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Patel SS, Trangadia BJ, Patel UD, Delvadiya RS, Makwana AA, Raval SH, Fefar DT. Toxic effects of dibutyl phthalate on testes of adult zebrafish: evaluation of oxidative stress parameters and histopathology. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:55610-55623. [PMID: 39237826 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34868-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is a phthalic compound and is most commonly used as a plasticizer in the polymer industry. It affects the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis and produces infertility in exposed animals. A total of 366 adult male zebrafish were used to evaluate the toxicological effects of DBP in testes following continuous exposure for 28 days. To evaluate histological changes during phase I of the study, 30 zebrafish were equally divided into five groups viz., control (RO water), vehicle control (0.01% DMSO), T0 (250 µg/L of water), T1 (500 µg/L of water), and T2 group (1000 µg/L of water). The protocol for phase II of the study was decided based on the results of phase I of the study. During phase II, for evaluation of oxidative stress parameters and gene expression profile, a total of 336 fish were equally divided into four groups viz., control, vehicle control, T1 (500 µg/L of water), and T2 (1000 µg/L of water). The activity of SOD, CAT, and TAC was significantly lower in zebrafish from the T2 group; however, a significantly increased level of MDA in the T2 group was recorded as compared to control groups. mRNA expression profile of sod, cat, and nrf2 genes was significantly downregulated in the T2 group as compared to the control group. Histopathology and proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunostaining revealed a reduction in spermatozoa with increased spermatocytes and spermatogonia in testes from T1 and T2 groups. The result indicated that DBP can induce oxidative stress and affect spermatogenesis in zebrafish testes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati S Patel
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Kamdhenu University, Junagadh, 362001, Gujarat, India
| | - Bhavesh J Trangadia
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Kamdhenu University, Junagadh, 362001, Gujarat, India.
| | - Urvesh D Patel
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Kamdhenu University, Junagadh, 362001, Gujarat, India
| | - Rajkumar S Delvadiya
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Kamdhenu University, Junagadh, 362001, Gujarat, India
| | - Abdulkadir A Makwana
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Kamdhenu University, Junagadh, 362001, Gujarat, India
| | - Samir H Raval
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Kamdhenu University, Sardarkrushinagar, 385506, Gujarat, India
| | - Dhaval T Fefar
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Kamdhenu University, Junagadh, 362001, Gujarat, India
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Farissi S, Akhilghosh KA, Muthukumar A, Muthuchamy M. Combining photocatalytic and electrocatalytic oxidation for dibutyl phthalate degradation: the influence of carbon-coated titanium anode and metal oxide catalysts. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38820597 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2024.2360747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Plasticisers, such as dibutyl phthalate (DBP), are contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) that are toxic to living things and the environment. Unlike hydrophilic pollutants, DBP shows the characteristics of hydrophilic and hydrophobic nature which makes its degradation or removal difficult using conventional treatment technologies. The current study explored the potential of photocatalysis followed by electrocatalytic oxidation (PC + EC) using vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) and carbon-coated titanium (C/Ti) anode for the removal of 75 mg L-1 DBP from water. The structural stability and changes in the functional groups after treatment of the catalyst were determined using powder XRD and FTIR studies that found the catalyst structure to be stable. Optimization studies showed that UV-A (315-400 nm) irradiation source, 112 mA cm-2 current density, 50 mg L-1 catalyst dosage, 360 min PC, 210 min EC at pH 3 and 20 mM sodium sulphate managed to degrade 99.5% of DBP with 97% COD and 87.7% TOC removal. Compared to electrocatalytic oxidation (EC), PC + EC showed 40% higher TOC removal. Reusability studies found the reduction of 45% for COD removal after four treatment cycles with V2O5, while the anode material showed no considerable decrease in its degradation efficiency. High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) studies established that complete degradation was preceded by the oxidation of DBP to phthalic anhydride and phthalic acid responsible for the increase in TOC during the initial treatment period. Overall, this study lays out insights for the application of photo-electrocatlytic oxidation for the removal of ubiquitous poorly soluble water pollutants such as phthalates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Farissi
- Department of Environmental Science, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, India
| | | | - Anbazhagi Muthukumar
- Department of Environmental Science, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, India
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Lorre E, Bianchi F, Mėžinė J, Politi T, Vybernaite-Lubiene I, Zilius M. The seasonal distribution of plasticizers in estuarine system: Controlling factors, storage and impact on the ecosystem. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 345:123539. [PMID: 38341066 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Plasticizers such as phthalate esters (PAEs) are commonly used in various consumer and industrial products. This widespread use raises valid concerns regarding their ubiquity in the environment and potential negative impacts. The present study investigates the distribution of eight common plasticizers in the largest European lagoon (Curonian Lagoon) located in the SE Baltic Sea. The concentration levels of plasticizers in the water column, containing both the dissolved and particulate-bound phases, and in sediments were evaluated to reveal seasonal patterns in distribution and potential effects on the lagoon ecosystem. A total of 24 water samples and 48 sediment samples were collected across all four seasons from the two dominant sedimentary areas within the lagoon. The average concentration of total PAEs in the water column ranged from 1 to 21 μg L-1, whereas sediment concentration varied from 5.0 to 250 ng g-1. The distribution of plasticizers was influenced by the patterns in hydrodynamics and water circulation within the lagoon. The confined south-central area contained a higher amount of PAEs in sediments, accounting for most of the lagoon's plasticizer accumulation. More than 7 tons of plasticizers are stored in the 5 upper centimetres of sediment, with over 3 tons persisting for more than five years. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), Diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), and Dibutyl phthalate (DnBP) were the most abundant PAE congeners, with DEHP posing the highest risk quotient to algae, based on water column concentration. Several other congeners demonstrated medium to high-risk levels for organisms living in the lagoon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Lorre
- Marine Research Institute, Klaipeda University, 92295, Klaipeda, Lithuania.
| | - Federica Bianchi
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy; University of Parma, Interdepartmental Center for Energy and Environment (CIDEA), Parco Area delle Scienze, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Jovita Mėžinė
- Marine Research Institute, Klaipeda University, 92295, Klaipeda, Lithuania
| | - Tobia Politi
- Marine Research Institute, Klaipeda University, 92295, Klaipeda, Lithuania
| | | | - Mindaugas Zilius
- Marine Research Institute, Klaipeda University, 92295, Klaipeda, Lithuania
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Kumawat M, Pal N, Sharma P, Verma V, Tiwari RR, Singh S, Shubham S, Sarma DK, Kumar M. Investigating the presence of dioxins in drinking water: implications for public health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024:1-14. [PMID: 38415762 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2024.2322559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
The presence of highly toxic dioxins, specifically polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), in drinking water is a matter of great concern due to their long-lasting nature and harmful effects. In this study, we detected three out of the five dioxin congeners: 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD), 1, 2, 3, 7, 8-pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (PeCDD), and octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD). The investigation revealed that three dioxins were present in water samples of winter season, while TCDD and OCDD were found in the summer season. The geometric mean concentrations of PCDDs were 229.9 ng/L (winter) and 108.4 ng/L (summer), exceeded the maximum contaminant level of 30 pg/L set by the USEPA in surface water. The estimated daily intake of PCDDs for residents through drinking water was 273.97 ng-WHO2005-TEQ/kg/days during winter and 78.875 ng-WHO2005-TEQ/kg/days during summer. Our study emphasizes the urgent need for further research on persistent organic pollutants in drinking water to safeguard public health and community well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumawat
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Namrata Pal
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Poonam Sharma
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Vinod Verma
- Stem Cell Research Centre, Department of Haematology, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajnarayan R Tiwari
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Samradhi Singh
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Swasti Shubham
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Devojit Kumar Sarma
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Wang H, Li C, Yan G, Zhang Y, Wang H, Dong W, Chu Z, Chang Y, Ling Y. Seasonal distribution characteristics and ecological risk assessment of phthalate esters in surface sediment of Songhua River basin. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 337:122567. [PMID: 37717898 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are typical industrial chemicals used in China. PAEs have received considerable attention because of their ubiquity and potential hazard to humans and the ecology. The spatiotemporal distributions of six PAEs in the surface sediments of the Songhua River in the spring (March), summer (July), and autumn (September) are investigated in this study. The total concentration of phthalic acid esters (∑6PAEs) ranges from 1.62 × 102 ng g-1 dry weight (dw) to 3.63 × 104 ng g-1·dw, where the amount in the spring is substantially higher (p < 0.01) than those in the autumn and summer. Seasonal variations in PAEs may be due to rainfall and temperature. The ∑6PAEs in the Songhua River's upper reaches are significantly higher than those in the middle and lower reaches (p < 0.05). Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) are the two most abundant PAEs. The ecological hazard of five PAEs is assessed using the hazard quotient method. DBP and DEHP pose moderate or high ecological risks to aquatic organisms at various trophic levels. PAEs originate primarily from industrial, agricultural, and domestic sources. Absolute principal components-multiple linear regression results indicate that agricultural sources are the most dominant contributor to the ∑6PAEs (53.7%). Guidelines for controlling PAEs pollution in the Songhua River are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China; Research Center of Environmental Pollution Control Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, 100012, PR China
| | - Congyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Guokai Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China; Research Center of Environmental Pollution Control Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, 100012, PR China
| | - Yanjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China; Research Center of Environmental Pollution Control Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, 100012, PR China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China; Research Center of Environmental Pollution Control Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, 100012, PR China.
