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Pérez-Rubio P, Vendrell-Flotats M, Romero EL, Enemark-Rasmussen K, Cervera L, Gòdia F, Lavado-García J. Internalization of PEI-based complexes in transient transfection of HEK293 cells is triggered by coalescence of membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycans like Glypican-4. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 176:116893. [PMID: 38850653 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Polymer-cationic mediated gene delivery is a well-stablished strategy of transient gene expression (TGE) in mammalian cell cultures. Nonetheless, its industrial implementation is hindered by the phenomenon known as cell density effect (CDE) that limits the cell density at which cultures can be efficiently transfected. The rise in personalized medicine and multiple cell and gene therapy approaches based on TGE, make more relevant to understand how to circumvent the CDE. A rational study upon DNA/PEI complex formation, stability and delivery during transfection of HEK293 cell cultures has been conducted, providing insights on the mechanisms for polyplexes uptake at low cell density and disruption at high cell density. DNA/PEI polyplexes were physiochemically characterized by coupling X-ray spectroscopy, confocal microscopy, cryo-transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Our results showed that the ionic strength of polyplexes significantly increased upon their addition to exhausted media. This was reverted by depleting extracellular vesicles (EVs) from the media. The increase in ionic strength led to polyplex aggregation and prevented efficient cell transfection which could be counterbalanced by implementing a simple media replacement (MR) step before transfection. Inhibiting and labeling specific cell-surface proteoglycans (PGs) species revealed different roles of PGs in polyplexes uptake. Importantly, the polyplexes uptake process seemed to be triggered by a coalescence phenomenon of HSPG like glypican-4 around polyplex entry points. Ultimately, this study provides new insights into PEI-based cell transfection methodologies, enabling to enhance transient transfection and mitigate the cell density effect (CDE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pol Pérez-Rubio
- Grup d'Enginyeria de Bioprocessos i Biocatàlisi Aplicada, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Meritxell Vendrell-Flotats
- Servei de Microscòpia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Elianet Lorenzo Romero
- Grup d'Enginyeria de Bioprocessos i Biocatàlisi Aplicada, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | | | - Laura Cervera
- Grup d'Enginyeria de Bioprocessos i Biocatàlisi Aplicada, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona 08193, Spain; Serra Hunter Lecturer Professor.
| | - Francesc Gòdia
- Grup d'Enginyeria de Bioprocessos i Biocatàlisi Aplicada, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Jesús Lavado-García
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby Kgs 2800, Denmark.
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2
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Dannemeyer M, Berling A, Kanje S, Enstedt H, Xu L, Afshari D, Westin M, Hober G, Uhlén M, Hober S, Tegel H. Fast and robust recombinant protein production utilizing episomal stable pools in WAVE bioreactors. Protein Expr Purif 2024; 221:106505. [PMID: 38768672 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2024.106505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Protein reagents are essential resources for several stages of drug discovery projects from structural biology and assay development through lead optimization. Depending on the aim of the project different amounts of pure protein are required. Small-scale expressions are initially used to determine the reachable levels of production and quality before scaling up protein reagent supply. Commonly, amounts of several hundreds of milligrams to grams are needed for different experiments, including structural investigations and activity evaluations, which require rather large cultivation volumes. This implies that cultivation of large volumes of either transiently transfected cells or stable pools/stable cell lines is needed. Hence, a production process that is scalable, speeds up the development projects, and increases the robustness of protein reagent quality throughout scales. Here we present a protein production pipeline with high scalability. We show that our protocols for protein production in Chinese hamster ovary cells allow for a seamless and efficient scale-up with robust product quality and high performance. The flexible scale of the production process, as shown here, allows for shorter lead times in drug discovery projects where there is a reagent demand for a specific protein or a set of target proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Dannemeyer
- Department of Protein Science, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Berling
- Department of Protein Science, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Kanje
- Department of Protein Science, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henric Enstedt
- Department of Protein Science, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - LanLan Xu
- Department of Protein Science, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Delaram Afshari
- Department of Protein Science, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malin Westin
- Department of Protein Science, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gabriella Hober
- Department of Protein Science, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mathias Uhlén
- Department of Protein Science, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sophia Hober
- Department of Protein Science, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hanna Tegel
- Department of Protein Science, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden.
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3
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Pérez-Rubio P, Lavado-García J, Bosch-Molist L, Romero EL, Cervera L, Gòdia F. Extracellular vesicle depletion and UGCG overexpression mitigate the cell density effect in HEK293 cell culture transfection. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2024; 32:101190. [PMID: 38327808 PMCID: PMC10847930 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2024.101190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The hitherto unexplained reduction of cell-specific productivity in transient gene expression (TGE) at high cell density (HCD) is known as the cell density effect (CDE). It currently represents a major challenge in TGE-based bioprocess intensification. This phenomenon has been largely reported, but the molecular principles governing it are still unclear. The CDE is currently understood to be caused by the combination of an unknown inhibitory compound in the extracellular medium and an uncharacterized cellular change at HCD. This study investigates the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) as extracellular inhibitors for transfection through the production of HIV-1 Gag virus-like particles (VLPs) via transient transfection in HEK293 cells. EV depletion from the extracellular medium restored transfection efficiency in conditions that suffer from the CDE, also enhancing VLP budding and improving production by 60%. Moreover, an alteration in endosomal formation was observed at HCD, sequestering polyplexes and preventing transfection. Overexpression of UDP-glucose ceramide glucosyltransferase (UGCG) enzyme removed intracellular polyplex sequestration, improving transfection efficiency. Combining EV depletion and UGCG overexpression improved transfection efficiency by ∼45% at 12 × 106 cells/mL. These results suggest that the interaction between polyplexes and extracellular and intracellular vesicles plays a crucial role in the CDE, providing insights for the development of strategies to mitigate its impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pol Pérez-Rubio
- Grup d’Enginyeria de Bioprocessos i Biocatàlisi Aplicada, Escola d’Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Lavado-García
- Grup d’Enginyeria de Bioprocessos i Biocatàlisi Aplicada, Escola d’Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Bosch-Molist
- Grup d’Enginyeria de Bioprocessos i Biocatàlisi Aplicada, Escola d’Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elianet Lorenzo Romero
- Grup d’Enginyeria de Bioprocessos i Biocatàlisi Aplicada, Escola d’Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Cervera
- Grup d’Enginyeria de Bioprocessos i Biocatàlisi Aplicada, Escola d’Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Gòdia
- Grup d’Enginyeria de Bioprocessos i Biocatàlisi Aplicada, Escola d’Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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4
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Sun Y, Tang D, Li N, Wang Y, Yang M, Shen C. Development of a Rapid Epstein-Barr Virus Detection System Based on Recombinase Polymerase Amplification and a Lateral Flow Assay. Viruses 2024; 16:106. [PMID: 38257806 PMCID: PMC10818573 DOI: 10.3390/v16010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The quality of cellular products used in biological research can directly impact the ability to obtain accurate results. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a latent virus that spreads extensively worldwide, and cell lines used in experiments may carry EBV and pose an infection risk. The presence of EBV in a single cell line can contaminate other cell lines used in the same laboratory, affecting experimental results. We developed three EBV detection systems: (1) a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based detection system, (2) a recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA)-based detection system, and (3) a combined RPA-lateral flow assay (LFA) detection system. The minimum EBV detection limits were 1 × 103 copy numbers for the RPA-based and RPA-LFA systems and 1 × 104 copy numbers for the PCR-based system. Both the PCR and RPA detection systems were applied to 192 cell lines, and the results were consistent with those obtained by the EBV assay methods specified in the pharmaceutical industry standards of the People's Republic of China. A total of 10 EBV-positive cell lines were identified. The combined RPA-LFA system is simple to operate, allowing for rapid result visualization. This system can be implemented in laboratories and cell banks as part of a daily quality control strategy to ensure cell quality and experimental safety and may represent a potential new technique for the rapid detection of EBV in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidan Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China;
- China Center for Type Culture Collection, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (D.T.); (N.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Danni Tang
- China Center for Type Culture Collection, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (D.T.); (N.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Nan Li
- China Center for Type Culture Collection, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (D.T.); (N.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yudong Wang
- China Center for Type Culture Collection, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (D.T.); (N.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Meimei Yang
- China Center for Type Culture Collection, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (D.T.); (N.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Chao Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China;
- China Center for Type Culture Collection, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China; (D.T.); (N.L.); (Y.W.)
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5
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Roshani A, Mohammadi M, Bahadori T, Ahmadi Zare H, Judaki MA, Mobini M, Golsaz-Shirazi F, Jeddi-Tehrani M, Amiri MM, Shokri F. Comparison of different transient gene expression systems for the production of a new humanized anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody (Hersintuzumab). Daru 2023; 31:221-231. [PMID: 37695454 PMCID: PMC10624790 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-023-00477-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Producing therapeutic proteins can be done quickly and on a large scale through Transient Gene Expression (TGE). Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines are commonly used to achieve this. Although there are few comparative studies, TGE has been observed in suspension-adapted CHO cells. OBJECTIVES We tested TGE's effectiveness in DG-44, CHO-S, and ExpiCHO-S cell lines with four transfection reagents. METHODS A design of experiments (DoE) was followed to optimize transfection using a recombinant monoclonal antibody (mAb) construct. To evaluate the efficacy, flow cytometry and ELISA were used. Feeding strategies and temperature shifts were implemented to enhance transfection effectiveness. The quality of the mAb was assessed through ELISA, SDS-PAGE, and proliferation inhibition assays. RESULTS We adapted all cell lines to grow in suspension using a serum-free medium. Our findings from flow cytometry and ELISA tests indicate that PEI and Pmax reagents had a higher rate of transfection and mAb production than the ExpiCHO commercial transfection reagent. While DG-44 cells had better transfection efficiency than CHO-S and ExpiCHO-S, there was no significant difference between CHO-S and ExpiCHO-S. Our TGE system was more productive at 32 °C than at 37 °C. In the optimized TGE of Pmax-based transfection in DG-44 at 37 and 32 °C, the production level of mAb was more than half of the amount of the commercial ExpiCHO-S expression system. Still, the number of transfected cells was three times higher, making it more efficient. The purified mAb from all transfected cell lines had similar structural and functional properties under different conditions. CONCLUSION Our research shows that using Pmax and DG-44 cells in the TGE system is a cost-effective and efficient way to produce humanized monoclonal antibodies. We discovered that this method outperforms the ExpiCHO-S kit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Roshani
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mohammadi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tannaz Bahadori
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hengameh Ahmadi Zare
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Judaki
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Mobini
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Forough Golsaz-Shirazi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Jeddi-Tehrani
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Amiri
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fazel Shokri
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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6
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Zhou J, Yan GG, Cluckey D, Meade C, Ruth M, Sorm R, Tam AS, Lim S, Petridis C, Lin L, D’Antona AM, Zhong X. Exploring Parametric and Mechanistic Differences between Expi293F TM and ExpiCHO-S TM Cells for Transient Antibody Production Optimization. Antibodies (Basel) 2023; 12:53. [PMID: 37606437 PMCID: PMC10443273 DOI: 10.3390/antib12030053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapidly producing drug-like antibody therapeutics for lead molecule discovery and candidate optimization is typically accomplished by large-scale transient gene expression technologies (TGE) with cultivated mammalian cells. The TGE methodologies have been extensively developed over the past three decades, yet produce significantly lower yields than the stable cell line approach, facing the technical challenge of achieving universal high expression titers for a broad range of antibodies and therapeutics modalities. In this study, we explored various parameters for antibody production in the TGE cell host Expi293FTM and ExpiCHO-STM with the transfection reagents ExpiFectamineTM and polyethylenimine. We discovered that there are significant differences between Expi293FTM and ExpiCHO-STM cells with regards to DNA complex formation time and ratio, complex formation buffers, DNA complex uptake trafficking routes, responses to dimethyl sulfoxide and cell cycle inhibitors, as well as light-chain isotype expression preferences. This investigation mechanistically dissected the TGE processes and provided a new direction for future transient antibody production optimization.
