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Wang B, Wang Q, Yuan R, Yang S, Lu M, Yuan F, Dong Z, Mo M, Pan Q, Gao H. Prenylated chromones and flavonoids isolated from the roots of Flemingia macrophylla and their anti-lung cancer activity. Chin Med 2023; 18:153. [PMID: 37996917 PMCID: PMC10668522 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-023-00860-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The successful launch of icaritin, a therapeutic drug for liver cancer derived from Epimedium brevicornu, has provided new impetus for the development of prenylated flavonoids in the field of oncology. Flemingia macrophylla is reported to contain characteristic prenylated flavonoids which can regulate the p53 protein. We aimed to isolate these constituents and conduct activity evaluation, structure-activity relationship, and mechanism studies to provide candidate compounds for antitumor drug development. METHODS In this study, chromatographic techniques combined with spectroscopic methods were used to separate, purify, and identify the constituents of Flemingia macrophylla methanol extract. The cytotoxic activity of the constituents was evaluated using an MTT assay with A549 and H1975 cells as the model. The binding mechanism between the compounds and the p53 protein was investigated with molecular docking and validated with cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA). Western blotting (WB) was employed to detect the expression of p53 protein and apoptosis-related proteins in cells. RESULTS Chiral HPLC separation of racemates 1 and 7 provided two pairs of undescribed enantiomers (1a/1b and 7a/7b), along with eight known compounds (2 - 9) isolated from Flemingia macrophylla roots. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis, and the absolute configurations of the enantiomers were determined from experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism data. Compounds 1 - 7, and the non-prenyl analogues 10 - 13, were evaluated for cytotoxic activity against the human lung cancer A549 and H1975 cell line. Compounds 5 - 7 displayed better cytotoxicity than the positive control icaritin in A549 and H1975, with IC50 values ranging from 4.50 to 19.83 μmol·L-1 and < 5 μmol·L-1, respectively. The structure-activity relationships of the chromone or flavonoid analogues against A549 cells were discussed. Molecular docking results demonstrated that compound 7a has strong interaction with p53 and WB indicated that 7a induced apoptosis by increasing the p53 protein, decreasing the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, and activating the caspase family in A549 cells. These results suggest that prenylated flavonoids are potential p53 protein activators. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that Flemingia macrophylla is rich in prenylated flavonoid constituents, among which compounds 5 and 7 exhibited significant cytotoxic activity against A549 cells and served as reference candidates for the design and development of prenylated compounds as antitumor therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolin Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China
| | - Qinqin Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Renyikun Yuan
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China
- Guangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Advantage Chinese Patent Drug and Ethnic Drug Development, Nanning, 530020, China
| | - Shilin Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
- Guangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Advantage Chinese Patent Drug and Ethnic Drug Development, Nanning, 530020, China
| | - Meilin Lu
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China
| | - Fuhong Yuan
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China
| | - Zhidan Dong
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China
| | - Menghuan Mo
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China
| | - Qiming Pan
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China.
| | - Hongwei Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China.
- Guangxi Engineering Technology Research Center of Advantage Chinese Patent Drug and Ethnic Drug Development, Nanning, 530020, China.
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Zhang X, Tang B, Wen S, Wang Y, Pan C, Qu L, Yin Y, Wei Y. Advancements in the Biotransformation and Biosynthesis of the Primary Active Flavonoids Derived from Epimedium. Molecules 2023; 28:7173. [PMID: 37894651 PMCID: PMC10609448 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Epimedium is a classical Chinese herbal medicine, which has been used extensively to treat various diseases, such as sexual dysfunction, osteoporosis, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and brain diseases. Flavonoids, such as icariin, baohuoside I, icaritin, and epimedin C, are the main active ingredients with diverse pharmacological activities. Currently, most Epimedium flavonoids are extracted from Epimedium plants, but this method cannot meet the increasing market demand. Biotransformation strategies promised huge potential for increasing the contents of high-value Epimedium flavonoids, which would promote the full use of the Epimedium herb. Complete biosynthesis of major Epimedium flavonoids by microbial cell factories would enable industrial-scale production of Epimedium flavonoids. This review summarizes the structures, pharmacological activities, and biosynthesis pathways in the Epimedium plant, as well as the extraction methods of major Epimedium flavonoids, and advancements in the biotransformation and complete microbial synthesis of Epimedium flavonoids, which would provide valuable insights for future studies on Epimedium herb usage and the production of Epimedium flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Quick Testing and Smart Supervision Technology for State Market Regulation, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Bingling Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Sijie Wen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yitong Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Chengxue Pan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Lingbo Qu
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Yongjun Wei
- Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Huong NT, Son NT. Icaritin: A phytomolecule with enormous pharmacological values. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023:113772. [PMID: 37356700 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacological studies on flavonoids have always drawn much interest for many years. Icaritin (ICT), a representative flavone containing an 8-prenyl group, is a principal compound detected in medicinal plants of the genus Epimedum, the family Berberidaceae. Experimental results in the phytochemistry and pharmacology of this molecule are abundant now, but a deep overview has not been carried out. The goal of this review is to provide an insight into the natural observation, biosynthesis, biotransformation, synthesis, pharmacology, and pharmacokinetics of prenyl flavone ICT. The relevant data on ICT was collected from bibliographic sources, like Google Scholar, Web of Science, Sci-Finder, and various published journals. "Icaritin" alone or in combination is the main keyword to seek for references, and references have been updated till now. ICT is among the characteristic phytomolecules of Epimedum plants. Bacteria monitored its biosynthesis and biotransformation, while this agent was rapidly synthesized from phloroglucinol by microwave-assistance Claisen rearrangement. ICT is a potential agent in numerous in vitro and in vivo pharmacological records, which demonstrated its role in cancer treatments via apoptotic-related mechanisms. It also brings in various health benefits since it reduced harmful effects on the liver, lung, heart, bone, blood, and skin, and improved immune responses. Pharmacokinetic outcomes indicated that its metabolic pathway involved hydration, hydroxylation, dehydrogenation, glycosylation, and glucuronidation. Molecule mechanisms of action at a cellular level are predominant, but clinical studies are expected to get more. Structure-activity relationship records seem insufficient, and the studies on nano-combined approaches to improve its soluble property in living bodied medium are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Huong
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Hanoi University of Industry, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Ninh The Son
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
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CPSF6-mediated XBP1 3'UTR shortening attenuates cisplatin-induced ER stress and elevates chemo-resistance in lung adenocarcinoma. Drug Resist Updat 2023; 68:100933. [PMID: 36821972 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2023.100933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Alternative polyadenylation (APA) is a widespread mechanism generating RNA molecules with alternative 3' ends. Herein, we discovered that TargetScan includes a novel XBP1 transcript with a longer 3' untranslated region (UTR) (XBP1-UL) than that included in NCBI. XBP1-UL exhibited a lowered level in blood samples from lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients and in those after DDP treatment. Consistently, XBP1-UL was reduced in A549 cells compared to normal BEAS-2B cells, as well as in DDP-treated/resistant A549 cells relative to controls. Moreover, due to decreased usage of the distal polyadenylation site (PAS) in 3'UTR, XBP1-UL level was lowered in A549 cells and decreased further in DDP-resistant A549 (A549/DDP) cells. Importantly, use of the distal PAS (dPAS) and XBP1-UL level were gradually reduced in A549 cells under increasing concentrations of DDP, which was attributed to DDP-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Furthermore, XBP1 transcripts with shorter 3'UTR (XBP1-US) were more stable and presented stronger potentiation on DDP resistance. The choice of proximal PAS (pPAS) was attributed to CPSF6 elevation, which was caused by BRCA1-distrupted R-loop accumulation in CPSF6 5'end. DDP-induced nuclear LINC00221 also facilitated CPSF6-induced pPAS choice in the pre-XBP1 3'end. Finally, we found that unlike the unspliced XBP1 protein (XBP1-u), the spliced form XBP1-s retarded p53 degradation to facilitate DNA damage repair of LUAD cells. The current study provides new insights into tumor progression and DDP resistance in LUAD, which may contribute to improved LUAD treatment.
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Shen G, Luo Y, Yao Y, Meng G, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Xu C, Liu X, Zhang C, Ding G, Pang Y, Zhang H, Guo B. The discovery of a key prenyltransferase gene assisted by a chromosome-level Epimedium pubescens genome. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1034943. [PMID: 36452098 PMCID: PMC9702526 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1034943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Epimedium pubescens is a species of the family Berberidaceae in the basal eudicot lineage, and a main plant source for the traditional Chinese medicine "Herba Epimedii". The current study achieved a chromosome-level genome assembly of E. pubescens with the genome size of 3.34 Gb, and the genome guided discovery of a key prenyltransferase (PT) in E. pubescens. Our comparative genomic analyses confirmed the absence of Whole Genome Triplication (WGT-γ) event shared in core eudicots and further revealed the occurrence of an ancient Whole Genome Duplication (WGD) event approximately between 66 and 81 Million Years Ago (MYA). In addition, whole genome search approach was successfully applied to identify 19 potential flavonoid PT genes and an important flavonoid PT (EpPT8) was proven to be an enzyme for the biosynthesis of medicinal compounds, icaritin and its derivatives in E. pubescens. Therefore, our results not only provide a good reference genome to conduct further molecular biological studies in Epimedium genus, but also give important clues for synthetic biology and industrial production of related prenylated flavonoids in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjiao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Institute of Animal Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Yao