| | - Weiyang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China; Research Center of Environmental Pollution Control Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, 100012, PR China
| | - Zhaosheng Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China
| | - Yang Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China; Research Center of Environmental Pollution Control Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, 100012, PR China
| | - Yu Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China; Research Center of Environmental Pollution Control Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, 100012, PR China
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Lorre E, Bianchi F, Vybernaite-Lubiene I, Mėžinė J, Zilius M. Phthalate esters delivery to the largest European lagoon: Sources, partitioning and seasonal variations. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 235:116667. [PMID: 37453508 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate esters (PAEs) due to their ability to leach from plastics, widely used in our daily life, are intensely accumulating in wastewater water treatment plants (WWTP) and rivers, before being exported to downstream situated estuarine systems. This study aimed to investigate the external sources of eight plasticizers to the largest European lagoon (the Curonian Lagoon, south-east Baltic Sea), focusing on their seasonal variation and transport behaviour through the partitioning between dissolved and particulate phases. The obtained results were later combined with hydrological inputs at the inlet and outlet of the lagoon to estimate system role in regulating the transport of pollutants to the sea. Plasticizers were detected during all sampling events with a total concentration ranging from 0.01 to 6.17 μg L-1. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was the most abundant PAEs and was mainly found attached to particulate matter, highlighting the importance of this matrix in the transport of such contaminant. Dibutyl phthalate (DnBP) and diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP) were the other two dominant PAEs found in the area, mainly detected in dissolved phase. Meteorological conditions appeared to be an important factor regulating the distribution of PAEs in environment. During the river ice-covered season, PAEs concentration showed the highest value suggesting the importance of ice in the retention of PAEs. While heavy rainfall impacts the amount of water delivered to WWTP, there is an increase of PAEs concentration supporting the hypothesis of their transport via soil leaching and infiltration into wastewater networks. Rainfall could also be a direct source of PAEs to the lagoon resulting in net surplus export of PAEs to the Baltic Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Lorre
- Marine Research Institute, Klaipeda University, 92295, Klaipeda, Lithuania.
| | - Federica Bianchi
- University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy; University of Parma, Interdepartmental Center for Energy and Environment (CIDEA), Parco Area delle Scienze, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Jovita Mėžinė
- Marine Research Institute, Klaipeda University, 92295, Klaipeda, Lithuania
| | - Mindaugas Zilius
- Marine Research Institute, Klaipeda University, 92295, Klaipeda, Lithuania; University of Parma, Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
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Puri M, Gandhi K, Kumar MS. The occurrence, fate, toxicity, and biodegradation of phthalate esters: An overview. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2023; 95:e10832. [PMID: 36632702 DOI: 10.1002/wer.10832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate esters (PAEs) are a class of emerging xenobiotic compounds that are extensively used as plasticizers. In recent times, there has been an increasing concern over the risk of this pervasive pollution exposure causing endocrine disruption and carcinogenicity in humans and animals. The widespread use of PAEs in home and industrial applications has resulted in their discharge in aquatic bodies via leaching, volatilization, and precipitation. In this overview, the current state of PAE pollution, its potential origins, its fate, as well as its effects on the aquatic environment are discussed. A state-of-the-art review of several studies in the literature that focus on the biological degradation of PAEs is included in this study. The paper aims to provide a comprehensive view of current research on PAEs in the environment, highlighting its fate and alleviated risks on the aquatic biotas, their challenges, future prospects, and the need for good management and policies for its remediation. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Occurrence of phthalate esters was summarized in various environmental matrices along with its serious ecotoxicological implications on biota. Wastewater is the prime source of PAEs contamination. Lack of species-specific effects on biota due to dose, exposure route, and susceptibility. The predominant route to mineralization in PAEs is biodegradation. A critical analysis of worldwide PAE production and consumption identifies the necessity for global PAE production, consumption, and release policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehak Puri
- Environmental Impact and Sustainability Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Kamla Nehru Nagar (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Kavita Gandhi
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Kamla Nehru Nagar (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- Sophisticated Environmental Analytical Facility, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India
| | - M Suresh Kumar
- Environmental Impact and Sustainability Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Kamla Nehru Nagar (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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Bulbul M, Bhattacharya S, Ankit Y, Yadav P, Anoop A. Occurrence, distribution and sources of phthalates and petroleum hydrocarbons in tropical estuarine sediments (Mandovi and Ashtamudi) of western Peninsular India. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:113679. [PMID: 35714689 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The present study provides baseline information on the concentration levels, distribution characteristics and pollution sources of environmental contaminants, such as phthalic acid esters (PAEs or phthalates) and petroleum hydrocarbons in surface sediments of the tropical estuaries (Mandovi and Ashtamudi) from western Peninsular India. Total PAEs (∑5PAEs), hopanes, steranes and diasteranes concentrations from Ashtamudi estuary ranged from 7.77 to 1478.2 ng/g, n.d.-363.2 ng/g, n.d.-121.5 ng/g and n.d.-116.6 ng/g, respectively. Likewise, PAEs (∑6PAEs), steranes and diasteranes concentrations from Mandovi estuary ranged from 60.1 to 271.9 ng/g, 2.33-40.1 ng/g and 2.28-23.0 ng/g, respectively. The PAEs comprising di-isobutyl phthalate (DIBP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), an isomer peak for DBP, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-isononyl phthalate were dominant in Ashtamudi estuary sediments, while PAEs including diethyl phthalate, DIBP, DBP and its isomer, DEHP, di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate were detected in the Mandovi sediment samples. The results of this study show an insignificant correlation of TOC with PAEs, and indicates that the varying spatial distributions of the PAEs in both the estuaries can be the result of discharge sources. The higher concentration of PAE congeners was noticed in Ashtamudi, a Ramsar wetland site, that can be attributed to land-based plastic waste. The petroleum biomarkers were abundantly present in Mandovi estuary due to anthropogenic activities such as boating and spillage from oil tankers. The findings of the present study will serve as a reference point for future investigation of organic contaminants in Indian estuaries, and calls for attention towards implementing effective measures in controlling the pervasion of the PAEs and petroleum biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehta Bulbul
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, 140306, India.
| | | | - Yadav Ankit
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, 140306, India
| | - Pushpit Yadav
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, 140306, India
| | - Ambili Anoop
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, 140306, India
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Occurrence and seasonal disparity of emerging endocrine disrupting chemicals in a drinking water supply system and associated health risk. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9252. [PMID: 35662272 PMCID: PMC9166704 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13489-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Contamination of drinking water with endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) raises concerns over the security and long-term sustainability of clean water supplies as well as human exposure via daily water intake. In this study, the seasonal disparity and occurrence of six phthalates and bisphenol-A in the drinking water supply system and associated health-risk were examined. The detection frequencies of the ∑6PAEs ranged from 24 to 100% in the winter whereas; in summer it is below the detection limit up to 100%. DEHP was the most prevalent phthalate congener ranging from 1.14 to 8351.85 µg/L (winter) and 0.552 to 410.29 µg/L (summer) surpassing the permissible limit. However, BPA concentrations were found under the permissible limit. The results suggested that PAEs concentration displayed significant seasonal variations with the highest in winter and the lowest in summer. The exposure to PAEs and BPA from drinking water was assessed, indicating a possible health risk to humans with a hazard quotient (HQ) > 1 for DEHP only. The findings necessitate an immediate scrutiny of these EDCs in drinking water supply system and are critical for implementing effective technologies at the WTP scale to ensure the quality and safety of drinking water to ascertain human and environmental health.
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Le TM, Thi Pham CL, Nu Nguyen HM, Duong TT, Quynh Le TP, Nguyen DT, Vu ND, Minh TB, Tran TM. Distribution and ecological risk assessment of phthalic acid esters in surface sediments of three rivers in Northern Vietnam. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 209:112843. [PMID: 35101399 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pollution status and distribution characteristics of ten typical phthalic acid esters (PAEs) were investigated in 36 sediment samples collected from three rivers in Northern Vietnam from June to October 2020. The total concentrations of PAEs in sediment samples collected from the To Lich River (n = 9), the Nhue River (n = 12), and the Day River (n = 15) were in ranges of 11,000-125,000 ng/g-dwt (mean/median: 50,000/42,200 ng/g-dwt), 2140-89,900 ng/g-dwt (mean/median: 29,300/20,700 ng/g-dwt), and 1140-43,100 ng/g-dwt (mean/median: 13,800/10,400 ng/g-dwt), respectively. Among ten PAEs studied, di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was found at the highest levels in all samples meanwhile dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), and dipropyl phthalate (DPP) were detected at low frequency and concentration. Significant correlations have existed between the median-chain (C4-C7) PAE pairs in sediment samples. Due to the high accumulation in the sediments, the median-chain PAEs had a higher ecological risk than the short-chain (C1-C3) PAEs. These contaminants may present a longstanding influence on organisms and ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Minh Le
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Center for Research and Technology Transfer, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Chi Linh Thi Pham
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Ha My Nu Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Ha Tinh University, Cam Vinh commune, Cam Xuyen District, Ha Tinh, Viet Nam
| | - Thi Thuy Duong
- Institute of Environmental Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
| | - Thi Phuong Quynh Le
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Dong Thanh Nguyen
- Institute of Environmental Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Nam Duc Vu
- Center for Research and Technology Transfer, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Tu Binh Minh
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Tri Manh Tran
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
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Environmental Contamination and Chronic Exposure to Endocrine-Disrupting Phthalates: An Overlooked and Emerging Determinant for Hormone-Sensitive Cancers. J Indian Inst Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41745-022-00319-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Liu B, Jiang T, Li Z, Ge W, Wu J, Song N, Chai C. Phthalate esters in surface sediments from fishing ports in Circum-Bohai-Sea region, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 171:112782. [PMID: 34358790 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The concentration, composition, distribution, and possible sources of phthalate esters (PAEs) in surface sediments from fishing ports in the Circum-Bohai-Sea region were investigated. The potential ecological risks of PAEs on three sensitive aquatic organisms (algae, crustacean, and fish) were assessed based on the risk quotient. The concentrations of 16 PAEs were in the range of 8.53-86.13 μg/g. Six PAEs, which were considered as priority pollutants by the United States Environmental Protection Agency, were main congeners. Fishing ports with high PAE concentration were located near the eastern area of the Shandong Peninsula, the southern area of the Liaodong Peninsula, and the estuary of the Yellow River. Wastewater, atmospheric deposition, plastic, and rubber products were possible sources of PAEs. The PAEs showed medium to high ecological risks on the three aquatic organisms, and the ecological risks were attributed to four PAEs, including dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, and benzylbutyl phthalate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binxu Liu
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Zhiying Li
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Wei Ge
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Juan Wu
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Ningning Song
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Chao Chai
- Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
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Abstract
The Ganga basin includes some of the most densely populated areas in the world, in a region characterized by extremely high demographic and economic growth rates. Although anthropogenic pressure in this area is increasing, the pollution status of the Ganga is still poorly studied and understood. In the light of this, we have carried out a systematic literature review of the sources, levels and spatiotemporal distribution of organic pollutants in surface water and sediment of the Ganga basin, including for the first time emerging contaminants (ECs). We have identified 61 publications over the past thirty years, with data on a total of 271 organic compounds, including pesticides, industrial chemicals, and by-products, artificial sweeteners, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products (PPCPs). The most studied organic contaminants are pesticides, whereas knowledge of industrial compounds and PPCPs, among which some of the major ECs, is highly fragmentary. Most studies focus on the main channel of the Ganga, the Yamuna, the Gomti, and the deltaic region, while most of the Ganga's major tributaries, and the entire southern part of the catchment, have not been investigated. Hotspots of contamination coincide with major urban agglomerations, including Delhi, Kolkata, Kanpur, Varanasi, and Patna. Pesticides levels have decreased at most of the sites over recent decades, while potentially harmful concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organotin compounds (OTCs), and some PPCPs have been detected in the last ten years. Considering the limited geographical coverage of sampling and number of analyzed compounds, this review highlights the need for a more careful selection of locations, compounds and environmental matrices, prioritizing PPCPs and catchment-scale, source-to-sink studies.
