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Ayed K, Nabi L, Akrout R, Mrizak H, Gorrab A, Bacha D, Boussen H, Gati A. Obesity and cancer: focus on leptin. Mol Biol Rep 2023:10.1007/s11033-023-08525-y. [PMID: 37227675 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08525-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, obesity has grown to epidemic proportions worldwide. It has been associated with an increased risk for different types of cancer. In addition, obesity has been associated with a poor prognosis, an increased risk of metastasis and mortality, and resistance to anti-cancer therapies. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the obesity-cancer connection have not yet been fully elucidated. However, this connection could result, at least in part, from the action of adipokines, whose levels are increased in obesity. Among these adipokines, evidence suggests leptin's critical role in linking obesity to cancer. In this review, we first summarize the current state of the literature regarding the implication of leptin in tumorigenic processes. Next, we focus on the effects of leptin on the anti-tumor immune response. Then, we discuss the influence of leptin on the efficiency of antineoplastic treatments and the development of tumor resistance. Finally, we highlight the use of leptin as a potential target for the prevention and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khouloud Ayed
- Laboratory of Genetics, Immunology, and Human Pathology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Lamis Nabi
- Laboratory of Genetics, Immunology, and Human Pathology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Rym Akrout
- Laboratory of Genetics, Immunology, and Human Pathology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hela Mrizak
- Laboratory of Genetics, Immunology, and Human Pathology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amal Gorrab
- Laboratory of Genetics, Immunology, and Human Pathology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Dhouha Bacha
- Anatomopathology Department, Mongi Slim Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hamouda Boussen
- Medical Oncology Department, Salah Azaiez Institute, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Asma Gati
- Laboratory of Genetics, Immunology, and Human Pathology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.
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Santos AL, Sinha S. Ageing, Metabolic Dysfunction, and the Therapeutic Role of Antioxidants. Subcell Biochem 2023; 103:341-435. [PMID: 37120475 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-26576-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
The gradual ageing of the world population has been accompanied by a dramatic increase in the prevalence of obesity and metabolic diseases, especially type 2 diabetes. The adipose tissue dysfunction associated with ageing and obesity shares many common physiological features, including increased oxidative stress and inflammation. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity may help elucidate the processes that contribute to the metabolic disturbances that occur with ageing. This, in turn, may help identify therapeutic targets for the treatment of obesity and age-related metabolic disorders. Because oxidative stress plays a critical role in these pathological processes, antioxidant dietary interventions could be of therapeutic value for the prevention and/or treatment of age-related diseases and obesity and their complications. In this chapter, we review the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which obesity predisposes individuals to accelerated ageing. Additionally, we critically review the potential of antioxidant dietary interventions to counteract obesity and ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Santos
- IdISBA - Fundación de Investigación Sanitaria de las Islas Baleares, Palma, Spain.
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Harris BHL, Macaulay VM, Harris DA, Klenerman P, Karpe F, Lord SR, Harris AL, Buffa FM. Obesity: a perfect storm for carcinogenesis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2022; 41:491-515. [PMID: 36038791 PMCID: PMC9470699 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-022-10046-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Obesity-related cancers account for 40% of the cancer cases observed in the USA and obesity is overtaking smoking as the most widespread modifiable risk factor for carcinogenesis. Here, we use the hallmarks of cancer framework to delineate how obesity might influence the carcinogenic hallmarks in somatic cells. We discuss the effects of obesity on (a) sustaining proliferative signaling; (b) evading growth suppressors; (c) resisting cell death; (d) enabling replicative immortality; (e) inducing angiogenesis; (f) activating invasion and metastasis; (g) reprogramming energy metabolism; and (h) avoiding immune destruction, together with its effects on genome instability and tumour-promoting inflammation. We present the current understanding and controversies in this evolving field, and highlight some areas in need of further cross-disciplinary focus. For instance, the relative importance of the many potentially causative obesity-related factors is unclear for each type of malignancy. Even within a single tumour type, it is currently unknown whether one obesity-related factor consistently plays a predominant role, or if this varies between patients or, even in a single patient with time. Clarifying how the hallmarks are affected by obesity may lead to novel prevention and treatment strategies for the increasingly obese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin H L Harris
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK. .,St Anne's College, 56 Woodstock Rd, Oxford, OX2 6HS, UK.
| | - Valentine M Macaulay
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | | | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Simon R Lord
- Early Phase Clinical Trials Unit, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Adrian L Harris
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
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Ubaid S, Pandey S, Akhtar MS, Rumman M, Singh B, Mahdi AA. SIRT1 Mediates Neuroprotective and Neurorescue Effects of Camel α-Lactalbumin and Oleic Acid Complex on Rotenone-Induced Parkinson's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:1263-1272. [PMID: 35385250 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common devastating neurodegenerative disorder. Presently used therapies for PD have severe side effects and are limited to only temporary improvement. Therefore, a new therapeutic approach to treat PD urgently needs to be developed. α-Lactalbumin, the most abundant milk protein in camel milk, has been attributed to various medicinal properties. This study intended to investigate the neuroprotective efficacy of the camel α-lactalbumin and oleic acid (CLOA) complex. One mechanism postulated to underlie neuroprotection by the CLOA complex is the induction of silent information regulatory protein (SIRT1). SIRT1 is known to be involved in several pathological and physiological processes, and it has been suggested that SIRT1 plays a protective role in PD. Oxidative stress, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis are involved in PD pathogenesis. Our results revealed that SIRT1 inhibits oxidative stress by maintaining HIF-1α in a deacetylated state. SIRT1 upregulates the expression of FOXO3a and HSF-1, thus inhibiting apoptosis and maintaining the homeostasis of cellular proteins. Increased SIRT1 expression reduces the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8, which in turn inhibits neuroinflammation. In addition to SIRT1, the CLOA complex also enhances the expression of survivin and leptin and promotes the survival of neuroblastoma cells. Altogether, our results suggest that the CLOA complex might be a novel therapeutic molecule that could ameliorate neuronal cell damage in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Ubaid
- Department of Biochemistry, King George’s Medical University (KGMU), Lucknow 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shivani Pandey
- Department of Biochemistry, King George’s Medical University (KGMU), Lucknow 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohd. Sohail Akhtar
- Division of Molecular & Structural Biology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohammad Rumman
- Department of Biochemistry, King George’s Medical University (KGMU), Lucknow 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Babita Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, King George’s Medical University (KGMU), Lucknow 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abbas Ali Mahdi
- Department of Biochemistry, King George’s Medical University (KGMU), Lucknow 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Ligorio F, Zambelli L, Fucà G, Lobefaro R, Santamaria M, Zattarin E, de Braud F, Vernieri C. Prognostic impact of body mass index (BMI) in HER2+ breast cancer treated with anti-HER2 therapies: from preclinical rationale to clinical implications. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2022; 14:17588359221079123. [PMID: 35281350 PMCID: PMC8908398 DOI: 10.1177/17588359221079123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor 2 (HER2) overexpression or HER2 gene amplification defines a subset of breast cancers (BCs) characterized by higher biological and clinical aggressiveness. The introduction of anti-HER2 drugs has remarkably improved clinical outcomes in patients with both early-stage and advanced HER2+ BC. However, some HER2+ BC patients still have unfavorable outcomes despite optimal anti-HER2 therapies. Retrospective clinical analyses indicate that overweight and obesity can negatively affect the prognosis of patients with early-stage HER2+ BC. This association could be mediated by the interplay between overweight/obesity, alterations in systemic glucose and lipid metabolism, increased systemic inflammatory status, and the stimulation of proliferation pathways resulting in the stimulation of HER2+ BC cell growth and resistance to anti-HER2 therapies. By contrast, in the context of advanced disease, a few high-quality studies, which were included in a meta-analysis, showed an association between high body mass index (BMI) and better clinical outcomes, possibly reflecting the negative prognostic role of malnourishment and cachexia in this setting. Of note, overweight and obesity are modifiable factors. Therefore, uncovering their prognostic role in patients with early-stage or advanced HER2+ BC could have clinical relevance in terms of defining subsets of patients requiring more or less aggressive pharmacological treatments, as well as of designing clinical trials to investigate the therapeutic impact of lifestyle interventions aimed at modifying body weight and composition. In this review, we summarize and discuss the available preclinical evidence supporting the role of adiposity in modulating HER2+ BC aggressiveness and resistance to therapies, as well as clinical studies reporting on the prognostic role of BMI in patients with early-stage or advanced HER2+ BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ligorio
- Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Zambelli
- Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Fucà
- Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Lobefaro
- Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Marzia Santamaria
- Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare (IFOM), Milan, Italy
| | - Emma Zattarin
- Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo de Braud
- Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Vernieri
- Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare (IFOM), Milan, Italy
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Tumor Metabolic Reprogramming by Adipokines as a Critical Driver of Obesity-Associated Cancer Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031444. [PMID: 33535537 PMCID: PMC7867092 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adiposity is associated with an increased risk of various types of carcinoma. One of the plausible mechanisms underlying the tumor-promoting role of obesity is an aberrant secretion of adipokines, a group of hormones secreted from adipose tissue, which have exhibited both oncogenic and tumor-suppressing properties in an adipokine type- and context-dependent manner. Increasing evidence has indicated that these adipose tissue-derived hormones differentially modulate cancer cell-specific metabolism. Some adipokines, such as leptin, resistin, and visfatin, which are overproduced in obesity and widely implicated in different stages of cancer, promote cellular glucose and lipid metabolism. Conversely, adiponectin, an adipokine possessing potent anti-tumor activities, is linked to a more favorable metabolic phenotype. Adipokines may also play a pivotal role under the reciprocal regulation of metabolic rewiring of cancer cells in tumor microenvironment. Given the fact that metabolic reprogramming is one of the major hallmarks of cancer, understanding the modulatory effects of adipokines on alterations in cancer cell metabolism would provide insight into the crosstalk between obesity, adipokines, and tumorigenesis. In this review, we summarize recent insights into putative roles of adipokines as mediators of cellular metabolic rewiring in obesity-associated tumors, which plays a crucial role in determining the fate of tumor cells.