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7
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Chen C, Wang Z, Sun Z, Li W, Dimitrov DS. Development of an efficient method for selection of stable cell pools for protein expression and surface display with Expi293F cells. Cell Biochem Funct 2023; 41:355-364. [PMID: 36864545 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Compare with transient expression, stable cell lines generally have higher productivity and better quality for protein expression. However, selection of stable cell line is time-consuming and laborious. Here we describe an optimized selection method to achieve high-efficient stable cell pools with Expi293F suspension cells. This method only takes 2-3 weeks to generate stable cell pools with 2- to 10-fold higher productivity than transient gene expression (TGE). In fed-batch culture with Yeastolate, >1 g/L yield was achieved with our KTN0239-IgG stable cell pool in shaker flasks. This method can be also applied to efficiently display proteins on the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Center for Antibody Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zening Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Zehua Sun
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Center for Antibody Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Abound Bio, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Center for Antibody Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dimiter S Dimitrov
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Center for Antibody Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh Medical School, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Abound Bio, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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8
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Hausig-Punke F, Dekevic G, Sobotta FH, Solomun JI, Richter F, Salzig D, Traeger A, Brendel JC. Efficient Transfection via an Unexpected Mechanism by Near Neutral Polypiperazines with Tailored Response to Endosomal pH. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2200517. [PMID: 36655803 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202200517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cationic pH-responsive polymers promise to overcome critical challenges in cellular delivery. Ideally, the polymers become selectively charged along the endosomal pathway disturbing only the local membrane and avoiding unintended interactions or cytotoxic side effects at physiological conditions. Polypiperazines represent a novel, hydrophilic class of pH-responsive polymers whose response can be tuned within the relevant pH range (5-7.4). The authors discovered that the polypiperazines are effectively binding plasmid DNA (pDNA) and demonstrate high efficiency in transfection. By design of experiments (DoE), a wide parameter space (pDNA and polymer concentration) is screened to identify the range of effective concentrations for transfection. An isopropyl modified polypiperazine is highly efficient over a wide range of concentrations outperforming linear polyethylenimine (l-PEI, 25 kDa) in regions of low N*/P ratios. A quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) surprisingly revealed that the pDNA within the piperazine-based polyplexes can be amplified in contrast to polyplexes based on l-PEI. The pDNA must therefore be more accessible and bound differently than for other known transfection polymers. Considering the various opportunities to further optimize their structure, polypiperazines represent a promising platform for designing effective soluble polymeric vectors, which are charge-neutral at physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Hausig-Punke
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Gregor Dekevic
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstrasse 14, 35390, Giessen, Germany
| | - Fabian H Sobotta
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Jana I Solomun
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Friederike Richter
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Denise Salzig
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Wiesenstrasse 14, 35390, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anja Traeger
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Johannes C Brendel
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
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9
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Zhong X, Schenk J, Sakorafas P, Chamberland J, Tam A, Thomas LM, Yan G, D' Antona AM, Lin L, Nocula-Lugowska M, Zhang Y, Sousa E, Cohen J, Gu L, Abel M, Donahue J, Lim S, Meade C, Zhou J, Riegel L, Birch A, Fennell BJ, Franklin E, Gomes JM, Tzvetkova B, Scarcelli JJ. Impacts of fast production of afucosylated antibodies and Fc mutants in ExpiCHO-S™ for enhancing FcγRIIIa binding and NK cell activation. J Biotechnol 2022; 360:79-91. [PMID: 36341973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2022.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study has employed mammalian transient expression systems to generate afucosylated antibodies and antibody Fc mutants for rapid candidate screening in discovery and early development. While chemical treatment with the fucose analogue 2-fluoro-peracetyl-fucose during transient expression only partially produced antibodies with afucosylated N-glycans, the genetic inactivation of the FUT8 gene in ExpiCHO-S™ by CRISPR/Cas9 enabled the transient production of fully afucosylated antibodies. Human IgG1 and murine IgG2a generated by the ExpiCHOfut8KO cell line possessed a 8-to-11-fold enhanced FcγRIIIa binding activity in comparison with those produced by ExpiCHO-S™. The Fc mutant S239D/S298A/I332E produced by ExpiCHO-S™ had an approximate 2-fold higher FcγRIIIa affinity than that of the afucosylated wildtype molecule, although it displayed significantly lower thermal-stability. When the Fc mutant was produced in the ExpiCHOfut8KO cell line, the resulting afucosylated Fc mutant antibody had an additional approximate 6-fold increase in FcγRIIIa binding affinity. This synergistic effect between afucosylation and the Fc mutations was further verified by a natural killer (NK) cell activation assay. Together, these results have not only established an efficient large-scale transient CHO system for rapid production of afucosylated antibodies, but also confirmed a cooperative impact between afucosylation and Fc mutations on FcγRIIIa binding and NK cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Zhong
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Jennifer Schenk
- Analytical R&D, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 1 Burtt Road, Andover, MA 01810, USA
| | - Paul Sakorafas
- Analytical R&D, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 1 Burtt Road, Andover, MA 01810, USA
| | - John Chamberland
- BioProcess R&D, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 1 Burtt Road, Andover, MA 01810, USA
| | - Amy Tam
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - L Michael Thomas
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Grace Yan
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Aaron M D' Antona
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Laura Lin
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Yan Zhang
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Eric Sousa
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Justin Cohen
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ling Gu
- Analytical R&D, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 1 Burtt Road, Andover, MA 01810, USA
| | - Molica Abel
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jacob Donahue
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sean Lim
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Caryl Meade
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jing Zhou
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Logan Riegel
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alex Birch
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Brian J Fennell
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Grange Castle, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Edward Franklin
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Grange Castle, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jose M Gomes
- BioProcess R&D, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 1 Burtt Road, Andover, MA 01810, USA
| | - Boriana Tzvetkova
- Analytical R&D, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 1 Burtt Road, Andover, MA 01810, USA
| | - John J Scarcelli
- BioProcess R&D, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, 1 Burtt Road, Andover, MA 01810, USA.
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10
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Repeated Transient Transfection: An Alternative for the Recombinant Production of Difficult-to-Express Proteins Like BMP2. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10061064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (hBMP2) is routinely used in medical applications as an inducer of osteoformation. The recombinant production of BMP2 is typically performed using stable Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines. However, this process is inefficient, resulting in low product titers. In contrast, transient gene expression (TGE), which also enables the production of recombinant proteins, suffers from short production times and hence limited total product amounts. Here, we show that TGE-based BMP2 production is more efficient in HEKsus than in CHOsus cells. Independently of the cell lines, a bicistronic plasmid co-expressing EGFP and BMP2 facilitated the determination of the transfection efficiency but led to inferior BMP2 titers. Finally, we used a high cell density transient transfection (HCD-TGE) protocol to improve and extend the BMP2 expression by performing four rounds of serial transfections on one pool of HEKsus cells. This repeated transient transfection (RTT) process in HEKsus cells was implemented using EGFP as a reporter gene and further adapted for BMP2 production. The proposed method significantly improves BMP2 production (up to 509 ng/106 cells) by extending the production phase (96–360 h). RTT can be integrated into the seed train and is shown to be compatible with scale-up to the liter range.
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11
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Martín F, Carreño A, Mendoza R, Caruana P, Rodríguez F, Bravo M, Benito A, Ferrer-Miralles N, Céspedes MV, Corchero JL. All-in-one biofabrication and loading of recombinant vaults in human cells. Biofabrication 2022; 14. [PMID: 35203066 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ac584d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
One of the most promising approaches in the drug delivery field is the use of naturally occurring self-assembling protein nanoparticles, such as virus-like particles, bacterial microcompartments or vault ribonucleoprotein particles as drug delivery systems (DDS). Among them, eukaryotic vaults show a promising future due to their structural features, in vitro stability and non-immunogenicity. Recombinant vaults are routinely produced in insect cells and purified through several ultracentrifugations, both tedious and time-consuming processes. As an alternative, this work proposes a new approach and protocols for the production of recombinant vaults in human cells by transient gene expression of a His-tagged version of the Major Vault Protein (MVP-H6), the development of new affinity-based purification processes for such recombinant vaults, and the all-in-one biofabrication and encapsulation of a cargo recombinant protein within such vaults by their co-expression in human cells. Protocols proposed here allow the easy and straightforward biofabrication and purification of engineered vaults loaded with virtually any INT-tagged cargo protein, in very short times, paving the way to faster and easier engineering and production of better and more efficient DDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Martín
- Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Campus Universitari Bellaterra, Bellaterra, Bellaterra, Catalunya, 08193, SPAIN
| | - Aida Carreño
- Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Campus Universitari Bellaterra, Bellaterra, Bellaterra, Catalunya, 08193, SPAIN
| | - Rosa Mendoza
- CIBER-BBN, Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Campus Universitari Bellaterra, Bellaterra, Bellaterra, 08193, SPAIN
| | - Pablo Caruana
- Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau) Carrer Sant Quintí, 77-79, Barcelona, Catalunya, 08041, SPAIN
| | - Francisco Rodríguez
- Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau) Carrer Sant Quintí, 77-79 08041. Barcelona, Spain, Barcelona, Catalunya, 08041, SPAIN
| | - Marlon Bravo
- Universitat de Girona, Laboratori Enginyeria Proteines, Dept biologia, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Catalunya, 17003, SPAIN
| | - Antoni Benito
- Universitat de Girona, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, Carrer Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 40,, Girona, Catalunya, 17003, SPAIN
| | - Neus Ferrer-Miralles
- Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Campus Universitari Bellaterra, Bellaterra, Bellaterra, Catalunya, 08193, SPAIN
| | - Mª Virtudes Céspedes
- Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau) Carrer Sant Quintí, 77-79, Barcelona, Catalunya, 08041, SPAIN
| | - Jose Luis Corchero
- CIBER-BBN, Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Campus Universitari Bellaterra, Bellaterra, 08193, SPAIN
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12
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Screening of CHO-K1 endogenous promoters for expressing recombinant proteins in mammalian cell cultures. Plasmid 2022; 119-120:102620. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2022.102620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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13
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Heng ZSL, Yeo JY, Koh DWS, Gan SKE, Ling WL. Augmenting recombinant antibody production in HEK293E cells: Optimising transfection and culture parameters. Antib Ther 2022; 5:30-41. [PMID: 35146331 PMCID: PMC8825235 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbac003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Optimising recombinant antibody production is important for cost-effective therapeutics and diagnostics. With impact on commercialisation, higher productivity beyond laboratory scales is highly sought, where efficient production can also accelerate antibody characterisations and investigations.