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Mukhopadhyay M, Sampath S, Muñoz-Arnanz J, Jiménez B, Chakraborty P. Plasticizers and bisphenol A in Adyar and Cooum riverine sediments, India: occurrences, sources and risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2020; 42:2789-2802. [PMID: 31974692 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00516-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Adyar and Cooum, the two rivers intersecting Chennai city, are exposed to serious pollution due to the release of large quantities of dumped waste, untreated wastewater and sewage. Sediments can act as repository for emerging organic contaminants. Hence, we have monitored the occurrence and risk associated with plasticizers [six phthalic acid esters (PAEs), bis(2-ethyl hexyl adipate) (DEHA)] and bisphenol A (BPA) in surface riverine sediments of Adyar and Cooum rivers from residential/commercial, industrial and electronic waste recycling sites. Σ7plasticizers (PAEs + DEHA) in the Adyar riverine sediment (ARS) and Cooum riverine sediment (CRS) varied between 51.82-1796 and 28.13-856 ng/g, respectively. More than three-fourth of Σ7plasticizers came from bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), in accordance with the high production and usage of this compound. BPA varied between 10.70-2026 and 7.58-1398 ng/g in ARS and CRS, respectively. Average concentrations of plasticizers and BPA were four times higher in electronic waste (e-waste) recycling sites when compared with industrial and residential/commercial sites. BPA and DEHP showed a strong and significant correlation (R2 = 0.7; p < 0.01) in the e-waste sites thereby indicating common source types. Sites present at close proximity to raw sewage pumping stations contributed to 70% of the total BPA observed in this study. For the derived pore water concentration of plasticizers and BPA, the ecotoxicological risk has been found to be higher in ARS over CRS. However, sediment concentrations in all the sites of ARS and CRS were much below the recommended serious risk concentration for human (SRChuman) and serious risk concentration for ecotoxicological (SRCeco).
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Affiliation(s)
- Moitraiyee Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Civil Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kancheepuram District, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Srimurali Sampath
- SRM Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kancheepuram District, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Juan Muñoz-Arnanz
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Jiménez
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paromita Chakraborty
- Department of Civil Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kancheepuram District, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India.
- SRM Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kancheepuram District, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India.
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15
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Zhang ZM, Yang GP, Zhang HH, Shi XZ, Zou YW, Zhang J. Phthalic acid esters in the sea-surface microlayer, seawater and sediments of the East China Sea: Spatiotemporal variation and ecological risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 259:113802. [PMID: 31896480 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The spatial and temporal distribution, congener profiles and ecological risk of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) were investigated in the seawater and sediment samples from the East China Sea in spring and autumn. The average concentrations of ΣPAEs in water samples were 3.16 ± 2.16 μg L-1 in autumn and 1.63 ± 1.20 μg L-1 in spring. The ΣPAEs in sediment was much higher than that in seawater, with an average value of 7.36 ± 6.70 mg kg-1 (dw). PAEs levels in the sea-surface microlayer (SML) in spring were 3.61 ± 3.36 μg L-1, indicating that the PAEs were noticeably concentrated in the SML, with an average enrichment factor of 2.10. Among the 16 PAE congeners, di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were the preponderant PAEs in both sediment and seawater samples. Additionally, PAE concentrations in autumn were higher than those in spring, and this difference resulted mainly from the terrigenous input and marine transportation. The horizontal distributions of PAEs showed an opposite distribution pattern to salinity and temperature, a pattern which might be influenced by the inputs of fresh water. The vertical distributions of ΣPAEs were characterized by high concentrations in the surface waters, with a slight decrease with depth, and then an increase close to the seabed. The results of ecological risk in the water-phase showed that the level of potential risk followed the order of DEHP > DiBP and DnBP > DMP and DEP, which posed a high (DEHP), medium (DiBP and DnBP) and low (DMP and DEP) risk to the sensitive organisms, respectively. For the sediment-phase, DiBP and DnBP represented a high risk to the sensitive organisms, whereas DMP, DEP and DEHP had only a low risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Ming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Ningbo University, School of Marine Science, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Gui-Peng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266100, China; Institute of Marine Chemistry, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Hong-Hai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266100, China; Institute of Marine Chemistry, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Xi-Zhi Shi
- Ningbo University, School of Marine Science, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ya-Wen Zou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute for Advanced Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Institute of Marine Chemistry, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
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16
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Weizhen Z, Xiaowei Z, Peng G, Ning W, Zini L, Jian H, Zheng Z. Distribution and risk assessment of phthalates in water and sediment of the Pearl River Delta. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:12550-12565. [PMID: 32002834 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06819-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate esters (PAEs) are widely used industrial raw materials that are well known for their environmental contamination and toxicological effects as "endocrine disruptors." In this study, environmental levels of PAEs and eco-toxicological risk assessments were determined in the eight estuaries of the Pearl River (Estuaries), main upstream tributary (Xijiang River), urban river network (River network), and nature reserve reservoir (Reservoirs). Water and sediment samples from the above water systems were collected during the low-water period (May) and the high-water period (August) between 2012 and 2014. Solid phase and ultrasonic methods were used to extract 14 different PAEs that were analyzed by gas chromatography. The analytical average recovery of PAEs in water and sediment was 75.4% ± 4.9% and 121.5% ± 8.9%, respectively. The results showed that PAEs were detected in all of the samples, and the di-n-butyl phtalate (DBP) and benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) monomers had a detection rate of 100% in water. Similarly, in sediment samples, the detection rates of diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), DBP, dimethoxyethyl phthalate (DMEP), BBP, di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP), and DNP ranged from 66.7 to 100%. Among these, in sediment samples, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and phthalic acid bis(2-butoxyethyl) ester (DBEP) had detection rates of 95.8% to 100% in the Estuaries, Xijiang River, and River network. The concentrations of Σ14PAEs in water samples and sediments ranged from 12.95 ± 1.97 to 6717.29 ± 112.37 ng/L and 71.99 ± 8.72 to 17,340.04 ± 227.83 ng/g-dw, respectively. During the low-water period, the average concentration of Σ14PAEs in water and sediment was 1159.58 ± 97.22 ng/L and 2842.50 ± 178.21 ng/g-dw, respectively, and during the high-water period, 822.83 ± 53.19 ng/L and 1936.42 ± 111.31 ng/g-dw, respectively. In water, the average concentration of Σ14PAEs in 2013 and 2014 was 963.39 ± 19.55 ng/L and 2815.35 ± 176.32 ng/L, respectively. In sediment, the average concentrations of Σ14PAEs in 2012 to 2014 were 990.10 ± 23.33 ng/g-dw, 1084.20 ± 112.12 ng/g-dw, and 1816.89 ± 79.97 ng/g-dw, respectively, with concentrations showing an increasing trend year after year (2014 > 2013 > 2012). Potential risk assessment of water ecological, the results show that exceeding environmental risk level (ERL) value in higher molecular weight plasticizer (DEHP, DMEP, DNOP, DNP) was mainly distributed in water, the lower molecular weight plasticizer (BMP, DiBP) was mainly distributed in sediment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Weizhen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510380, People's Republic of China
- College of Aquatic and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Xiaowei
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Gu Peng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Wang Ning
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Lai Zini
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510380, People's Republic of China.
| | - He Jian
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Zheng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Ma B, Wang L, Tao W, Liu M, Zhang P, Zhang S, Li X, Lu X. Phthalate esters in atmospheric PM 2.5 and PM 10 in the semi-arid city of Xi'an, Northwest China: Pollution characteristics, sources, health risks, and relationships with meteorological factors. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 242:125226. [PMID: 31698210 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 and PM10 samples were collected in the semi-arid city of Xi'an in Northwest China from November 2016 to November 2017 and analyzed to assess pollution characteristics, sources, health risks, and influencing factors of 6 priority phthalate esters (PAEs). The results showed that the sum of the 6 PAEs (Σ6PAEs) was 85.5 ng m-3 in PM2.5 and 94.5 ng m-3 in PM10, being higher at the suburban site than the urban site and winter > spring > summer > autumn. The most abundant PAE was bis(2-ethylhexyl phthalate) (DEHP). PM2.5- and PM10-bound PAEs were associated mainly with the use of plasticizers plus the uses of cosmetics and personal care products, construction materials, and home furnishings. Temperature, relative humidity, and visibility had stronger influences on the concentrations of PM and PM-bound PAEs than pressure and wind speed. Pressure and relative humidity were positively correlated with the concentrations of PM and most of the PM-bound PAEs, while temperature, visibility and wind speed had negative correlations with the concentrations of PM and PM-bound PAEs. The non-carcinogenic risks of human inhalation exposure to PM-bound PAEs were in the range of 10-7 to 10-3, suggesting low non-cancer risks, which were higher at the suburban site than the urban site and higher to children than adults. The cancer risks of human inhalation exposure to PM-bound DEHP and butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) were in the range of 10-12 to 10-10, suggesting low carcinogenic risks, being in the order of the suburban site > the urban site and DEHP > BBP. Special attention should be paid to long-term low dose exposure to PAEs in the suburb, especially in winter and spring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianbian Ma
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, PR China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, PR China; International Joint Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Pollutant Exposure and Eco-environmental Health, Xi'an, 710119, PR China.
