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Kim YJ, Lee DB, Jeong E, Jeon JY, Kim HD, Kang H, Kim YK. Magnetically Stimulated Integrin Binding Alters Cell Polarity and Affects Epithelial-Mesenchymal Plasticity in Metastatic Cancer Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:8365-8377. [PMID: 38319067 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) have been widely recognized for their stability and biocompatibility, leading to their widespread use in biomedical applications. Our study introduces a novel approach that harnesses inorganic magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to stimulate apical-basal polarity and induce epithelial traits in cancer cells, targeting the hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal (E/M) state often linked to metastasis. We employed mesocrystalline iron oxide MNPs to apply an external magnetic field, disrupting normal cell polarity and simulating an artificial cellular environment. These led to noticeable changes in the cell shape and function, signaling a shift toward the hybrid E/M state. Our research suggests that apical-basal stimulation in cells through MNPs can effectively modulate key cellular markers associated with both epithelial and mesenchymal states without compromising the structural properties typical of mesenchymal cells. These insights advance our understanding of how cells respond to physical cues and pave the way for novel cancer treatment strategies. We anticipate that further research and validation will be instrumental in exploring the full potential of these findings in clinical applications, ensuring their safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jin Kim
- Institute for High Technology Materials and Devices, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Dae Beom Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Eunjin Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Joo Yeong Jeon
- Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 03759, Korea
| | - Hee-Dae Kim
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine─Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona 85004, United States
| | - Heemin Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Young Keun Kim
- Institute for High Technology Materials and Devices, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
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Thapa N, Wen T, Cryns VL, Anderson RA. Regulation of Cell Adhesion and Migration via Microtubule Cytoskeleton Organization, Cell Polarity, and Phosphoinositide Signaling. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1430. [PMID: 37892112 PMCID: PMC10604632 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The capacity for cancer cells to metastasize to distant organs depends on their ability to execute the carefully choreographed processes of cell adhesion and migration. As most human cancers are of epithelial origin (carcinoma), the transcriptional downregulation of adherent/tight junction proteins (e.g., E-cadherin, Claudin and Occludin) with the concomitant gain of adhesive and migratory phenotypes has been extensively studied. Most research and reviews on cell adhesion and migration focus on the actin cytoskeleton and its reorganization. However, metastasizing cancer cells undergo the extensive reorganization of their cytoskeletal system, specifically in originating/nucleation sites of microtubules and their orientation (e.g., from non-centrosomal to centrosomal microtubule organizing centers). The precise mechanisms by which the spatial and temporal reorganization of microtubules are linked functionally with the acquisition of an adhesive and migratory phenotype as epithelial cells reversibly transition into mesenchymal cells during metastasis remains poorly understood. In this Special Issue of "Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Cell Adhesion and Migration", we highlight cell adhesion and migration from the perspectives of microtubule cytoskeletal reorganization, cell polarity and phosphoinositide signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra Thapa
- The Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (T.W.); (V.L.C.)
| | - Tianmu Wen
- The Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (T.W.); (V.L.C.)
| | - Vincent L. Cryns
- The Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (T.W.); (V.L.C.)
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Richard A. Anderson
- The Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (T.W.); (V.L.C.)
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Saliem SS, Bede SY, Cooper PR, Abdulkareem AA, Milward MR, Abdullah BH. Pathogenesis of periodontitis - A potential role for epithelial-mesenchymal transition. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2022; 58:268-278. [PMID: 36159185 PMCID: PMC9489739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process comprising cellular and molecular events which result in cells shifting from an epithelial to a mesenchymal phenotype. Periodontitis is a destructive chronic disease of the periodontium initiated in response to a dysbiotic microbiome, and dominated by Gram-negative bacteria in the subgingival niches accompanied by an aberrant immune response in susceptible subjects. Both EMT and periodontitis share common risk factors and drivers, including Gram-negative bacteria, excess inflammatory cytokine production, smoking, oxidative stress and diabetes mellitus. In addition, periodontitis is characterized by down-regulation of key epithelial markers such as E-cadherin together with up-regulation of transcriptional factors and mesenchymal proteins, including Snail1, vimentin and N-cadherin, which also occur in the EMT program. Clinically, these phenotypic changes may be reflected by increases in microulceration of the pocket epithelial lining, granulation tissue formation, and fibrosis. Both in vitro and in vivo data now support the potential involvement of EMT as a pathogenic mechanism in periodontal diseases which may facilitate bacterial invasion into the underlying gingival tissues and propagation of inflammation. This review surveys the available literature and provides evidence linking EMT to periodontitis pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saif S Saliem
- College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, P.O. Box 1417, Bab Al Mudam, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Salwan Y Bede
- College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, P.O. Box 1417, Bab Al Mudam, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Paul R Cooper
- Faculty of Dentistry, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Ali A Abdulkareem
- College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, P.O. Box 1417, Bab Al Mudam, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Michael R Milward
- ŌSchool of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, 5 Mill Pool Way, B5 7EG Birmingham, UK
| | - Bashar H Abdullah
- College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, P.O. Box 1417, Bab Al Mudam, Baghdad, Iraq
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Baumrucker CR, Macrina AL, Bruckmaier RM. Colostrogenesis: Role and Mechanism of the Bovine Fc Receptor of the Neonate (FcRn). J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2021; 26:419-453. [PMID: 35080749 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-021-09506-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Colostrogenesis is a separate and unique phase of mammary epithelial cell activity occurring in the weeks before parturition and rather abruptly ending after birth in the bovine. It has been the focus of research to define what controls this process and how it produces high concentrations of specific biologically active components important for the neonate. In this review we consider colostrum composition and focus upon components that appear in first milked colostrum in concentrations exceeding that in blood serum. The Fc Receptor of the Neonate (FcRn) is recognized as the major immunoglobulin G (IgG) and albumin binding protein that accounts for the proteins' long half-lives. We integrate the action of the pinocytotic (fluid phase) uptake of extracellular components and merge them with FcRn in sorting endosomes. We define and explore the means of binding, sorting, and the transcytotic delivery of IgG1 while recycling IgG2 and albumin. We consider the means of releasing the ligands from the receptor within the endosome and describe a new secretion mechanism of cargo release into colostrum without the appearance of FcRn itself in colostrum. We integrate the insulin-like growth factor family, some of which are highly concentrated bioactive components of colostrum, with the mechanisms related to FcRn endosome action. In addition to secretion, we highlight the recent findings of a role of the FcRn in phagocytosis and antigen presentation and relate its significant and abrupt change in cellular location after parturition to a role in the prevention and resistance to mastitis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig R Baumrucker
- Department of Animal Science, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Ann L Macrina
- Department of Animal Science, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Rupert M Bruckmaier
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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Dias Gomes M, Iden S. Orchestration of tissue-scale mechanics and fate decisions by polarity signalling. EMBO J 2021; 40:e106787. [PMID: 33998017 PMCID: PMC8204866 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic development relies on dynamic cell shape changes and segregation of fate determinants to achieve coordinated compartmentalization at larger scale. Studies in invertebrates have identified polarity programmes essential for morphogenesis; however, less is known about their contribution to adult tissue maintenance. While polarity-dependent fate decisions in mammals utilize molecular machineries similar to invertebrates, the hierarchies and effectors can differ widely. Recent studies in epithelial systems disclosed an intriguing interplay of polarity proteins, adhesion molecules and mechanochemical pathways in tissue organization. Based on major advances in biophysics, genome editing, high-resolution imaging and mathematical modelling, the cell polarity field has evolved to a remarkably multidisciplinary ground. Here, we review emerging concepts how polarity and cell fate are coupled, with emphasis on tissue-scale mechanisms, mechanobiology and mammalian models. Recent findings on the role of polarity signalling for tissue mechanics, micro-environmental functions and fate choices in health and disease will be summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martim Dias Gomes
- CECAD Cluster of ExcellenceUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
- Cell and Developmental BiologyFaculty of MedicineCenter of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB)Saarland UniversityHomburgGermany
| | - Sandra Iden
- CECAD Cluster of ExcellenceUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
- Cell and Developmental BiologyFaculty of MedicineCenter of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB)Saarland UniversityHomburgGermany
- CMMCUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena E. Richardson
- Cell Cycle and Development Laboratory, Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 7 St Andrew's place, East Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3002, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 7 St Andrew's place, East Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3002, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, 1-100 Grattan street, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, 1-100 Grattan street, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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Pathophysiology of Lung Disease and Wound Repair in Cystic Fibrosis. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2021; 28:155-188. [PMID: 35366275 PMCID: PMC8830450 DOI: 10.3390/pathophysiology28010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive, life-threatening condition affecting many organs and tissues, the lung disease being the chief cause of morbidity and mortality. Mutations affecting the CF Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) gene determine the expression of a dysfunctional protein that, in turn, triggers a pathophysiological cascade, leading to airway epithelium injury and remodeling. In vitro and in vivo studies point to a dysregulated regeneration and wound repair in CF airways, to be traced back to epithelial CFTR lack/dysfunction. Subsequent altered ion/fluid fluxes and/or signaling result in reduced cell migration and proliferation. Furthermore, the epithelial-mesenchymal transition appears to be partially triggered in CF, contributing to wound closure alteration. Finally, we pose our attention to diverse approaches to tackle this defect, discussing the therapeutic role of protease inhibitors, CFTR modulators and mesenchymal stem cells. Although the pathophysiology of wound repair in CF has been disclosed in some mechanisms, further studies are warranted to understand the cellular and molecular events in more details and to better address therapeutic interventions.