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The Role of Adipokines and Bone Marrow Adipocytes in Breast Cancer Bone Metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144967. [PMID: 32674405 PMCID: PMC7404398 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The morbidity and mortality of breast cancer is mostly due to a distant metastasis, especially to the bone. Many factors may be responsible for bone metastasis in breast cancer, but interactions between tumor cells and other surrounding types of cells, and cytokines secreted by both, are expected to play the most important role. Bone marrow adipocyte (BMA) is one of the cell types comprising the bone, and adipokine is one of the cytokines secreted by both breast cancer cells and BMAs. These BMAs and adipokines are known to be responsible for cancer progression, and this review is focused on how BMAs and adipokines work in the process of breast cancer bone metastasis. Their potential as suppressive targets for bone metastasis is also explored in this review.
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Kim SH, Hahm ER, Singh KB, Singh SV. Diallyl Trisulfide Inhibits Leptin-induced Oncogenic Signaling in Human Breast Cancer Cells but Fails to Prevent Chemically-induced Luminal-type Cancer in Rats. J Cancer Prev 2020; 25:1-12. [PMID: 32266174 PMCID: PMC7113410 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2020.25.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated inhibitory effect of garlic component diallyl trisulfide (DATS) on growth of breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. This study investigated the effect of DATS on oncogenic signaling regulated by leptin, which plays an important role in breast carcinogenesis. Leptin-induced phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of STAT3 was inhibited significantly in the presence of DATS in MCF-7 (a luminal-type human breast cancer cell line) and MDA-MB-231 (a basal-like human breast cancer cell line). Leptin-stimulated cell proliferation, clonogenic cell survival, and migration and/or invasion ability in MCF-7 and/or MDA-MB-231 cells were also suppressed by DATS treatment. DATS exposure resulted in inhibition of leptin-stimulated expression of protein and/or mRNA levels of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Cyclin D1, vascular endothelial growth factor, and matrix metalloproteinase-2. Western blotting revealed a decrease in protein levels of phosphorylated STAT3 in breast cancer xenografts from DATS-treated mice when compared to controls in vivo. However, the incidence of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced luminal-type breast cancer development in rats was not affected by oral administration of 5 mg/kg or 25 mg/kg DATS. The present study reveals that oncogenic signaling induced by leptin is inhibited in the presence of DATS but higher doses of this phytochemical may be required to achieve chemopreventive activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Hyeong Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Eun-Ryeong Hahm
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Krishna B Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shivendra V Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Maroni P. Leptin, Adiponectin, and Sam68 in Bone Metastasis from Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21031051. [PMID: 32033341 PMCID: PMC7037668 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The most serious aspect of neoplastic disease is the spread of cancer cells to secondary sites. Skeletal metastases can escape detection long after treatment of the primary tumour and follow-up. Bone tissue is a breeding ground for many types of cancer cells, especially those derived from the breast, prostate, and lung. Despite advances in diagnosis and therapeutic strategies, bone metastases still have a profound impact on quality of life and survival and are often responsible for the fatal outcome of the disease. Bone and the bone marrow environment contain a wide variety of cells. No longer considered a passive filler, bone marrow adipocytes have emerged as critical contributors to cancer progression. Released by adipocytes, adipokines are soluble factors with hormone-like functions and are currently believed to affect tumour development. Src-associated in mitosis of 68 kDa (Sam68), originally discovered as a protein physically associated with and phosphorylated by c-Src during mitosis, is now recognised as an important RNA-binding protein linked to tumour onset and progression of disease. Sam68 also regulates splicing events and recent evidence reports that dysregulation of these events is a key step in neoplastic transformation and tumour progression. The present review reports recent findings on adipokines and Sam68 and their role in breast cancer progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Maroni
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via R. Galeazzi 4, 20161 Milano, Italy
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He D, Yu Z, Liu S, Dai H, Xu Q, Li F. Methylenetetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase 1 (MTHFD1) is Underexpressed in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Tissue and Transfection and Overexpression in Caki-1 Cells Inhibits Cell Proliferation and Increases Apoptosis. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:8391-8400. [PMID: 30459299 PMCID: PMC6259576 DOI: 10.12659/msm.911124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aims of this study were to investigate the expression of methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 1 (MTHFD1) in human tissue containing clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC) compared with normal renal tissue, and the effects of upregulating the expression of MTHFD1 in the human CCRCC cell line, Caki-1. Material/Methods Tumor and adjacent normal renal tissue were obtained from 44 patients who underwent radical nephrectomy for CCRCC. Caki-1 human CCRCC cells were divided into the control group, the empty vector (EV) group, and the plasmid-treated group that overexpressed MTHFD1. MTHFD1 mRNA and protein levels were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot, respectively. The cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay measured cell viability. Flow cytometry evaluated apoptosis and the cell cycle. Western blot measured the protein levels of MTHFD1, Bax, Bcl-2, Akt, p53, and cyclin D1, and qRT-PCR determined the gene expression profiles. Results MTHFD1 mRNA and protein levels in CCRCC tumor tissues were significantly lower compared with adjacent normal renal tissue. MTHFD1 over-expression in Caki-1 cells inhibited cell proliferation, arrested cells in the G1 phase, increased cell apoptosis, and upregulated gene and protein expression of Bax/Bcl-2 and p53, and inhibited p-Akt, and cyclin D1. Conclusions MTHFD1 was underexpressed in CCRCC tissue when compared with normal renal tissue. MTHFD1 transfection of human CCRCC Caki-1 cells in vitro inhibited cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis, associated with reduced expression of cyclin D1, reduced Akt phosphorylation, and increased expression of Bax/Bcl-2 and p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglin He
- Department of Urology, Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Zhihai Yu
- Department of Urology, Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Sheng Liu
- Department of Urology, Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Hong Dai
- Department of Urology, Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Qing Xu
- Department of Urology, Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing, China (mainland)
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Urology, Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing, China (mainland)
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adipocytes, which represent a substantial part of the tumor microenvironment in breast cancer, secrete several adipokines that affect tumorigenesis, cancer progression, metastasis, and treatment resistance via multiple signaling pathways. Areas covered: In this review, we focus on the role of leptin, adiponectin, autotaxin, and interleukin-6 in breast cancer initiation, progression, metastasis, and drug response. Furthermore, we investigated adipokines as potential targets of breast cancer-specific drugs. Expert opinion: Adipokines and adipokine receptors are deregulated in breast cancer. Adipokines play various roles in breast cancer initiation, progression, metastasis, and drug response, hence, adipokine signaling could be an effective drug target. Several clinical trials are in progress to test the efficacy of adipokine targeting agents. However, adipokines also affect metabolic homeostasis; hence, the adverse effects of the targeted drug should be investigated and addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Jin Cha
- a Department of Pathology , Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Hospital , Seoul , South Korea
| | - Ja Seung Koo
- a Department of Pathology , Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Hospital , Seoul , South Korea
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Zahid H, Subbaramaiah K, Iyengar NM, Zhou XK, Chen IC, Bhardwaj P, Gucalp A, Morrow M, Hudis CA, Dannenberg AJ, Brown KA. Leptin regulation of the p53-HIF1α/PKM2-aromatase axis in breast adipose stromal cells: a novel mechanism for the obesity-breast cancer link. Int J Obes (Lond) 2018; 42:711-720. [PMID: 29104286 PMCID: PMC5936686 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Obesity (body mass index (BMI)⩾30 kg m-2) is associated with an increased risk of estrogen-dependent breast cancer after menopause. Levels of aromatase, the rate-limiting enzyme in estrogen biosynthesis, are elevated in breast tissue of obese women. Recently, the regulation of aromatase by the p53-hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF1α)/pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) axis was characterized in adipose stromal cells (ASCs) of women with Li-Fraumeni Syndrome, a hereditary cancer syndrome that predisposes to estrogen-dependent breast cancer. The current study aimed to determine whether stimulation of aromatase by obesity-associated adipokine leptin involves the regulation of the p53-HIF1α/PKM2 axis. SUBJECTS/METHODS Human breast ASCs were used to characterize the p53-HIF1α/PKM2-aromatase axis in response to leptin. The effect of pharmacological or genetic modulation of protein kinase C (PKC), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), p53, Aha1, Hsp90, HIF1α and PKM2 on aromatase promoter activity, expression and enzyme activity was examined. Semiquantitative immunofluorescence and confocal imaging were used to assess ASC-specific protein expression in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections of breast of women and mammary tissue of mice following a low-fat (LF) or high-fat (HF) diet for 17 weeks. RESULTS Leptin-mediated induction of aromatase was dependent on PKC/MAPK signaling and the suppression of p53. This, in turn, was associated with an increase in Aha1 protein expression, activation of Hsp90 and the stabilization of HIF1α and PKM2, known stimulators of aromatase expression. Consistent with these findings, ASC-specific immunoreactivity for p53 was inversely associated with BMI in breast tissue, while HIF1α, PKM2 and aromatase were positively correlated with BMI. In mice, HF feeding was associated with significantly lower p53 ASC-specific immunoreactivity compared with LF feeding, while immunoreactivity for HIF1α, PKM2 and aromatase were significantly higher. CONCLUSIONS Overall, findings demonstrate a novel mechanism for the obesity-associated increase in aromatase in ASCs of the breast and support the study of lifestyle interventions, including weight management, which may reduce breast cancer risk via effects on this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Zahid
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
- Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Neil M. Iyengar
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Xi Kathy Zhou
- Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
| | - I-Chun Chen
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
| | - Priya Bhardwaj
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
| | - Ayca Gucalp
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Monica Morrow
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Clifford A. Hudis
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | | | - Kristy A. Brown
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Down Syndrome, Obesity, Alzheimer's Disease, and Cancer: A Brief Review and Hypothesis. Brain Sci 2018; 8:brainsci8040053. [PMID: 29587359 PMCID: PMC5924389 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8040053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (trisomy 21), a complex mix of physical, mental, and biochemical issues, includes an increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease and childhood leukemia, a decreased risk of other tumors, and a high frequency of overweight/obesity. Certain features related to the third copy of chromosome 21 (which carries the APP gene and several anti-angiogenesis genes) create an environment favorable for Alzheimer’s disease and unfavorable for cancer. This environment may be enhanced by two bioactive compounds from fat cells, leptin, and adiponectin. This paper outlines these fat-related disease mechanisms and suggests new avenues of research to reduce disease risk in Down syndrome.