| | - Wendong Tao
- College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, 1 Forestry Dr Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Mengmei Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, PR China
| | - Panqing Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, PR China
| | - Shengwei Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, PR China
| | - Xiaoping Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, PR China; International Joint Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Pollutant Exposure and Eco-environmental Health, Xi'an, 710119, PR China
| | - Xinwei Lu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, PR China
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Ramzi A, Gireeshkumar TR, Habeeb Rahman K, Balachandran KK, Shameem K, Chacko J, Chandramohanakumar N. Phthalic acid esters - A grave ecological hazard in Cochin estuary, India. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 152:110899. [PMID: 32479282 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.110899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Distribution and ecological risks of Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are poorly studied in estuarine environments in India. An attempt is made to chart the sources and assess the ecological risk of six PAE congeners (∑6PAEs), present in dissolved and particulate forms in a tropical ecosystem (Cochin Estuary, India). Terrestrial input, as attested by a clear seasonality with substantial enrichment during monsoon (2-28 μg/L and 31-1203 μg/g; dissolved and particulate PAEs respectively) and post-monsoon (1-7 μg/L and 7-321 μg/g; dissolved and particulate PAEs respectively), was identified as the primary source. DnBP (di-n-butyl phthalate) and DEHP (diethylhexyl phthalate) were found to be the dominant species except for dissolved PAEs at pre-monsoon season. Statistical analysis identified two major clusters, in the ∑6PAEs, composed of medium to high molecular weight PAEs (derived from plastic products) and low molecular weight PAEs (derived from cosmetic products). Calculated Risk Quotient (RQ) indicated values indicated moderate to high ecological risk for DnBP and DEHP congeners is a grim pointer to their detrimental effects on human health through consumption of contaminated organisms. Although substantial enrichment of suspended matter gets flushed out of the estuary during monsoon, there is a net PAE accumulation in the estuary during post-monsoon following an increased sedimentary restitution. Data of PAEs generated herein raises a challenge for immediate enactment of statutory legislation to curb and regulate hazardous contamination of estuaries by phthalic acid esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ramzi
- Inter University Centre for Development of Marine Biotechnology, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi 682016, India
| | - T R Gireeshkumar
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre-Kochi, 682018, India.
| | - K Habeeb Rahman
- Department of Chemical Oceanography, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi 682016, India
| | - K K Balachandran
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre-Kochi, 682018, India
| | - K Shameem
- Inter University Centre for Development of Marine Biotechnology, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi 682016, India
| | - Jacob Chacko
- Department of Chemical Oceanography, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi 682016, India
| | - N Chandramohanakumar
- Inter University Centre for Development of Marine Biotechnology, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi 682016, India
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Malem F, Soonthondecha P, Khawmodjod P, Chunhakorn V, Whitlow HJ, Chienthavorn O. Occurrence of phthalate esters in the eastern coast of Thailand. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:627. [PMID: 31501942 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7785-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we investigated possible contamination of phthalates in seawater and sediment around the eastern coast of Thailand in the area of Chonburi, Rayong, and Chanthaburi. The main focus was on Pradu Bay east of Map Ta Phut, a well-known industrial and economic hub in Thailand. Among six selected phthalates of interest, diethyl phthalate (DEP), and benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) were not found in any sample, while the concentrations of dimethyl phthalate (DMP) and dioctyl phthalate (DnOP) were very low or undetectable in most samples. In December 2014, the concentration of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) in Pradu Bay were 0.23-0.77 and 0.31-0.91 μg L-1 in seawater, respectively and non-detected (ND)-0.80 and ND-1.65 μg g-1 for 11 out of 20 sediment samples. DBP and DEHP were considered as the predominant congeners. A surface mapping system provided us an overview concentration distribution of DBP and DEHP congeners in seawater and sediment in Pradu Bay, showing a correlation between water and sediment and allowing a prediction of a possible point source. A comparison with the EU standard concentration limit in surface water confirmed that the phthalate concentration in this area was acceptable. However, continuous monitoring of phthalate congeners in the matrices should be done to detect a possible increase in their concentrations. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to determine concentrations of phthalates in seawater and sediment along the east coast of Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fairda Malem
- Environmental Research and Training Center, Department of Environmental Quality Promotion, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Technopolis, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Peerapong Soonthondecha
- Environmental Research and Training Center, Department of Environmental Quality Promotion, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Technopolis, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Patchara Khawmodjod
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Visakha Chunhakorn
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Bangkokthonburi University, Thawi Watthana, Bangkok, 10170, Thailand
| | - Harry J Whitlow
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
- Louisiana Accelerator Center and Department of Physics, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, 70504, USA
| | - Orapin Chienthavorn
- Department of Chemistry and the Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
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20
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Lubecki L, Kowalewska G. Plastic-derived contaminants in sediments from the coastal zone of the southern Baltic Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 146:255-262. [PMID: 31426154 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plastics may leach out harmful chemicals, such as plastic additives and monomers, to the environment. This study focused on three intrinsic plastic-derived contaminants, viz. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), bisphenol A (BPA), and styrene, based on surface (0-5 cm) sediment samples taken from transition areas located in the human-impacted coastal zone of the southern Baltic Sea. The concentrations of DEHP in the sediments from the Gulf of Gdańsk and the Szczecin Lagoon ranged from 38 to 228 ng/g d.w. and from 494 to 807 ng/g d.w., respectively. The levels of sedimentary BPA varied from <1 to 32 ng/g d.w., whereas styrene was not detected in any of the samples studied. Compared to worldwide data, the levels of plastic-derived contaminants in the sediments from the Gulf of Gdańsk and the Szczecin Lagoon were generally not high. However, according to sediment quality guidelines, some adverse environmental effects are probable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludwik Lubecki
- Marine Pollution Laboratory, Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland.
| | - Grażyna Kowalewska
- Marine Pollution Laboratory, Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
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21
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Chakraborty P, Mukhopadhyay M, Sampath S, Ramaswamy BR, Katsoyiannis A, Cincinelli A, Snow D. Organic micropollutants in the surface riverine sediment along the lower stretch of the transboundary river Ganga: Occurrences, sources and ecological risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 249:1071-1080. [PMID: 31146313 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Hooghly River (HR) estuary is the first deltaic off-shoot of the perennial and transboundary river, Ganga, India. HR receives industrial and domestic waste along with storm-water run-off from Kolkata city and the adjoining districts. Organic micropollutants (OMPs) have been collectively termed for plasticizers, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, which are extensively consumed and disposed in the waste streams. Hence emerging OMPs were investigated to obtain the first baseline data from the Hooghly riverine sediment (HRS) along urban and suburban transects using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The concentration range of OMPs in the HRS varied between 3 and 519 ng/g for carbamazepine, 5-407 ng/g for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), 2-26 ng/g for musk ketone, 2-84 ng/g for triclosan, 2-199 ng/g for bisphenol A (BPA), 2-422 ng/g for plasticizers (phthalic acid esters (PAEs) and bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA)) and 87-593 ng/g for parabens. Carbamazepine concentration in sediment was an useful marker for untreated wastewater in urban waterways. High concentrations of BPA and PAEs in the suburban industrial corridor together with significant correlation between these two type of OMPs (r2 = 0.5; p < 0.01) likely reflect a common source, possibly associated with the plastic and electronic scrap recycling industries. Among all the categories of OMPs, plasticizers seems to exhibit maximum screening level ecological risk through out the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paromita Chakraborty
- SRM Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kancheepuram District, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India; Department of Civil Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kancheepuram District, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India; Water Science Laboratory, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, USA.
| | - Moitraiyee Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Civil Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kancheepuram District, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Srimurali Sampath
- SRM Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kancheepuram District, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Babu Rajendran Ramaswamy
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, India
| | - Athanasios Katsoyiannis
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) at FRAM - High North Research Centre on Climate and the Environment, NO-9296, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Alessandra Cincinelli
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniel Snow
- Water Science Laboratory, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, USA
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Gao X, Li J, Wang X, Zhou J, Fan B, Li W, Liu Z. Exposure and ecological risk of phthalate esters in the Taihu Lake basin, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 171:564-570. [PMID: 30641318 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The environmental spatial distribution and exposure risk of 6 phthalate esters (PAEs) including dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and dibutyl phthalate (DBP), in surface water and sediment of Taihu Lake basin, China, were investigated at 65 sites. The exposure concentrations of 6 PAEs (∑6PAEs) detected in the samples spanned a range of 0.740-13.0 μg/L in surface water and 5.15-20.9 mg/kg in sediment. DBP and DEHP were the predominant compounds in surface water, with mean concentrations of 1.59 μg/L and 1.29 μg/L, respectively. DnOP was the predominant compound in sediment with mean concentration of 7.41 mg/kg. Ecological risk assessment was conducted by the hazard quotient method in which the predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) was derived from the species sensitivity distribution (SSD) curve. The results showed that DEHP in water phase posed a higher environmental risk than the other PAEs, while the DEP in sediment posed a high risk to the aquatic system. The study contributed to better understanding the presence of PAEs in Taihu Lake basin and provided valuable information for managing and controlling PAEs pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Ji Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Xiaonan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Junli Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Bo Fan
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Wenwen Li
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Zhengtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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23
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Ramzi A, Gireeshkumar TR, Habeeb Rahman K, Manu M, Balachandran KK, Chacko J, Chandramohanakumar N. Distribution and contamination status of phthalic acid esters in the sediments of a tropical monsoonal estuary, Cochin - India. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 210:232-238. [PMID: 30005344 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are a group of endocrine-disrupting chemicals listed as priority pollutants by United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA, 2009). This study provides baseline information on seasonal distribution and contamination status of six phthalic acid esters (∑6PAEs) in sediments of a tropical estuary (Cochin-India). In general, the sediments accumulated more PAEs during the post monsoon (mean 2325 ngg-1; between 1402 and 3121 ngg-1) and monsoon (mean 1372 ngg-1; between 331 and 4015 ngg-1) periods indicating land run off as the major transport pathway. Moderate run off and comparatively high residence time lead to effective sorption and settling of PAEs in the surface sediments during post monsoon season. Despite a high discharge of PAEs in to the water column, their deposition on to the sediments occurs at a lower rate during monsoon than that post monsoon season. PAEs were (mean 810 ngg-1; between 44 and 1722 ngg-1) lowest in pre monsoon season. The pre monsoon season is characterized by a minimal runoff consequent to the trapping of these organic pollutants in the river catchment area. The mid and high molecular PAEs (DEHP-Di ethylhexyl phthalate, BBP-Benzyl butyl phthalate and DnBP-Di-n-butyl phthalate) were the dominant congeners relative to the low molecular weight congeners (DMP-Dimethyl phthalate and DEP-Diethyl phthalate). DEHP and BBP levels exceeded permissible risk levels indicating a serious ecological hazard to the estuarine ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ramzi
- Inter University Centre for Development of Marine Biotechnology, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, 682016, India
| | - T R Gireeshkumar
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre-Kochi, 682018, India
| | - K Habeeb Rahman
- Inter University Centre for Development of Marine Biotechnology, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, 682016, India; Department of Chemical Oceanography, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, 682016, India.