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guoqing Meng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chaoqun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource, Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Chongqing, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yongzhen Pang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baolin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicines, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Icaritin inhibits CDK2 expression and activity to interfere with tumor progression. iScience 2022; 25:104991. [PMID: 36093042 PMCID: PMC9460166 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Icaritin has shown antitumor activity in a variety of human solid tumors and myeloid leukemia cells. However, the direct target of icaritin and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In our study, CDK2 was found to be a direct target of icaritin in tumor cells. On one hand, icaritin interacted with CDK2 and interfered with CDK2/CyclinE complex formation, resulting in downregulation of CDK2 activity as illustrated with attenuated phosphorylation of FOXO1, Rb, and P27, and E2F/Rb dissociation. On the other hand, icaritin reduced the stability and translation efficiency of CDK2-mRNA by modulating microRNA-597 expression. To be of functional importance, icaritin inhibited proliferation and promoted apoptosis of tumor cells in vitro and in vivo, which was consistent with CDK2 inhibitors—k03861. Our data revealed CDK2 as the direct target of icaritin for its antitumor effects, which may suggest new therapeutics of icaritin or combinational therapeutics involving both icaritin and CDK2 inhibitors for cancers. Icaritin can interact with CDK2 and affect the biological role of CDK2 Icaritin inhibits the formation of CDK2/cyclin E complex and the activity of CDK2 Icaritin enhance the inhibitory effect of P27 on CDK2 Icaritin regulates tumor cell proliferation and apoptosis in a CDK2-dependent manner
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Zhang C, Xu H, Sui X, Chen L, Chen B, Lv H, Wang S, Wang X. Icaritin inhibits PLK1 to activate DNA damage response in NK/T cell lymphoma and increases sensitivity to GELOX regime. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 25:288-304. [PMID: 35663228 PMCID: PMC9127125 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer/T cell lymphoma (NKTCL) is a highly aggressive subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Gemcitabine, oxaliplatin, and L-asparaginase (GELOX) is one of the first-line chemotherapy regimens of NKTCL. Yet, the prognosis of NKTCL is poor. Icaritin is an herb-derived monomer from icariin with antitumor effects. We found that icaritin induced proliferation inhibition and apoptosis of NKTCL both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, icaritin inhibited the dissemination of NKTCL in vivo. RNA sequencing revealed the Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) gene and DNA damage response (DDR) as the targets of icaritin. Mechanistically, icaritin inhibited PLK1 to promote checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2) homodimerization and its T387 phosphorylation, which further activated p53, leading to the activation of the DDR pathway. Moreover, inhibiting PLK1 increased Forkhead box O3a nuclear localization, the latter of which activated ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), an early sensor of DNA damage. Then ATM phosphorylated Chk2 T68 and initiated Chk2 activation. Remarkably, the combined treatment of icaritin and GELOX achieved better antitumor efficacy than single treatment in vivo. In summary, our results proved the efficacy of icaritin treating NKTCL, provided insights into its antitumor molecular mechanism, and revealed the application value of icaritin in facilitating clinical NKTCL treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canjing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education & Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Experimental Teaching Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiwen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education & Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China.,Department of Hematology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianxian Sui
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Experimental Teaching Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education & Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Bobin Chen
- Department of Hematology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, People's Republic of China
| | - Haozhen Lv
- Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Songmei Wang
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Experimental Teaching Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuanyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education & Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
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Li K, Xiao K, Zhu S, Wang Y, Wang W. Chinese Herbal Medicine for Primary Liver Cancer Therapy: Perspectives and Challenges. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:889799. [PMID: 35600861 PMCID: PMC9117702 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.889799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary liver cancer (PLC) is one of the most common solid malignancies. However, PLC drug development has been slow, and first-line treatments are still needed; thus, studies exploring and developing alternative strategies for effective PLC treatment are urgently needed. Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) has long been applied in the clinic due to its advantages of low toxicity and targeting of multiple factors and pathways, and it has great potential for the development of novel natural drugs against PLC. Purpose: This review aims to provide an update on the pharmacological mechanisms of Chinese patent medicines (CPMs) and the latest CHM-derived compounds for the treatment of PLC and relevant clinical evaluations. Materials and Methods: A systematic search of English literature databases, Chinese literature, the Clinical Trials Registry Platform, and the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry for studies of CHMs for PLC treatment was performed. Results: In this review, we summarize the clinical trials and mechanisms of CPMs for PLC treatment that have entered the clinic with the approval of the Chinese medicine regulatory authority. These CPMs included Huaier granules, Ganfule granules, Fufang Banmao capsules, Jinlong capsules, Brucea javanica oil emulsions, and compound kushen injections. We also summarize the latest in vivo, in vitro, and clinical studies of CHM-derived compounds against PLC: icaritin and ginsenoside Rg3. Dilemmas facing the development of CHMs, such as drug toxicity and low oral availability, and future developments are also discussed. Conclusion: This review provides a deeper the understanding of CHMs as PLC treatments and provides ideas for the development of new natural drugs against PLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Li
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Dongzhimen Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Kunmin Xiao