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Lim ST, Jeon YW, Gwak H, Kim SY, Suh YJ. Synergistic anticancer effects of ruxolitinib and calcitriol in estrogen receptor‑positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2‑positive breast cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:5581-5588. [PMID: 29436642 PMCID: PMC5865997 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Janus kinase (JAK)1 and JAK2 inhibitor, ruxolitinib, and the active form of vitamin D (calcitriol) were previously reported to possess anticancer effects in breast cancer. The present study investigated the combined effects of ruxolitinib and calcitriol on an estrogen receptor (ER)‑positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)‑positive, breast cancer cell line. The ER and HER2‑positive MCF7‑HER18 breast cancer cell line was used to investigate the combination effect of ruxolitinib and calcitriol. A bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) assay was used to investigate cell growth inhibition. The synergism of this combination therapy was examined using the Chou‑Talalay method. Cell cycle analysis was performed by flow cytometry, and apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry following Annexin V‑fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and propidium iodide (PI) staining. Alterations in protein expression levels were analyzed by western blotting. The BrdU assay indicated that combination treatment using ruxolitinib and calcitriol produced a synergistic anti‑proliferative effect in MCF7‑HER18 breast cancer cells. Annexin V‑FITC/PI staining and cell cycle analysis identified a synergistic increase in apoptosis and sub‑G1 arrest in the presence of ruxolitinib and calcitriol. Western blot analysis revealed that these synergistic effects of ruxolitinib and calcitriol were associated with reduced protein levels of JAK2, phosphorylated JAK2, c‑Myc proto oncogene protein, cyclin‑D1, apoptosis regulator Bcl‑2 and Bcl‑2‑like protein 1, and with increased levels of caspase‑3 and Bcl‑2‑associated agonist of cell death proteins. The results of the present study demonstrated the synergistic anticancer effects of ruxolitinib and calcitriol in ER and HER2‑positive MCF7‑HER18 breast cancer cells. Based on these findings, ruxolitinib and calcitriol may have potential as a combination therapy for patients with ER and HER2‑positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Taek Lim
- Division of Breast and Thyroid Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16247, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Won Jeon
- Division of Breast and Thyroid Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16247, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongki Gwak
- Division of Breast and Thyroid Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16247, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Young Kim
- Division of Breast and Thyroid Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16247, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jin Suh
- Division of Breast and Thyroid Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16247, Republic of Korea
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Novel leptin OB3 peptide-induced signaling and progression in thyroid cancers: Comparison with leptin. Oncotarget 2018; 7:27641-54. [PMID: 27050378 PMCID: PMC5053677 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity results in increased secretion of cytokines from adipose tissue and is a risk factor for various cancers. Leptin is largely produced by adipose tissue and cancer cells. It induces cell proliferation and may serve to induce various cancers. OB3-leptin peptide (OB3) is a new class of functional leptin peptide. However, its mitogenic effect has not been determined. In the present study, because of a close link between leptin and the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, OB3 was compared with leptin in different thyroid cancer cells for gene expression, proliferation and invasion. Neither agent stimulated cell proliferation. Leptin stimulated cell invasion, but reduced adhesion in anaplastic thyroid cancer cells. Activated ERK1/2 and STAT3 contributed to leptin-induced invasion. In contrast, OB3 did not affect expression of genes involved in proliferation and invasion. In vivo studies in the mouse showed that leptin, but not OB3, significantly increased circulating levels of thyrotropin (TSH), a growth factor for thyroid cancer. In summary, OB3 is a derivative of leptin that importantly lacks the mitogenic effects of leptin on thyroid cancer cells.
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Choi J, Cha YJ, Koo JS. Adipocyte biology in breast cancer: From silent bystander to active facilitator. Prog Lipid Res 2018; 69:11-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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17
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Estrogen receptor signaling mediates leptin-induced growth of breast cancer cells via autophagy induction. Oncotarget 2017; 8:109417-109435. [PMID: 29312618 PMCID: PMC5752531 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin, a hormone derived from adipose tissue, promotes growth of cancer cells via multiple mechanisms. Estrogen receptor signaling is also known to stimulate the growth of breast cancer cells. However, the involvement of estrogen receptor signaling in the oncogenic actions of leptin and its underlying mechanisms are not clearly understood. Herein, we investigated mechanisms for estrogen receptor signaling-mediated growth of breast cancer cells, particularly focusing on autophagy, which plays a crucial role in leptin-induced tumor growth. Inhibition of estrogen receptor signaling via gene silencing or treatment with a pharmacological inhibitor (tamoxifen) abolished leptin-induced growth of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Interestingly, leptin-induced autophagy activation, determined by up-regulation of autophagy-related genes and autophagosome formation, was also significantly suppressed by inhibiting estrogen receptor signaling. Moreover, inhibition of estrogen receptor markedly prevented leptin-induced activation of AMPK/FoxO3A axis, which plays a crucial role in autophagy induction. Leptin-induced cell cycle progression and Bax down-regulation were also prevented by treatment with tamoxifen. The pivotal roles of estrogen receptor signaling in leptin-induced cell cycle progression, apoptosis suppression, and autophagy induction were further confirmed in MCF-7 tumor xenograft model. Taken together, these results demonstrate that estrogen receptor signaling plays a key role in leptin-induced growth of breast cancer cells via autophagy activation.
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Khabaz MN, Abdelrahman A, Butt N, Damnhory L, Elshal M, Aldahlawi AM, Ashoor S, Al-Maghrabi B, Dobson P, Brown B, Al-Sakkaf K, Al-Qahtani M, Al-Maghrabi J. Immunohistochemical staining of leptin is associated with grade, stage, lymph node involvement, recurrence, and hormone receptor phenotypes in breast cancer. BMC WOMENS HEALTH 2017; 17:105. [PMID: 29121911 PMCID: PMC5680747 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-017-0459-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Obesity is part of the established risk factors for breast cancer (BC) in postmenopausal females. Circulating leptin increases in parallel with the increase of body weight and fat reservoir. Methods This research investigated the link between leptin phenotype and the clinicopathological factors in BC. A large set of breast cancer cases (449), and 27 non-cancerous tissue samples of breast were employed for leptin expression recognition using immunohistochemistry staining. Results Cytoplasmic immunohistochemical staining of leptin was recognized in 376 (83.7%) and 25 (92.6%) of BC and control cases respectively. Leptin immunostaining were significantly associated with age, histotypes, grade, stage, lymph node involvement, tumor recurrence, hormone receptor phenotypes, ER and HER2 expressions, and p-values were (P = 0.0233), (P = 0.0001), (P = 0.050), (P = 0.0291), (P = 0.0300), (P = 0.0023), (P = 0.0021), (P = 0.0279) respectively. Reasonable proportion of cases with low staining score was more prevalent in all subgroups of clinicopathological parameters except ER- PR+ HER2- hormone receptor phenotype and mucinous carcinoma which showed high level of leptin immunoreactivity. Tumor recurrence is less prevailing in high score leptin immunostaining cases. Furthermore, Log Rank (Mantel-Cox) test findings revealed considerably different survival distributions were observed for the different categories of leptin immunostaining scores (P = 0.032). Negative leptin immunostaining is related to poor survival. Conclusions Our preliminary findings support leptin clinical value in confirming BC diagnosis as well as prognosis. These results suggest that leptin molecule is an important biomarker that could identify type, grade, stage, lymph node involvement, relapse and prognosis in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Nidal Khabaz
- Department of Pathology, Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amer Abdelrahman
- Department of Pathology, Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadeem Butt
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lila Damnhory
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Elshal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science; Immunology Unit, KFMRC, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alia M Aldahlawi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science; Immunology Unit, KFMRC, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Swsan Ashoor
- Department of Radiology, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basim Al-Maghrabi
- Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pauline Dobson
- Department of Human Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Barry Brown
- Department of Human Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Kaltoom Al-Sakkaf
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohmmad Al-Qahtani
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jaudah Al-Maghrabi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80205, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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Expression of AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 Receptors as Leptin-Breast Cancer Regulation Mechanisms. DISEASE MARKERS 2017; 2017:4862016. [PMID: 29311755 PMCID: PMC5605926 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4862016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The development of breast cancer is influenced by the adipose tissue through the proteins leptin and adiponectin. However, there is little research concerning AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 receptors and the influence of leptin over them. The objective of this work was to analyze the expression of AdipoR1 and AdipoR2, modulated by differential concentrations of leptin in an obesity model (10 ng/mL, 100 ng/mL, and 1000 ng/mL) associated with breast cancer in MCF-7 and HCC1937 cell lines. Each cell line was characterized through immunohistochemistry, and the expression of AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 was analyzed by PCR in real time using TaqMan® probes. Leptin induced an increase in cell population of MCF-7 (23.8%, 10 ng/mL, 48 h) and HCC1937 (17.24%, 1000 ng/mL, 72 h). In MCF-7, the expression of AdipoR1 decreased (3.81%, 1000 ng/mL) and the expression of AdipoR2 increased by 13.74 times (10 ng/mL) with regard to the control. In HCC1937, the expression of AdipoR1 decreased by 86.28% (10 ng/mL), as well as the expression of AdipoR2 (50.3%, 100 ng/mL). In regard to the results obtained, it could be concluded that leptin has an effect over the expression of AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 mRNA.