| | - Mohan Manu
- Inter University Centre for Development of Marine Biotechnology, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, 682016, India
| | - K K Balachandran
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre-Kochi, 682018, India
| | - Jacob Chacko
- Department of Chemical Oceanography, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, 682016, India
| | - N Chandramohanakumar
- Inter University Centre for Development of Marine Biotechnology, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, 682016, India
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24
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Chen CF, Ju YR, Lim YC, Chang JH, Chen CW, Dong CD. Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Di-(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate in Urban River Sediments. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15102228. [PMID: 30314371 PMCID: PMC6210134 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15102228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the spatial distribution of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and its potential biological effects, in the surface sediments that were collected from 10 sites at the Love River during dry and wet seasons. The grain size and organic matter were measured to understand the key factors that affect the distribution of DEHP concentrations in the sediments of Love River. The mean DEHP concentrations in the sediments that were collected during the wet and dry seasons were 28.6 ± 19.5 and 17.8 ± 11.6 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. The highest DEHP concentration was observed in the sediments that were sampled in the vicinity of the estuary. The correlation analysis showed that the grain size and organic matter may play a key role in the DEHP distribution in the sediments during the dry season, whereas the DEHP concentrations in the wet season may be mainly affected by other environmental and hydrological conditions. By a comparison with the sediment quality guidelines, the levels of DEHP in the sediments of Love River were found to have the potential to result in an adverse effect on aquatic benthic organisms. Specifically, during the wet season, wastewater from upstream of Love River is flushed downstream, causing a higher DEHP concentration in the sediments. Future pollution prevention and management objectives should move towards reducing the discharge of upstream wastewater and establishing a complete sewer system to reduce DEHP pollution in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Feng Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan.
| | - Yun-Ru Ju
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan.
| | - Yee Cheng Lim
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan.
| | - Jih-Hsing Chang
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung 41349, Taiwan.
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan.
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25
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Gupta S, Gadi R. Temporal Variation of Phthalic Acid Esters (PAEs) in Ambient Atmosphere of Delhi. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 101:153-159. [PMID: 29700580 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-018-2337-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are a group of chemical species, ubiquitously present in the environment and pose a serious risk to humans. In the present study, the average concentrations of PAEs in PM10 (particulate matter ≤ 10 µm) are reported at a densely populated site in Delhi. The average concentration of PAEs was reported to be 703.1 ± 36.2 ng m-3 with slightly higher concentrations in winter than in summer; suggesting that sources are relatively stable over the whole year. The average concentration of PAEs was 35.7 ± 30.5 ng m-3 in winter, 35.4 ± 27.0 ng m-3 in summer, 3.4 ± 1.5 ng m-3 in monsoon and 7.5 ± 5.2 ng m-3 in post-monsoon. Principal component analysis was performed, which suggested that emissions were mainly due to plasticizers, cosmetics and personal care products, municipal solid waste, thermal power stations, industrial wastewater, cement plants and coke ovens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarika Gupta
- Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi, 110078, India
| | - Ranu Gadi
- Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, Delhi, 110006, India.
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26
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Philip JM, Aravind UK, Aravindakumar CT. Emerging contaminants in Indian environmental matrices - A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 190:307-326. [PMID: 28992484 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of issues related to environment from ECs is a topic under serious discussions worldwide in recent years. Indian scenario is not an exception as it is tremendously growing in its rate of production and consumption of compounds belongs to ECs categories. However, a comprehensive documentation on the occurrence of ECs and consequent ARGs as well as their toxic effects on vertebrates on Indian context is still lacking. In the present study, an extensive literature survey was carried out to get an idea on the geographical distribution of ECs in various environmental matrices (water, air, soil, sediment and sludge) and biological samples by dividing the entire subcontinent into six zones based on climatic, geographical and cultural features. A comprehensive assessment of the toxicological effects of ECs and the consequent antibiotic resistant genes has been included. It is found that studies on the screening of ECs are scarce and concentrated in certain geological locations. A total of 166 individual compounds belonging to 36 categories have been reported so far. Pharmaceuticals and drugs occupy the major share in these compounds followed by PFASs, EDCs, PCPs, ASWs and flame retardants. This review throws light on the alarming situation in India where the highest ever reported values of concentrations of some of these compounds are from India. This necessitates a national level monitoring system for ECs in order to assess the magnitude of environmental risks posed by these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeeva M Philip
- School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, 686560, Kerala, India
| | - Usha K Aravind
- Advanced Centre of Environmental Studies and Sustainable Development, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, 686560, Kerala, India
| | - Charuvila T Aravindakumar
- School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, 686560, Kerala, India; Inter University Instrumentation Centre, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, 686560, Kerala, India.
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27
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Varjani SJ, Chaithanya Sudha M. Treatment Technologies for Emerging Organic Contaminants Removal from Wastewater. ENERGY, ENVIRONMENT, AND SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-7551-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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28
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Kong Y, Shen J, Chen Z, Kang J, Li T, Wu X, Kong X, Fan L. Profiles and risk assessment of phthalate acid esters (PAEs) in drinking water sources and treatment plants, East China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:23646-23657. [PMID: 28856491 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9783-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study is the first report describing the occurrence of 15 phthalate acid esters (PAEs) in the three typical water sources of YiXing City, Taihu Upper-River Basin, East China. The fate of target PAEs in the Jiubin drinking water treatment plant (JTP) was also analyzed. The amounts of Σ15PAE in the Hengshan (HS), Youche (YC), and Xijiu (XJ) water sources were relatively moderate, with mean values of 360, 357, and 697 ng L-1, respectively. Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) dominated the PAE concentration, making up 80% of the 15 total PAEs. The highest levels of Σ15PAE were found in HS, YC, and XJ in March 2015, January 2015, and July 2014, respectively. The occurrence and concentrations of these compounds were spatially dependent, and the mean concentrations of Σ15PAE in HS, YC, and XJ samples increased from the surface layer to the bottom layer with varied percentage increases. The removal efficiency of the PAEs in the finished water varied markedly, and the removal of PAEs by the JTP ranged from 12.8 to 64.5%. The potential ecosystem risk assessment indicated that the risk of PAEs was relatively low in these three water sources. However, risks posed by PAEs due to drinking water still exist; therefore, special attention should be paid to source control in the JTP, and advanced treatment processes for drinking water supplies should be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Jimin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
| | - Zhonglin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
- HIT Yixing Academy of Environmental Protection, Yixing, 214200, China
| | - Jing Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Taiping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Xiaofei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - XiangZhen Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Leitao Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
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29
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Li R, Liang J, Gong Z, Zhang N, Duan H. Occurrence, spatial distribution, historical trend and ecological risk of phthalate esters in the Jiulong River, Southeast China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 580:388-397. [PMID: 28012650 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and spatial distribution of phthalate esters (PAEs) in the Jiulong River of southeast China were investigated in water and sediment samples collected from 35 stations along the river in Mar. 2014. The historical trend of the past 26years was reconstructed with a sediment core collected in Dec. 2012 via a 210Pb dating technique. The potential ecological risk of PAEs was assessed using the risk quotient (RQ) method. Of the 16 PAE congeners analyzed, only 6 PAEs, including dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and diisononyl phthalate (DINP), were identified and quantified; the remaining 10 PAEs were below their respective limits of quantification (LOQs) for the analytical methods used here. The cumulative concentration of 6 PAEs (∑6PAEs) found in the samples spanned a range of 3.48-17.7μg/L in water and 0.046-1.65mg/kg in sediment. The most abundant PAEs in the water-phase were DEHP and DIBP, together accounting for 84.9% of ∑6PAEs in the North River, 82.8% of ∑6PAEs in the West River and 91.6% of ∑6PAEs in the estuary. DEHP and DINP were the richest congeners in the sediment-phase, with proportions of 84.9% in the North River, 81.0% in the West River and 65.4% in the estuary. The spatial distribution of ∑6PAEs in water and sediment phases showed that the riverside environment had influence on the distribution pattern. The reconstruction profile of the PAE congeners and the ∑6PAEs vs the depth of the sediment core indicated that PAEs became increasingly present pollutants around 2006 in the Jiulong River. The results of the potential ecological risk assessment of the RQ method revealed that DIBP and DEHP posed a high risk because of their relatively higher concentrations, while DBP and DINP posed a medium risk to the aquatic system. The baseline data of PAEs in this river will be benefits to the regulatory attention and future strategies of the pollutants control along the river network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environment Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Center for Marine Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jing Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environment Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Zhenbin Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environment Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Center for Marine Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Ningning Zhang
- Center for Marine Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Hualing Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environment Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Center for Marine Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
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Sampath S, Selvaraj KK, Shanmugam G, Krishnamoorthy V, Chakraborty P, Ramaswamy BR. Evaluating spatial distribution and seasonal variation of phthalates using passive air sampling in southern India. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 221:407-417. [PMID: 27979682 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Usage of phthalates as plasticizers has resulted in worldwide occurrence and is becoming a serious concern to human health and environment. However, studies on phthalates in Indian atmosphere are lacking. Therefore, we studied the spatio-temporal trends of six major phthalates in Tamil Nadu, southern India, using passive air samplers. Phthalates were ubiquitously detected in all the samples and the average total phthalates found in decreasing order is pre-monsoon (61 ng m-3) > summer (52 ng m-3) > monsoon (17 ng m-3). Largely used phthalates, dibutylphthalate (DBP) and diethylhexlphthalate (DEHP) were predominantly found in all the seasons with contribution of 11-31% and 59-68%, respectively. The highest total phthalates was observed in summer at an urban location (836 ng m-3). Furthermore, through principal component analysis, potential sources were identified as emissions from additives of plasticizers in the polymer industry and the productions of adhesives, building materials and vinyl flooring. Although inhalation exposure of infants was higher than other population segments (toddlers, children and adults), exposure levels were found to be safe for people belonging to all ages based on reference dose (RfD) and tolerable daily intake (TDI) values. This study first attempted to report seasonal trend based on atmospheric monitoring using passive air sampling technique and exposure risk together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srimurali Sampath
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India; SRM Research Institute, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Krishna Kumar Selvaraj
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Govindaraj Shanmugam
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vimalkumar Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Paromita Chakraborty
- SRM Research Institute, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Civil Engineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Babu Rajendran Ramaswamy
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India.