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Department of Oncology, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shijie Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yong Wang, ; Wei Wang,
| | - Wei Wang
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- Institute of Prescription and Syndrome, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provinvial Key Laboratory of TCM Pathogenesis and Prescriptions of Heart and Spleen Diseases, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yong Wang, ; Wei Wang,
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Alhakamy NA, Badr-Eldin SM, Alharbi WS, Alfaleh MA, Al-hejaili OD, Aldawsari HM, Eid BG, Bakhaidar R, Drago F, Caraci F, Caruso G. Development of an Icariin-Loaded Bilosome-Melittin Formulation with Improved Anticancer Activity against Cancerous Pancreatic Cells. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14121309. [PMID: 34959710 PMCID: PMC8703505 DOI: 10.3390/ph14121309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer currently represents a severe issue for the entire world. Therefore, much effort has been made to develop an effective treatment against it. Emerging evidence has shown that icariin, a flavonoid glycoside, is an effective anti-pancreatic cancer drug. Melittin, as a natural active biomolecule, has also shown to possess anticancer activities. In the present study, with the aim to increase its effectiveness against cancerous cells, icariin-loaded bilosome-melittin (ICA-BM) was developed. For the selection of an optimized ICA-BM, an experimental design was implemented, which provided an optimized formulation with a particle size equal to 158.4 nm. After estimation of the release pattern, the anti-pancreatic cancer efficacy of this new formulation was evaluated. The MTT assay was employed for the determination of half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50), providing smaller IC50 for ICA-BM (2.79 ± 0.2 µM) compared to blank-BM and ICA-Raw (free drug) against PNAC1, a human pancreatic cancer cell line isolated from a pancreatic carcinoma of ductal cell origin. Additionally, cell cycle analysis for ICA-BM demonstrated cell arrest at the S-phase and pre-G1 phase, which indicated a pro-apoptotic behavior of the new developed formulation. The pro-apoptotic and anti-proliferative activity of the optimized ICA-BM against PNAC1 cells was also demonstrated through annexin V staining as well as estimation of caspase-3 and p53 protein levels. It can be concluded that the optimized ICA-BM formulation significantly improved the efficacy of icariin against cancerous pancreatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil A. Alhakamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.A.); (S.M.B.-E.); (W.S.A.); (M.A.A.); (O.D.A.-h.); (H.M.A.); (R.B.)
- Advanced Drug Delivery Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Mohamed Saeed Tamer Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaimaa M. Badr-Eldin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.A.); (S.M.B.-E.); (W.S.A.); (M.A.A.); (O.D.A.-h.); (H.M.A.); (R.B.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Waleed S. Alharbi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.A.); (S.M.B.-E.); (W.S.A.); (M.A.A.); (O.D.A.-h.); (H.M.A.); (R.B.)
| | - Mohamed A. Alfaleh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.A.); (S.M.B.-E.); (W.S.A.); (M.A.A.); (O.D.A.-h.); (H.M.A.); (R.B.)
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar D. Al-hejaili
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.A.); (S.M.B.-E.); (W.S.A.); (M.A.A.); (O.D.A.-h.); (H.M.A.); (R.B.)
| | - Hibah M. Aldawsari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.A.); (S.M.B.-E.); (W.S.A.); (M.A.A.); (O.D.A.-h.); (H.M.A.); (R.B.)
| | - Basma G. Eid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Rana Bakhaidar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.A.); (S.M.B.-E.); (W.S.A.); (M.A.A.); (O.D.A.-h.); (H.M.A.); (R.B.)
| | - Filippo Drago
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Filippo Caraci
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
- Oasi Research Institute—IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.C.); (G.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Caruso
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.C.); (G.C.)
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10
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Li Q, Ge L, Zheng D, Zhang X, Zhao L. Screening and characterization of a GH78 α-l-rhamnosidase from Aspergillus terreus and its application in the bioconversion of icariin to icaritin with recombinant β-glucosidase. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 153:109940. [PMID: 34781207 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a GH78 α-L-rhamnosidase AtRha from Aspergillus terreus CCF3059 was screened and expressed in Pichia pastoris KM71H. The maximum enzyme activity of AtRha was 1000 U/mL after 12 days. AtRha was most active at 65 °C and pH 6.5, displaying excellent thermal stability and pH stability. The kinetic parameters Km, Vmax, kcat and kcat/Km values for pNPR were 0.481 mM, 659 μmol/min·mg, 1065 s-1 and 2214 s-1mM-1, respectively. AtRha could be inhibited by Fe2+, Hg2+ and Cu2+. Moreover, it displayed good tolerance to organic reagents with 52.6% activity in 15%(w/v) methanol. AtRha can hydrolyze icariin containing the α-1 rhamnoside linkage. Furthermore, AtRha and β-glucosidase TthBg3 showed excellent selectivity to cleave the rhamnose at the 3rd position and the glucosyl at the C-7 group of icariin, which established an effective and green method to produce the more pharmacological active icaritin. In addition, the optimal enzyme addition schemes and the reaction conditions were screened and optimized. After a two-stage transformation under optimized conditions, 0.5 g/L of icariin was transformed into 0.25 g/L of icaritin, with a corresponding molar conversion rate of 91.2%. Our findings provide a new, specific and cost-effective method for the production of icaritin in the industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing 210037, China; College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Lin Ge
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing 210037, China; College of Biomedicine, Suzhou Chien-Shiung Institute of Technology, 1 Jiang Xiong Road, Taicang 215411, China
| | - Daiyi Zheng
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Linguo Zhao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing 210037, China; College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Long Pan Road, Nanjing 210037, China.