Methods
Investigating HEK293E cells for mammalian antibody production, various transfection and culture parameters were systematically analysed for antibody light chain production before evaluating them for whole antibody production. Transfection parameters investigated include seeding cell density, the concentration of the transfection reagent and DNA, complexation time, temperature, and volume, as well as culture parameters such as medium replacement, serum deprivation, use of cell maintenance antibiotic, incubation temperature, medium volume, post-transfection harvest day and common nutrient supplements.
Results
Using 2 mL adherent HEK293E cell culture transfections with 25 kDa linear Polyethylenimine in the most optimised parameters, we demonstrated a ~ 2-fold production increase for light chain alone and for whole antibody production reaching 536 and 49 μg respectively in a cost-effective manner. With the addition of peptone, κ light chain increased by ~ 4-fold to 1032 μg while whole antibody increased to a lesser extent by ~ 2.5-fold to 51 μg, with benefits potentially for antibodies limited by their light chains in production.
Conclusions
Our optimised findings show promise for a more efficient and convenient antibody production method through transfection and culture optimisations that can be incorporated to scale up processes and with potential transferability to other mammalian-based recombinant protein production using HEK293E cells.
Statement of Significance
Recombinant antibody production is crucial for antibody research and development. Systematically investigating transfection and culture parameters such as PEI/DNA concentrations, complexation time, volume, and temperature, supplements, etc., we demonstrated a ~ 4-fold light chain alone production increase to 1032 μg and a 2.5-fold whole antibody production increase to 51 μg from 2 mL transfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zealyn Shi-Lin Heng
- Antibody & Product Development Lab, EDDC-BII, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Joshua Yi Yeo
- Antibody & Product Development Lab, EDDC-BII, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Darius Wen-Shuo Koh
- Antibody & Product Development Lab, EDDC-BII, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Samuel Ken-En Gan
- Antibody & Product Development Lab, EDDC-BII, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138672, Singapore
- APD SKEG Pte Ltd., Singapore 439444, Singapore
- James Cook University, Singapore 387380, Singapore
| | - Wei-Li Ling
- Antibody & Product Development Lab, EDDC-BII, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138672, Singapore
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14
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Aghaamoo M, Chen Y, Li X, Garg N, Jiang R, Yun JT, Lee AP. High-Throughput and Dosage-Controlled Intracellular Delivery of Large Cargos by an Acoustic-Electric Micro-Vortices Platform. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2102021. [PMID: 34716688 PMCID: PMC8728830 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202102021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A high-throughput non-viral intracellular delivery platform is introduced for the transfection of large cargos with dosage-control. This platform, termed Acoustic-Electric Shear Orbiting Poration (AESOP), optimizes the delivery of intended cargo sizes with poration of the cell membranes via mechanical shear followed by the modulated expansion of these nanopores via electric field. Furthermore, AESOP utilizes acoustic microstreaming vortices wherein up to millions of cells are trapped and mixed uniformly with exogenous cargos, enabling the delivery of cargos into cells with targeted dosages. Intracellular delivery of a wide range of molecule sizes (<1 kDa to 2 MDa) with high efficiency (>90%), cell viability (>80%), and uniform dosages (<60% coefficient of variation (CV)) simultaneously into 1 million cells min-1 per single chip is demonstrated. AESOP is successfully applied to two gene editing applications that require the delivery of large plasmids: i) enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) plasmid (6.1 kbp) transfection, and ii) clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9-mediated gene knockout using a 9.3 kbp plasmid DNA encoding Cas9 protein and single guide RNA (sgRNA). Compared to alternative platforms, this platform offers dosage-controlled intracellular delivery of large plasmids simultaneously to large populations of cells while maintaining cell viability at comparable delivery efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Aghaamoo
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCA92697USA
- Center for Advanced Design & Manufacturing of Integrated Microfluidics (CADMIM)University of California IrvineIrvineCA92697USA
| | - Yu‐Hsi Chen
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCA92697USA
- Center for Advanced Design & Manufacturing of Integrated Microfluidics (CADMIM)University of California IrvineIrvineCA92697USA
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCA92697USA
- Center for Advanced Design & Manufacturing of Integrated Microfluidics (CADMIM)University of California IrvineIrvineCA92697USA
| | - Neha Garg
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCA92697USA
- Center for Advanced Design & Manufacturing of Integrated Microfluidics (CADMIM)University of California IrvineIrvineCA92697USA
| | - Ruoyu Jiang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCA92697USA
- Center for Advanced Design & Manufacturing of Integrated Microfluidics (CADMIM)University of California IrvineIrvineCA92697USA
| | - Jeremy Tian‐Hao Yun
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCA92697USA
- Palo Alto Senior High SchoolPalo AltoCA94301USA
| | - Abraham Phillip Lee
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCA92697USA
- Center for Advanced Design & Manufacturing of Integrated Microfluidics (CADMIM)University of California IrvineIrvineCA92697USA
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace EngineeringUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCA92697USA
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15
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Dekevic G, Tasto L, Czermak P, Salzig D. Statistical experimental designs to optimize the transient transfection of HEK 293 T cells and determine a transfer criterion from adherent cells to larger-scale cell suspension cultures. J Biotechnol 2022; 346:23-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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16
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Ferrer-Miralles N, Saccardo P, Corchero JL, Garcia-Fruitós E. Recombinant Protein Production and Purification of Insoluble Proteins. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2406:1-31. [PMID: 35089548 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1859-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Proteins are synthesized in heterologous systems because of the impossibility to obtain satisfactory yields from natural sources. The efficient production of soluble and functional recombinant proteins is among the main goals in the biotechnological field. In this context, it is important to point out that under stress conditions, protein folding machinery is saturated and this promotes protein misfolding and, consequently, protein aggregation. Thus, the selection of the optimal expression organism and its growth conditions to minimize the formation of insoluble protein aggregates should be done according to the protein characteristics and downstream requirements. Escherichia coli is the most popular recombinant protein expression system despite the great development achieved so far by eukaryotic expression systems. Besides, other prokaryotic expression systems, such as lactic acid bacteria and psychrophilic bacteria, are gaining interest in this field. However, it is worth mentioning that prokaryotic expression system poses, in many cases, severe restrictions for a successful heterologous protein production. Thus, eukaryotic systems such as mammalian cells, insect cells, yeast, filamentous fungus, and microalgae are an interesting alternative for the production of these difficult-to-express proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Ferrer-Miralles
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Paolo Saccardo
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - José Luis Corchero
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Elena Garcia-Fruitós
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Caldes de Montbui, Spain.
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17
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Tan E, Chin CSH, Lim ZFS, Ng SK. HEK293 Cell Line as a Platform to Produce Recombinant Proteins and Viral Vectors. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:796991. [PMID: 34966729 PMCID: PMC8711270 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.796991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal cell-based expression platforms enable the production of complex biomolecules such as recombinant proteins and viral vectors. Although most biotherapeutics are produced in animal cell lines, production in human cell lines is expanding. One important advantage of using human cell lines is the increased potential that the resulting biotherapeutics would carry more “human-like” post-translational modifications. Among the human cell lines, HEK293 is widely utilized due to its high transfectivity, rapid growth rate, and ability to grow in a serum-free, suspension culture. In this review, we discuss the use of HEK293 cells and its subtypes in the production of biotherapeutics. We also compare their usage against other commonly used host cell lines in each category of biotherapeutics and summarise the factors influencing the choice of host cell lines used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Tan
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cara Sze Hui Chin
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhi Feng Sherman Lim
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Say Kong Ng
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
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18
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Enders A, Bahnemann J. 3D‐Druck miniaturisierter und mikrofluidischer Systeme. CHEM UNSERER ZEIT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ciuz.202100019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Janina Bahnemann
- Leibniz Universität Hannover Institut für Technische Chemie Callinstr. 5 30167 Hannover
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19
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Kim J, Kim JY, Kim H, Kim E, Park S, Ryu KH, Lee EG. Increasing Transfection Efficiency of Lipoplexes by Modulating Complexation Solution for Transient Gene Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212344. [PMID: 34830226 PMCID: PMC8619889 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient gene expression is a suitable tool for the production of biopharmaceutical candidates in the early stage of development and provides a simple and rapid alternative to the generation of stable cell line. In this study, an efficient transient gene expression methodology using DC-Chol/DOPE cationic liposomes and pDNA in Chinese hamster ovary suspension cells was established through screening of diverse lipoplex formation conditions. We modulated properties of both the liposome formation and pDNA solution, together called complexation solutions. Protein expression and cellular cytotoxicity were evaluated following transfection over the cell cultivation period to select the optimal complexation solution. Changes in hydrodynamic size, polydispersity index, and ζ potential of the liposomes and lipoplexes were analyzed depending on the various pH ranges of the complexation solutions using dynamic light scattering. The transfer of lipoplexes to the cytosol and their conformation were traced using fluorescence analysis until the early period of transfection. As a result, up to 1785 mg/L and 191 mg/L of human Fc protein and immunoglobulin G (bevacizumab), respectively, were successfully produced using acidic liposome formation and alkaline pDNA solutions. We expect that this lipoplex formation in acidic and alkaline complexation solutions could be an effective methodology for a promising gene delivery strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaemun Kim
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea; (J.K.); (J.Y.K.)
- Bioprocess Engineering Center, KRIBB, 30 Yeongudanji-ro Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si 28116, Korea; (H.K.); (E.K.); (S.P.); (K.-H.R.)
| | - Ji Yul Kim
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea; (J.K.); (J.Y.K.)