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31
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Li B, Liu R, Gao H, Tan R, Zeng P, Song Y. Spatial distribution and ecological risk assessment of phthalic acid esters and phenols in surface sediment from urban rivers in Northeast China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 219:409-415. [PMID: 27209337 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Concentration and spatial distribution of six phthalic acid esters (PAEs) and eight phenols in sediments of urban rivers, namely the Xi River (XR) and Pu River (PR) in Shenyang city, Northeast China were investigated and the ecological risk of these target pollutants was assessed based on the risk quotient (RQ) approach. Target PAEs and phenols were detected in most of sediment samples collected from the XR and PR. The concentrations of total PAEs in sediments varied from 22.4 to 369 μg/g dw in the XR and 3.71-46.9 μg/g dw in the PR. The levels of phenols ranged from 2.72 to 106 μg/g dw in the XR and 0.811-25.0 μg/g dw in the PR, respectively. The dominant pollutants in both XR and PR were DEHP, phenol and 4-methylphnol. The sampling locations XR1-3 in the XR suffered severe contamination from PAEs and phenols. The sites PR1 and PR6 were heavily polluted by phenols and PAEs, respectively. Almost all target PAEs and phenolic compounds in sediment of the XR exhibited medium or high ecological risk to organisms and the ecological risk in the PR mainly originated from PEAs, phenol and 4-methylphenol. These results would provide guidance for individual pollutant control and indicate that it is imperative to take some effective measures to reduce the pollution of those contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment (SKLECRA), Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Ruixia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment (SKLECRA), Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Hongjie Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment (SKLECRA), Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Ruijie Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment (SKLECRA), Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Ping Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment (SKLECRA), Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yonghui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment (SKLECRA), Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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32
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Receptor-Based Fluorescence Polarization Assay to Detect Phthalate Esters in Chinese Spirits. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-016-0682-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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33
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Tiwari M, Sahu SK, Pandit GG. Distribution and estrogenic potential of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in estuarine sediments from Mumbai, India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:18789-18799. [PMID: 27316650 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7070-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are responsible for inappropriate development and they alter the hormonal and homeostatic systems of organism. Phthalates (PAEs), bisphenol A (BPA) and other EDCs were monitored in surface sediments at different stations across Thane Creek, India. Analysis of PAEs was carried out using GC-MS technique, while BPA and other EDCs were analyzing on UPLC-PDA instrument. Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) had the highest concentration among all fourteen analyzed phthalates ranges between 0.13 and 0.4 mg kg(-1); and was detectable in all sediment samples. Strong correlation (r = 0.95, p < 0.01) was observed between total organic carbon (TOC, %) and total PAEs. BPA was also detected in all samples; average BPA concentration varies from 16.3 to 35.79 μg kg(-1) with mean value 25.15 μg kg(-1) dry weight of sediment. Synthetic EDCs such as 4-para-nonylphenol (NP) and 4-tert-octylphenol (OP) were also analyzed; and their average concentrations were founds to be 356.5 and 176 μg kg(-1), respectively. Estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) were the main contributors to the overall estradiol equivalent concentration (EEQs) in sediment, their average total percentage contributions is more than 90 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tiwari
- Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Section, Health Safety and Environment Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - S K Sahu
- Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Section, Health Safety and Environment Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India
| | - G G Pandit
- Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Section, Health Safety and Environment Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India.
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Zakari S, Liu H, Li YX, He X, Tong L. Transport and sorption behavior of individual phthalate esters in sandy aquifer: column experiments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:15749-15756. [PMID: 27146532 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6660-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed to quantify the transport and sorption behavior of four individual phthalate esters (PAEs) in sandy aquifer using column experiments so as to provide important parameters for the prediction and control of PAEs pollution plume in groundwater system. The transport curves of four individual PAEs were simulated with HYDRUS-1D through fitting linear and nonlinear equilibrium (LE/NO), linear and nonlinear, first-order, one-site non-equilibrium (LO/NO), linear and nonlinear, first-order, two-site non-equilibrium (LFO/NFO) sorption models. Simulation results showed that two-site models (LFO and NFO) displayed similar best fittings. The results from LFO model simulation showed that when water flowed 1000 m in sandy aquifer, PAEs with shorter carbon chains (DMP and DEP) transport 31.6 and 22.2 m, respectively. Unexpectedly for the same water transport distance, PAEs with longer carbon chains (DBP and DiBP) transported 40.2 and 60.7 m, respectively, which were faster than DMP and DEP, mainly due to the limited accessibility of type-2 sorption sites. The retardations were mainly caused by the sorption of PAEs on the time-dependent type-2 sites. DBP and DiBP exhibited higher mass transfer speed to and fro type-2 sites but showed lower total sorption coefficient (K) due to the limited accessibility of sorption sites. Coexistence of PAEs and smaller sorbent particles increased total K values of DBP and DiBP due to synergic development of more sorption sites with DMP and DEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sissou Zakari
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology and School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology and School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yan-Xi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology and School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi He
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology and School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology and School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
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Kang L, Wang QM, He QS, He W, Liu WX, Kong XZ, Yang B, Yang C, Jiang YJ, Xu FL. Current status and historical variations of phthalate ester (PAE) contamination in the sediments from a large Chinese lake (Lake Chaohu). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:10393-10405. [PMID: 26330308 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5173-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The residual levels of phthalate esters (PAEs) in the surface and two core sediments from Lake Chaohu were measured with a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The temporal-spatial distributions, compositions of PAEs, and their effecting factors were investigated. The results indicated that di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were three dominant PAE components in both the surface and core sediments. The residual level of total detected PAEs (∑PAEs) in the surface sediments (2.146 ± 2.255 μg/g dw) was lower than that in the western core sediments (10.615 ± 9.733 μg/g) and in the eastern core sediments (5.109 ± 4.741 μg/g). The average content of ∑PAEs in the surface sediments from the inflow rivers (4.128 ± 1.738 μg/g dw) was an order of magnitude higher than those from the lake (0.323 ± 0.093 μg/g dw), and there were similar PAE compositions between the lake and inflow rivers. This finding means that there were important effects of PAE input from the inflow rivers on the compositions and distributions of PAEs in the surface sediments. An increasing trend was found for the residual levels of ΣPAEs, DnBP, and DIBP from the bottom to the surface in both the western and eastern core sediments. Increasing PAE usage with the population growth, urbanization, and industrial and agricultural development in Lake Chaohu watershed would result in the increasing production of PAEs and their resulting presence in the sediments. The significant positive relationships were also found between the PAE contents and the percentage of sand particles, as well as TOC contents in the sediment cores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Kang
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Qing-Mei Wang
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Qi-Shuang He
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wei He
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wen-Xiu Liu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiang-Zhen Kong
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Bin Yang
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Chen Yang
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yu-Jiao Jiang
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Fu-Liu Xu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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Gou YY, Lin S, Que DE, Tayo LL, Lin DY, Chen KC, Chen FA, Chiang PC, Wang GS, Hsu YC, Chuang KP, Chuang CY, Tsou TC, Chao HR. Estrogenic effects in the influents and effluents of the drinking water treatment plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:8518-8528. [PMID: 26791027 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5946-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen-like endocrine disrupting compounds (EEDC) such as bisphenol A, nonylphenol, and phthalic acid esters are toxic compounds that may occur in both raw- and drinking water. The aim of this study was to combine chemical- and bioassay to evaluate the risk of EEDCs in the drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs). Fifty-six samples were collected from seven DWTPs located in northern-, central-, and southern Taiwan from 2011 to 2012 and subjected to chemical analyses and two bioassay methods for total estrogenic activity (E-Screen and T47D-KBluc assay). Among of the considered EEDCs, only dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were detected in both drinking and raw water samples. DBP levels in drinking water ranged from <MDL to 0.840 μg/L and from <MDL to 0.760 μg/L in raw water. DEHP had higher detection rate (82.1 %) than other compounds and was present in both drinking water and raw water from all the DWTPs. The highest daily drinking water intake calculated for male and female were 0.0823 and 0.115 μg/kg per day. The two selected bioassays were conducted for the first batch of 56 samples and a detection rate of 23 % for estradiol equivalent (EEQ) lower than the LOQ to 1.3 and 15 % for EEQ lower than LOQ to 0.757 for the second 53 samples. Our results showed a good correlation between E-screen and chemical assay which indicates that a combination of both can be used in detecting EEDCs in environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-You Gou
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung County, 912, Taiwan
| | - Susana Lin
- International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung County, 912, Taiwan.
| | - Danielle E Que
- School of Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Mapúa Institute of Technology, Muralla St., Intramurous, Manila, 1002, Philippines
| | - Lemmuel L Tayo
- School of Chemical Engineering, Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Mapúa Institute of Technology, Muralla St., Intramurous, Manila, 1002, Philippines
| | - Ding-Yan Lin
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung County, 912, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Chung Chen
- Emerging Compounds Research Center, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung County, 912, Taiwan
| | - Fu-An Chen
- Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy and Health Care, Tajen University, No.20, Weixin Rd., Yanpu Township, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Pen-Chi Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71 Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei City, Taiwan, 10673, Taiwan
| | - Gen-Shuh Wang
- Institute of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, No.17, Xuzhou Rd., Room 734, Taipei, 10055, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chyuan Hsu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kun Shan University, 195 Kunda Rd, Yung-Kang District, Tainan City, 710, Taiwan
| | - Kuo Pin Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1 Shuefu Rd, Neipu, Pingtung County, 912, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yu Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Rd, Hsinchu City, 300, Taiwan
| | - Tsui-Chun Tsou
- Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, 350, Taiwan
| | - How-Ran Chao
- Emerging Compounds Research Center, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung County, 912, Taiwan.