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11
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Li H, Li Y, Ao H, Fu J, Guo Y, Han M, Yan X, Chen X, Wang X. A comparative study on the in vitro and in vivo antitumor efficacy of icaritin and hydrous icaritin nanorods. Drug Deliv 2021; 27:1176-1187. [PMID: 32762483 PMCID: PMC7470086 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2020.1801892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Icaritin (ICT) and hydrous icaritin (HICT) are two similar flavonoids compounds isolated from Epimedium Genus. This is the first comparative study on their in vitro and in vivo antitumor effects. Nanorods (NRs) were prepared for ICT and HICT by anti-solvent precipitation method using D-alpha tocopherol acid polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) as a stabilizer. The prepared ICT-NRs and HICT-NRs had similar diameter (155.5 nm and 201.7 nm), high drug loading content (43.30 ± 0.22% and 41.08 ± 0.19%), excellent stability and a similar sustaining drug release manner. Nanorods improved the in vitro toxicity against 4 different cancer cells in contrast to free ICT or free HICT; however, no significant difference was observed in this regard between ICT-NRs and HICT NRs. In the in vivo study on the anticancer efficacy on MCF-7 and PLC/PRE/5 tumor-bearing mice model, HICR-NRs displayed certain advantage over ICT NRs with higher tumor inhibition rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowen Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yijing Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hui Ao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jingxin Fu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yifei Guo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Meihua Han
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xueying Yan
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, PR China
| | - Xi Chen
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiangtao Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
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12
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STAT3 transcription factor as target for anti-cancer therapy. Pharmacol Rep 2020; 72:1101-1124. [PMID: 32880101 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-020-00156-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
STATs constitute a large family of transcription activators and transducers of signals that have an important role in many cell functions as regulation of proliferation and differentiation of the cell also regulation of apoptosis and angiogenesis. STAT3 as a member of that family, recently was discovered to have a vital role in progression of different types of cancers. The activation of STAT3 was observed to regulate multiple gene functions during cancer-like cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, metastasis, inflammation, immunity, cell survival, and angiogenesis. The inhibition of STAT3 activation has been an important target for cancer therapy. Inhibitors of STAT3 have been used for a long time for treatment of many types of cancers like leukemia, melanoma, colon, and renal cancer. In this review article, we summarize and discuss different drugs inhibiting the action of STAT3 and used in treatment of different types of cancer.
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13
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Du D, Shen X, Zhang Y, Yin L, Pu Y, Liang G. Expression of long non-coding RNA SFTA1P and its function in non-small cell lung cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2020; 216:153049. [PMID: 32825934 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2020.153049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a major type of lung cancer with high morbidity and mortality. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been reported to be important in development and progression of NSCLC. However, the role of lncRNA SFTA1P remains unclear. This study aims to explore the clinical roles, biological function, and mechanism of SFTA1P in NSCLC. SFTA1P expression was estimated by the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) of 90 pairs of tissue samples, the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and microarray. After overexpressing SFTA1P, NSCLC cell proliferation, cycle, and apoptosis were detected. We found that the expression of SFTA1P was significantly downregulated in NSCLC tissues with high diagnostic value (AUC = 0.87), which was consistent with the results of TCGA and microarray data. For the analysis of clinical features, the results revealed that SFTA1P expression was closely related to the pathological type (P < 0.01). Furthermore, the cell function results suggested that the overexpression of SFTA1P triggered cell cycle arrest in the S-phase (P < 0.05). From a mechanistic perspective, the results showed that the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway was inhibited after overexpression of SFTA1P in NSCLC. Taken together, this work supported that SFTA1P may play a suppressing role in the tumorigenesis of NSCLC by modulating PI3K-AKT signaling pathway to influence cell cycle, which provides a potential and prospective biomarker for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Du
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Xian Shen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Yanqiu Zhang
- Department of Environmental Occupational Health, Taizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No.318 Yongtai Road, Hailing District, Taizhou City, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Lihong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Yuepu Pu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Geyu Liang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China.