- Bioprocess Engineering Center, KRIBB, 30 Yeongudanji-ro Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si 28116, Korea; (H.K.); (E.K.); (S.P.); (K.-H.R.)
| | - Hyeonkyeong Kim
- Bioprocess Engineering Center, KRIBB, 30 Yeongudanji-ro Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si 28116, Korea; (H.K.); (E.K.); (S.P.); (K.-H.R.)
| | - Eunsil Kim
- Bioprocess Engineering Center, KRIBB, 30 Yeongudanji-ro Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si 28116, Korea; (H.K.); (E.K.); (S.P.); (K.-H.R.)
| | - Soonyong Park
- Bioprocess Engineering Center, KRIBB, 30 Yeongudanji-ro Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si 28116, Korea; (H.K.); (E.K.); (S.P.); (K.-H.R.)
| | - Kyoung-Hwa Ryu
- Bioprocess Engineering Center, KRIBB, 30 Yeongudanji-ro Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si 28116, Korea; (H.K.); (E.K.); (S.P.); (K.-H.R.)
| | - Eun Gyo Lee
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea; (J.K.); (J.Y.K.)
- Bioprocess Engineering Center, KRIBB, 30 Yeongudanji-ro Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si 28116, Korea; (H.K.); (E.K.); (S.P.); (K.-H.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-43-240-6633
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20
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Chis AA, Dobrea CM, Rus LL, Frum A, Morgovan C, Butuca A, Totan M, Juncan AM, Gligor FG, Arseniu AM. Dendrimers as Non-Viral Vectors in Gene-Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy. Molecules 2021; 26:5976. [PMID: 34641519 PMCID: PMC8512881 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT) has been intensively studied as a promising new strategy of prodrug delivery, with its main advantages being represented by an enhanced efficacy and a reduced off-target toxicity of the active drug. In recent years, numerous therapeutic systems based on GDEPT strategy have entered clinical trials. In order to deliver the desired gene at a specific site of action, this therapeutic approach uses vectors divided in two major categories, viral vectors and non-viral vectors, with the latter being represented by chemical delivery agents. There is considerable interest in the development of non-viral vectors due to their decreased immunogenicity, higher specificity, ease of synthesis and greater flexibility for subsequent modulations. Dendrimers used as delivery vehicles offer many advantages, such as: nanoscale size, precise molecular weight, increased solubility, high load capacity, high bioavailability and low immunogenicity. The aim of the present work was to provide a comprehensive overview of the recent advances regarding the use of dendrimers as non-viral carriers in the GDEPT therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Adina Frum
- Preclinical Department, Faculty of Medicine, “Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania; (A.A.C.); (C.M.D.); (L.-L.R.); (A.B.); (M.T.); (A.M.J.); (F.G.G.); (A.M.A.)
| | - Claudiu Morgovan
- Preclinical Department, Faculty of Medicine, “Lucian Blaga” University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania; (A.A.C.); (C.M.D.); (L.-L.R.); (A.B.); (M.T.); (A.M.J.); (F.G.G.); (A.M.A.)
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21
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Anaphylatoxin receptor promiscuity for commonly used complement C5a peptide agonists. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 100:108074. [PMID: 34454293 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The complement system is an essential component of innate immunity. Its activation generates the effector cleavage proteins, anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a, that exert activity by interacting with three structurally related seven-transmembrane receptors. C3a activates C3aR, whilst C5a interacts with both C5aR1 and C5aR2 with equal potency. Of the three receptors, C5aR1 in particular is considered the most functionally potent inflammatory driver and has been the major target for pharmacological development. Multiple peptidic C5a agonists have been developed to target C5aR1, with the full agonists EP54 (YSFKPMPLaR) and EP67 (YSFKDMP(MeL)aR), and the partial agonist C028 (C5apep, NMe-FKPdChaChadR) being the most commonly utilised in research. Recent studies have indicated that small complement peptide ligands may lack selectivity amongst the three anaphylatoxin receptors, however this has not been uniformly confirmed for these commonly used C5a agonists. In the present study, we therefore characterised the pharmacological activity of EP54, EP67, and C5apep at human C5aR1, C5aR2 and C3aR, by conducting signalling assays in transfected cell lines, and in human primary macrophages. Our results revealed that none of the compounds tested were selective for human C5aR1. Both EP54 and EP67 were potent, full C3aR agonists, and EP54 and C5apep potently and partially activated human C5aR2. Therefore, we caution against the usage of these ligands, particularly EP54 and EP67, as C5a surrogates in C5a/ C5aR research.
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22
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Budge JD, Young RJ, Smales CM. Engineering of Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells With NDPK-A to Enhance DNA Nuclear Delivery Combined With EBNA1 Plasmid Maintenance Gives Improved Exogenous Transient Reporter, mAb and SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Expression. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:679448. [PMID: 34150735 PMCID: PMC8212061 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.679448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient gene expression (TGE) in mammalian cells is a method of rapidly generating recombinant protein material for initial characterisation studies that does not require time-consuming processes associated with stable cell line construction. High TGE yields are heavily dependent on efficient delivery of plasmid DNA across both the plasma and nuclear membranes. Here, we harness the protein nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK-A) that contains a nuclear localisation signal (NLS) to enhance DNA delivery into the nucleus of CHO cells. We show that co-expression of NDPK-A during transient expression results in improved transfection efficiency in CHO cells, presumably due to enhanced transportation of plasmid DNA into the nucleus via the nuclear pore complex. Furthermore, introduction of the Epstein Barr Nuclear Antigen-1 (EBNA-1), a protein that is capable of inducing extrachromosomal maintenance, when coupled with complementary oriP elements on a transient plasmid, was utilised to reduce the effect of plasmid dilution. Whilst there was attenuated growth upon introduction of the EBNA-1 system into CHO cells, when both NDPK-A nuclear import and EBNA-1 mediated technologies were employed together this resulted in enhanced transient recombinant protein yields superior to those generated using either approach independently, including when expressing the complex SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) glycoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Budge
- Industrial Biotechnology Centre, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Young
- R&D Cell Engineering Group, Lonza Biologics, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Mark Smales
- Industrial Biotechnology Centre, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
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Woodchuck Hepatitis Virus Post-Transcriptional Regulation Element (WPRE) Promotes Anti-CD19 BiTE Expression in Expi293 Cells. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2021; 25:275-83. [PMID: 34217158 PMCID: PMC8334396 DOI: 10.52547/ibj.25.4.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: Bispecific antibodies represent an important class of mAbs, with great therapeutic potentials due to their ability to target simultaneously two distinct epitopes. The generation of functional bispecific antibodies with the highest possible yields is particularly critical for the production of these compounds on industrial scales. Anti- CD3 × CD19 bsAb is a bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) currently used for treating ALL. Herein, we have tried to optimize the expression level of this antibody in mammalian hosts. Methods: WPRE sequence was incorporated at the 3’ end of the expression cassette. This modification resulted in a notable about two-fold increase in the expression of the bsAb in the Expi293 cell line. Results & Conclusion: Follow-up flow cytometry analysis demonstrated the binding properties of the produced antibody at acceptable levels, and in vitro bioactivity assays showed that this product is potent enough for targeting and destroying CD19-positive cells. Our findings show that WPRE enhances the expression of this type of bispecific mAbs in HEK-293 family cell lines. This approach can be used in biopharma industry for the mass production of anti-CD3 × CD19 bispecific antibody.
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Bono N, Coloma Smith B, Moreschi F, Redaelli A, Gautieri A, Candiani G. In silico prediction of the in vitro behavior of polymeric gene delivery vectors. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:8333-8342. [PMID: 33900339 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr09052b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Non-viral gene delivery vectors have increasingly come under the spotlight, but their performaces are still far from being satisfactory. Therefore, there is an urgent need for forecasting tools and screening methods to enable the development of ever more effective transfectants. Here, coarse-grained (CG) models of gold standard transfectant poly(ethylene imine)s (PEIs) have been profitably used to investigate and highlight the effect of experimentally-relevant parameters, namely molecular weight (2 vs. 10 kDa) and topologies (linear vs. branched), protonation state, and ammine-to-phosphate ratios (N/Ps), on the complexation and the gene silencing efficiency of siRNA molecules. The results from the in vitro screening of cationic polymers and conditions were used to validate the in silico platform that we developed, such that the hits which came out of the CG models were of high practical relevance. We show that our in silico platform enables to foresee the most suitable conditions for the complexation of relevant siRNA-polycation assemblies, thereby providing a reliable predictive tool to test bench transfectants in silico, and foster the design and development of gene delivery vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Bono
- GenT LΛB, Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, 20131 Milan, Italy.
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Twair A, Kassem I, Murad H, Abbady AQ. Secretion of Recombinant Human Annexin V in Fusion with the Super Folder GFP for Labelling Phosphatidylserine-Exposing Membranes. J Membr Biol 2021; 254:175-187. [PMID: 33604692 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-021-00169-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Annexin V (ANXV), mostly characterized by its ability to interact with biological membranes in a calcium-dependent manner. ANXV interacts mainly with phosphatidylserine (PS), for that fluorescent ANXV widely produced and used as a sensitive and specific probe to mark apoptotic cells or any PS-containing bilayers membranes. Many reports described the prokaryotic expression of recombinant human ANXV. To overcome some of E. coli expression limitations, we aimed in this work to investigate unconventional alternative expression system in mammalian cells for producing secreted human ANXV in fusion with the super folder green fluorescent protein (sfGFP). HEK239T cells were transfected using polyethylenimine (PEI) and pcDNA-sfGFP-ANXV plasmid. Forty-eight hours post transfection, direct fluorescence measurement, immunoblotting and ELISA confirmed the presence of secreted sfGFP-ANXV in cells supernatant. The yield of secreted 6 × His-tagged sfGFP-ANXV after affinity purification was estimated to be around 2 µg per 1 ml of cells supernatant. The secretion system was proper to produce a fully functional sfGFP-ANXV fusion protein in quantities enough to recognize and bind PS-containing surfaces or liposomes. Besides, biological assays such as flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy confirmed the capacity of the secreted sfGFP-ANXV to detect PS exposure on apoptotic cells. Taken together, we present mammalian expression as a quick, affordable and endotoxin-free system to produce sfGFP-ANXV fusion protein. The secreted sfGFP-ANXV in eukaryotic system is a promising biotechnological tool, it opens up new horizons for additional applications in the detection of PS bearing surfaces and apoptosis in vitro and in vivo assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Twair
- Division of Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria (AECS), P. O. Box 6091, Damascus, Syria
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
| | - Issam Kassem
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
- National Commission for Biotechnology (NCBT), Damascus, Syria
| | - Hossam Murad
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria (AECS), P. O. Box 6091, Damascus, Syria
| | - Abdul Qader Abbady
- Division of Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria (AECS), P. O. Box 6091, Damascus, Syria.