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Gani KM, Rajpal A, Kazmi AA. Contamination level of four priority phthalates in North Indian wastewater treatment plants and their fate in sequencing batch reactor systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2016; 18:406-416. [PMID: 26923228 DOI: 10.1039/c5em00583c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The contamination level of four phthalates in untreated and treated wastewater of fifteen wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and their fate in a full scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) based WWTP was evaluated in this study. The four phthalates were diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), benzylbutyl phthalate (BBP) and diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP). All compounds were present in untreated wastewater with DEHP being present in the highest mean concentration of 28.4 ± 5.3 μg L(-1). The concentration was in the range of 7.3 μg L(-1) (BBP) to 28.4 μg L(-1) (DEHP) in untreated wastewater and 1.3 μg L(-1) (DBP) to 2.6 μg L(-1) (DEHP) in treated wastewater. The nutrient removal process and advance tertiary treatment based WWTPs showed the highest phthalate removal efficiencies of 87% and 93%, respectively. The correlation between phthalate removal and conventional performance of WWTPs was positive. Fate analysis of these phthalates in a SBR based WWTP showed that total removal of the sum of phthalates in a primary settling tank and SBR was 84% out of which 55% is removed by biodegradation and 29% was removed by sorption to primary and secondary sludge. The percentage removal of four phthalates in primary settling tanks was 18%. Comparison of the diluted effluent DEHP concentration with its environmental quality standards showed that the dilution in an effluent receiving water body can reduce the DEHP emissions to acceptable values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Muzamil Gani
- Environmental Engineering Group, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttrakhand 247667, India.
| | - Ankur Rajpal
- Environmental Engineering Group, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttrakhand 247667, India.
| | - Absar Ahmad Kazmi
- Environmental Engineering Group, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttrakhand 247667, India.
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Gao DW, Wen ZD. Phthalate esters in the environment: A critical review of their occurrence, biodegradation, and removal during wastewater treatment processes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 541:986-1001. [PMID: 26473701 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 467] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate esters are one of the most frequently detected persistent organic pollutants in the environment. A better understanding of their occurrence and degradation in the environment and during wastewater treatment processes will facilitate the development of strategies to reduce these pollutants and to bioremediate contaminated freshwater and soil. Phthalate esters occur at measurable levels in different environments worldwide. For example, the concentrations of dimethyl phthalate (DMP) in atmospheric particulate matter, fresh water and sediments, soil, and landfills are N.D.-10.4 ng/m(3), N.D.-31.7 μg/L, N.D.-316 μg/kg dry weight, and N.D.-200 μg/kg dry weight, N.D.-43.27 μg/L, respectively. Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) are primary phthalate ester pollutants. Urbanization has increased the discharge of phthalate esters to atmospheric and aquatic environments, and the use of agricultural plastics has exacerbated soil contamination by phthalate esters in rural areas. Aerobic biodegradation is the primary manner of phthalate ester mineralization in the environment, and this process has been widely studied. Phthalate esters can be removed during wastewater treatment processes. The combination of different wastewater treatment technologies showed greater efficiency in the removal of phthalate esters than individual treatment steps, such as the combination of anaerobic wastewater treatment with a membrane bioreactor would increase the efficiency of phthalate ester removal from 65%-71% to 95%-97%. This review provides a useful framework to identify future research objectives to achieve the mineralization and elimination of phthalate esters in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Wen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Zhi-Dan Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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Teng Y, Li J, Wu J, Lu S, Wang Y, Chen H. Environmental distribution and associated human health risk due to trace elements and organic compounds in soil in Jiangxi province, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 122:406-416. [PMID: 26363984 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The government of China launched its first national soil quality and pollution survey (NSQPS) during April 2006 to December 2013. Data gathered in several earlier soil surveys were rarely used to understand the status of pollution. In this study, the dataset collected at the provincial level was analyzed for the first time. Concentrations, distribution, diversity, and human health risks of trace elements (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, V and Zn) and organic pollutants (benzene hexachloride (BHCs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), phthalic acid esters (PAEs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs)) in surface soil samples collected across Jiangxi province,China were presented. The results showed that, the proportion of contaminants with concentrations higher than their corresponding regulatory reference value ranged from 0.12% to 17%. It is worth note that, the local residents are exposed to moderate non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks at some sites. The comprehensive analysis of soil pollutants provide baseline information for establishing a long-term soil environmental monitoring program in Jiangxi province, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanguo Teng
- College of Water Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Jiao Li
- College of Water Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jin Wu
- College of Water Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Sijin Lu
- China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yeyao Wang
- China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Haiyang Chen
- College of Water Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Zhang L, Liu J, Liu H, Wan G, Zhang S. The occurrence and ecological risk assessment of phthalate esters (PAEs) in urban aquatic environments of China. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2015; 24:967-84. [PMID: 25847103 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-015-1446-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate esters (PAEs) are widely used in the manufacturing of plastics, and the demand for PAEs has grown rapidly, especially in China. This trend will lead to much more environmental PAE contamination. PAEs are listed as priority substances in the European Union and are therefore subject to ecological risk assessments. This paper reviews the literature concerning the pollution status of PAEs and their ecological risk to aquatic environments. Risk quotients (RQs) based on the predicted no effect concentration and PAE concentrations in aquatic environments demonstrated significant (10 ≤ RQ < 100) or expected (RQ ≥ 100) potential adverse effects for algae, Daphnia, and fish in aquatic environments near PAE-based industrial and urban areas. Thus, the ecological risk of PAEs in Chinese aquatic environments should be considered, especially in areas where commercial plastics are produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
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Zhang Y, Wang P, Wang L, Sun G, Zhao J, Zhang H, Du N. The influence of facility agriculture production on phthalate esters distribution in black soils of northeast China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 506-507:118-125. [PMID: 25460946 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The current study investigates the existence of 15 phthalate esters (PAEs) in surface soils (27 samples) collected from 9 different facility agriculture sites in the black soil region of northeast China, during the process of agricultural production (comprising only three seasons spring, summer and autumn). Concentrations of the 15 PAEs detected significantly varied from spring to autumn and their values ranged from 1.37 to 4.90 mg/kg-dw, with a median value of 2.83 mg/kg-dw. The highest concentration of the 15 PAEs (4.90 mg/kg-dw) was determined in summer when mulching film was used in the greenhouses. Probably an increase in environmental temperature was a major reason for PAE transfer from the mulching film into the soil and coupled with the increased usage of chemical fertilizers in greenhouses. Results showed that of the 15 PAEs, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate(DEHP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), diethyl phthalate (DEP) and dimethyl phthalate (DMP) were in abundance with the mean value of 1.12 ± 0.22, 0.46 ± 0.05, 0.36 ± 0.04, and 0.17 ± 0.01 mg/kg-dw, respectively; and their average contributions in spring, summer, and autumn ranged between 64.08 and 90.51% among the 15 PAEs. The results of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) indicated the concentration of these four main PAEs significantly differed among the facility agricultures investigated, during the process of agricultural production. In comparison with foreign and domestic results of previous researches, it is proved that the black soils of facility agriculture in northeast China show higher pollution situation comparing with non-facility agriculture soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- School of Resources & Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China.