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Leptin receptor signaling via Janus kinase 2/Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 impacts on ovarian cancer cell phenotypes. Oncotarget 2017; 8:93530-93540. [PMID: 29212170 PMCID: PMC5706816 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a leading cause of cancer mortality in women world-wide. Considerable progress has been made to characterize the different subtypes of ovarian cancer, but specific therapies remain limited and prognosis poor. Cytokine signaling via the interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) family and related receptors has been implicated in a number of cancers, including those with an ovarian origin. The leptin receptor (LEPR) is structurally related to these receptors and utilizes similar downstream pathways. LEPR has diverse roles in metabolism, appetite and bone formation with obesity linked to both elevated levels of leptin and increased cancer incidence. This study investigated a potential role for LEPR signaling in ovarian cancer. Leptin stimulation led to increased proliferation, survival and migration of LEPR-expressing ovarian cancer cell lines, with the effects shown to be mediated by the downstream Janus kinase 2/Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK2/STAT3) pathway. A significant correlation was identified between high co-expression of leptin and LEPR and decreased patient survival. This study collectively suggests that leptin/LEPR signaling via JAK2/STAT3 has the potential to significantly impact on pathogenesis in a subset of ovarian cancer patients who may benefit from strategies that dampen this pathway.
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21
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Chin YT, Wang LM, Hsieh MT, Shih YJ, Nana AW, Changou CA, Yang YCSH, Chiu HC, Fu E, Davis PJ, Tang HY, Lin HY. Leptin OB3 peptide suppresses leptin-induced signaling and progression in ovarian cancer cells. J Biomed Sci 2017; 24:51. [PMID: 28750624 PMCID: PMC5532776 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-017-0356-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and its comorbidities constitute a serious health burden worldwide. Leptin plays an important role in diet control; however, it has a stimulatory potential on cancer cell proliferation. The OB3 peptide, a synthetic peptide, was shown to be more active than leptin in regulating metabolism but with no mitogenic effects in cancer cells. METHODS In this study, we investigated the proliferative effects, gene expressions and signaling pathways modulated by leptin and OB3 in human ovarian cancer cells. In addition, an animal study was performed. RESULTS Leptin, but not OB3, induced the proliferation of ovarian cancer cells. Interestingly, OB3 blocked the leptin-induced proliferative effect when it was co-applied with leptin. Both leptin and OB3 activated the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) signal transduction pathway. In addition, leptin stimulated the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) Tyr-705 as well as estrogen receptor (ER)α, and the expression of ERα-responsive genes. Interestingly, all leptin-induced signal activation and gene expressions were blocked by the co-incubation with OB3 and the inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2. Coincidently, leptin, but not OB3, increased circulating levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) which is known to play important roles in the initiation and proliferation of ovarian cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our findings suggest that the OB3 peptide may prevent leptin-induced ovarian cancer initiation and progression by disrupting leptin-induced proliferative signals via STAT3 phosphorylation and ERα activation. Therefore, the OB3 peptide is a potential anticancer agent that might be employed to prevent leptin-induced cancers in obese people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Tang Chin
- Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Le-Ming Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Ti Hsieh
- Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,PhD Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Jung Shih
- Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,PhD Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - André Wendindondé Nana
- PhD Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chun A Changou
- PhD Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.,Integrated Laboratory, Center of Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Core Facility, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen S H Yang
- Joint Biobank, Office of Human Research, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Chung Chiu
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, National Defense Medical Center and Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Earl Fu
- Department of Dentistry, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Paul J Davis
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Heng-Yuan Tang
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Hung-Yun Lin
- Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,PhD Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
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22
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Fiedor E, Gregoraszczuk EŁ. The molecular mechanism of action of superactive human leptin antagonist (SHLA) and quadruple leptin mutein Lan-2 on human ovarian epithelial cell lines. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2016; 78:611-22. [PMID: 27480179 PMCID: PMC5010610 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-016-3113-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction A number of leptin receptor antagonists have been synthesised for therapeutic use, with pre-clinical tests suggesting their future use in anticancer therapy. To our knowledge, there are no data concerning the possible application of leptin receptor blockers in ovarian cancer. Methods In this study, we evaluated two leptin receptor antagonists: superactive human leptin antagonist (SHLA) and quadruple leptin mutein, Lan-2 (L39A/D40A/F41A/I42A), on cell proliferation (Alamar Blue test, BrdU assay), cell cycle gene (qPCR) and protein expression (Western blot) and cell signalling pathways (Western blot) in three different types of cell lines: OVCAR-3, CaOV-3 and HOSEpiC. Results Both receptor blockers had no effect on non-cancerous HOSEpiC cell line proliferation; however, both reversed the stimulatory effect of leptin on CaOV-3 cell line proliferation to control levels and to below control levels in OVCAR-3 cells. In metastatic carcinoma CaOV-3, both ObR antagonists had an inhibitory effect on the cdk2/cyclin D1 complex, while in serous carcinoma, OVCAR-3, they only had an effect on cdk2 and cdk4 protein expression. SHLA had an inhibitory effect on all investigated signalling pathways in OVCAR-3, while only on Stat3 in CaOV-3. Lan-2 had an inhibitory effect on Stat3 and ERK1/2 in CaOV-3, while in OVCAR-3 it only affected Akt protein phosphorylation. Conclusion Based on these results, we conclude that SHLA and Lan-2 are promising leptin receptor inhibitors which could be used to block leptin activity, eliminating its negative effects on activities related to carcinogenesis. However, the selection of a specific antagonist should be related to tumour type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Fiedor
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Chair of Animal Physiology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewa Łucja Gregoraszczuk
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Chair of Animal Physiology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
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Activated FXR Inhibits Leptin Signaling and Counteracts Tumor-promoting Activities of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in Breast Malignancy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21782. [PMID: 26899873 PMCID: PMC4761870 DOI: 10.1038/srep21782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), the principal components of the tumor stroma, play a central role in cancer development and progression. As an important regulator of the crosstalk between breast cancer cells and CAFs, the cytokine leptin has been associated to breast carcinogenesis. The nuclear Farnesoid X Receptor-(FXR) seems to exert an oncosuppressive role in different tumors, including breast cancer. Herein, we demonstrated, for the first time, that the synthetic FXR agonist GW4064, inhibiting leptin signaling, affects the tumor-promoting activities of CAFs in breast malignancy. GW4064 inhibited growth, motility and invasiveness induced by leptin as well as by CAF-conditioned media in different breast cancer cell lines. These effects rely on the ability of activated FXR to increase the expression of the suppressor of the cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) leading to inhibition of leptin-activated signaling and downregulation of leptin-target genes. In vivo xenograft studies, using MCF-7 cells alone or co-injected with CAFs, showed that GW4064 administration markedly reduced tumor growth. Interestingly, GW4064-treated tumors exhibited decreased levels of leptin-regulated proteins along with a strong staining intensity for SOCS3. Thus, FXR ligands might represent an emerging potential anti-cancer therapy able to block the tumor supportive role of activated fibroblasts within the breast microenvironment.
