena, Modena, Italy
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