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Clinicopathologic Correlations of Retrocorneal Membranes Associated With Endothelial Corneal Graft Failure. Am J Ophthalmol 2021; 222:24-33. [PMID: 32810471 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2020.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To provide clinicopathologic correlations for retrocorneal membranes associated with Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) failure. DESIGN Retrospective case series. METHODS The specimens and medical records of the patients diagnosed with clinically significant retrocorneal membranes associated with DSAEK failure at the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute or the University of Miami Veterans Hospital between October 2015 and March 2020 were reviewed for demographics, clinical presentation, comorbidities, and surgeries performed. Histopathologic analysis was performed on hematoxylin-eosin and periodic acid-Schiff sections. Immunohistochemical studies were performed for smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), pancytokeratin, and CK7. Immunofluorescence was performed for vimentin, N-cadherin, ROCK1, RhoA, ZEB1, and Snail. RESULTS A total of 7 patients (3 male and 4 female) were identified to have a clinically significant retrocorneal membranes at the time of graft failure. The average age at the time of first DSAEK was 70 years (range: 55-85 years). All patients were pseudophakic and had a glaucoma drainage device in place; 1 had a history of failed DSAEK. Ranging from 0 to 47 months after surgery, a variably thick retrocorneal fibrous membrane was observed, eventually leading to graft failure. Four patients underwent subsequent penetrating keratoplasty and 3 underwent repeat DSAEK. On histopathologic evaluation, a pigmented fibrocellular tissue was identified along the posterior margin of the corneas and DSAEK buttons in all cases. Further characterization with immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence demonstrated membranes to be negative for pancytokeratin and positive for α-SMA, vimentin, CK7, N-cadherin, ZEB1, Snail, ROCK1, and RhoA. CONCLUSIONS Fibrocellular retrocorneal membrane proliferation may be associated with DSAEK failure in patients with previous glaucoma drainage device surgery. Our results demonstrate myofibroblastic differentiation and a lack of epithelial differentiation. Positivity for markers of an endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition indicates possible endothelial origin and could be the hallmark for future targeted pharmacotherapy.
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Smigiel JM, Taylor SE, Bryson BL, Tamagno I, Polak K, Jackson MW. Cellular plasticity and metastasis in breast cancer: a pre- and post-malignant problem. JOURNAL OF CANCER METASTASIS AND TREATMENT 2019; 5:47. [PMID: 32355893 PMCID: PMC7192216 DOI: 10.20517/2394-4722.2019.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
As a field we have made tremendous strides in treating breast cancer, with a decline in the past 30 years of overall breast cancer mortality. However, this progress is met with little affect once the disease spreads beyond the primary site. With a 5-year survival rate of 22%, 10-year of 13%, for those patients with metastatic breast cancer (mBC), our ability to effectively treat wide spread disease is minimal. A major contributing factor to this ineffectiveness is the complex make-up, or heterogeneity, of the primary site. Within a primary tumor, secreted factors, malignant and pre-malignant epithelial cells, immune cells, stromal fibroblasts and many others all reside alongside each other creating a dynamic environment contributing to metastasis. Furthermore, heterogeneity contributes to our lack of understanding regarding the cells' remarkable ability to undergo epithelial/non-cancer stem cell (CSC) to mesenchymal/CSC (E-M/CSC) plasticity. The enhanced invasion & motility, tumor-initiating potential, and acquired therapeutic resistance which accompanies E-M/CSC plasticity implicates a significant role in metastasis. While most work trying to understand E-M/CSC plasticity has been done on malignant cells, recent evidence is emerging concerning the ability for pre-malignant cells to undergo E-M/CSC plasticity and contribute to the metastatic process. Here we will discuss the importance of E-M/CSC plasticity within malignant and pre-malignant populations of the tumor. Moreover, we will discuss how one may potentially target these populations, ultimately disrupting the metastatic cascade and increasing patient survival for those with mBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M. Smigiel
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Sarah E. Taylor
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Benjamin L. Bryson
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Ilaria Tamagno
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Kelsey Polak
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Mark W. Jackson
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Yuan F, Sun Z, Feng Y, Liu S, Du Y, Yu S, Yang M, Lv G. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition in the formation of hypertrophic scars and keloids. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:21662-21669. [PMID: 31106425 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng‐Lai Yuan
- Department of Orthopaedics and Central Laboratory The Third Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University Wuxi Jiangsu China
| | - Zi‐Li Sun
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Yi Feng
- Yangzhou University Yangzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Si‐Yu Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Central Laboratory The Third Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University Wuxi Jiangsu China
| | - Yong Du
- Department of Orthopaedics and Central Laboratory The Third Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University Wuxi Jiangsu China
| | - Shun Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Central Laboratory The Third Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University Wuxi Jiangsu China
| | - Ming‐Lie Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Central Laboratory The Third Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University Wuxi Jiangsu China
| | - Guo‐Zhong Lv
- Department of Orthopaedics and Central Laboratory The Third Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University Wuxi Jiangsu China
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Ampelopsin inhibits human glioma through inducing apoptosis and autophagy dependent on ROS generation and JNK pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 116:108524. [PMID: 31108349 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most common form of malignant brain cancer with high mortality rate in human. Therefore, finding effective therapeutic strategy and revealing the underlying molecular mechanism is necessary. Ampelopsin (Amp), an effective component of the traditional Chinese herb of Ampelopsis grossedentata, is reported to have important biological properties, including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-oxidant activity; however, its effects on human glioma are poorly understood. Here, the in vitro and in vivo study was performed to investigate the anti-glioma ability of Ampelopsin. Human glioma cell lines of U251 and A172 were treated with Ampelopsin (0, 25, 50, and 100 uM) for 24 h, followed by various analysis. And human glioma xenograft models were established by injecting U251, accompanied with administration of Ampelopsin at 50 and 100 mg/kg to confirm the anti-cancer role of Ampelopsin. We found that Ampelopsin could suppress the glioma cell proliferation by modulating G1 and S phase arrest. Incubation with Ampelopsin led to the activity of Caspase-8, Caspase-9, Caspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARP), indicating that Ampelopsin induced apoptotic response via both intrinsic and extrinsic signaling pathways. Additionally, autophagy was also observed in Ampelopsin-treated cancer cells, which is evidenced by autophagosome formation and LC3B-II accumulation. Ampelopsin-caused cancer cell death was obviously regained by apoptosis inhibitors. Further, Ampelopsin activated c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) expression and enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Suppressing JNK markedly ameliorated Ampelopsin-induced apoptosis and autophagy, and ROS scavenger exhibited similar results. In vivo, Ampelopsin inhibited tumor growth and progression in mouse xenograft models. In conclusion, our findings indicated that Ampelopsin led to G1 and S phase arrest, triggered apoptosis and autophagy through potentiating ROS generation and JNK activation in human glioma cells. Thus, Ampelopsin might be a promising candidate against human glioma.
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Bai Y, Wang J, Gao Z, Dai E. Identification and Verification of Two Novel Differentially Expressed Proteins from Non-neoplastic Mucosa and Colorectal Carcinoma Via iTRAQ Combined with Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Pathol Oncol Res 2019; 26:967-976. [PMID: 30927204 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-019-00651-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recurrence or metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC) is common following surgery and/or adjuvant therapy, particularly in patients with an advanced stage of the cancer. Identifying key molecular markers of CRC is beneficial for early diagnosis and early treatment, which may eventually improve the prognosis of patients with CRC. Isobaric mass tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) in combination with multidimensional liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) were used to identify differentially expressed proteins between CRC tissues and paired adjacent normal mucosa. Among the 105 patients, adenocarcinoma was the most common CRC subtype, stage III was the most common Tumor-Node-Metastasis stage and high levels of Ki-67 indicated the rapid proliferation of tumor cells in the samples. The LC-MS/MS-based iTRAQ technology identified 271 differentially expressed proteins, with 130 upregulated proteins and 141 downregulated proteins. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that golgin subfamily A member 2 (GOLGA2) and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein D0 (hnRNPD) were located in the center of the upregulated protein network, and were closely associated with the development of CRC. The upregulation of GOLGA2 and hnRNPD was further verified in human tissues using western blotting and immunohistochemistry. GOLGA2 and hnRNPD were identified as two novels differentially expressed proteins in human CRC. Furthermore, the LC-MS/MS-based iTRAQ proteomic approach is a useful tool for searching and identifying differentially expressed proteins, and may be used to provide a comprehensive understanding of the processes that mediate the development of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuru Bai
- Department of Military Medical and Health Care, Characteristic Medical Center of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Tianjin, 300162, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oncology, Nanjing Jiangning Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiabao Wang
- Department of Military Medical and Health Care, Characteristic Medical Center of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Tianjin, 300162, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihua Gao
- Department of Military Medical and Health Care, Characteristic Medical Center of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Tianjin, 300162, People's Republic of China
| | - Erqing Dai
- Department of Military Medical and Health Care, Characteristic Medical Center of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Tianjin, 300162, People's Republic of China.