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24
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Nepal S, Kim MJ, Hong JT, Kim SH, Sohn DH, Lee SH, Song K, Choi DY, Lee ES, Park PH. Autophagy induction by leptin contributes to suppression of apoptosis in cancer cells and xenograft model: involvement of p53/FoxO3A axis. Oncotarget 2016; 6:7166-81. [PMID: 25704884 PMCID: PMC4466676 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin, a hormone mainly produced from adipose tissue, has been shown to induce proliferation of cancer cells. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying leptin-induced tumor progression have not been clearly elucidated. In the present study, we investigated the role of autophagy in leptin-induced cancer cell proliferation using human hepatoma (HepG2) and breast cancer cells (MCF-7), and tumor growth in a xenograft model. Herein, we showed that leptin treatment caused autophagy induction as assessed by increase in expression of autophagy-related genes, including beclin-1, Atg5 and LC3 II, further induction of autophagosome formation and autophagic flux. Interestingly, inhibition of autophagic process by treatment with inhibitors and LC3B gene silencing blocked leptin-induced increase in cell number and suppression of apoptosis, indicating a crucial role of autophagy in leptin-induced tumor progression. Moreover, gene silencing of p53 or FoxO3A prevented leptin-induced LC3 II protein expression, suggesting an involvement of p53/FoxO3A axis in leptin-induced autophagy activation. Leptin administration also accelerated tumor growth in BALB/c nude mice, which was found to be autophagy dependent. Taken together, our results demonstrate that leptin-induced tumor growth is mediated by autophagy induction and autophagic process would be a promising target to regulate development of cancer caused by leptin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroj Nepal
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Jin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hwan Sohn
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hee Lee
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Song
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Young Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Eung Seok Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Pil-Hoon Park
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
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5-Nitro-5′-hydroxy-indirubin-3′-oxime (AGM130), an indirubin-3′-oxime derivative, inhibits tumor growth by inducing apoptosis against non-small cell lung cancer in vitro and in vivo. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 79:122-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Adiposity is associated with p53 gene mutations in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2015; 153:635-45. [PMID: 26364297 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-015-3570-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the p53 gene are among the most frequent genetic events in human cancer and may be triggered by environmental and occupational exposures. We examined the association of clinical and pathological characteristics of breast tumors and breast cancer risk factors according to the prevalence and type of p53 mutations. Using tumor blocks from incident cases from a case-control study in western New York, we screened for p53 mutations in exons 2-11 using the Affymetrix p53 Gene Chip array and analyzed case-case comparisons using logistic regression. The p53 mutation frequency among cases was 28.1 %; 95 % were point mutations (13 % of which were silent) and the remainder were single base pair deletions. Sixty seven percent of all point mutations were transitions; 24 % of them are G:C>A:T at CpG sites. Positive p53 mutation status was associated with poorer differentiation (OR, 95 % CI 2.29, 1.21-4.32), higher nuclear grade (OR, 95 % CI 1.99, 1.22-3.25), and increased Ki-67 status (OR, 95 % CI 1.81, 1.10-2.98). Cases with P53 mutations were more likely to have a combined ER-positive and PR-negative status (OR, 95 % CI 1.65, 1.01-2.71), and a combined ER-negative and PR-negative status (OR, 95 % CI 2.18, 1.47-3.23). Body mass index >30 kg/m(2), waist circumference >79 cm, and waist-to-hip ratio >0.86 were also associated with p53 status; obese breast cancer cases are more likely to have p53 mutations (OR, 95 % CI 1.78, 1.19-2.68). We confirmed that p53 mutations are associated with less favorable tumor characteristics and identified an association of p53 mutation status and adiposity.
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27
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Leptin produced by obese adipose stromal/stem cells enhances proliferation and metastasis of estrogen receptor positive breast cancers. Breast Cancer Res 2015; 17:112. [PMID: 26286584 PMCID: PMC4541745 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0622-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The steady increase in the incidence of obesity among adults has been paralleled with higher levels of obesity-associated breast cancer. While recent studies have suggested that adipose stromal/stem cells (ASCs) isolated from obese women enhance tumorigenicity, the mechanism(s) by which this occurs remains undefined. Evidence suggests that increased adiposity results in increased leptin secretion from adipose tissue, which has been shown to increased cancer cell proliferation. Previously, our group demonstrated that ASCs isolated from obese women (obASCs) also express higher levels of leptin relative to ASCs isolated from lean women (lnASCs) and that this obASC-derived leptin may account for enhanced breast cancer cell growth. The current study investigates the impact of inhibiting leptin expression in lnASCs and obASCs on breast cancer cell (BCC) growth and progression. Methods Estrogen receptor positive (ER+) BCCs were co-cultured with leptin shRNA lnASCs or leptin shRNA obASCs and changes in the proliferation, migration, invasion, and gene expression of BCCs were investigated. To assess the direct impact of leptin inhibition in obASCs on BCC proliferation, MCF7 cells were injected alone or mixed with control shRNA obASCs or leptin shRNA obASCs into SCID/beige mice. Results ER+ BCCs were responsive to obASCs during direct co-culture, whereas lnASCs were unable to increase ER+ BCC growth. shRNA silencing of leptin in obASCs negated the enhanced proliferative effects of obASC on BCCs following direct co-culture. BCCs co-cultured with obASCs demonstrated enhanced expression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis genes (SERPINE1, MMP-2, and IL-6), while BCCs co-cultured with leptin shRNA obASCs did not display similar levels of gene induction. Knockdown of leptin significantly reduced tumor volume and decreased the number of metastatic lesions to the lung and liver. These results correlated with reduced expression of both SERPINE1 and MMP-2 in tumors formed with MCF7 cells mixed with leptin shRNA obASCs, when compared to tumors formed with MCF7 cells mixed with control shRNA obASCs. Conclusion This study provides mechanistic insight as to how obesity enhances the proliferation and metastasis of breast cancer cells; specifically, obASC-derived leptin contributes to the aggressiveness of breast cancer in obese women. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13058-015-0622-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Abstract
Leptin is an adipose-derived cytokine that has an important role in bodyweight homeostasis and energy balance. There are a number of studies which have suggested that leptin and its receptors dysregulation play a critical role in the development of malignancies including hematological malignancies, mainly via activation of the JAK/STAT pathway which regulates downstream signaling pathways such as PI3K/AKT signaling and ERK1/2. In this review, current understandings of leptin/leptin receptors mediated pathogenesis in various lymphoid malignancies are described. Blocking of the leptin receptor might be a unique therapeutic approach for many hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahab Uddin
- a Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation , Doha , Qatar
| | - Ramzi M Mohammad
- a Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation , Doha , Qatar
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Delort L, Rossary A, Farges MC, Vasson MP, Caldefie-Chézet F. Leptin, adipocytes and breast cancer: Focus on inflammation and anti-tumor immunity. Life Sci 2015; 140:37-48. [PMID: 25957709 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
More than one million new cases of breast cancer are diagnosed worldwide each year and more than 400,000 deaths are caused by the disease. The origin of this pathology is multifactorial and involved genetic, hormonal, environmental and nutritional factors including obesity in postmenopausal women. The role played by the adipose tissue and their secretions, ie adipokines, is beginning to be recognized. Plasma adipokine levels, which are modulated during obesity, could have “remote” effects on mammary carcinogenesis. Breast cancer cells are surrounded and locally influenced by an adipocyte microenvironment, which is probably more extensive in obese people. Hence, leptin appears to be strongly involved in mammary carcinogenesis and may contribute to the local pro-inflammatory mechanisms, especially in obese patients, who have increased metastatic potential and greater risk of mortality. This review presents the multifaceted role of leptin in breast cancer development and the different molecular pathways involved such as inflammation, oxidative stress and antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Delort
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, UFR Pharmacie, 28 place Henri Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; INRA, UMR 1019, ECREIN, CRNH Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Adrien Rossary
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, UFR Pharmacie, 28 place Henri Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; INRA, UMR 1019, ECREIN, CRNH Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marie-Chantal Farges
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, UFR Pharmacie, 28 place Henri Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; INRA, UMR 1019, ECREIN, CRNH Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marie-Paule Vasson
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, UFR Pharmacie, 28 place Henri Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; INRA, UMR 1019, ECREIN, CRNH Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Centre Jean-Perrin, CHU Gabriel-Montpied, Unité de Nutrition, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Florence Caldefie-Chézet
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, UFR Pharmacie, 28 place Henri Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; INRA, UMR 1019, ECREIN, CRNH Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Wen R, Hu S, Xiao Q, Han C, Gan C, Gou H, Liu H, Li L, Xu H, He H, Wang J. Leptin exerts proliferative and anti-apoptotic effects on goose granulosa cells through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 149:70-9. [PMID: 25576904 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Leptin was known as a pivotal regulator for the control of food intake and energy expenditure. However, leptin has also been found to be involved in the regulation of female reproductive system through interactions with pathways in the hypothalamic-hypophyseal axis and direct action at the ovarian level. In the present study, granulosa cells from goose ovarian preovulatory (F1-F3) follicles were cultured with leptin (0, 1, 10 or 100ng/ml). The proliferative and anti-apoptotic actions of leptin in granulosa cells were revealed by CCK-8, BrdU and TUNEL assays. Quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analyses further indicated that leptin treatment led to increased expression of cyclin D1, cyclin D2, cyclin D3 and bcl-2, and decreased expression of p21 and caspase-3. The effects were involved in the activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, as leptin treatment enhanced the expression of PI3K, Akt1, Akt2, Raptor, mTOR, S6K and p-S6K. Moreover, blockade of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway attenuated the influences of leptin on proliferation and apoptosis of granulosa cells, considering that activated factors by leptin were inhibited in the presence of either 20μM LY294002 (a PI3K inhibitor) or 10μM rapamycin (an mTOR inhibitor). In addition, leptin had a modulatory effect on the expression of its receptor at the transcriptional and translational levels, and blockade of PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibited both basal and leptin-induced Lepr gene and protein expression. These findings suggest that leptin exerts its proliferative and anti-apoptotic effects on goose granulosa cells through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway via interaction with its receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wen
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, PR China
| | - Shenqiang Hu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, PR China
| | - Qihai Xiao
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, PR China
| | - Chunchun Han
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, PR China
| | - Chao Gan
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, PR China
| | - Hua Gou
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, PR China
| | - Hehe Liu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, PR China
| | - Liang Li
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, PR China
| | - Hengyong Xu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, PR China
| | - Hua He
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, PR China
| | - Jiwen Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, PR China.