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Bidart J, Mignaqui A, Kornuta C, Lupi G, Gammella M, Soria I, Galarza R, Ferella A, Cardillo S, Langellotti C, Quattrocchi V, Durocher Y, Wigdorovitz A, Marcipar I, Zamorano P. FMD empty capsids combined with the Immunostant Particle Adjuvant -ISPA or ISA206 induce protective immunity against foot and mouth disease virus. Virus Res 2021; 297:198339. [PMID: 33596405 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) causes economy losses and is controlled by vaccination in many countries. Vaccine formulations based on empty capsids or Virus-Like Particles (VLPs) have the advantage of avoiding the biological hazard of using infectious FMDV, albeit are poorly immunogenic. Recently, we have described that ISPA a new Immune Stimulating Complex adjuvant, is useful to improve the response against FMD of vaccines that use inactivated virus. Now, the adjuvant effects of ISPA and ISA 206 (water/oil/water) on a VLPs-based FMD vaccine were evaluated. VLPs (strain A/Argentina/2001) were obtained in mammalian cell cultures and their elicitation of an immune response against FMDV with and without ISPA or ISA 206 was evaluated in mice as a first approach. Notably, VLPs-ISPA and VLPs-ISA 206 vaccines induced protection against viral challenge in 100 % of mice, while protection induced by VLPs alone was of 40 %. Total and neutralizing FMDV antibodies were higher in the VLPs-ISPA and VLPs-ISA 206 groups compared to the VLPs group. VLPs-ISPA induced significantly higher (p < 0.001) IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b and IgG3 titers than the VLPs vaccine. Moreover, in comparison with non-adjuvanted VLPs, VLPs-ISPA and VLPs-ISA 206 elicited an increased virus-specific T response, including higher IFNγ+/CD8 + lymphocyte production in mice. When these vaccines were tested in calves, antibody titers reached an Expected Percentage of Protection (EPP) above 90 % in the case of the VLPs-ISPA and VLPs-ISA 206 vaccines, while, in the VLPs group, EPP reached 25 %. IFNγ levels secreted by mononuclear cells of VLP-ISPA-vaccinated cattle were significantly higher than in the VLPs group. Overall, the results demonstrate that VLPs-ISPA or VLPs-ISA 206 are promising formulations for the development of a novel FMD vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bidart
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas-IVIT, CICVyA, INTA-CONICET, Hurlingham, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - A Mignaqui
- Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche, IFAB, INTA - CONICET, San Carlos de Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina
| | - C Kornuta
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas-IVIT, CICVyA, INTA-CONICET, Hurlingham, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - G Lupi
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas - Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - M Gammella
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas-IVIT, CICVyA, INTA-CONICET, Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - I Soria
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas-IVIT, CICVyA, INTA-CONICET, Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - R Galarza
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas-IVIT, CICVyA, INTA-CONICET, Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - A Ferella
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas-IVIT, CICVyA, INTA-CONICET, Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - S Cardillo
- Biogenesis Bago SA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C Langellotti
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas-IVIT, CICVyA, INTA-CONICET, Hurlingham, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - V Quattrocchi
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas-IVIT, CICVyA, INTA-CONICET, Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Y Durocher
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Center, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - A Wigdorovitz
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas-IVIT, CICVyA, INTA-CONICET, Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - I Marcipar
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas - Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - P Zamorano
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas-IVIT, CICVyA, INTA-CONICET, Hurlingham, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad del Salvador, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Schmitt MG, White RN, Barnard GC. Development of a high cell density transient CHO platform yielding mAb titers greater than 2 g/L in only 7 days. Biotechnol Prog 2021; 36:e3047. [PMID: 33411420 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We developed a simple transient Chinese Hamster Ovary expression platform. Titers for a random panel of 20 clinical monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) ranged from 0.6 to 2.7 g/L after 7 days. Two factors were the key in obtaining these high titers. First, we utilized an extremely high starting cell density (20 million cells/ml), and then arrested further cell growth by employing mild hypothermic conditions (32°C). Second, we performed a 6-variable Design of Experiments to find optimal concentrations of plasmid DNA (coding DNA), boost DNA (DNA encoding the XBP1S transcription factor), transfection reagent (polyethylenimine [PEI]), and nutrient feed amounts. High coding DNA concentrations (12.5 mg/L) were found to be optimal. We therefore diluted expensive coding DNA with inexpensive inert filler DNA (herring sperm DNA). Reducing the coding DNA concentration by 70% from 12.5 to 3.75 mg/L did not meaningfully reduce mAb titers. Titers for the same panel of 20 clinical mAbs ranged from 0.7 to 2.2 g/L after reducing the coding DNA concentration to 3.75 mg/L. Finally, we found that titer and product quality attributes were similar for a clinical mAb (rituximab) expressed at very different scales (volumes ranging from 3 ml to 2 L).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Schmitt
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Technology Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Regina N White
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Technology Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Gavin C Barnard
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Technology Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Park SH, Park JH, Lee JH, Lee HM, Kang YJ, Lee EJ, Shin S, Lee GM, Kim YG. Amplification of EBNA-1 through a single-plasmid vector-based gene amplification system in HEK293 cells as an efficient transient gene expression system. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 105:67-76. [PMID: 33191460 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-11001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Our previous work showed that there is a limitation in the use of dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr)/methotrexate (MTX)-mediated gene amplification systems in dhfr-non-deficient HEK293 cells, as endogenous dhfr may interfere with the amplification process. In the present study, we successfully generated Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA-1)-amplified HEK293 cells in a dhfr-non-deficient HEK293 cell background using a single-plasmid vector-based gene amplification system with shRNA targeting the 3'-UTR of endogenous dhfr. The introduction of this shRNA efficiently downregulated the expression of endogenous dhfr in the HEK293 cells without affecting exogenous dhfr expression. The downregulation of endogenous dhfr improved the efficiency of EBNA-1 amplification, as evidenced by a comparison with the amplification extent in cells lacking shRNA expression at the same MTX concentration. The EBNA-1 expression levels from the EBNA-1-amplified clones selected in this study were higher than those obtained from EBNA-1-amplified clones that were generated using the conventional amplification in our previous study. Consistent with previous studies, EBNA-1 amplification improved the production of the Fc-fusion protein through a specific protein productivity (qp)-enhancing effect, rather than by improving cell growth or transfection efficiency. In addition, the N-glycan profiles in the Fc-fusion protein produced using this transient gene expression (TGE) system were not affected by EBNA-1 amplification. These results indicate the potential utility of EBNA-1-amplified mammalian cells, developed using a single-plasmid vector-based gene amplification system, for efficient protein production. KEY POINTS: • EBNA-1-amplified HEK293 cells were established using gene amplification system. • EBNA-1 amplification in TGE system can increase the Fc-fusion protein productivity. • EBNA-1 amplification does not affect the N-glycan profile in the Fc-fusion protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hye Park
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jong-Ho Park
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Joo-Hyoung Lee
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hoon-Min Lee
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yeon-Ju Kang
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Eun-Ji Lee
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seunghyeon Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Gyun Min Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea.
| | - Yeon-Gu Kim
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea.
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea.
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Mobasheri A, Choi H, Martín-Vasallo P. Over-Production of Therapeutic Growth Factors for Articular Cartilage Regeneration by Protein Production Platforms and Protein Packaging Cell Lines. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9100330. [PMID: 33050357 PMCID: PMC7599991 DOI: 10.3390/biology9100330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis across the world. Most of the existing drugs for OA treat the symptoms of pain and inflammation. There are no drugs that can dure the disease. There are a number of new treatments for OA including cell therapy and gene therapy. This articles outlines the concept behind TissueGene-C, a new biological drug for OA. This new treatment includes cartilage cells mixed with a genetically modified cell line called GP2-293, which is effectively a “drug factory”, over-producing the growth factors that are important for cartilage regeneration and changing the environment inside joints. The mixture is injected into the affected knee joint. These cells are designed to be short-lived and cannot reproduce. Therefore, after they have done their job, they die and are cleared by immune cells. This is a new and modern approach to treating OA and TissueGene-C is the prototype cell therapy for OA. In the future, it is entirely possible to combine different clones of genetically engineered cells like GP2-293 that have been designed to over-produce a growth factor or biological drug with cells from the cartilage endplate of the intervertebral disc to treat degeneration in the spine. Abstract This review article focuses on the current state-of-the-art cellular and molecular biotechnology for the over-production of clinically relevant therapeutic and anabolic growth factors. We discuss how the currently available tools and emerging technologies can be used for the regenerative treatment of osteoarthritis (OA). Transfected protein packaging cell lines such as GP-293 cells may be used as “cellular factories” for large-scale production of therapeutic proteins and pro-anabolic growth factors, particularly in the context of cartilage regeneration. However, when irradiated with gamma or x-rays, these cells lose their capacity for replication, which makes them safe for use as a live cell component of intra-articular injections. This innovation is already here, in the form of TissueGene-C, a new biological drug that consists of normal allogeneic primary chondrocytes combined with transduced GP2-293 cells that overexpress the growth factor transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1). TissueGene-C has revolutionized the concept of cell therapy, allowing drug companies to develop live cells as biological drug delivery systems for direct intra-articular injection of growth factors whose half-lives are in the order of minutes. Therefore, in this paper, we discuss the potential for new innovations in regenerative medicine for degenerative diseases of synovial joints using mammalian protein production platforms, specifically protein packaging cell lines, for over-producing growth factors for cartilage tissue regeneration and give recent examples. Mammalian protein production platforms that incorporate protein packaging eukaryotic cell lines are superior to prokaryotic bacterial expression systems and are likely to have a significant impact on the development of new humanized biological growth factor therapies for treating focal cartilage defects and more generally for the treatment of degenerative joint diseases such as OA, especially when injected directly into the joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mobasheri
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Departments of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Versus Arthritis Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
- Correspondence: or
| | - Heonsik Choi
- Kolon TissueGene, Inc., Rockville, MD 20850, USA;
- Healthcare Research Institute, Kolon Advanced Research Center, Kolon Industries, Inc., Magok-dong, Gangseo-gu, Seoul 07793, Korea
| | - Pablo Martín-Vasallo
- UD of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas de Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, 38071 Tenerife, Spain;
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Wang S, Lee KH, Araujo NV, Zhan CG, Rangnekar VM, Xu R. Develop a High-Throughput Screening Method to Identify C-P4H1 (Collagen Prolyl 4-Hydroxylase 1) Inhibitors from FDA-Approved Chemicals. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186613. [PMID: 32927660 PMCID: PMC7554770 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen prolyl 4-hydroxylase 1 (C-P4H1) is an α-ketoglutarate (α-KG)-dependent dioxygenase that catalyzes 4-hydroxylation of proline on collagen. C-P4H1-induced prolyl hydroxylation is required for proper collagen deposition and cancer metastasis. Therefore, targeting C-P4H1 is considered a potential therapeutic strategy for collagen-related cancer progression and metastasis. However, no C-P4H1 inhibitors are available for clinical testing, and the high content assay is currently not available for C-P4H1 inhibitor screening. In the present study, we developed a high-throughput screening assay by quantifying succinate, a byproduct of C-P4H-catalyzed hydroxylation. C-P4H1 is the major isoform of collagen prolyl 4-hydroxylases (CP4Hs) that contributes the majority prolyl 4-hydroxylase activity. Using C-P4H1 tetramer purified from the eukaryotic expression system, we showed that the Succinate-GloTM Hydroxylase assay was more sensitive for measuring C-P4H1 activity compared with the hydroxyproline colorimetric assay. Next, we performed high-throughput screening with the FDA-approved drug library and identified several new C-P4H1 inhibitors, including Silodosin and Ticlopidine. Silodosin and Ticlopidine inhibited C-P4H1 activity in a dose-dependent manner and suppressed collagen secretion and tumor invasion in 3D tissue culture. These C-P4H1 inhibitors provide new agents to test clinical potential of targeting C-P4H1 in suppressing cancer progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shike Wang
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA;
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, 789 S. Limestone Rd., Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Kuo-Hao Lee
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (K.-H.L.); (C.-G.Z.)
| | - Nathalia Victoria Araujo
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (N.V.A.); (V.M.R.)
| | - Chang-Guo Zhan
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (K.-H.L.); (C.-G.Z.)
| | - Vivek M. Rangnekar
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (N.V.A.); (V.M.R.)