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Wu X, Zuo W, Liu H, Wang Z, Xu C. Decreased expression of cell polarity protein Scribble correlated with altered subcellular localization of the Crumbs homologue 3 protein in human adenomyotic endometrial cells. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2019; 45:1148-1159. [PMID: 30912223 DOI: 10.1111/jog.13952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIM Previous studies have revealed that loss of cell apical-basal polarity contributed to the early stages of tumorigenesis. Adenomyosis involves a down-growth and aberrant implantation of the endometrial basalis into the myometrium. This study discovered aberrant expression of polarity protein Scribble (Scrib) and Crumbs homologue 3 protein (CRB3) in epithelial cells of diffuse adenomyosis. METHODS This was a case-controlled study, including 39 patients with histologic evidence of adenomyosis, and 48 patients with carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix without adenomyosis or endometriosis as control. Adenomyotic foci, eutopic endometrium of adenomyotic patients as well as normal endometrium were collected. Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR), Immunoreactivity, confocal microscopy and immune electron microscopy were conducted to evaluate Scribble expression and localization of Scribble and CRB3. RESULTS Scrib was screen out as an abnormally expressed polarity protein in adenomyotic eutopic endometrium (ADM-EU) at messenger RNA (mRNA) level. The ADM-EU and adenomyotic ectopic endometrium showed a significantly decreased expression of Scrib compared with normal endometrium (all P-values <0.05). Scrib decreased significantly in ADM-EU than normal endometrium only in patients at proliferative phase and with severe dysmenorrhea (P-values <0.01, P-values <0.001 respectively). In ADM-EU, Scrib expression significantly lowered in patients with severe dysmenorrhea than mild dysmenorrhea (P-values <0.05). Aberrant redistribution of CRB3 from apical to basal lateral membrane portion was also detected in experiments by confocal microscopy immune electron microscopy (all P-values <0.01). CONCLUSION Basolateral polarity protein Scrib was found decreased significantly in endometrial cells of adenomyosis at mRNA and protein level, compared with normal endometrium. Menstrual phase and severity of dysmenorrhea has an impact on Scrib expression. Scrib decrease was accompanied by aberrant redistribution of CRB3 from apical to basal lateral membrane portion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Shanghai Medical School, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwen Zuo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Shanghai Medical School, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiou Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Shanghai Medical School, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zehua Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Congjian Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Shanghai Medical School, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Filimonow K, Saiz N, Suwińska A, Wyszomirski T, Grabarek JB, Ferretti E, Piliszek A, Plusa B, Maleszewski M. No evidence of involvement of E-cadherin in cell fate specification or the segregation of Epi and PrE in mouse blastocysts. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212109. [PMID: 30735538 PMCID: PMC6368326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During preimplantation mouse development stages, emerging pluripotent epiblast (Epi) and extraembryonic primitive endoderm (PrE) cells are first distributed in the blastocyst in a "salt-and-pepper" manner before they segregate into separate layers. As a result of segregation, PrE cells become localised on the surface of the inner cell mass (ICM), and the Epi is enclosed by the PrE on one side and by the trophectoderm on the other. During later development, a subpopulation of PrE cells migrates away from the ICM and forms the parietal endoderm (PE), while cells remaining in contact with the Epi form the visceral endoderm (VE). Here, we asked: what are the mechanisms mediating Epi and PrE cell segregation and the subsequent VE vs PE specification? Differences in cell adhesion have been proposed; however, we demonstrate that the levels of plasma membrane-bound E-cadherin (CDH1, cadherin 1) in Epi and PrE cells only differ after the segregation of these lineages within the ICM. Moreover, manipulating E-cadherin levels did not affect lineage specification or segregation, thus failing to confirm its role during these processes. Rather, we report changes in E-cadherin localisation during later PrE-to-PE transition which are accompanied by the presence of Vimentin and Twist, supporting the hypothesis that an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition process occurs in the mouse peri-implantation blastocyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Filimonow
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, The University of Warsaw, I. Miecznikowa, Warsaw, Poland
- Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Department of Experimental Embryology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Postępu 36a, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Nestor Saiz
- Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Aneta Suwińska
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, The University of Warsaw, I. Miecznikowa, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Wyszomirski
- Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, The University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna B. Grabarek
- Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabetta Ferretti
- The Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Anna Piliszek
- Department of Experimental Embryology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Postępu 36a, Jastrzębiec, Poland
| | - Berenika Plusa
- Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (MM); (BP)
| | - Marek Maleszewski
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, The University of Warsaw, I. Miecznikowa, Warsaw, Poland
- * E-mail: (MM); (BP)
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15
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Liu Z, Zhang W, Phillips JB, Arora R, McClellan S, Li J, Kim JH, Sobol RW, Tan M. Immunoregulatory protein B7-H3 regulates cancer stem cell enrichment and drug resistance through MVP-mediated MEK activation. Oncogene 2019; 38:88-102. [PMID: 30082909 PMCID: PMC6318029 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0407-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
B7-H3 is a tumor-promoting glycoprotein that is expressed at low levels in most normal tissues, but is overexpressed in various human cancers which is associated with disease progression and poor patient outcome. Although numerous publications have reported the correlation between B7-H3 and cancer progression in many types of cancers, mechanistic studies on how B7-H3 regulates cancer malignancy are rare, and the mechanisms underlying the role of B7-H3 in drug resistance are almost unknown. Here we report a novel finding that upregulation of B7-H3 increases the breast cancer stem cell population and promotes cancer development. Depletion of B7-H3 in breast cancer significantly inhibits the cancer stem cells. By immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry, we found that B7-H3 is associated with the major vault protein (MVP) and activates MEK through MVP-enhancing B-RAF and MEK interaction. B7-H3 expression increases stem cell population by binding to MVP which regulates the activation of the MAPK kinase pathway. Depletion of MVP blocks the activation of MEK induced by B7-H3 and dramatically inhibits B7-H3 induced stem cells. This study reports novel functions of B7-H3 in regulating breast cancer stem cell enrichment. The novel mechanism for B7-H3-induced stem cell propagation by regulating MVP/MEK signaling axis independent of the classic Ras pathway may have important implications in the development of strategies for overcoming cancer cell resistance to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixing Liu
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Wenling Zhang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Joshua B Phillips
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Ritu Arora
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Steven McClellan
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Jiangfeng Li
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Jin-Hwan Kim
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Robert W Sobol
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Ming Tan
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, 307N. University Blvd, Mobile, AL, 36688, USA.
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16
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Pongrakhananon V, Wattanathamsan O, Takeichi M, Chetprayoon P, Chanvorachote P. Loss of CAMSAP3 promotes EMT via the modification of microtubule-Akt machinery. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.216168. [PMID: 30282632 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.216168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays pivotal roles in a variety of biological processes, including cancer invasion. Although EMT involves alterations of cytoskeletal proteins such as microtubules, the role of microtubules in EMT is not fully understood. Microtubule dynamics are regulated by microtubule-binding proteins, and one such protein is CAMSAP3, which binds the minus-end of microtubules. Here, we show that CAMSAP3 is important to preserve the epithelial phenotypes in lung carcinoma cells. Deletion of CAMSAP3 in human lung carcinoma-derived cell lines showed that CAMSAP3-deficient cells acquired increased mesenchymal features, mostly at the transcriptional level. Analysis of the mechanisms underlying these changes demonstrated that tubulin acetylation was dramatically increased following CAMSAP3 removal, leading to the upregulation of Akt proteins (also known as protein kinase B proteins, hereafter Akt) activity, which is known to promote EMT. These findings suggest that CAMSAP3 functions to protect lung carcinoma cells against EMT by suppressing Akt activity via microtubule regulation and that CAMSAP3 loss promotes EMT in these cells.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varisa Pongrakhananon
- Cell-Based Drug and Health Product Development Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand .,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Onsurang Wattanathamsan
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.,Inter-department Program of Pharmacology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Masatoshi Takeichi
- Laboratory for Cell adhesion and Tissue Patterning, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology and RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Paninee Chetprayoon
- Nano Safety and Risk Assessment Laboratory, National Nanotechnology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Pithi Chanvorachote
- Cell-Based Drug and Health Product Development Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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17
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Barui A, Chowdhury F, Pandit A, Datta P. Rerouting mesenchymal stem cell trajectory towards epithelial lineage by engineering cellular niche. Biomaterials 2018; 156:28-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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18
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Geng F, Jiang Z, Song X, Zhou H, Zhao H. Mdig suppresses epithelial-mesenchymal transition and inhibits the invasion and metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer via regulating GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling. Int J Oncol 2017; 51:1898-1908. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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19
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The Emerging Role of Polo-Like Kinase 1 in Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Tumor Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9100131. [PMID: 28953239 PMCID: PMC5664070 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9100131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) is a serine/threonine kinase that plays a key role in the regulation of the cell cycle. PLK1 is overexpressed in a variety of human tumors, and its expression level often correlates with increased cellular proliferation and poor prognosis in cancer patients. It has been suggested that PLK1 controls cancer development through multiple mechanisms that include canonical regulation of mitosis and cytokinesis, modulation of DNA replication, and cell survival. However, emerging evidence suggests novel and previously unanticipated roles for PLK1 during tumor development. In this review, we will summarize the recent advancements in our understanding of the oncogenic functions of PLK1, with a focus on its role in epithelial-mesenchymal transition and tumor invasion. We will further discuss the therapeutic potential of these functions.