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Sun X, Tang SC, Xu C, Wang C, Qin S, Du N, Liu J, Zhang Y, Li X, Luo G, Zhou J, Xu F, Ren H. DICER1 regulated let-7 expression levels in p53-induced cancer repression requires cyclin D1. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:1357-65. [PMID: 25702703 PMCID: PMC4459849 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Let-7 miRNAs act as tumour suppressors by directly binding to the 3′UTRs of downstream gene products. The regulatory role of let-7 in downstream gene expression has gained much interest in the cancer research community, as it controls multiple biological functions and determines cell fates. For example, one target of the let-7 family is cyclin D1, which promotes G0/S cell cycle progression and oncogenesis, was correlated with endoribonuclease DICER1, another target of let-7. Down-regulated let-7 has been identified in many types of tumours, suggesting a feedback loop may exist between let-7 and cyclin D1. A potential player in the proposed feedback relationship is Dicer, a central regulator of miRNA expression through sequence-specific silencing. We first identified that DICER1 is the key downstream gene for cyclin D1-induced let-7 expression. In addition, we found that let-7 miRNAs expression decreased because of the p53-induced cell death response, with deregulated cyclin D1. Our results also showed that cyclin D1 is required for Nutlin-3 and TAX-induced let-7 expression in cancer repression and the cell death response. For the first time, we provide evidence that let-7 and cyclin D1 form a feedback loop in regulating therapy response of cancer cells and cancer stem cells, and importantly, that alteration of let-7 expression, mainly caused by cyclin D1, is a sensitive indicator for better chemotherapies response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Sun
- Oncology Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Shou-Ching Tang
- Georgia Regents University Cancer Center, Augusta, GA, USA.,Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chongwen Xu
- Oncology Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Chenguang Wang
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, The Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nankai District, Tianjin, China.,Department of Cancer Biology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sida Qin
- Oncology Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ning Du
- Oncology Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Oncology Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Oncology Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Oncology Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Gang Luo
- Oncology Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Breast Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Fei Xu
- Department of Radioation Oncology, Fudan University, Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Ren
- Oncology Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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Davis C, Mudd J, Hawkins M. Neuroprotective effects of leptin in the context of obesity and metabolic disorders. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 72 Pt A:61-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and mechanisms to mitigate inflammatory paracrine signaling in obesity-associated breast cancer. Nutrients 2014; 6:4760-93. [PMID: 25360510 PMCID: PMC4245562 DOI: 10.3390/nu6114760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, the prevalence of obesity is increasing which subsequently increases the risk of the development of obesity-related chronic diseases. Low-grade chronic inflammation and dysregulated adipose tissue inflammatory mediator/adipokine secretion are well-established in obesity, and these factors increase the risk of developing inflammation-associated cancer. Breast cancer is of particular interest given that increased inflammation within the subcutaneous mammary adipose tissue depot can alter the local tissue inflammatory microenvironment such that it resembles that of obese visceral adipose tissue. Therefore, in obese women with breast cancer, increased inflammatory mediators both locally and systemically can perpetuate inflammation-associated pro-carcinogenic signaling pathways, thereby increasing disease severity. Herein, we discuss some of these inflammation-associated pro-carcinogenic mechanisms of the combined obese breast cancer phenotype and offer evidence that dietary long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) may have utility in mitigating the severity of obesity-associated inflammation and breast cancer.
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Weichhaus M, Broom J, Wahle K, Bermano G. Leptin inhibits proliferation of breast cancer cells at supraphysiological concentrations by inhibiting mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. Oncol Lett 2014; 8:374-378. [PMID: 24959279 PMCID: PMC4063604 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin is a hormone secreted by white fat tissue and signals the amount of overall body fat to the hypothalamus. The circulating concentration of leptin correlates with the level of obesity. Breast cancer risk is higher in obese postmenopausal women compared with postmenopausal women of a normal weight, and high leptin concentrations may contribute to this risk. In the present study, SK-BR-3 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines were treated with various concentrations (6.25–1,600 ng/ml) of recombinant leptin and changes in cell proliferation were assessed. The SK-BR-3 breast cancer cells exhibited a concentration-dependent increase in proliferation with physiological leptin concentrations (<100 ng/ml), but no further increase in proliferation at high leptin concentrations (>100 ng/ml) was observed. Cell proliferation was not affected at supraphysiological leptin concentrations (>800 ng/ml) in SK-BR-3 cells, whereas it decreased in MDA-MB-231 cells. Therefore, cell signaling and cell cycle changes were assessed at supraphysiological concentrations (1,600 ng/ml). In the two cell lines, leptin treatment decreased the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cell signaling pathway activation. Leptin treatment did not increase Akt phosphorylation or significantly alter the cell population distribution across cell cycle stages. To the best of our knowledge, leptin-induced growth inhibition of breast cancer cells at supraphysiological concentrations has not been reported in the literature to date, and the findings of this study suggest that reduced MAPK activity may be the underlying cause. Thus, the effect of leptin on breast cancer growth warrants further investigation since leptin is considered to be one of the main mediators in the obesity-breast cancer connection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Weichhaus
- Centre for Obesity Research and Epidemiology (CORE), Institute for Health and Welfare Research, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK
| | - John Broom
- Centre for Obesity Research and Epidemiology (CORE), Institute for Health and Welfare Research, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK
| | - Klaus Wahle
- Cancer Medicine Research Group, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Medical School, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Giovanna Bermano
- Centre for Obesity Research and Epidemiology (CORE), Institute for Health and Welfare Research, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen AB10 7GJ, UK
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Dubois V, Jardé T, Delort L, Billard H, Bernard-Gallon D, Berger E, Geloen A, Vasson MP, Caldefie-Chezet F. Leptin induces a proliferative response in breast cancer cells but not in normal breast cells. Nutr Cancer 2014; 66:645-55. [PMID: 24738610 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2014.894104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a risk factor for breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Leptin, a hormone excessively produced during obesity, is suggested to be involved in breast cancer. The aim of the study was to investigate procarcinogenic potential of leptin by evaluating influence of leptin on cell proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, and signaling on numerous breast cells lines, including 184B5 normal cells, MCF10A fibrocystic cells and MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and T47D cancer cells. Expressions of leptin and Ob-R were analyzed using qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, proliferation using fluorimetric resazurin reduction test and xCELLigence system, apoptosis and cell cycle by flow cytometry, and effect of leptin on different signalling pathways using qRT-PCR and Western blot. Cells were exposed to increasing concentrations of leptin. All cell lines expressed mRNA and protein of leptin and Ob-R. Leptin stimulated proliferation of all cell lines except for 184B5 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Leptin inhibited apoptosis but didn't alter proportion of cells within cell cycle in MCF7 cells. Leptin induced overexpression of leptin, Ob-R, estrogen receptor, and aromatase mRNA in MCF-7 and T47D cells. Autoregulation induced by leptin, relationship with estrogen pathway, and proliferative and antiapoptic activity in breast cancer cells may explain that obesity-associated hyperleptinemia may be a breast cancer risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Dubois
- a Clermont-Université , Université d'Auvergne , Unité de Nutrition Humaine, BP10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand , France and INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, ECREIN, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand , France
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Saxena NK, Sharma D. Multifaceted leptin network: the molecular connection between obesity and breast cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2013; 18:309-20. [PMID: 24214584 PMCID: PMC4747028 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-013-9308-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
High plasma levels of leptin, a major adipocytokine produced by adipocytes, are correlated with increased fat mass in obese state. Leptin is emerging as a key candidate molecule linking obesity with breast cancer. Acting via endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine manner, leptin impacts various stages of breast tumorigenesis from initiation and primary tumor growth to metastatic progression. Leptin also modulates the tumor microenvironment mainly through supporting migration of endothelial cells, neo-angiogenesis and sustaining recruitment of macrophage and monocytes. Various studies have shown that hyperactive leptin-signaling network leads to concurrent activation of multiple oncogenic pathways resulting in enhanced proliferation, decreased apoptosis, acquisition of mesenchymal phenotype, potentiated migration and enhanced invasion potential of tumor cells. Furthermore, the capability of leptin to interact with other molecular effectors of obese state including, estrogen, IGF-1, insulin, VEGF and inflammatory cytokines further increases its impact on breast tumor progression in obese state. This article presents an overview of the studies investigating the involvement of leptin in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj K. Saxena
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore MD 21201
- Corresponding author: Dipali Sharma, Department of Oncology and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1650 Orleans Street, CRB 1, Rm 145, Baltimore, MD 21231, Office: 410-455-1345, FAX: 410-614-4073, . Neeraj K. Saxena, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 660 W Redwood St., Howard Hall, Rm 301, Baltimore, MD 21201,
| | - Dipali Sharma
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore MD 21231
- Corresponding author: Dipali Sharma, Department of Oncology and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1650 Orleans Street, CRB 1, Rm 145, Baltimore, MD 21231, Office: 410-455-1345, FAX: 410-614-4073, . Neeraj K. Saxena, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 660 W Redwood St., Howard Hall, Rm 301, Baltimore, MD 21201,
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De Amicis F, Perri A, Vizza D, Russo A, Panno ML, Bonofiglio D, Giordano C, Mauro L, Aquila S, Tramontano D, Andò S. Epigallocatechin gallate inhibits growth and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in human thyroid carcinoma cell lines. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:2054-62. [PMID: 23553645 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Well-differentiated papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma are the most frequent types of thyroid cancer and the prognosis is generally favorable however, a number of patients develops recurrences. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a major catechin in green tea, was shown to possess remarkable therapeutic potential against various types of human cancers, although data on thyroid cancer cells are still lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of EGCG on the proliferation and motility of human thyroid papillary (FB-2) and follicular (WRO) carcinoma cell lines. Our results demonstrate that EGCG (10, 40, 60 μM) treatment inhibited the growth of FB-2 and WRO cells in a dose-dependent manner. These changes were associated with reduced cyclin D1, increased p21 and p53 expression. Furthermore, EGCG suppressed phosphorylation of AKT and ERK1/2. In addition EGCG treatment results in reduction of cell motility and migration. Changes in motility and migration in FB-2 were associated with modulation in the expression of several proteins involved in cell adhesion and reorganization of actin cytoskeleton. After 24 h EGCG caused an increase of the E-cadherin expression and a concomitant decrease of SNAIL, ZEB and the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor TWIST. Besides expression of Vimentin, N-cadherin and α5-integrin was down-regulated. These data well correlate with a reduction of MMP9 activity as evidenced by gelatin zymography. Our findings support the inhibitory role of EGCG on thyroid cancer cell proliferation and motility with concomitant loss of epithelial-to-mesenchymal cell transition markers.