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14
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Lv D, Pan LH, Zhang R, Yang J, Chen H, Wen Y, Huang M, Ma X, Wang Q, Yang X. Essential oil from Euphorbia esula inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in HepG2 cells via mitochondrial dysfunction. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902019000317542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Lv
- Wuhan University of Science and Technology, China
| | | | - Ren Zhang
- Wuhan University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Jie Yang
- South-Central University for Nationalities, China
| | - Hao Chen
- South-Central University for Nationalities, China
| | - Yanzhang Wen
- South-Central University for Nationalities, China
| | - Mi Huang
- South-Central University for Nationalities, China
| | - Xinhua Ma
- South-Central University for Nationalities, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Wuhan University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Xinzhou Yang
- South-Central University for Nationalities, China
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15
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Zheng X, Li D, Li J, Wang B, Zhang L, Yuan X, Li C, Cui L, Zhang Q, Yang L, Wang X. Optimization of the process for purifying icariin from Herba Epimedii by macroporous resin and the regulatory role of icariin in the tumor immune microenvironment. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 118:109275. [PMID: 31382128 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a digestive tract malignancy that poses a serious threat to human health. Compounds derived from traditional Chinese medicines have been an important source of anticancer drugs and adjuvant agents to regulate the tumor immune microenvironment in patients with pancreatic cancer. In this study, icariin was purified from Herba Epimedii using macropores, and its bioactivity against pancreatic cancer was also investigated. We found that icariin has direct inhibitory and immunomodulatory effects on tumor cells. In vitro experiments showed that icariin can inhibit the migration and proliferation of Panc02 pancreatic cancer cells and induce apoptosis. Our in vivo experiments show that icariin inhibits the development of mouse pancreatic cancer by inhibiting tumor-infiltrating M2 macrophages and polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) (PMN-MDSCs). In addition, icariin inhibits the polarization of RAW 264.7 cells into M2 macrophages by inhibiting the expression of ARG1 and MRC1 and downregulating the IL4-STAT6 signaling pathway. In conclusion, the inhibitory effect of icariin on pancreatic cancer can not only directly affect tumor cells but also inhibit tumor development by regulating the tumor immune microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zheng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Acute Abdominal Disease-Associated Organ Injury and ITCWM Repair, Institute ofAcute Abdominal Diseases, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin, 300100, China; Department of General Surgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Nuclear Industry 416 Hospital, Chengdu, 610051, China
| | - Dihua Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Acute Abdominal Disease-Associated Organ Injury and ITCWM Repair, Institute ofAcute Abdominal Diseases, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin, 300100, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Acute Abdominal Disease-Associated Organ Injury and ITCWM Repair, Institute ofAcute Abdominal Diseases, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin, 300100, China; Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Botao Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Acute Abdominal Disease-Associated Organ Injury and ITCWM Repair, Institute ofAcute Abdominal Diseases, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin, 300100, China; Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Lanqiu Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Acute Abdominal Disease-Associated Organ Injury and ITCWM Repair, Institute ofAcute Abdominal Diseases, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin, 300100, China
| | - Xiangfei Yuan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Acute Abdominal Disease-Associated Organ Injury and ITCWM Repair, Institute ofAcute Abdominal Diseases, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin, 300100, China
| | - Caixia Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Acute Abdominal Disease-Associated Organ Injury and ITCWM Repair, Institute ofAcute Abdominal Diseases, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin, 300100, China
| | - Lihua Cui
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Acute Abdominal Disease-Associated Organ Injury and ITCWM Repair, Institute ofAcute Abdominal Diseases, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin, 300100, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Acute Abdominal Disease-Associated Organ Injury and ITCWM Repair, Institute ofAcute Abdominal Diseases, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin, 300100, China.
| | - Lei Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Acute Abdominal Disease-Associated Organ Injury and ITCWM Repair, Institute ofAcute Abdominal Diseases, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin, 300100, China.
| | - Ximo Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Acute Abdominal Disease-Associated Organ Injury and ITCWM Repair, Institute ofAcute Abdominal Diseases, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin, 300100, China; Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
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16
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Li H, Liang Q, Wang L. Icaritin inhibits glioblastoma cell viability and glycolysis by blocking the IL-6/Stat3 pathway. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:7257-7264. [PMID: 30390336 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a common and aggressive brain tumor that is associated with significant increase in glycolysis for energy production. Icaritin is a natural compound and exhibits anticancer activity in GBM. However, the effect of icaritin on glycolysis in GBM cells remains unclear. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of icaritin on glycolysis in GBM cells. The human GBM cell lines U87 and T98G were treated with icaritin or the inhibitor of Stat3 (S3I-201) in the presence or absence of recombinant human interleukin (IL)-6. Cell viability was measured using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The glycolysis was analyzed by detecting the glucose consumption and lactate production. The Western blot analysis was conducted to detect the expressions of hexokinase 2 (HK2), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3), p-Stat3, and B lymphoma Mo-MLV insertion region 1 (Bmi-1). Results showed that icaritin inhibited the viability of U87 and T98G cells in a dose-dependent manner. The decreased glucose consumption and lactate production, accompanied by reduced expressions of HK2, were found in both U87 and T98G cells. Icaritin inhibited the IL-6/Stat3 pathway, which is evidenced by the decreased expressions of p-Stat3 and Bmi-1. IL-6 treatment induced the phosphorylation of Stat3 and Bmi-1 expression, increased cell viability, as well as elevated glucose consumption, lactate production, and HK2 expression; however, the effects of IL-6 were attenuated by icaritin or S3I-201 treatment. In conclusion, icaritin exerted inhibitory effects on cell viability and glycolysis in GBM cells, which was mediated by the IL-6/Stat3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qinghua Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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17
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Icaritin: A Novel Natural Candidate for Hematological Malignancies Therapy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:4860268. [PMID: 31032347 PMCID: PMC6458936 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4860268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Hematological malignancies including leukemia and lymphoma can severely impact human health. With the current therapies combined with chemotherapy, stem cell transplantation, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy, the prognosis of hematologic malignancies improved significantly. However, most hematological malignancies are still incurable. Therefore, research for novel treatment options was continuing with the natural product as one source. Icaritin is a compound extracted from a traditional Chinese herb, Epimedium Genus, and demonstrated an antitumor effect in various neoplasms including hematological malignancies such as leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. In hematological malignancies, icaritin showed multiple cytotoxic effects to induce apoptosis, arrest the cell cycle, inhibit proliferation, promote differentiation, restrict metastasis and infiltration, and suppress the oncogenic virus. The proved underlying mechanisms of the cytotoxic effects of icaritin are different in various cell types of hematological malignancies but associated with the critical cell signal pathway, including PI3K/Akt, JAK/STAT3, and MAPK/ERK/JNK. Although the primary target of icaritin is still unspecified, the existing evidence indicates that icaritin is a potential novel therapeutic agent for neoplasms as with hematological malignancies. Here, in the field of hematology, we reviewed the reported activity of icaritin in hematologic malignancies and the underlying mechanisms and recognized icaritin as a candidate for therapy of hematological malignancies.