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20
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Abstract
The claudin family of tetraspan transmembrane proteins is essential for tight junction formation and regulation of paracellular transport between epithelial cells. Claudins also play a role in apical-basal cell polarity, cell adhesion and link the tight junction to the actin cytoskeleton to exert effects on cell shape. The function of claudins in paracellular transport has been extensively studied through loss-of-function and gain-of-function studies in cell lines and in animal models, however, their role in morphogenesis has been less appreciated. In this review, we will highlight the importance of claudins during morphogenesis by specifically focusing on their critical functions in generating epithelial tubes, lumens, and tubular networks during organ formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda I Baumholtz
- a Department of Human Genetics , McGill University , Montréal , Québec , Canada.,b The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre , Montréal , Québec , Canada
| | - Indra R Gupta
- a Department of Human Genetics , McGill University , Montréal , Québec , Canada.,b The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre , Montréal , Québec , Canada.,c Department of Pediatrics , McGill University , Montréal , Québec , Canada
| | - Aimee K Ryan
- a Department of Human Genetics , McGill University , Montréal , Québec , Canada.,b The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre , Montréal , Québec , Canada.,c Department of Pediatrics , McGill University , Montréal , Québec , Canada
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21
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VGLL4 Selectively Represses YAP-Dependent Gene Induction and Tumorigenic Phenotypes in Breast Cancer. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6190. [PMID: 28733631 PMCID: PMC5522454 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06227-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the mammalian Vestigial-like (VGLL) family of transcriptional cofactors activate genes in response to a wide variety of environmental cues. Recently, VGLL proteins have been proposed to regulate key signaling networks involved in cancer development and progression. However, the biological and clinical significance of VGLL dysregulation in human breast cancer pathogenesis remains unknown. Here, we report that diminished VGLL4 expression, but not VGLL1-3, correlated with both shorter relapse-free survival and shorter disease-specific survival of cancer patients with different molecular subtypes of breast cancer. Additionally, we further demonstrate that overexpression of VGLL4 reduces breast cancer cell proliferation, migration, intravasation/extravasation potential, favors cell death, and suppresses tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistically, VGLL4 negatively regulates the TEAD1-YAP1 transcriptional complex and exerts its growth inhibitory control through its evolutionary conserved TDU2 domain at its C-terminus. The results suggest that VGLL4 is a candidate tumor suppressor gene which acts by selectively antagonizing YAP-dependent tumor growth. VGLL4 may be a promising therapeutic target in breast cancer.
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22
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Burute M, Prioux M, Blin G, Truchet S, Letort G, Tseng Q, Bessy T, Lowell S, Young J, Filhol O, Théry M. Polarity Reversal by Centrosome Repositioning Primes Cell Scattering during Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition. Dev Cell 2017; 40:168-184. [PMID: 28041907 PMCID: PMC5497078 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), cells lining the tissue periphery break up their cohesion to migrate within the tissue. This dramatic reorganization involves a poorly characterized reorientation of the apicobasal polarity of static epithelial cells into the front-rear polarity of migrating mesenchymal cells. To investigate the spatial coordination of intracellular reorganization with morphological changes, we monitored centrosome positioning during EMT in vivo, in developing mouse embryos and mammary gland, and in vitro, in cultured 3D cell aggregates and micropatterned cell doublets. In all conditions, centrosomes moved from their off-centered position next to intercellular junctions toward extracellular matrix adhesions on the opposite side of the nucleus, resulting in an effective internal polarity reversal. This move appeared to be supported by controlled microtubule network disassembly. Sequential release of cell confinement using dynamic micropatterns, and modulation of microtubule dynamics, confirmed that centrosome repositioning was responsible for further cell disengagement and scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithila Burute
- CytoMorpho Lab, A2T, UMRS1160, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint Louis, INSERM/AP-HP/Université Paris Diderot, 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France; CytoMorpho Lab, LPCV, UMR5168, Biosciences & Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, CEA/INRA/CNRS/Université Grenoble-Alpes, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France; CYTOO SA, 7 Parvis Louis Néel, 38040 Grenoble, France
| | - Magali Prioux
- CytoMorpho Lab, LPCV, UMR5168, Biosciences & Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, CEA/INRA/CNRS/Université Grenoble-Alpes, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Guillaume Blin
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Sandrine Truchet
- GABI, INRA/AgroParisTech/Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Gaëlle Letort
- CytoMorpho Lab, LPCV, UMR5168, Biosciences & Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, CEA/INRA/CNRS/Université Grenoble-Alpes, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Qingzong Tseng
- CytoMorpho Lab, LPCV, UMR5168, Biosciences & Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, CEA/INRA/CNRS/Université Grenoble-Alpes, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Thomas Bessy
- CytoMorpho Lab, A2T, UMRS1160, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint Louis, INSERM/AP-HP/Université Paris Diderot, 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Sally Lowell
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Joanne Young
- CYTOO SA, 7 Parvis Louis Néel, 38040 Grenoble, France
| | - Odile Filhol
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Cancer et de l'Infection, UMRS1036, Biosciences & Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, CEA/INSERM/Université Grenoble-Alpes, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Manuel Théry
- CytoMorpho Lab, A2T, UMRS1160, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint Louis, INSERM/AP-HP/Université Paris Diderot, 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France; CytoMorpho Lab, LPCV, UMR5168, Biosciences & Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, CEA/INRA/CNRS/Université Grenoble-Alpes, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France.
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23
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β-Catenin haploinsufficiency promotes mammary tumorigenesis in an ErbB2-positive basal breast cancer model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E707-E716. [PMID: 28096336 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1610383114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of β-catenin through its activity as a transcription factor has been observed in a large proportion of human malignancies. Despite the improved understanding of the β-catenin signaling pathway over the past three decades, attempts to develop therapies targeting β-catenin remain challenging, and none of these targeted therapies have advanced to the clinic. In this study, we show that part of the challenge in antagonizing β-catenin is caused by its dual functionality as a cell adhesion molecule and a signaling molecule. In a mouse model of basal ErbB2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (ErbB2)-positive breast cancer (ErbB2KI), which exhibits aberrant β-catenin nuclear signaling, β-catenin haploinsufficiency induced aggressive tumor formation and metastasis by promoting the disruption of adherens junctions, dedifferentiation, and an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) transcriptional program. In contrast to the accelerated tumor onset observed in the haploid-insufficient ErbB2 tumors, deletion of both β-catenin alleles in the ErbB2KI model had only a minor impact on tumor onset that further correlated with the retention of normal adherens junctions. We further showed that retention of adherens junctional integrity was caused by the up-regulation of the closely related family member plakoglobin (γ-catenin) that maintained both adherens junctions and the activation of Wnt target genes. In contrast to the ErbB2KI basal tumor model, modulation of β-catenin levels had no appreciable impact on tumor onset in an ErbB2-driven model of luminal breast cancer [murine mammary tumor virus promoter (MMTV-NIC)]. These observations argue that the balance of junctional and nuclear β-catenin activity has a profound impact on tumor progression in this basal model of ErbB2-positive breast cancer.