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Qian C, Yao J, Wang J, Wang L, Xue M, Zhou T, Liu W, Si J. ERK1/2 inhibition enhances apoptosis induced by JAK2 silencing in human gastric cancer SGC7901 cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 387:159-70. [PMID: 24178240 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1881-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest JAK2 signaling may be a therapeutic target for treatment of gastric cancer (GC). However, the exact roles of JAK2 in gastric carcinogenesis are not very clear. Here, we have targeted JAK2 to be silenced by shRNA and investigated the biological functions and related mechanisms of JAK2 in GC cell SGC7901. In this study, JAK2 is commonly highly expressed in GC tissues as compared to their adjacent normal tissues (n = 75, p < 0.01). Specific down-regulation of JAK2 suppressed cell proliferation and colony-forming units, induced G2/M arrest in SGC7901 cells, but had no significant effect on cell apoptosis in vitro or tumor growth inhibition in vivo. Interestingly, JAK2 silencing-induced activation of ERK1/2, and inactivation of ERK1/2 using the specific ERK inhibitor PD98059 markedly enhanced JAK2 shRNA-induced cell proliferation inhibition, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Ultimately, combination of PD98059 and JAK2 shRNA significantly inhibited tumor growth in nude mice. Our results implicate JAK2 silencing-induced cell proliferation inhibition, cell cycle arrest, and ERK1/2 inhibition could enhance apoptosis induced by JAK2 silencing in SGC7901 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuijuan Qian
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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Zhou W, Wang G, Guo S. Regulation of angiogenesis via Notch signaling in breast cancer and cancer stem cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2013; 1836:304-20. [PMID: 24183943 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer angiogenesis is elicited and regulated by a number of factors including the Notch signaling. Notch receptors and ligands are expressed in breast cancer cells as well as in the stromal compartment and have been implicated in carcinogenesis. Signals exchanged between neighboring cells through the Notch pathway can amplify and consolidate molecular differences, which eventually dictate cell fates. Notch signaling and its crosstalk with many signaling pathways play an important role in breast cancer cell growth, migration, invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis, as well as cancer stem cell (CSC) self-renewal. Therefore, significant attention has been paid in recent years toward the development of clinically useful antagonists of Notch signaling. Better understanding of the structure, function and regulation of Notch intracellular signaling pathways, as well as its complex crosstalk with other oncogenic signals in breast cancer cells will be essential to ensure rational design and application of new combinatory therapeutic strategies. Novel opportunities have emerged from the discovery of Notch crosstalk with inflammatory and angiogenic cytokines and their links to CSCs. Combinatory treatments with drugs designed to prevent Notch oncogenic signal crosstalk may be advantageous over λ secretase inhibitors (GSIs) alone. In this review, we focus on the more recent advancements in our knowledge of aberrant Notch signaling contributing to breast cancer angiogenesis, as well as its crosstalk with other factors contributing to angiogenesis and CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Microecology of Liaoning Province, Shenyang Medical College, No. 146 North Huanghe St, Huanggu Dis, Shenyang City, Liaoning Pro 110034, PR China.
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The correlation and relationship of obesity and cancer: a possible research perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10330-012-1076-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Ptak A, Rak-Mardyła A, Gregoraszczuk EL. Cooperation of bisphenol A and leptin in inhibition of caspase-3 expression and activity in OVCAR-3 ovarian cancer cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:1937-43. [PMID: 23850738 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Revised: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the effect of bisphenol A and leptin on caspase-3 expression and activity in OVCAR-3 ovarian cancer cells. Caspase-3 and survivin expression was measured at the transcript level by real-time PCR and at the protein level by Western blotting. In addition, caspase-3 activity was measured, using a fluorometric assay, upon exposure to bisphenol A (40 nM) alone, leptin (2.5 nM) alone, and the combination of both agents. 17β-estradiol (40 nM) was used as a positive control for estrogenic properties of bisphenol A. Results showed that the interaction between bisphenol A and leptin, which was similar to that observed between 17β-estradiol and leptin, led to the inhibition of caspase-3 expression and activity in OVCAR-3 cells. Surprisingly, survivin was found to not be involved in the anti-apoptotic activity of either agent. Also, results showed that leptin inhibits caspase-3 activity by acting on the signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway, but bisphenol A and 17β-estradiol by the extracellular-signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) pathway. In conclusion, the study reveals that bisphenol A and leptin interact to inhibit caspase-3 expression and activity by modulating STAT3 and ERK1/2 signaling pathways in OVCAR-3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ptak
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Chair of Animal Physiology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
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Ford NA, Dunlap SM, Wheatley KE, Hursting SD. Obesity, independent of p53 gene dosage, promotes mammary tumor progression and upregulates the p53 regulator microRNA-504. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68089. [PMID: 23840816 PMCID: PMC3696069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity, prevalent in >35% of US women, is an established risk and progression factor for postmenopausal breast cancer, and strategies to break the obesity-breast cancer link are urgently needed. Approximately 30% of breast cancers carry p53 tumor suppressor gene alterations; however, the effects of obesity on breast cancer progression in relation to p53 gene dosage are unclear. Using murine models of postmenopausal breast cancer, we characterized the interactive effects of diet-induced obesity (DIO) and p53 gene dosage on mammary tumor growth and associated p53-related regulatory mechanisms. Ovariectomized C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to receive a DIO or control diet, and (at 10 weeks) orthotopic injection of MMTV-Wnt-1 p53+/− or MMTV-Wnt-1 p53+/+ mammary tumor cells (n = 20 mice per diet and genotype group). DIO and control diets produced distinct phenotypes (mean percent body fat at 10 weeks: 57% and 39%, respectively, P<0.001). Regardless of phenotype, time to first palpable tumor was 57% less for Wnt-1 p53+/− than Wnt-1 p53+/+ tumors. Regardless of tumoral p53 genotype, DIO (relative to control) increased tumor burden, tumor cell proliferation (Ki-67), severity of tumor pathology, local tissue invasion, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) programming, and tumoral microRNA-504 (a negative regulator of p53) expression; and suppressed p53, p21, and estrogen receptor-alpha protein expression. These findings in murine models of postmenopausal breast cancer suggest that obesity may augment procancer effects related to p53 gene alterations. Furthermore, microRNA-504, an obesity-responsive negative regulator of p53 and putative EMT regulator, may represent a novel molecular target for breaking the obesity-breast cancer link.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki A. Ford
- Department of Nutritional Sciences University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sarah M. Dunlap
- Department of Nutritional Sciences University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Karrie E. Wheatley
- Department of Nutritional Sciences University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Stephen D. Hursting
- Department of Nutritional Sciences University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Caldefie-Chézet F, Dubois V, Delort L, Rossary A, Vasson MP. [Leptin: Involvement in the pathophysiology of breast cancer]. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2013; 74:90-101. [PMID: 23566612 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
More than one million new cases of breast cancer are diagnosed each year worldwide and more than 400,000 deaths occur due to this pathology. Obesity is a risk factor for postmenopausal breast cancer and the place held by the adipose tissue and secretions (i.e. adipokines) begins to be recognized. Indeed, firstly, plasma adipokine levels, modulated in obesity situation, could have effects "remotely" on mammary carcinogenesis and, secondly, breast cancer cells are surrounded by adipocyte microenvironment, which is probably more important in the case of obesity, and may be locally influenced by it. In this context, leptin appears to be strongly involved in mammary carcinogenesis and may contribute to the angiogenesis process and local pro-inflammatory mechanisms, especially in obese patients for whom increased metastatic potential and risk of mortality are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Caldefie-Chézet
- Clermont université, université d'Auvergne, UFR pharmacie, 28, place Henri-Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Ptak A, Kolaczkowska E, Gregoraszczuk EL. Leptin stimulation of cell cycle and inhibition of apoptosis gene and protein expression in OVCAR-3 ovarian cancer cells. Endocrine 2013; 43:394-403. [PMID: 22968658 PMCID: PMC3593082 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-012-9788-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The OVCAR-3 cell line expressing the long (ObRb) and short (ObRt) isoforms of leptin receptor mRNA was used to analyze the effect of leptin on the expression of selected genes and proteins involved in the cell cycle and apoptosis. OVCAR-3 cells were exposed to 2, 20, 40, and 100 ng/ml of leptin. Cell proliferation was determined using the alamarBlue cell viability test and flow cytometry. Apoptosis was measured using a cellular DNA fragmentation ELISA kit. The expression of selected cell cycle and apoptosis genes was evaluated by real-time PCR and confirmed by western blot. The stimulatory action of leptin on cell proliferation was observed as an increase in cells in the S and G2/M phases. Up-regulation of genes responsible for inducing cell proliferation and suppression of genes responsible for inhibition of proliferation were noted. Western blots revealed increased expression of cyclins D and A and inhibition of p21WAF1/CIP1 protein expression by leptin. Inhibition of DNA fragmentation was observed under all leptin doses. Suppression of genes involved in the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathway was observed. Western blots illustrated decreased Bad, TNFR1, and caspase 6 protein expression in response to leptin treatment. Leptin promotes ovarian cancer cell line growth by up-regulating genes and proteins responsible for inducing cell proliferation as well as down-regulating pro-apoptotic genes and proteins in apoptotic pathways. Results of this study warrant examining the relationship between the risk of ovarian cancer and elevated leptin levels in obese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ptak
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Chair of Animal Physiology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland.