- Radiation Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Ren Xu
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA;
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, 789 S. Limestone Rd., Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-859-3237889
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Garcia BB, Mertins O, Silva ERD, Mathews PD, Han SW. Arginine-modified chitosan complexed with liposome systems for plasmid DNA delivery. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 193:111131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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32
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Kesidis A, Depping P, Lodé A, Vaitsopoulou A, Bill RM, Goddard AD, Rothnie AJ. Expression of eukaryotic membrane proteins in eukaryotic and prokaryotic hosts. Methods 2020; 180:3-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Blackstock DJ, Goh A, Shetty S, Fabozzi G, Yang R, Ivleva VB, Schwartz R, Horwitz J. Comprehensive Flow Cytometry Analysis of PEI-Based Transfections for Virus-Like Particle Production. RESEARCH 2020; 2020:1387402. [PMID: 32259105 PMCID: PMC7094759 DOI: 10.34133/2020/1387402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The generation of stable clones for biomolecule production is a common but lengthy and labor-intensive process. For complex molecules, such as viruses or virus-like particles (VLPs), the timeline becomes even more cumbersome. Thus, in the early stages of development, transient production methods serve as a reasonable alternative to stable clone construction. In this work, an investigation of a polyethylenimine- (PEI-) based transfection method for the transient production of Chikungunya (Chik) VLPs, a vaccine candidate molecule, was undertaken. This effort focuses on tracking cell population responses during transfection, understanding how process changes affect these responses, and monitoring patterns in cell performance over the culture duration. Plasmid labeling and VLP staining were employed to comprehensively track cells via flow cytometry and to draw correlations between plasmid DNA (pDNA) uptake and the resulting VLP expression. The method detected high transfection efficiency (≥97%) in all samples tested and demonstrated the capability to track kinetics of plasmid-cell binding. With varied transfection cell concentrations, the pDNA binding kinetics are altered and saturation binding is observed in the lowest cell concentration sample tested in less than 3 hours of incubation. Interestingly, in all samples, the flow cytometry analysis of relative pDNA amount versus VLP expression staining showed that cells which contained fewer pDNA complexes resulted in the highest levels of VLP stain. Finally, to determine the potential breadth of our observations, we compared daily expression patterns of ChikVLP with a reporter, monomeric GFP molecule. The similarities detected suggest the interpretations presented here to likely be more broadly informative and applicable to PEI-based transient production of additional biological products as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Blackstock
- Vaccine Production Program Lab, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Alvenne Goh
- Vaccine Production Program Lab, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Shamitha Shetty
- Vaccine Production Program Lab, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Giulia Fabozzi
- Vaccine Production Program Lab, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Rong Yang
- Vaccine Production Program Lab, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Vera B Ivleva
- Vaccine Production Program Lab, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Richard Schwartz
- Vaccine Production Program Lab, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Joseph Horwitz
- Vaccine Production Program Lab, Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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Non-Viral in Vitro Gene Delivery: It is Now Time to Set the Bar! Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12020183. [PMID: 32098191 PMCID: PMC7076396 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12020183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Transfection by means of non-viral gene delivery vectors is the cornerstone of modern gene delivery. Despite the resources poured into the development of ever more effective transfectants, improvement is still slow and limited. Of note, the performance of any gene delivery vector in vitro is strictly dependent on several experimental conditions specific to each laboratory. The lack of standard tests has thus largely contributed to the flood of inconsistent data underpinning the reproducibility crisis. A way researchers seek to address this issue is by gauging the effectiveness of newly synthesized gene delivery vectors with respect to benchmarks of seemingly well-known behavior. However, the performance of such reference molecules is also affected by the testing conditions. This survey points to non-standardized transfection settings and limited information on variables deemed relevant in this context as the major cause of such misalignments. This review provides a catalog of conditions optimized for the gold standard and internal reference, 25 kDa polyethyleneimine, that can be profitably replicated across studies for the sake of comparison. Overall, we wish to pave the way for the implementation of standardized protocols in order to make the evaluation of the effectiveness of transfectants as unbiased as possible.
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Berg K, Schäfer VN, Tschorn N, Stitz J. Advanced Establishment of Stable Recombinant Human Suspension Cell Lines Using Genotype-Phenotype Coupling Transposon Vectors. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2070:351-361. [PMID: 31625106 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9853-1_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Stable mammalian, namely human, suspension cell lines play a pivotal role in red biotechnology production scenarios for the generation of state-of-the-art biologics. However, selection of genetically modified and highly productive cell populations - prior to the establishment of clonal lines - is often challenging. To overcome this limitation, we first describe an optimized transient transfection protocol using the inexpensive reagent polyethylenimine (PEI) and human 293F cells. Transposon donor vectors derived from Sleeping Beauty encompassing a cassette with the reporter gene encoding for the green fluorescent protein (GFP) coupled with an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) to the expression of puromycin-resistance are employed to readily detect transfected cells. Upon stable transfection in the presence and absence of transposase expression, respectively, and subsequent antibiotic selection, GFP expression using flow cytometry analysis, cell viability, and cell density can be examined over a range of up to 3 weeks. Owing to the integration of high vector copy numbers into the target cell genome, transposase-mediated transposition of transposon donor vectors is instrumental in the faster establishment of recombinant cell population as compared to the classical stable transfection of plasmid DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Berg
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences, STEPs Institute, TH Köln-University of Applied Sciences, Leverkusen, Germany
- Research Group Translational Hepatology and Stem Cell Biology, Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Vanessa Nicole Schäfer
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences, STEPs Institute, TH Köln-University of Applied Sciences, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Natalie Tschorn
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences, STEPs Institute, TH Köln-University of Applied Sciences, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Jörn Stitz
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences, STEPs Institute, TH Köln-University of Applied Sciences, Leverkusen, Germany.
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Monitoring online biomass with a capacitance sensor during scale-up of industrially relevant CHO cell culture fed-batch processes in single-use bioreactors. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2019; 43:193-205. [PMID: 31549309 PMCID: PMC6960217 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-019-02216-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In 2004, the FDA published a guideline to implement process analytical technologies (PAT) in biopharmaceutical processes for process monitoring to gain process understanding and for the control of important process parameters. Viable cell concentration (VCC) is one of the most important key performance indicator (KPI) during mammalian cell cultivation processes. Commonly, this is measured offline. In this work, we demonstrated the comparability and scalability of linear regression models derived from online capacitance measurements. The linear regressions were used to predict the VCC and other familiar offline biomass indicators, like the viable cell volume (VCV) and the wet cell weight (WCW), in two different industrially relevant CHO cell culture processes (Process A and Process B). Therefore, different single-use bioreactor scales (50–2000 L) were used to prove feasibility and scalability of the in-line sensor integration. Coefficient of determinations of 0.79 for Process A and 0.99 for Process B for the WCW were achieved. The VCV was described with high coefficients of determination of 0.96 (Process A) and 0.98 (Process B), respectively. In agreement with other work from the literature, the VCC was only described within the exponential growth phase, but resulting in excellent coefficients of determination of 0.99 (Process A) and 0.96 (Process B), respectively. Monitoring these KPIs online using linear regression models appeared to be scale-independent, enabled deeper process understanding (e.g. here demonstrated in monitoring, the feeding profile) and showed the potential of this method for process control.