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24
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Hu CE, Gan J. TRIM37 promotes epithelial‑mesenchymal transition in colorectal cancer. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:1057-1062. [PMID: 28098873 PMCID: PMC5367363 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is substantial research on the oncogenic role of tripartite motif containing 37 (TRIM37); however, its importance in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains to be elucidated. The present study used reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry and western blotting to detect the expression level of TRIM37 in CRC. The importance of TRIM37 in cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis of CRC were investigated through overexpressing or knocking-down of TRIM37 in CRC cell lines, to observe its function. The present study revealed that TRIM37 was overexpressed in human CRC tissues. High TRIM37 expression resulted in increased CRC proliferation, migration and invasion. Mechanistically, it was confirmed that TRIM37 enhanced invasion and metastasis of CRC via the epithelial-mesenchymal transition pathway. In conclusion, the present study suggested that TRIM3 may contribute to CRC and act as a potential therapeutic target for CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-En Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Jun Gan
- Department of General Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
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25
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Pradhan S, Clary JM, Seliktar D, Lipke EA. A three-dimensional spheroidal cancer model based on PEG-fibrinogen hydrogel microspheres. Biomaterials 2016; 115:141-154. [PMID: 27889665 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) in vitro cancer models offer an attractive approach towards the investigation of tumorigenic phenomena and other cancer studies by providing dimensional context and higher degree of physiological relevance than that offered by conventional two-dimensional (2D) models. The multicellular tumor spheroid model, formed by cell aggregation, is considered to be the "gold standard" for 3D cancer models, due to its ease and simplicity of use. Although better than 2D models, tumor spheroids are unable to replicate key features of the native tumor microenvironment, particularly due to a lack of surrounding extracellular matrix components and heterogeneity in shape, size and aggregate forming tendencies. In order to address this issue, we have developed a 3D "tumor microsphere" model, formed by a dual-photoinitiator, aqueous-oil emulsion technique, for the encapsulation of cancer cells within PEG-fibrinogen hydrogel microspheres and for subsequent long-term 3D culture. In comparison to self-aggregated tumor spheroids, the tumor microspheres displayed a higher degree of size and shape homogeneity throughout long-term culture. In sharp contrast to cells in tumor spheroids, cells within tumor microspheres demonstrated significant loss in apico-basal polarity and cellular architecture, cellular and nuclear atypia, increased disorganization, elevated nuclear cytoplasmic ratio and nuclear volume density and reduction in cell-cell junction length, all of which are hallmarks of malignant transformation and tumorigenic progression. Additionally, the tumor microsphere model was extended for the 3D encapsulation and maintenance of a wide range of other cancer cell (metastatic and non-metastatic) types. Taken together, our results reinforce the importance of incorporating a biomimetic matrix in the cellular microenvironment of 3D tumor models and the influential effects of the matrix on the tumorigenic morphology of 3D cultured cells. The tumor microsphere system established in this study has the potential to be used in future investigations of 3D cancer cell-cell and cell-ECM interactions and in drug-testing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Pradhan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Jacob M Clary
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Dror Seliktar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Elizabeth A Lipke
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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26
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Zhang Y, Li F, Song Y, Sheng X, Ren F, Xiong K, Chen L, Zhang H, Liu D, Lengner CJ, Xue L, Yu Z. Numb and Numbl act to determine mammary myoepithelial cell fate, maintain epithelial identity, and support lactogenesis. FASEB J 2016; 30:3474-3488. [PMID: 27383182 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600387r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mammary epithelium is comprised of an inner layer of luminal epithelial cells and an outer layer of contractile myoepithelial cells with mesenchymal properties. These two compartments interact throughout mammary morphogenesis to form branching ducts during puberty and terminate in secretory alveoli during lactation. It is not known how the myoepithelial cell lineage is specified, nor how signals in myoepithelial cells contribute to lactogenesis. Here, we show that Numb and Numbl are enriched in mammary myoepithelial cells, with their expression peaking during pregnancy. We use conditional Numb- and Numbl-knockout mouse models to demonstrate that loss of Numb/Numbl compromised the myoepithelial layer and expanded the luminal layer, led epithelial cells to undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and resulted in lactation failure as a result of abnormal alveolar formation during pregnancy. Numb and Numbl function via repression of the Notch signaling pathway and of the p53-p21 axis during mammary gland development. These findings highlight the importance of Numb and Numbl in the control of myoepithelial cell fate determination, epithelial identity, and lactogenesis.-Zhang Y., Li, F., Song, Y., Sheng, X., Ren, F., Xiong, K., Chen, L., Zhang, H., Liu, D., Lengner, C. J., Xue, L., Yu, Z. Numb and Numbl act to determine mammary myoepithelial cell fate, maintain epithelial identity, and support lactogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health and State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fengyin Li
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongli Song
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health and State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaole Sheng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health and State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fazheng Ren
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health and
| | - Kai Xiong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Third Hospital-Medical Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongquan Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and Tumor Biology and Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Dequan Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan, China; and
| | - Christopher J Lengner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Medical Research Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lixiang Xue
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Third Hospital-Medical Research Center, Beijing, China;
| | - Zhengquan Yu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health and State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China;
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27
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Sepich DS, Solnica-Krezel L. Intracellular Golgi Complex organization reveals tissue specific polarity during zebrafish embryogenesis. Dev Dyn 2016; 245:678-91. [PMID: 27043944 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell polarity is essential for directed migration of mesenchymal cells and morphogenesis of epithelial tissues. Studies in cultured cells indicate that a condensed Golgi Complex (GC) is essential for directed protein trafficking to establish cell polarity underlying directed cell migration. Dynamic changes of the GC intracellular organization during early vertebrate development remain to be investigated. RESULTS We used antibody labeling and fusion proteins in vivo to study the organization and intracellular placement of the GC during early zebrafish embryogenesis. We found that the GC was dispersed into several puncta containing cis- and trans-Golgi Complex proteins, presumably ministacks, until the end of the gastrula period. By early segmentation stages, the GC condensed in cells of the notochord, adaxial mesoderm, and neural plate, and its intracellular position became markedly polarized away from borders between these tissues. CONCLUSIONS We find that GC is dispersed in early zebrafish cells, even when cells are engaged in massive gastrulation movements. The GC accumulates into patches in a stage and cell-type specific manner, and becomes polarized away from borders between the embryonic tissues. With respect to tissue borders, intracellular GC polarity in notochord is independent of mature apical/basal polarity, Wnt/PCP, or signals from adaxial mesoderm. Developmental Dynamics 245:678-691, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane S Sepich
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Lila Solnica-Krezel
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
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Abstract
The role of polarity in cancer is an emerging research area and loss of polarity is widely considered an important event in cancer. Among the polarity regulating molecules, the small GTPase Cdc42 was extensively studied. Most attention was given to Cdc42 signaling at the plasma membrane, but whether and how Cdc42 is regulated at endomembranes remained poorly understood. Moreover, whether the endomembrane pool of Cdc42 is of any relevance to cell polarity was unknown. In our recent work, we identified a complex between the Golgi matrix protein GM130 and RasGRF and showed that it is responsible for regulating the Golgi pool of Cdc42, but had no effect on the plasma membrane pool of Cdc42. Depletion of GM130 disrupted apico-basal polarity as well as front-rear polarity, indicating that the spatial pool of Cdc42 is functionally relevant. The biomedical relevance of this finding was supported by the observation than GM130 is progressively lost in colorectal cancer. These findings support a role of the endomembrane pool of Cdc42 in cell polarity and point to a potential role of alterations of this pool in cancer.
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E Davies J, Pollheimer J, Yong HEJ, Kokkinos MI, Kalionis B, Knöfler M, Murthi P. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition during extravillous trophoblast differentiation. Cell Adh Migr 2016; 10:310-21. [PMID: 27070187 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2016.1170258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A successful pregnancy depends on the intricate and timely interactions of maternal and fetal cells. Placental extravillous cytotrophoblast invasion involves a cellular transition from an epithelial to mesenchymal phenotype. Villous cytotrophoblasts undergo a partial epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) when differentiating into extravillous cytotrophoblasts and gain the capacity to migrate and invade. This review summarizes our current knowledge regarding known regulators of EMT in the human placenta, including the inducers of EMT, upstream transcription factors that control EMT and the downstream effectors, cell adhesion molecules and their differential expression and functions in pregnancy pathologies, preeclampsia (PE) and fetal growth restriction (FGR). The review also describes the research strategies that were used for the identification of the functional role of EMT targets in vitro. A better understanding of molecular pathways driven by placental EMT and further elucidation of signaling pathways underlying the developmental programs may offer novel strategies of targeted therapy for improving feto-placental growth in placental pathologies including PE and FGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Davies
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria , Australia.,b Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Pregnancy Research Centre , The Royal Women's Hospital , Parkville , Victoria , Australia
| | - Jürgen Pollheimer
- c Department of Obstetrics and Fetal-Maternal Medicine , Reproductive Biology Unit, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Hannah E J Yong
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria , Australia.,b Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Pregnancy Research Centre , The Royal Women's Hospital , Parkville , Victoria , Australia
| | - Maria I Kokkinos
- b Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Pregnancy Research Centre , The Royal Women's Hospital , Parkville , Victoria , Australia
| | - Bill Kalionis
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria , Australia.,b Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Pregnancy Research Centre , The Royal Women's Hospital , Parkville , Victoria , Australia
| | - Martin Knöfler
- c Department of Obstetrics and Fetal-Maternal Medicine , Reproductive Biology Unit, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Padma Murthi
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria , Australia.,b Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Pregnancy Research Centre , The Royal Women's Hospital , Parkville , Victoria , Australia.,d Department of Medicine , School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University , Clayton , Victoria , Australia
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Wu J, Ivanov AI, Fisher PB, Fu Z. Polo-like kinase 1 induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and promotes epithelial cell motility by activating CRAF/ERK signaling. eLife 2016; 5:e10734. [PMID: 27003818 PMCID: PMC4811775 DOI: 10.7554/elife.10734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) is a key cell cycle regulator implicated in the development of various cancers, including prostate cancer. However, the functions of PLK1 beyond cell cycle regulation remain poorly characterized. Here, we report that PLK1 overexpression in prostate epithelial cells triggers oncogenic transformation. It also results in dramatic transcriptional reprogramming of the cells, leading to epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and stimulation of cell migration and invasion. Consistently, PLK1 downregulation in metastatic prostate cancer cells enhances epithelial characteristics and inhibits cell motility. The signaling mechanisms underlying the observed cellular effects of PLK1 involve direct PLK1-dependent phosphorylation of CRAF with subsequent stimulation of the MEK1/2-ERK1/2-Fra1-ZEB1/2 signaling pathway. Our findings highlight novel non-canonical functions of PLK1 as a key regulator of EMT and cell motility in normal prostate epithelium and prostate cancer. This study also uncovers a previously unanticipated role of PLK1 as a potent activator of MAPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Wu
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, United States
- VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, United States
- VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, United States
| | - Andrei I Ivanov
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, United States
- VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, United States
- VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, United States
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, United States
- VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, United States
- VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, United States
| | - Zheng Fu
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, United States
- VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, United States
- VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, United States
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Rashidian J, Luo K. Three-dimensional Mammary Epithelial Cell Morphogenesis Model for Analysis of TGFß Signaling. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1344:121-35. [PMID: 26520121 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2966-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Culturing mammary epithelial cells in laminin-rich extracellular matrices (three dimensional or 3D culture) offers significant advantages over that in the conventional two-dimensional (2D) tissue culture system in that it takes into considetation the impact of extracellular matrix (ECM) microenvironment on the proliferation, survival, and differentiation of mammary epithelial cells. When grown in the 3D culture, untransformed mammary epithelial cells undergo morphogenesis to form a multicellular and polarized acini-like structure that functionally mimics the differentiated alveoli in the pregnancy mammary gland. This process is subjected to regulation by many growth factors and cytokines. The transforming growth factor-ß (TGFß) is a multipotent cytokine that regulates multiple aspects of development and tumorigenesis. In addition to its effects on epithelial cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation, it is also a potent regulator of the cell-matrix interaction. Thus, the 3D culture model may recapitulate the complex in vivo epithelial cell microenvironment and allow us to fully evaluate the role of TGFß signaling in multiple aspects of normal and cancerous cell behavior. In this chapter we provide detailed protocols for growing mammary epithelial cells in the 3D Matrigel for analysis of signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet Rashidian
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology (MCB), University of California, 16 Barker Hall # 3204, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3204, USA
| | - Kunxin Luo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology (MCB), University of California, 16 Barker Hall # 3204, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3204, USA.