| | - Pengjie Wang
- School of Resources & Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Resources & Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Guoqiang Sun
- School of Resources & Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Jiaying Zhao
- School of Resources & Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Resources & Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Na Du
- School of Resources & Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
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Selvaraj KK, Sundaramoorthy G, Ravichandran PK, Girijan GK, Sampath S, Ramaswamy BR. Phthalate esters in water and sediments of the Kaveri River, India: environmental levels and ecotoxicological evaluations. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2015; 37:83-96. [PMID: 25056812 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-014-9632-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate esters are well known for their environmental contamination and toxicological effects as "endocrine disruptors." In this study, environmental levels of phthalate esters and ecotoxicological risk assessments were performed in one of the major rivers in India, the Kaveri. Water and sediment samples were collected during 2010-2012 representing the major stretch of the river and extracted by solid-phase and ultrasonic methods, respectively, and analyzed for six major phthalates by using a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. The analytical recovery for phthalates in water and sediment ranged from 79 to 121%. Results indicated that diethyl phthalate (DEP) and dimethyl phthalate were found in every sample, whereas butylbenzyl phthalate and diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) were detected in 92% of the water samples. Likewise, in sediment samples, DEP was found most often (94%). The total phthalates in water samples ranged from 313 to 1,640 ng/l, whereas in sediments it was 2 to 1,438 ng/g dw (dry weight) with DEHP having the highest concentration. Human health risk assessment based on drinking water consumption showed no potential risk for phthalates and also DEHP levels were safe with respect to USEPA guideline (6,000 ng/l). Further, DEHP and di-n-octyl phthalate levels in water were expected to pose little threat to sensitive organisms in the riverine ecosystem as per ECOSAR chronic values. In case of sediment, the DEHP concentration was well above the USEPA sediment guideline value. To our knowledge, this is the first study to describe the levels and ecotoxicological risks of phthalates in Kaveri River, India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Kumar Selvaraj
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
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Li T, Yin P, Zhao L, Wang G, Yu QJ, Li H, Duan S. Spatial-temporal distribution of phthalate esters from riverine outlets of Pearl River Delta in China. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2015; 71:183-190. [PMID: 25633940 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2014.485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aquatic environments of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) in China have been contaminated by various industrial chemicals from local industries. In this study, the spatial-temporal distribution of six priority phthalate esters (PAEs) in surface water and sediments from the PRD was investigated. The PAEs were detected with total concentrations (Σ6PAEs) ranging from 0.35 to 20.70 μg L⁻¹ in surface water and dry weight ranging from 0.88 to 5.69 μg g⁻¹ in sediments. The Σ6PAEs concentrations in surface water were higher in the wet season than those in the dry season, while the opposite pattern was observed in sediments. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was the most abundant congener, which was higher than those reported in the literature. Risk quotients for relevant aquatic organisms were obtained and showed that most of these PAEs, in particular, butyl benzyl phthalate, DEHP and di-n-octyl phthalate, have significant potential health and ecological risks for the aquatic environment studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China E-mail:
| | - Pinghe Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China E-mail: ; Research Center of Analysis and Test, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Water/Soil Toxic Pollutants Control and Bioremediation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Environmental Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Guifang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Water/Soil Toxic Pollutants Control and Bioremediation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Environmental Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qiming Jimmy Yu
- Griffith School of Engineering, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Huanyong Li
- Research Center of Analysis and Test, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shunshan Duan
- Research Center of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Wang J, Bo L, Li L, Wang D, Chen G, Christie P, Teng Y. Occurrence of phthalate esters in river sediments in areas with different land use patterns. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 500-501:113-119. [PMID: 25217750 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate esters (PAEs) are widely used as plasticizers in both industrial and commercial products and have aroused considerable concern over their widespread distribution and potentially hazardous impacts on the environment. The present study investigated the distribution (concentrations at different sites) of PAEs in typical riverine sediments in southern Jiangsu Province and its relationship with the physical and chemical properties of the sediments. PAEs were detected in all 34 sediment samples analyzed, and the total concentrations of the six priority control PAEs in sediments ranged from 2.3 to 80.1 mg kg(-1) with a mean concentration of 13.2 ± 14.7 mg kg(-1). Land use significantly (p<0.05) influenced the PAE concentrations in the river sediments. The average PAE concentrations in mixed industrial and commercial districts were 27.8 ± 18.2 mg kg(-1), three and eight times higher than those in suburban areas (8.8 ± 3.7 mg kg(-1)) and an agricultural field (3.4 ± 0.9 mg kg(-1)), respectively. The concentrations of PAEs showed significant linear positive correlations with sediment organic matter and phosphorus but no significant correlation with sediment pH. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) were the dominant PAE compounds present in all examined sediment samples. These PAEs have relatively high ecotoxicology, but the potential risk of their transfer to the food chain needs further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Chongqing Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Luji Bo
- Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lina Li
- Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dejian Wang
- Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Gangcai Chen
- Chongqing Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chongqing 401147, China
| | - Peter Christie
- Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Ying Teng
- Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
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Leaching of the plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) from plastic containers and the question of human exposure. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:9967-81. [PMID: 25376446 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6183-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) is a widely used plasticizer to render poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) soft and malleable. Plasticized PVC is used in hospital equipment, food wrapping, and numerous other commercial and industrial products. Unfortunately, plasticizers can migrate within the material and leach out of it over time, ending up in the environment and, frequently, the human body. DEHP has come under increased scrutiny as its breakdown products are believed to be endocrine disruptors and more toxic than DEHP itself. DEHP and its breakdown products have been identified as ubiquitous environmental contaminants, and daily human exposure is estimated to be in the microgram per kilogram level. The objective of this review is to summarize and comment on published sources of DEHP exposure and to give an overview of its environmental fate. Exposure through bottled water was examined specifically, as this concern is raised frequently, yet only little exposure to DEHP occurs through bottled water, and DEHP exposure is unlikely to stem from the packaging material itself. Packaged food was also examined and showed higher levels of DEHP contamination compared to bottled water. Exposure to DEHP also occurs in hospital environments, where DEHP leaches directly into liquids that passed through PVC/DEHP tubing and equipment. The latter exposure is at considerably higher levels compared to food and bottled water, specifically putting patients with chronic illnesses at risk. Overall, levels of DEHP in food and bottled water were below current tolerable daily intake (TDI) values. However, our understanding of the risks of DEHP exposure is still evolving. Given the prevalence of DEHP in our atmosphere and environment, and the uncertainty revolving around it, the precautionary principle would suggest its phaseout and replacement. Increased efforts to develop viable replacement compounds, which necessarily includes rigorous leaching, toxicity, and impact assessment studies, are needed before alternative plasticizers can be adopted as viable replacements.
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Sun H, An T, Li G, Qiao M, Wei D. Distribution, possible sources, and health risk assessment of SVOC pollution in small streams in Pearl River Delta, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:10083-10095. [PMID: 24862481 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3031-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The pollution levels of typical semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) consisting of 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 20 organic chlorinated pesticides (OCPs), and 15 phthalate esters (PAEs) were investigated in small rivers running through the flourishing cities in Pearl River Delta region, China. The concentrations of ∑15PAHs were 2.0-48 ng/L and 29-1.2 × 10(3) ng/g in the water and sediment samples, respectively. The ∑20OCPs were 6.6-57 ng/L and 9.3-6.0 × 10(2) ng/g in the water and sediment samples, respectively. The concentrations of ∑15PAEs were much higher both in the water and sediments. The partition process of the detected SVOCs between the water and sediment did not reach the equilibrium state at most of the sites when sampling. The combustion of petroleum products and coal was the major source of the detected PAHs. The OCPs were mainly historical residue, whereas the new inputs of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), chlordane, and endosulfan were possible at several sites. The industrial and domestic sewage were the major source for the PAEs; storm water runoff accelerated the input of PAEs. No chronic risk of the SVOCs was identified by a health risk assessment through daily water consumption, except for the ∑20OCPs that might cause cancer at several sites. Nevertheless, the integrated health risk of the SVOCs should not be neglected and need intensive investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Sun
- The State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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Liu H, Cui K, Zeng F, Chen L, Cheng Y, Li H, Li S, Zhou X, Zhu F, Ouyang G, Luan T, Zeng Z. Occurrence and distribution of phthalate esters in riverine sediments from the Pearl River Delta region, South China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2014; 83:358-65. [PMID: 24768262 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Sixty-eight sediment samples collected from Dongjiang River, Xijiang River, Beijiang River and Zhujiang River in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, Southern China, were analyzed for 16 phthalate esters (PAEs). PAEs were detected in all riverine sediments analyzed, which indicate that PAEs are ubiquitous environmental contaminants. The Σ16PAEs concentrations in riverine sediments in the PRD region ranged from 0.567 to 47.3 μg g(-1) dry weight (dw), with the mean and median concentrations of 5.34 μg g(-1) dw and 2.15 μg g(-1) dw, respectively. Elevated PAEs concentrations in riverine sediments in the PRD region were found in the highly urbanized and industrialized areas. Of the 16 PAEs, diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) dominated the PAEs, with the mean and median concentrations of 1.12 μg g(-1)dw, 0.420 μg g(-1) dw and 3.72 μg g(-1) dw, and 0.429 μg g(-1) dw, 0.152 μg g(-1) dw and 1.55 μg g(-1) dw, respectively, and accounted for 94.2-99.7% of the Σ16PAEs concentrations. Influenced by local sources and the properties of PAEs, a gradient trend of concentrations and a fractionation of composition from more to less industrialized and urbanized areas were discovered. As compared to the results from other studies, the riverine sediments in the PRD region were severely contaminated with PAEs. Information about PAEs contamination status and its effect on the aquatic organisms in the PRD region may deserve further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Kunyan Cui
- Instrumental Analysis and Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Feng Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Lixuan Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yating Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Huiru Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Shuocong Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xi Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Fang Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Tiangang Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol/MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zunxiang Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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Wang J, Luo Y, Teng Y, Ma W, Christie P, Li Z. Soil contamination by phthalate esters in Chinese intensive vegetable production systems with different modes of use of plastic film. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 180:265-273. [PMID: 23792387 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of six priority phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in intensively managed suburban vegetable soils in Nanjing, east China, were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The total PAE concentrations in the soils ranged widely from 0.15 to 9.68 mg kg(-1) with a median value of 1.70 mg kg(-1), and di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP) were the most abundant phthalate esters. Soil PAE concentrations depended on the mode of use of plastic film in which PAEs were incorporated as plasticizing agents and both the plastic film and poultry manure appeared to be important sources of soil PAEs. Vegetables in rotation with flooded rice led to lower concentrations of PAEs in soil. The results indicate that agricultural plastic film can be an important source of soil PAE contamination and further research is required to fully elucidate the mechanisms of PAE contamination of intensive agricultural soils with different use modes of use of plastic film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
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Sun J, Huang J, Zhang A, Liu W, Cheng W. Occurrence of phthalate esters in sediments in Qiantang River, China and inference with urbanization and river flow regime. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 248-249:142-149. [PMID: 23339883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate esters (PAEs), a group of emerging organic contaminants, have become a serious issue arousing much attention for their ubiquitous presence and hazardous impact on the environment. This study provides the first data on distribution of PAEs in the sediments in the Qiantang River, Zhejiang Province, China, and the inference with urbanization and river flow regime. PAEs were detected in all 23 sediment samples analyzed, and the total concentrations of their 16 congeners in sediments ranged from 0.59 to 6.74μg/g dry weight (dw), with the geometric mean value of 2.03μg/g dw. Of the 16 PAE congeners, di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were present in all sediment samples. The PAEs concentrations in urban regions were higher than those in rural regions because of higher discharge of PAEs from plastic materials in urbanized areas. Concentrations of PAEs were positively correlated with sediment organic matter (fOM) and negatively correlated with logistic value of annual average flow volume at sample sites. River flow regime modified by man-made dams significantly affected the distribution of PAEs. Analysis of congener composition of PAEs indicated that the DEHP was predominant congener in the Qiantang River. The normalized concentration of DEHP exceeded recommended environmental risk limit (ERL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Sun
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances, College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
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Abstract
Water and bottom sediment samples were taken from the Zhenjiang section of the lower reach of Yangtze River, China during the autumn of 2011, aimed to study the pollution levels of six kinds of phthalate acid esters (PAEs). Water samples were prepared by solid-phase extraction (SPE) and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS), with spiked recoveries ranging from 33.5% to 121.0%. Sediment samples were pretreated using ultrasonic-assisted organic solvent extraction, with recoveries varying from 43.7% to 107.6%. Results showed that the concentration levels of PAEs are below the limit of detection (LOD) –63.3μg/L in the water samples of Yangtze River. Tongji River water are severely contaminated by PAEs, with the concentrations of di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) up to 613ug/L. Four of PAEs were detected in the tap water of Zhenjiang. It was also found that all of detected PAEs are dominantly partitioned on suspended solids in water samples. The concentrations of PAEs in sediment samples are ranged from <LOD to 7.5mg/kg.
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