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Arena TA, Chou B, Harms PD, Wong AW. An anti-apoptotic HEK293 cell line provides a robust and high titer platform for transient protein expression in bioreactors. MAbs 2019; 11:977-986. [PMID: 30907238 PMCID: PMC6601552 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1598230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
HEK293 transient expression systems are used to quickly generate proteins for research and pre-clinical studies. With the aim of engineering a high-producing host that grows and transfects robustly in bioreactors, we deleted the pro-apoptotic genes Bax and Bak in an HEK293 cell line. The HEK293 Bax Bak double knock-out (HEK293 DKO) cell line exhibited resistance to apoptosis and shear stress. HEK293 DKO cells sourced from 2 L seed train bioreactors were most productive when a pH setpoint of 7.0, a narrow pH deadband of ±0.03, and a DO setpoint of 30% were used. HEK293 DKO seed train cells cultivated for up to 60 days in a 35 L bioreactor showed similar productivities to cells cultivated in shake flasks. To optimize HEK293 DKO transfection cultures, we first evaluated different pH and agitation parameters in ambr15 microbioreactors before scaling up to 10 L wavebag bioreactors. In ambr15 microbioreactors with a pH setpoint of 7.0, a wide pH deadband of ±0.3, and an agitation of 630 rpm, HEK293 DKO transient cultures yielded antibody titers up to 650 mg/L in 7 days. The optimal ambr15 conditions prompted us to operate the 10 L wavebag transfection without direct pH control to mimic the wide pH deadband ranges. The HEK293 DKO transfection process produces high titers at all scales tested. Combined, our optimized HEK293 DKO 35 L bioreactor seed train and 10 L high titer transient processes support efficient, large-scale recombinant protein production for research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tia A Arena
- Department of Cell Culture, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bernice Chou
- Department of Cell Culture, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peter D. Harms
- Department of Cell Culture, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Athena W. Wong
- Department of Cell Culture, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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Hong J, Demirji J, Blackstock D, Lee J, Dinh T, Goh A, Arnold F, Horwitz J. Development of an alternating tangential flow (ATF) perfusion‐based transient gene expression (TGE) bioprocess for universal influenza vaccine. Biotechnol Prog 2019; 35:e2831. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinsung Hong
- Vaccine Production Program Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institute of Health Gaithersburg Maryland
| | - Jacob Demirji
- Vaccine Production Program Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institute of Health Gaithersburg Maryland
| | - Daniel Blackstock
- Vaccine Production Program Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institute of Health Gaithersburg Maryland
| | - James Lee
- Vaccine Production Program Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institute of Health Gaithersburg Maryland
| | - Tracey Dinh
- Vaccine Production Program Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institute of Health Gaithersburg Maryland
| | - Alvenne Goh
- Vaccine Production Program Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institute of Health Gaithersburg Maryland
| | - Frank Arnold
- Vaccine Production Program Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institute of Health Gaithersburg Maryland
| | - Joe Horwitz
- Vaccine Production Program Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institute of Health Gaithersburg Maryland
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Arjmand B, Larijani B, Sheikh Hosseini M, Payab M, Gilany K, Goodarzi P, Parhizkar Roudsari P, Amanollahi Baharvand M, Hoseini Mohammadi NS. The Horizon of Gene Therapy in Modern Medicine: Advances and Challenges. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1247:33-64. [PMID: 31845133 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2019_463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy as a novel study in molecular medicine will have a significant impact on human health in the near future. In recent years, the scope of gene therapy has been developed and is now beginning to revolutionize therapeutic approaches. Accordingly, many types of diseases are now being studied and treated in clinical trials through various gene delivery vectors. The emergence of recombinant DNA technology which provides the possibility of fetal genetic screening and genetic counseling is a good case in point. Therefore, gene therapy advances are being applied to correct inherited genetic disorders such as hemophilia, cystic fibrosis, and familial hypercholesterolemia as well as acquired diseases like cancer, AIDS, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and infectious diseases like HIV. As a result, gene therapy approaches have the ability to help the vast majority of newborns with different diseases. Since these ongoing treatments and clinical trials are being developed, many more barriers and challenges have been created. In order to continue this positive growth, these challenges need to be recognized and addressed. Accordingly, safety, efficiency and also risks and benefits of gene therapy trials for each disease should be considered. As a result, sustained manufacturing of the therapeutic gene product without any harmful side effects is the least requirement for gene therapy. Herein, different aspects of gene therapy, an overview of the progress, and also the prospects for the future have been discussed for the successful practice of gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Arjmand
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Motahareh Sheikh Hosseini
- Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Moloud Payab
- Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kambiz Gilany
- Reproductive Immunology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Integrative Oncology Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Goodarzi
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Peyvand Parhizkar Roudsari
- Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mobina Amanollahi Baharvand
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negin Sadat Hoseini Mohammadi
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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40
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Tabasinezhad M, Mahboudi F, Wenzel W, Rahimi H, Walther TH, Blattner C, Omidinia E. The transient production of anti-TNF-α antibody Adalimumab and a comparison of its characterization to the biosimilar Cinorra. Protein Expr Purif 2018; 155:59-65. [PMID: 30468855 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant antibodies have emerged over the last few decades as the fastest growing class of therapeutic proteins for autoimmune diseases. Post-translation modifications of antibodies produced by human cell lines are highly consistent with those existing in natural human proteins and this is a major advantage of utilizing these cell lines. Cinorra is a biosimilar form of the antibody Adalimumab, which is an antagonist of TNF-α used for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Adalimumab and Cinorra were produced by stable expression from CHO cells. The aim of this study was to select HEK cells as a host for producing Adalimumab to reveal whether the antibody produced by this human-derived cell line has similar characterization to Cinorra. Adalimumab was transiently produced in HEK-293T cells, characterized and analyzed for its properties. Circular dichroism spectroscopy confirmed a strong structural similarity of the expressed antibody with Cinorra. Likewise its binding activity and kinetic affinity to TNF-α (EC50 = 416.5 ng/ml, KD = 3.89 E-10 M,) were highly similar to that of Cinorra (EC50 = 421.2 ng/ml and KD = 3.34 E-10 M,). Additionally there was near identical neutralization of TNF-α-mediated cellular cytotoxicity (IC50 of the expressed = 4.93 nM; IC50 of Cinorra = 4.5 nM). Results indicate that Adalimumab produced by HEK-293T cells possesses a similarly efficient function and biological activity to Cinorra. Consequently, human-derived host cells with human post-translational modifications might potentially provide a basis for the development of Adalimumab with pharmaceutical properties for research and therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Tabasinezhad
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Wenzel
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hamzeh Rahimi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Torsten H Walther
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christine Blattner
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Eskandar Omidinia
- Department of Genetics & Metabolism, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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41
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Zhong X, Ma W, Meade CL, Tam AS, Llewellyn E, Cornell R, Cote K, Scarcelli JJ, Marshall JK, Tzvetkova B, Figueroa B, DiNino D, Sievers A, Lee C, Guo J, Mahan E, Francis C, Lam K, D'Antona AM, Zollner R, Zhu HL, Kriz R, Somers W, Lin L. Transient CHO expression platform for robust antibody production and its enhanced N-glycan sialylation on therapeutic glycoproteins. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 35:e2724. [PMID: 30299005 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Large-scale transient expression in mammalian cells is a rapid protein production technology often used to shorten overall timelines for biotherapeutics drug discovery. In this study we demonstrate transient expression in a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) host (ExpiCHO-S™) cell line capable of achieving high recombinant antibody expression titers, comparable to levels obtained using human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells. For some antibodies, ExpiCHO-S™ cells generated protein materials with better titers and improved protein quality characteristics (i.e., less aggregation) than those from HEK293. Green fluorescent protein imaging data indicated that ExpiCHO-S™ displayed a delayed but prolonged transient protein expression process compared to HEK293. When therapeutic glycoproteins containing non-Fc N-linked glycans were expressed in transient ExpiCHO-S™, the glycan pattern was unexpectedly found to have few sialylated N-glycans, in contrast to glycans produced within a stable CHO expression system. To improve N-glycan sialylation in transient ExpiCHO-S™, we co-transfected galactosyltransferase and sialyltransferase genes along with the target genes, as well as supplemented the culture medium with glycan precursors. The authors have demonstrated that co-transfection of glycosyltransferases combined with medium addition of galactose and uridine led to increased sialylation content of N-glycans during transient ExpiCHO-S™ expression. These results have provided a scientific basis for developing a future transient CHO system with N-glycan compositions that are similar to those profiles obtained from stable CHO protein production systems. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 35: e2724, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Zhong
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139
| | - Weijun Ma
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139
| | - Caryl L Meade
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139
| | - Amy S Tam
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139
| | - Eliza Llewellyn
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139
| | - Richard Cornell
- Analytical Research and Development, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Andover, Massachusetts, 01810
| | - Kaffa Cote
- Analytical Research and Development, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Andover, Massachusetts, 01810
| | - John J Scarcelli
- Cell Line Development, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Andover, Massachusetts, 01810
| | - Jeffrey K Marshall
- Analytical Research and Development, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Andover, Massachusetts, 01810
| | - Boriana Tzvetkova
- Analytical Research and Development, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Andover, Massachusetts, 01810
| | - Bruno Figueroa
- Bioprocessing Research and Development, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Andover, Massachusetts, 01810
| | - Dana DiNino
- Analytical Research and Development, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Andover, Massachusetts, 01810
| | - Annette Sievers
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139
| | - Christopher Lee
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139
| | - Jane Guo
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139
| | - Evan Mahan
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139
| | - Christopher Francis
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139
| | - Khetemenee Lam
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139
| | - Aaron M D'Antona
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139
| | - Richard Zollner
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139
| | - Hongli L Zhu
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139
| | - Ron Kriz
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139
| | - Will Somers
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139
| | - Laura Lin
- BioMedicine Design, Medicinal Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139
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42
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González-Domínguez I, Cervera L, Gòdia F, Roldán M. Quantitative colocalization analysis of DNA delivery by PEI-mediated cationic polymers in mammalian cells. J Microsc 2018; 273:53-64. [PMID: 30295315 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although cationic polymers are widely used for DNA delivery, the relationship between the properties of the formed complexes and their biological activity is not fully understood. Here, we propose a novel procedure consisting of superresolved images coupled with quantitative colocalization to analyse DNA release in living cells. This work compares the different workflows available in a quantitative colocalization study of DNA delivery using polyethylenimine as transfection reagent. A nimble workflow with deconvolution in three-dimensional images was developed. Among the different colocalization coefficients, Manders' colocalization coefficient was the best to track the complexes. Results showed that DNA/polyethylenimine complexes were tightly interacting at the time of transfection and their disassembly was observed between 2 and 10 h after their uptake. Heterogenicity was found in the intracellular fate of each complex. At 24 h, some complexes were still present underneath the nuclear envelope. Overall, this study opens the door for particle tracking assessment with three-dimensional imaging at intracellular level. LAY DESCRIPTION: DNA delivery technologies in living cells are of high relevance in the biotechnology field. The transient expression of a gene of interest enables the production of a wide range of new therapeutic candidates for clinical purposes. However, the introduction of an exogenous DNA construct into a cell culture requires the use of certain vehicles that protect the DNA from host cell DNases and deliver it into the cell nucleus. From the different systems available, polyethylenimine (PEI) has been extensively used in transient gene expression strategies for the last three decades. However, the intracellular fate of the formed DNA/PEI complexes and the DNA release from the complexes is still poorly understood. In this work, we propose the application of combined superresolved images through mathematical deconvolution to colocalization studies of DNA/PEI complexes evolution in living mammalian cell cultures. Both specimens were covalently labelled with Cy3 and Cy5 dye, respectively, and the kinetics of its disassembly process within the cells was tracked over the time. Because of the specific features of the formed-complexes, a comparative study of the different colocalization coefficients was performed towards optimizing the analysis of these particles with confocal microscopy. Besides, the 3D imaging of the process allowed the direct visualization of a partial DNA/PEI complexes disassembly and the location of those complexes underneath the nuclear envelope during the cell production phase (24 h after the uptake).