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Sandhu GK, Milevskiy MJG, Wilson W, Shewan AM, Brown MA. Non-coding RNAs in Mammary Gland Development and Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 886:121-153. [PMID: 26659490 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-7417-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are untranslated RNA molecules that function to regulate the expression of numerous genes and associated biochemical pathways and cellular functions. NcRNAs include small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). They participate in the regulation of all developmental processes and are frequently aberrantly expressed or functionally defective in disease. This Chapter will focus on the role of ncRNAs, in particular miRNAs and lncRNAs, in mammary gland development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurveen K Sandhu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Michael J G Milevskiy
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Wesley Wilson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Annette M Shewan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Melissa A Brown
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia.
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Chandhoke AS, Karve K, Dadakhujaev S, Netherton S, Deng L, Bonni S. The ubiquitin ligase Smurf2 suppresses TGFβ-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in a sumoylation-regulated manner. Cell Death Differ 2015; 23:876-88. [PMID: 26679521 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a fundamental cellular process in epithelial tissue development, and can be reactivated in cancer contributing to tumor invasiveness and metastasis. The cytokine transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) is a key inducer of EMT, but the mechanisms that regulate TGFβ-induced EMT remain incompletely understood. Here, we report that knockdown of the ubiquitin ligase Smurf2 promotes the ability of TGFβ to induce EMT in a three-dimensional cell culture model of NMuMG mammary epithelial cells. In other studies, we identify Smurf2 as a target of the small ubiquitin like modifier (SUMO) pathway. We find that the SUMO-E2 conjugating enzyme Ubc9 and the SUMO E3 ligase PIAS3 associate with Smurf2 and promote its sumoylation at the distinct sites of Lysines 26 and 369. The sumoylation of Smurf2 enhances its ability to induce the degradation of the TGFβ receptor and thereby suppresses EMT in NMuMG cells. Collectively, our data reveal that Smurf2 acts in a sumoylation-regulated manner to suppress TGFβ-induced EMT. These findings have significant implications for our understanding of epithelial tissue development and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Chandhoke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - K Karve
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - S Dadakhujaev
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - S Netherton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - L Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - S Bonni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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Hong T, Watanabe K, Ta CH, Villarreal-Ponce A, Nie Q, Dai X. An Ovol2-Zeb1 Mutual Inhibitory Circuit Governs Bidirectional and Multi-step Transition between Epithelial and Mesenchymal States. PLoS Comput Biol 2015; 11:e1004569. [PMID: 26554584 PMCID: PMC4640575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Reversible epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is central to tissue development, epithelial stemness, and cancer metastasis. While many regulatory elements have been identified to induce EMT, the complex process underlying such cellular plasticity remains poorly understood. Utilizing a systems biology approach integrating modeling and experiments, we found multiple intermediate states contributing to EMT and that the robustness of the transitions is modulated by transcriptional factor Ovol2. In particular, we obtained evidence for a mutual inhibition relationship between Ovol2 and EMT inducer Zeb1, and observed that adding this regulation generates a novel four-state system consisting of two distinct intermediate phenotypes that differ in differentiation propensities and are favored in different environmental conditions. We identified epithelial cells that naturally exist in an intermediate state with bidirectional differentiation potential, and found the balance between EMT-promoting and -inhibiting factors to be critical in achieving and selecting between intermediate states. Our analysis suggests a new design principle in controlling cellular plasticity through multiple intermediate cell fates and underscores the critical involvement of Ovol2 and its associated molecular regulations. Cumulative evidence reveals remarkable lineage plasticity of somatic cells. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) represents a prime example of such plasticity where an epithelial cell is converted into a mesenchymal cell. This process is used in normal development to generate crucial cell types, and is hijacked by cancer cells for invasion and metastasis. Recent studies also suggest the importance of EMT in generating stem cell properties. The reversibility of EMT and its sensitivity to varying environmental stimuli pose interesting challenges to understand the intricate regulatory networks that direct cellular state transitions and their dynamics. Here we use a systems biology approach to probe into the complexity of the EMT process. We report a new molecular regulation that expands the known regulatory network, and show that this new network is capable of generating multiple intermediate states, which we provide experimental evidence for. We present modeling and experimental results to highlight the significance of a delicate balance between EMT-promoting and -inhibiting factors for achieving and/or selecting an intermediate state, and to suggest the biological significance of the multiple intermediate states. This work further elucidates the complex strategies that control epithelial cell behavior and cancer/stem cell plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Hong
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Kazuhide Watanabe
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Catherine Ha Ta
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Alvaro Villarreal-Ponce
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Qing Nie
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (QN); (XD)
| | - Xing Dai
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (QN); (XD)
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35
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Zuo Y, Berdeaux R, Frost JA. The RhoGEF Net1 is required for normal mammary gland development. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 28:1948-60. [PMID: 25321414 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroepithelial transforming gene 1 (Net1) is a RhoA subfamily-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor that is overexpressed in human breast cancer and is required for breast cancer cell migration and invasion. However, the role of Net1 in normal mammary gland development or function has never been assessed. To understand the role of Net1 in the mammary gland, we have created a conditional Net1 knockout mouse model. Whole-body deletion of Net1 results in delayed mammary gland development during puberty characterized by slowed of ductal extension and reduced ductal branching. Epithelial cells within the developing ducts show reduced proliferation that is accompanied by diminished estrogen receptor-α expression and activity. Net1-deficient mammary glands also exhibit reduced phosphorylation of regulatory subunits of myosin light chain and myosin light-chain phosphatase, indicating that RhoA-dependent actomyosin contraction is compromised. Net1 deficiency also leads to disorganization of myoepithelial and ductal epithelial cells and increased periductal collagen deposition. Mammary epithelial cell transplantation experiments indicate that reduced ductal branching and disorganization are cell autonomous. These data identify for the first time a role for NET1 in vivo and indicate that NET1 expression is essential for the proliferation and differentiation of mammary epithelial cells in the developing mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zuo
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030
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36
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Abstract
Wnt signaling plays an important role in development and disease. In this review we focus on the role of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway in somatic stem cell biology and its critical role in tissue homeostasis. We present current knowledge how Wnt/β-catenin signaling affects tissue stem cell behavior in various organ systems, including the gut, mammary gland, the hematopoietic and nervous system. We discuss evidence that canonical Wnt signaling can both maintain potency and an undifferentiated state as well as cause differentiation in somatic stem cells, depending on the cellular and environmental context. Based on studies by our lab and others, we will attempt to explain the dichotomous behavior of this signaling pathway in determining cell fate decisions and put special emphasis on the interaction of β-catenin with two highly homologous co-activator proteins, CBP and p300, to shed light on the their differential role in the outcome of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Furthermore, we review current knowledge regarding the aberrant regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in cancer biology, particularly its pivotal role in the context of cancer stem cells. Finally, we discuss data demonstrating that small molecule modulators of the β-catenin/co-activator interaction can be used to shift the balance between undifferentiated proliferation and differentiation, which potentially presents a promising therapeutic approach to stem cell based disease mechanisms.
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Savagner P. Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions: from cell plasticity to concept elasticity. Curr Top Dev Biol 2015; 112:273-300. [PMID: 25733143 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2014.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a developmental cellular process occurring during early embryo development, including gastrulation and neural crest cell migration. It can be broken down in distinct functional steps: (1) loss of baso-apical polarization characterized by cytoskeleton, tight junctions, and hemidesmosomes remodeling; (2) individualization of cells, including a decrease in cell-cell adhesion forces, (3) emergence of motility, and (4) invasive properties, including passing through the subepithelial basement membrane. These phases occur in an uninterrupted process, without requiring mitosis, in an order and with a degree of completion dictated by the microenvironment. The whole process reflects the activation of specific transcription factor families, called EMT transcription factors. Several mechanisms can combine to induce EMT. Some are reversible, involving growth factors and cytokines and/or environmental signals including extracellular matrix and local physical conditions. Others are irreversible, such as genomic alterations during carcinoma progression, along a selective and irreversible clonal drift. In carcinomas, these signals can converge to initiate a metastable phenotype. In this state, similarly to activated keratinocytes during re-epithelialization, cells can initiate a cohort migration and engage into a transient and reversible EMT controlled by the local environment prior to efficient intravasation and metastasis. EMT transcription factors also participate in cancer progression by inducing apoptosis resistance and maintaining stem-like properties exposed in tumor recurrences. These properties, very important on a clinical point of view, are not intrinsically linked to EMT, but can share common pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Savagner
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U896, Institut régional du cancer Université Montpellier1, Montpellier, France.