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18
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Chen X, Song L, Hou Y, Li F. Reactive oxygen species induced by icaritin promote DNA strand breaks and apoptosis in human cervical cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2018; 41:765-778. [PMID: 30431140 PMCID: PMC6312933 DOI: 10.3892/or.2018.6864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a distinct feature of various types of cancer. ROS drive tumor progression and render cancer cells vulnerable to additional oxidative insult. The various natural herb compounds have been shown to induce additional production of ROS in cancer cells, although the physiological implications of ROS under these conditions are not fully determined. In the present study, icaritin, a natural compound derived from the medicinal plants Epimedium, was demonstrated to potently suppresses the proliferation of human HeLa and SiHa cervical cancer cells, without similar affects on non-cancerous CCD-1095Sk fibroblasts and 293 cells, as measured by MTT and colony formation assays. Icaritin treatment caused a rapid increase in ROS in HeLa and SiHa cells, which was followed by a prominent increase in the number of DNA strand breaks. Consequently, the levels of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax and activated caspase 3 and 9 enzymes were increased, while the levels of the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and XIAP were downregulated. These protein expression changes were accompanied by marked induction of apoptosis in icaritin-treated cancer cells. The results suggested that the icaritin-induced ROS overload promoted cancer cell death via induction of extensive oxidative DNA damage, which subsequently resulted in large numbers of DNA strand breaks and the activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Department of Pathogenobiology, The Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Liyan Song
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Yuefang Hou
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, P.R. China
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Pathogenobiology, The Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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Li JM, Tseng CW, Lin CC, Law CH, Chien YA, Kuo WH, Chou HC, Wang WC, Chan HL. Upregulation of LGALS1 is associated with oral cancer metastasis. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2018; 10:1758835918794622. [PMID: 30159048 PMCID: PMC6109855 DOI: 10.1177/1758835918794622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oral cancer metastasis is a devastating process that contributes to poor prognosis and high mortality, yet its detailed underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we aimed to evaluate metastasis-specific markers in oral cancer and to provide comprehensive recognition concerning functional roles of the specific target in oral cancer metastasis. Methods Lectin, galactoside-binding, soluble, 1 (LGALS1) was identified by secretomic analysis. LGALS1 expression of patient samples with oral cancer on the tissue microarray were examined by immunochemical (IHC) staining. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of LGALS1 revealed the role of LGALS1 in oral cancer metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Results LGALS1 was observed to be upregulated in highly invasive oral cancer cells, and elevated LGALS1 expression was correlated with cancer progression and lymph node metastasis in oral cancer tissue specimens. Functionally, silencing LGALS1 resulted in suppressed cell growth, wound healing, cell migration, and cell invasion in oral cancer cells in vitro. Knockdown of LGALS1 in highly invasive oral cancer cells dramatically inhibited lung metastasis in an in vivo mouse model. Mechanistic studies suggested p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation, upregulated MMP-9, and mesenchymal phenotypes of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in highly invasive oral cancer cells, whereas siRNA against LGALS1 resulted in the inactivation of p38 MAPK pathway, downregulated MMP-9, and EMT inhibition. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that elevated LGALS1 is strongly correlated with oral cancer progression and metastasis, and that it could potentially serve as a prognostic biomarker and an innovative target for oral cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Min Li
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Wei Tseng
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chen Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsuan Law
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yu-An Chien
- Department of Applied Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hung Kuo
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Chuan Chou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ching Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Lin Chan
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology and Department of Medical Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Kuang-Fu Rd. Sec. 2, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
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20
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Icaritin induces ovarian cancer cell apoptosis through activation of p53 and inhibition of Akt/mTOR pathway. Life Sci 2018; 202:188-194. [PMID: 29625193 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Ovarian cancer (OC) has the highest mortality rate of all gynecological cancers. Currently, the first-line OC treatment consists of cytoreductive surgery and platinum-based chemotherapy. However, most patients develop chemoresistance after the first-line treatment limits the success of treatment. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify effective therapeutic agents. MAIN METHODS Cell viabilities were detected by MTS assay; Annexin V-FITC/PI assay and western blotting assay were performed to analyze the apoptotic cells in vitro; An immunofluorescence assay was performed to analyze the TUNEL+ apoptotic cells in vivo; Patient-derived xenografts were established to test the in vivo antitumor effects; The key proteins of p53, caspase-mediated apoptotic pathway and Akt/mTOR pathway were detected by Western blotting. KEY FINDINGS Icaritin, a prenylflavonoid derivative from Epimedium Genus, inhibited the proliferation of drug-sensitive OC cells (OV2008 and C13*) and cisplatin resistant OC cells A2780cp. Icaritin induced OC cell apoptosis in vitro, as indicated by the increase of Annexin V+/PI+ apoptotic cells analyzed with flow cytometry, and the cleavage of caspase 9, caspase 3 and poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) detected with western blotting. Icaritin also inhibited tumor growth and induced OC cells apoptosis in patient-derived xenografts, as indicated by the tumor growth delay and increase of TUNEL-positive cells in tumor tissues. The icaritin-induced OC cell apoptosis may be associated with the activation of p53 and the suppression of Akt/mTOR pathway. SIGNIFICANCE This study sheds light on the underlying mechanisms of antitumor effect of icaritin, and warrants clinical trial for treatment of OC.