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Affiliation(s)
- I González-Domínguez
- Department d'Enginyeria Química Biològica i Ambiental, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Cervera
- Department d'Enginyeria Química Biològica i Ambiental, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Gòdia
- Department d'Enginyeria Química Biològica i Ambiental, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Roldán
- Unitat de Microscòpia Confocal, Servei d'Anatomia Patològica, Institut Pediàtric de Malalties Rares. Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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Silva MM, Gomes-Alves P, Rosa S, Simão D, Inácio JM, Peixoto C, Serra M, Belo JA, Alves PM. Full-length human CCBE1 production and purification: leveraging bioprocess development for high quality glycosylation attributes and functionality. J Biotechnol 2018; 285:6-14. [PMID: 30165116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Collagen and calcium-binding EGF domain-1 (CCBE1) is a secreted protein critical for lymphatic/cardiac vascular development and regeneration. However, the low efficient production of the recombinant full-length CCBE1 (rCCBE1) has been a setback for functional studies and therapeutic applications using this protein. The main goal of this work was to implement a robust bioprocess for efficient production of glycosylated rCCBE1. Different bioprocess strategies were combined with proteomic tools for process/product characterization, evaluating the impact of process parameters on cell performance, rCCBE1 production and quality. We have shown that rCCBE1 volumetric yield was positively correlated with higher cell density at transfection (HDT), and under these conditions the secreted protein presented a mature glycosylated profile (complex N-glycans). Mild hypothermia was also applied to HDT condition that resulted in enhanced cell viability; however an enrichment of immature rCCBE1 variants was detected. Mass spectrometry-based tools allowed the identification of rCCBE1 peptides confirming protein identity in the affinity chromatography enriched product. rCCBE1 biological activity was validated by in vitro angiogenesis assay, where enhanced vessel formation was observed. Herein, we report a step forward in the production and characterization of human glycosylated rCCBE1, amenable for in vitro and in vivo studies to explore its regenerative therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta M Silva
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal; ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal; Stem Cells and Development Laboratory, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Gomes-Alves
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal; ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Sara Rosa
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal; ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Daniel Simão
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal; ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - José M Inácio
- Stem Cells and Development Laboratory, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cristina Peixoto
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal; ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Margarida Serra
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal; ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - José A Belo
- Stem Cells and Development Laboratory, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Paula M Alves
- iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal; ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal.
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44
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Stewart MP, Langer R, Jensen KF. Intracellular Delivery by Membrane Disruption: Mechanisms, Strategies, and Concepts. Chem Rev 2018; 118:7409-7531. [PMID: 30052023 PMCID: PMC6763210 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular delivery is a key step in biological research and has enabled decades of biomedical discoveries. It is also becoming increasingly important in industrial and medical applications ranging from biomanufacture to cell-based therapies. Here, we review techniques for membrane disruption-based intracellular delivery from 1911 until the present. These methods achieve rapid, direct, and universal delivery of almost any cargo molecule or material that can be dispersed in solution. We start by covering the motivations for intracellular delivery and the challenges associated with the different cargo types-small molecules, proteins/peptides, nucleic acids, synthetic nanomaterials, and large cargo. The review then presents a broad comparison of delivery strategies followed by an analysis of membrane disruption mechanisms and the biology of the cell response. We cover mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical, and chemical strategies of membrane disruption with a particular emphasis on their applications and challenges to implementation. Throughout, we highlight specific mechanisms of membrane disruption and suggest areas in need of further experimentation. We hope the concepts discussed in our review inspire scientists and engineers with further ideas to improve intracellular delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin P. Stewart
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
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45
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Stuible M, Burlacu A, Perret S, Brochu D, Paul-Roc B, Baardsnes J, Loignon M, Grazzini E, Durocher Y. Optimization of a high-cell-density polyethylenimine transfection method for rapid protein production in CHO-EBNA1 cells. J Biotechnol 2018; 281:39-47. [PMID: 29886030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.06.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
For pre-clinical evaluation of biotherapeutic candidates, protein production by transient gene expression (TGE) in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells offers important advantages, including the capability of rapidly and cost-effectively generating recombinant proteins that are highly similar to those produced in stable CHO clones. We have established a novel CHO clone (CHO-3E7) expressing a form of the Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA-1) with improved TGE productivity relative to parental CHO cells. Taking advantage of a new transfection-compatible media formulation that permits prolonged, high-density culture, we optimized transfection parameters (cell density, plasmid vector and polyethylenimine concentrations) and post-transfection culture conditions to establish a new, high-performing process for rapid protein production. The growth media is chemically defined, and a single hydrolysate feed is added post-transfection, followed by periodic glucose supplementation. This method gave significantly higher yields than our standard low-cell density, F17-based CHO-3E7 TGE method, averaging several hundred mg/l for a panel of recombinant proteins and antibodies. Purified antibodies produced using the two methods had distinct glycosylation profiles but showed identical target binding kinetics by SPR. Key advantages of this new protein production platform include the cost-effectiveness of the transfection reagent, the commercial availability of the culture media and the ability to perform high-cell-density transfection without media change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Stuible
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Alina Burlacu
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Sylvie Perret
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Denis Brochu
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Béatrice Paul-Roc
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Jason Baardsnes
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Martin Loignon
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Eric Grazzini
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Yves Durocher
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada.
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46
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The Use of Phage Display and Yeast Based Expression System for the Development of a Von Willebrand Factor Propeptide Assay: Development of a Von Willebrand Factor Propeptide Assay. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:6232091. [PMID: 29992156 PMCID: PMC5994315 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6232091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background The diagnosis of von Willebrand disease is complex due to the heterogeneity of the disease. About eighty percent of von Willebrand disease patients are diagnosed with a quantitative defect of von Willebrand factor (VWF) where fifty percent is due to an increased clearance of von Willebrand factor. These patients do not respond well to the treatment of choice, Desmopressin (DDAVP) due to decreased efficacy. The ratio between the VWF propeptide and the mature VWF antigen is used to diagnose these patients. Commercial VWF propeptide assays are too expensive for use in developing countries. In this study, we developed a cost-effective ELISA assay. Methods We first displayed VWF propeptide on yeast. Antibody fragments were selected against the displayed VWF propeptide by using phage display technology. The antibodies were used to develop a cost-effective VWF propeptide assay and compared to a commercial VWF propeptide assay. Results Two of these antibody fragments bound specific to the VWF propeptide and not to the yeast used for the expression of the propeptides. These purified antibody fragments were able to detect VWF propeptide in normal plasma. Conclusion Our assay performed well when compared to a commercial kit. It also showed a higher binding affinity for VWF propeptide in plasma at especially lower plasma concentrations.
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47
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McKenzie EA, Abbott WM. Expression of recombinant proteins in insect and mammalian cells. Methods 2018; 147:40-49. [PMID: 29778647 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purified recombinant proteins are key reagents in academic and industrial research. The ability to make these proteins quickly often relies on the availability of higher eukaryotic cell hosts such as insect and mammalian cells where there is a very wide range of post-translational modifications, protein folding and trafficking pathways. This enables the generation of many proteins that cannot be made in microbial hosts. In this article we outline some of the most commonly used methods to express recombinant proteins in insect and mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward A McKenzie
- Protein Expression Facility, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - W Mark Abbott
- Peak Proteins Ltd, Alderley Park, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK.
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48
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Hu J, Chen X, Zhang X, Yuan X, Yang M, Dai H, Yang W, Zhou Q, Wen W, Wang Q, Qin W, Zhao A. A fusion-protein approach enabling mammalian cell production of tumor targeting protein domains for therapeutic development. Protein Sci 2018; 27:933-944. [PMID: 29500915 PMCID: PMC5916118 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A single chain Fv fragment (scFv) is a fusion of the variable regions of heavy (VH ) and light (VL ) chains of immunoglobulins. They are important elements of chimeric antigen receptors for cancer therapy. We sought to produce a panel of 16 extracellular protein domains of tumor markers for use in scFv yeast library screenings. A series of vectors comprising various combinations of expression elements was made, but expression was unpredictable and more than half of the protein domains could not be produced using any of the constructs. Here we describe a novel fusion expression system based on mouse TEM7 (tumor endothelial marker 7), which could facilitate protein expression. With this approach we could produce all but one of the tumor marker domains that could not otherwise be expressed. In addition, we demonstrated that the tumor associated antigen hFZD10 produced as a fusion protein with mTEM7 could be used to enrich scFv antibodies from a yeast display library. Collectively our study demonstrates the potential of specific fusion proteins based on mTEM7 in enabling mammalian cell production of tumor targeting protein domains for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Hu
- Lung Cancer Research CenterWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Xiang Chen
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Xuhua Zhang
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
- School of Life SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
| | - Xiaopeng Yuan
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
- Zhujiang Hospital, SouthernMedical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Mingjuan Yang
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Hui Dai
- Xinjiang Karamay Central HospitalKaramay CityXinjiangChina
| | - Wei Yang
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Qinghua Zhou
- Lung Cancer Research CenterWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Weihong Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of ImmunologyXijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityChinaXi'an
| | - Qirui Wang
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
- College of Traditional Chinese MedicineSouthernMedical UniversityGuang DongChina
| | - Weijun Qin
- Department of UrologyXijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical UniversityChinaXi'an
| | - Aizhi Zhao
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
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49
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Sukenik SC, Karuppanan K, Li Q, Lebrilla CB, Nandi S, McDonald KA. Transient Recombinant Protein Production in Glycoengineered Nicotiana benthamiana Cell Suspension Culture. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1205. [PMID: 29659495 PMCID: PMC5979281 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient recombinant protein production is a promising alternative to stable transgenic systems, particularly for emergency situations in which rapid production of novel therapeutics is needed. In plants, Agrobacterium tumefaciens can be used as a gene delivery vector for transient expression. A potential barrier for plant-based production of human therapeutics is that different glycosylation patterns are found on plant and mammalian proteins. Since glycosylation can affect the efficacy, safety and stability of a therapeutic protein, methods to control glycan structures and distributions in plant-based systems would be beneficial. In these studies, we performed Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression in glycoengineered plant cell suspension cultures. To reduce the presence of plant-specific glycans on the product, we generated and characterized cell suspension cultures from β-1,2-xylosyltransferase and α-1,3-fucosyltransferase knockdown Nicotiana benthamiana. An anthrax decoy fusion protein was transiently produced in these glycoengineered plant cell suspension cultures through co-culture with genetically engineered Agrobacterium. The mass ratio of Agrobacterium to plant cells used was shown to impact recombinant protein expression levels. N-glycosylation analysis on the anthrax decoy fusion protein produced in glycoengineered N. benthamiana showed a dramatic reduction in plant-specific N-glycans. Overall, the results presented here demonstrate the feasibility of a simple, rapid and scalable process for transient production of recombinant proteins without plant-specific glycans in a glycoengineered plant cell culture host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara C Sukenik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Kalimuthu Karuppanan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Qiongyu Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Carlito B Lebrilla
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Somen Nandi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
- Global HealthShare Initiative, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Karen A McDonald
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
- Global HealthShare Initiative, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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50
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Visualisation of intracellular production bottlenecks in suspension-adapted CHO cells producing complex biopharmaceuticals using fluorescence microscopy. J Biotechnol 2018; 271:47-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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