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Li P, Mao X, Ren Y, Liu P. Epithelial cell polarity determinant CRB3 in cancer development. Int J Biol Sci 2015; 11:31-7. [PMID: 25552927 PMCID: PMC4278252 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.10615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity, which is defined as asymmetry in cell shape, organelle distribution and cell function, is essential in numerous biological processes, including cell growth, cell migration and invasion, molecular transport, and cell fate. Epithelial cell polarity is mainly regulated by three conserved polarity protein complexes, the Crumbs (CRB) complex, partitioning defective (PAR) complex and Scribble (SCRIB) complex. Research evidence has indicated that dysregulation of cell polarity proteins may play an important role in cancer development. Crumbs homolog 3 (CRB3), a member of the CRB complex, may act as a cancer suppressor in mouse kidney epithelium and mouse mammary epithelium. In this review, we focus on the current data available on the roles of CRB3 in cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Li
- 1. Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Xiaona Mao
- 1. Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Yu Ren
- 2. Department of Surgical Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Peijun Liu
- 1. Center for Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University
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Gödde NJ, Pearson HB, Smith LK, Humbert PO. Dissecting the role of polarity regulators in cancer through the use of mouse models. Exp Cell Res 2014; 328:249-57. [PMID: 25179759 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Loss of cell polarity and tissue architecture is a hallmark of aggressive epithelial cancers. In addition to serving as an initial barrier to tumorigenesis, evidence in the literature has pointed towards a highly conserved role for many polarity regulators during tumor formation and progression. Here, we review recent developments in the field that have been driven by genetically engineered mouse models that establish the tumor suppressive and context dependent oncogenic function of cell polarity regulators in vivo. These studies emphasize the complexity of the polarity network during cancer formation and progression, and reveal the need to interpret polarity protein function in a cell-type and tissue specific manner. They also highlight how aberrant polarity signaling could provide a novel route for therapeutic intervention to improve our management of malignancies in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Gödde
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Locked Bag 1, A׳Beckett Street, Melbourne, VIC 8006, Australia
| | - Helen B Pearson
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Locked Bag 1, A׳Beckett Street, Melbourne, VIC 8006, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Lorey K Smith
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Locked Bag 1, A׳Beckett Street, Melbourne, VIC 8006, Australia
| | - Patrick O Humbert
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Locked Bag 1, A׳Beckett Street, Melbourne, VIC 8006, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Departments of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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40
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Ikeuchi Y, Dadakhujaev S, Chandhoke AS, Huynh MA, Oldenborg A, Ikeuchi M, Deng L, Bennett EJ, Harper JW, Bonni A, Bonni S. TIF1γ protein regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition by operating as a small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) E3 ligase for the transcriptional regulator SnoN1. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:25067-78. [PMID: 25059663 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.575878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a fundamental cellular process that contributes to epithelial tissue morphogenesis during normal development and in tumor invasiveness and metastasis. The transcriptional regulator SnoN robustly influences EMT in response to the cytokine TGFβ, but the mechanisms that regulate the fundamental role of SnoN in TGFβ-induced EMT are not completely understood. Here we employ interaction proteomics to uncover the signaling protein TIF1γ as a specific interactor of SnoN1 but not the closely related isoform SnoN2. A 16-amino acid peptide within a unique region of SnoN1 mediates the interaction of SnoN1 with TIF1γ. Strikingly, although TIF1γ is thought to act as a ubiquitin E3 ligase, we find that TIF1γ operates as a small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) E3 ligase that promotes the sumoylation of SnoN1 at distinct lysine residues. Importantly, TIF1γ-induced sumoylation is required for the ability of SnoN1 to suppress TGFβ-induced EMT, as assayed by the disruption of the morphogenesis of acini in a physiologically relevant three-dimensional model of normal murine mammary gland (NMuMG) epithelial cells. Collectively, our findings define a novel TIF1γ-SnoN1 sumoylation pathway that plays a critical role in EMT and has important implications for our understanding of TGFβ signaling and diverse biological processes in normal development and cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiho Ikeuchi
- From the Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, the Departments of Neurobiology and
| | - Shorafidinkhuja Dadakhujaev
- the Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Amrita S Chandhoke
- the Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | | | - Anna Oldenborg
- From the Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | | | - Lili Deng
- the Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Eric J Bennett
- Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and
| | - J Wade Harper
- Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and
| | - Azad Bonni
- From the Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, the Departments of Neurobiology and
| | - Shirin Bonni
- the Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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Watanabe K, Villarreal-Ponce A, Sun P, Salmans ML, Fallahi M, Andersen B, Dai X. Mammary morphogenesis and regeneration require the inhibition of EMT at terminal end buds by Ovol2 transcriptional repressor. Dev Cell 2014; 29:59-74. [PMID: 24735879 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial cells possess remarkable plasticity, having the ability to become mesenchymal cells through alterations in adhesion and motility (epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition [EMT]). However, how epithelial plasticity is kept in check in epithelial cells during tissue development and regeneration remains to be fully understood. Here we show that restricting the EMT of mammary epithelial cells by transcription factor Ovol2 is required for proper morphogenesis and regeneration. Deletion of Ovol2 blocks mammary ductal morphogenesis, depletes stem and progenitor cell reservoirs, and leads epithelial cells to undergo EMT in vivo to become nonepithelial cell types. Ovol2 directly represses myriad EMT inducers, and its absence switches response to TGF-β from growth arrest to EMT. Furthermore, forced expression of the repressor isoform of Ovol2 is able to reprogram metastatic breast cancer cells from a mesenchymal to an epithelial state. Our findings underscore the critical importance of exquisitely regulating epithelial plasticity in development and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhide Watanabe
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Alvaro Villarreal-Ponce
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Peng Sun
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Michael L Salmans
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Magid Fallahi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Bogi Andersen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Xing Dai
- Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Mukherjee D, Sen A, Aguilar RC. RhoGTPase-binding proteins, the exocyst complex and polarized vesicle trafficking. Small GTPases 2014; 5:e28453. [PMID: 24691289 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.28453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity, the asymmetric distribution of proteins and lipids, is essential for a variety of cellular functions. One mechanism orchestrating cell polarity is polarized vesicle trafficking; whereby cargo loaded secretory vesicles are specifically transported to predetermined areas of the cell. The evolutionarily conserved exocyst complex and its small GTPase regulators play crucial roles in spatiotemporal control of polarized vesicle trafficking. In studies on neuronal membrane remodeling and synaptic plasticity, conserved mechanisms of exocyst regulation and cargo recycling during polarized vesicle trafficking are beginning to emerge as well. Recently, our lab demonstrated that RhoGTPase-binding proteins in both yeast (Bem3) and mammals (Ocrl1) are also required for the efficient traffic of secretory vesicles to sites of polarized growth and signaling. Together with our studies, we highlight the evolutionary conservation of the basic elements essential for polarized vesicle traffic across different cellular functions and model systems. In conclusion, we emphasize that studies on RhoGTPase-binding proteins in these processes should be included in the next level of investigation, for a more complete understanding of their hitherto unknown roles in polarized membrane traffic and exocyst regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arpita Sen
- Department of Biological Sciences; Purdue University; West Lafayette, IN USA
| | - R Claudio Aguilar
- Department of Biological Sciences; Purdue University; West Lafayette, IN USA
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43
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Godde NJ, Sheridan JM, Smith LK, Pearson HB, Britt KL, Galea RC, Yates LL, Visvader JE, Humbert PO. Scribble modulates the MAPK/Fra1 pathway to disrupt luminal and ductal integrity and suppress tumour formation in the mammary gland. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004323. [PMID: 24852022 PMCID: PMC4031063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polarity coordinates cell movement, differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis to build and maintain complex epithelial tissues such as the mammary gland. Loss of polarity and the deregulation of these processes are critical events in malignant progression but precisely how and at which stage polarity loss impacts on mammary development and tumourigenesis is unclear. Scrib is a core polarity regulator and tumour suppressor gene however to date our understanding of Scrib function in the mammary gland has been limited to cell culture and transplantation studies of cell lines. Utilizing a conditional mouse model of Scrib loss we report for the first time that Scrib is essential for mammary duct morphogenesis, mammary progenitor cell fate and maintenance, and we demonstrate a critical and specific role for Scribble in the control of the early steps of breast cancer progression. In particular, Scrib-deficiency significantly induced Fra1 expression and basal progenitor clonogenicity, which resulted in fully penetrant ductal hyperplasia characterized by high cell turnover, MAPK hyperactivity, frank polarity loss with mixing of apical and basolateral membrane constituents and expansion of atypical luminal cells. We also show for the first time a role for Scribble in mammalian spindle orientation with the onset of mammary hyperplasia being associated with aberrant luminal cell spindle orientation and a failure to apoptose during the final stage of duct tubulogenesis. Restoring MAPK/Fra1 to baseline levels prevented Scrib-hyperplasia, whereas persistent Scrib deficiency induced alveolar hyperplasia and increased the incidence, onset and grade of mammary tumours. These findings, based on a definitive genetic mouse model provide fundamental insights into mammary duct maturation and homeostasis and reveal that Scrib loss activates a MAPK/Fra1 pathway that alters mammary progenitor activity to drive premalignancy and accelerate tumour progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J. Godde
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julie M. Sheridan
- ACRF Stem Cells and Cancer Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lorey K. Smith
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen B. Pearson
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kara L. Britt
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Metastasis Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ryan C. Galea
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laura L. Yates
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jane E. Visvader
- ACRF Stem Cells and Cancer Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick O. Humbert
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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44
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Scimeca M, Giannini E, Antonacci C, Pistolese CA, Spagnoli LG, Bonanno E. Microcalcifications in breast cancer: an active phenomenon mediated by epithelial cells with mesenchymal characteristics. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:286. [PMID: 24758513 PMCID: PMC4021315 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mammary microcalcifications have a crucial role in breast cancer detection, but the processes that induce their formation are unknown. Moreover, recent studies have described the occurrence of the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) in breast cancer, but its role is not defined. In this study, we hypothesized that epithelial cells acquire mesenchymal characteristics and become capable of producing breast microcalcifications. Methods Breast sample biopsies with microcalcifications underwent energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis to better define the elemental composition of the microcalcifications. Breast sample biopsies without microcalcifications were used as controls. The ultrastructural phenotype of breast cells near to calcium deposits was also investigated to verify EMT in relation to breast microcalcifications. The mesenchymal phenotype and tissue mineralization were studied by immunostaining for vimentin, BMP-2, β2-microglobulin, β-catenin and osteopontin (OPN). Results The complex formation of calcium hydroxyapatite was strictly associated with malignant lesions whereas calcium-oxalate is mainly reported in benign lesions. Notably, for the first time, we observed the presence of magnesium-substituted hydroxyapatite, which was frequently noted in breast cancer but never found in benign lesions. Morphological studies demonstrated that epithelial cells with mesenchymal characteristics were significantly increased in infiltrating carcinomas with microcalcifications and in cells with ultrastructural features typical of osteoblasts close to microcalcifications. These data were strengthened by the rate of cells expressing molecules typically involved during physiological mineralization (i.e. BMP-2, OPN) that discriminated infiltrating carcinomas with microcalcifications from those without microcalcifications. Conclusions We found significant differences in the elemental composition of calcifications between benign and malignant lesions. Observations of cell phenotype led us to hypothesize that under specific stimuli, mammary cells, which despite retaining a minimal epithelial phenotype (confirmed by cytokeratin expression), may acquire some mesenchymal characteristics transforming themselves into cells with an osteoblast-like phenotype, and are able to contribute to the production of breast microcalcifications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Elena Bonanno
- Anatomic Pathology Section, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Montpellier 1, Rome 00133, Italy.