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Dubois V, Delort L, Billard H, Vasson MP, Caldefie-Chezet F. Breast cancer and obesity: in vitro interferences between adipokines and proangiogenic features and/or antitumor therapies? PLoS One 2013; 8:e58541. [PMID: 23554900 PMCID: PMC3598910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is now considered as a risk factor for breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Adipokine levels are modulated in obesity, and may play a role in carcinogenesis. Moreover, obesity increases risk of cancer mortality. Here, we hypothesized that this increase could be due to a modification in angiogenesis, capital event in the development of metastases, and/or in effectiveness of cancer treatments. To test these assumptions, following a same experimental design and simultaneously the effects of leptin and adiponectin on angiogenesis were investigated, and the impact of hyperleptinemia on anticancer drug effectiveness was measured in physiological and obesity situations. Focusing on angiogenesis, the proliferation of endothelial cells (HUVEC), which expressed leptin and adiponectin receptors, was stimulated by leptin and inhibited by adiponectin. Both adipokines globally reduced apoptosis and caspase activity. Leptin increased migration whereas adiponectin decreased migration, and leptin enhanced the area of the tubes formed by HUVEC cells while adiponectin inhibited their formation. MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 cells treated with leptin secreted more VEGF than untreated cells, whereas adiponectin treatment inhibited VEGF secretion. Finally, MCF7 cells pre-treated with leptin were more invasive than untreated cells. This effect was not reproduced in MDA-MB-231 cells. In the MCF7 breast cancer cell line, leptin could induce cell proliferation and reduced the efficacy of all breast cancer therapies (tamoxifen, 5-fluorouracil, taxol and vinblastin). These results suggest that, in obesity situation, leptin– in contrast to adiponectin – may promote tumor invasion and angiogenesis, leading to metastases ‘apparition, and reduce treatment efficacy, which could explain the increased risk of cancer mortality in cases of overweight. The evidence suggests adipokines influence breast cancer issue and could play a significant role, especially in obese patients for which hyperleptinemia, hypoadiponectinemia and increased metastatic potential are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Dubois
- Clermont Université, Université d’Auvergne, UFR Pharmacie, Laboratoire SVFp, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Laetitia Delort
- Clermont Université, Université d’Auvergne, UFR Pharmacie, Laboratoire SVFp, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- INRA, UMR 1019, ECREIN, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Hermine Billard
- Clermont Université, Université d’Auvergne, UFR Pharmacie, Laboratoire SVFp, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- INRA, UMR 1019, ECREIN, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marie-Paule Vasson
- INRA, UMR 1019, ECREIN, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Centre Jean-Perrin, Unité de Nutrition, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CLARA, Région Lyon Auvergne, Rhône-Alpes, France
| | - Florence Caldefie-Chezet
- Clermont Université, Université d’Auvergne, UFR Pharmacie, Laboratoire SVFp, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- INRA, UMR 1019, ECREIN, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CLARA, Région Lyon Auvergne, Rhône-Alpes, France
- * E-mail:
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ZHANG GUOAN, HOU SEN, HAN SHA, ZHOU JIAN, WANG XU, CUI WEN. Clinicopathological implications of leptin and leptin receptor expression in papillary thyroid cancer. Oncol Lett 2013; 5:797-800. [PMID: 23425972 PMCID: PMC3576217 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of leptin and its receptors (OBRs) in the pathogenesis of various primary human malignancies has been demonstrated. However, their expression and clinicopathological significance in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is not fully understood. In this study, we examined the expression of leptin and OBRs in 76 PTC samples using immunohistochemistry, and their associations with clinicopathological parameters were evaluated. The expression of OBRs was observed in the tumor cell membrane and/or cytoplasm, with a positive rate of 73.7% (56/76), while leptin was expressed in the tumor cell cytoplasm in 55 of 76 cases (72.4%). The expression of either protein was associated with greater tumor size (P=0.016 for leptin and P=0.002 for OBRs). In addition, the expression levels of leptin and OBRs were associated with each other. Neither leptin nor OBR expression levels were associated with other parameters, including age, body weight, postmenopausal state, multifocality and lymph node metastasis. These data suggest that the expression of leptin and/or OBRs in PTC is associated with tumor size and may be a potential target in PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- GUO-AN ZHANG
- Department of Pathology, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067
| | - SEN HOU
- Department of Pathology, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067
- Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Institute of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250001
| | - SHA HAN
- Life Science Experimental Center; Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067,
P.R. China
| | - JIAN ZHOU
- Center of Forensic Science, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067,
P.R. China
| | - XU WANG
- Department of Pathology, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067
| | - WEN CUI
- Department of Pathology, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272067
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Chen C, Chang YC, Lan MS, Breslin M. Leptin stimulates ovarian cancer cell growth and inhibits apoptosis by increasing cyclin D1 and Mcl-1 expression via the activation of the MEK/ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. Int J Oncol 2013; 42:1113-9. [PMID: 23354006 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.1789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is known to be an important risk factor for many types of cancer, such as breast, prostate, liver and endometrial cancer. Recently, epidemiological studies have indicated that obesity correlates with an increased risk of developing ovarian cancer, the most lethal gynecological cancer in developed countries. Leptin is predominantly produced by adipocytes and acts as a growth factor and serum leptin levels positively correlate with the amount of body fat. In this study, we investigated the effects of leptin on the growth of ovarian cancer cells and the underlying mechanism(s) of action. Our results showed that leptin stimulated the growth of the OVCAR-3 ovarian cancer cell line using MTT assay and trypan blue exclusion. Using western blot analysis, we found that leptin enhanced the expression of cyclin D1 and Mcl-1, which are important regulators of cell proliferation and the inhibition of apoptosis. To investigate the signaling pathways that mediate the effects of leptin, cells were treated with leptin plus specific inhibitors of JAK2, PI3K/Akt and MEK/ERK1/2 and analysis of the phosphorylation state of proteins was carried out by western blot assays. We showed that the activation of the MEK/ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways were involved in the growth-stimulating effect of leptin on ovarian cancer cell growth and the specific inhibitors of PI3K/Akt and MEK/ERK1/2 revealed that these two pathways interacted with each other. Our data demonstrate that leptin upregulates the expression of cyclin D1 and Mcl-1 to stimulate cell growth by activating the PI3K/Akt and MEK/ERK1/2 pathways in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiachen Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
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48
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Basu S, Nachat-Kappes R, Caldefie-Chézet F, Vasson MP. Eicosanoids and adipokines in breast cancer: from molecular mechanisms to clinical considerations. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:323-60. [PMID: 22746381 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is one of the foremost risk factors for different types of malignancies, including breast cancer. Additional risk factors of this pathology in postmenopausal women are weight gain, obesity, estrogen secretion, and an imbalance in the production of adipokines, such as leptin and adiponectin. Various signaling products of transcription factor, nuclear factor-kappaB, in particular inflammatory eicosanoids, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and cytokines, are thought to be involved in chronic inflammation-induced cancer. Together, these key components have an influence on inflammatory reactions in malignant tissue damage when their levels are deregulated endogenously. Prostaglandins (PGs) are well recognized in inflammation and cancer, and they are solely biosynthesized through cyclooxygenases (COXs) from arachidonic acid. Concurrently, ROS give rise to bioactive isoprostanes from arachidonic acid precursors that are also involved in acute and chronic inflammation, but their specific characteristics in breast cancer are less demonstrated. Higher aromatase activity, a cytochrome P-450 enzyme, is intimately connected to tumor growth in the breast through estrogen synthesis, and is interrelated to COXs that catalyze the formation of both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory PGs such as PGE(2), PGF(2α), PGD(2), and PGJ(2) synchronously under the influence of specific mediators and downstream enzymes. Some of the latter compounds upsurge the intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate concentration and appear to be associated with estrogen synthesis. This review discusses the role of COX- and ROS-catalyzed eicosanoids and adipokines in breast cancer, and therefore ranges from their molecular mechanisms to clinical aspects to understand the impact of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Basu
- Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Nutrition, University of Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Thun GA, Imboden M, Berger W, Rochat T, Probst-Hensch NM. The association of a variant in the cell cycle control gene CCND1 and obesity on the development of asthma in the Swiss SAPALDIA study. J Asthma 2013; 50:147-54. [PMID: 23311506 DOI: 10.3109/02770903.2012.757776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The molecular mechanisms underlying the association between obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m(2)) and asthma are poorly understood. Since shifts in the fate of bronchial cells due to low-grade systemic inflammation may provide a possible explanation, we investigated whether two of the best documented functional variants in cell cycle control genes modify the obesity-asthma association. METHODS We genotyped 5930 SAPALDIA cohort participants for the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs9344 in the cyclin D1 gene (CCND1) and rs1042522 in the gene encoding tumor protein 53 (TP53). We assessed the independent association of these SNPs and obesity with asthma prevalence and incidence. RESULTS The CCND1 SNP modified the association between obesity and asthma prevalence (p(interaction )= 0.03). The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for reporting a physician diagnosis of asthma at baseline, comparing obese with non-obese participants, were 1.09 (0.51-2.33), 1.64 (0.94-2.88), and 3.51 (1.63-7.53) for GG, GA, and AA genotypes, respectively. We found comparable genotype differences for incident asthma within the 11 years of follow-up. As for the TP53 SNP, the interactions with obesity status with respect to asthma were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that obesity may contribute to asthma and associated tissue remodeling by modifying the processes related to the CCND1 gene activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Andri Thun
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
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50
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Regulation of leptin receptor expression in human papillary thyroid cancer cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2012; 66:469-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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