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Abstract
The transdifferentiation of epithelial cells into motile mesenchymal cells, a process known as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), is integral in development, wound healing and stem cell behaviour, and contributes pathologically to fibrosis and cancer progression. This switch in cell differentiation and behaviour is mediated by key transcription factors, including SNAIL, zinc-finger E-box-binding (ZEB) and basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors, the functions of which are finely regulated at the transcriptional, translational and post-translational levels. The reprogramming of gene expression during EMT, as well as non-transcriptional changes, are initiated and controlled by signalling pathways that respond to extracellular cues. Among these, transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) family signalling has a predominant role; however, the convergence of signalling pathways is essential for EMT.
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46
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Dadakhujaev S, Salazar-Arcila C, Netherton SJ, Chandhoke AS, Singla AK, Jirik FR, Bonni S. A novel role for the SUMO E3 ligase PIAS1 in cancer metastasis. Oncoscience 2014; 1:229-40. [PMID: 25594015 PMCID: PMC4278292 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor metastasis contributes to the grave morbidity and mortality of cancer, but the mechanisms underlying tumor cell invasiveness and metastasis remain incompletely understood. Here, we report that expression of the SUMO E3 ligase PIAS1 suppresses TGFβ-induced activation of the matrix metalloproteinase MMP2 in human breast cancer cells. We also find that knockdown of endogenous PIAS1 or inhibition of its SUMO E3 ligase activity stimulates the ability of TGFβ to induce an aggressive phenotype in three-dimensional breast cancer cell organoids. Importantly, inhibition of the SUMO E3-ligase activity of PIAS1 in breast cancer cells promotes metastases in mice in vivo. Collectively, our findings define a novel and critical role for the SUMO E3 ligase PIAS1 in the regulation of the invasive and metastatic potential of malignant breast cancer cells. These findings advance our understanding of cancer invasiveness and metastasis with potential implications for the development of biomarkers and therapies in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shorafidinkhuja Dadakhujaev
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada ; Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Carolina Salazar-Arcila
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada ; McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Stuart J Netherton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada ; Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Amrita Singh Chandhoke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada ; Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Arvind Kumar Singla
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada ; McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Frank R Jirik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada ; McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shirin Bonni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada ; Southern Alberta Cancer Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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47
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Grudzien-Nogalska E, Reed BC, Rhoads RE. CPEB1 promotes differentiation and suppresses EMT in mammary epithelial cells. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:2326-38. [PMID: 24634508 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.144956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Downregulation of CPEB1, a sequence-specific RNA-binding protein, in a mouse mammary epithelial cell line (CID-9) causes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), based on several criteria. First, CPEB1 knockdown decreases protein levels of E-cadherin and β-catenin but increases those of vimentin and Twist1. Second, the motility of CPEB1-depleted cells is increased. Third, CID-9 cells normally form growth-arrested, polarized and three-dimensional acini upon culture in extracellular matrix, but CPEB1-deficient CID-9 cells form nonpolarized proliferating colonies lacking a central cavity. CPEB1 downregulates Twist1 expression by binding to its mRNA, shortening its poly(A) tract and repressing its translation. CID-9 cultures contain both myoepithelial and luminal epithelial cells. CPEB1 increases during CID-9 cell differentiation, is predominantly expressed in myoepithelial cells, and its knockdown prevents expression of the myoepithelial marker p63. CPEB1 is present in proliferating subpopulations of pure luminal epithelial cells (SCp2) and myoepithelial cells (SCg6), but its depletion increases Twist1 only in SCg6 cells and fails to downregulate E-cadherin in SCp2 cells. We propose that myoepithelial cells prevent EMT by influencing the polarity and proliferation of luminal epithelial cells in a mechanism that requires translational silencing of myoepithelial Twist1 by CPEB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Grudzien-Nogalska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Brent C Reed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Robert E Rhoads
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
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48
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ElShamy WM, Duhé RJ. Overview: Cellular plasticity, cancer stem cells and metastasis. Cancer Lett 2013; 341:2-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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49
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Teixeira TF, Gentile LB, da Silva TC, Mennecier G, Chaible LM, Cogliati B, Roman MAL, Gioso MA, Dagli MLZ. Cell proliferation and expression of connexins differ in melanotic and amelanotic canine oral melanomas. Vet Res Commun 2013; 38:29-38. [PMID: 24126842 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-013-9580-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is a malignant neoplasm occurring in several animal species, and is the most frequently found tumor in the oral cavity in dogs. Melanomas are classified into two types: melanotic and amelanotic. Prior research suggests that human amelanotic melanomas are more aggressive than their melanotic counterparts. This study evaluates the behavior of canine melanotic and amelanotic oral cavity melanomas and quantifies cell proliferation and the expression of connexins. Twenty-five melanomas (16 melanotic and 9 amelanotic) were collected from dogs during clinical procedures at the Veterinary Hospital of the School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of the University of São Paulo, Brazil. After diagnosis, dogs were followed until death or euthanasia. Histopathology confirmed the gross melanotic or amelanotic characteristics and tumors were classified according to the WHO. HMB45 or Melan A immunostainings were performed to confirm the diagnosis of amelanotic melanomas. Cell proliferation was quantified both by counting mitotic figures and PCNA positive nuclei. Expressions of connexins 26 and 43 were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, qRT-PCR and Western blot. Dogs bearing amelanotic melanomas presented a shorter lifespan in comparison to those with melanotic melanomas. Cell proliferation was significantly higher in amelanotic melanomas. Expressions of Connexins 26 and 43 were significantly reduced in amelanotic melanomas. The results presented here suggest that oral cavity melanotic and amelanotic melanomas differ regarding their behavior, cell proliferation and connexin expression in dogs, indicating a higher aggressiveness of amelanotic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarso Felipe Teixeira
- Laboratory of Experimental and Comparative Oncology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, CEP 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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50
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Frisch SM, Schaller M, Cieply B. Mechanisms that link the oncogenic epithelial-mesenchymal transition to suppression of anoikis. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:21-9. [PMID: 23516327 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.120907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The oncogenic epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) contributes to tumor progression in various context-dependent ways, including increased metastatic potential, expansion of cancer stem cell subpopulations, chemo-resistance and disease recurrence. One of the hallmarks of EMT is resistance of tumor cells to anoikis. This resistance contributes to metastasis and is a defining property not only of EMT but also of cancer stem cells. Here, we review the mechanistic coupling between EMT and resistance to anoikis. The discussion focuses on several key aspects. First, we provide an update on new pathways that lead from the loss of E-cadherin to anoikis resistance. We then discuss the relevance of transcription factors that are crucial in wound healing in the context of oncogenic EMT. Next, we explore the consequences of the breakdown of cell-polarity complexes upon anoikis sensitivity, through the Hippo, Wnt and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) pathways, emphasizing points of crossregulation. Finally, we summarize the direct regulation of cell survival genes through EMT-inducing transcription factors, and the roles of the tyrosine kinases focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and TrkB neurotrophin receptor in EMT-related regulation of anoikis. Emerging from these studies are unifying principles that will lead to improvements in cancer therapy by reprogramming sensitivity of anoikis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Frisch
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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