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21
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Antigen-adjuvant effects of icariin in enhancing tumor-specific immunity in mastocytoma-bearing DBA/2J mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 99:810-816. [PMID: 29710479 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.01.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has attracted much attention in recent years because of the ability of immune system to identify tumor cells and limit their growth. Icariin (ICA) is a natural flavonoid glucoside isolated from Epimedium plants and has shown a variety of pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory effects, immunological regulation and anticancer potency. Furthermore, it has immunoadjuvant effects on enhancing Th1-immune response, suggesting that ICA may serve as an adjuvant for cancer immunotherapy. In this study, we used P815 mouse mastocytoma tumor model and immunized them with P815AB peptide and/or ICA. Our results demonstrated that ICA could increase the cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) response for P815AB peptide on the tumor-bearing DBA/2J mice. In addition, the percentage of CD4+CD8+/CD3+CD69+/CD69+NKG2D+ positive cells in splenocytes of the tumor-bearing mice all significantly increased after combined immunization with ICA and P815AB peptide. This illustrated that ICA could enhance the immunogenicity of P815AB and improve the ability of T cells and CTLs in recognizing the tumor cells. Moreover, ICA improved the function of peritoneal macrophages with effects of inhibition on tumor growth. Besides, we discussed the possible mechanism of ICA to enhance body immunity by detecting the expression level of MHC-I and related genes in B16-F10 and RMA/S cells. The results suggested that ICA has the potential to up-regulate LMP/TAP related molecules and induce the expression of MHC-I, which increase the immune surveillance and keep cancer in remission. In conclusion, ICA showed an anti-tumor effect both in vitro and in vivo and may be an effective antigen adjuvant for cancer treatment by enhancing tumor-specific immunity.
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Liu Y, Shi L, Liu Y, Li P, Jiang G, Gao X, Zhang Y, Jiang C, Zhu W, Han H, Ju F. Activation of PPARγ mediates icaritin-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in glioblastoma multiforme. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 100:358-366. [PMID: 29453045 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most prevalent primary malignancy of the brain. This study was designed to investigate whether icaritin exerts anti-neoplastic activity against GBM in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was utilized to examine the viability of GBM cells. The apoptotic cell population was measured by flow cytometry analysis. Cell cycle distribution was detected by flow cytometry as well. Western blot analysis was performed to examine the level of biomarker proteins in GBM cells. Levels of PPARγ mRNA and protein were detected by qPCR and western blot analysis, respectively. To examine the role of PPARγ in the anti-neoplastic activity of icaritin, PPARγ antagonist GW9662 or PPARγ siRNA was used. The activity of PPARγ was determined by DNA binding and luciferase assays. RESULTS Our findings revealed that icaritin markedly suppresses cell growth in a dose-dependent and time-dependent fashion. The cell population at the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle was significantly increased following icaritin treatment. Meanwhile, icaritin promoted apoptotic cell death in T98G and U87MG cells. Further investigation showed upregulation of PPARγ played a key role in the anti-neoplastic activities of icaritin. Moreover, our result demonstrated activation of AMPK signaling by icaritin mediated the modulatory effect of icaritin on PPARγ. CONCLUSION Our results suggest the PPARγ may mediate anti-neoplastic activities against GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongji Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Qingdao Hiser Hospital of Qingdao University (Qingdao Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Qingdao, Shandong, China.
| | - Ling Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Qingdao Hiser Hospital of Qingdao University (Qingdao Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Qingdao Hiser Hospital of Qingdao University (Qingdao Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Emergency, The Affiliated Qingdao Hiser Hospital of Qingdao University (Qingdao Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Guoping Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Qingdao Hiser Hospital of Qingdao University (Qingdao Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoning Gao
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Qingdao Hiser Hospital of Qingdao University (Qingdao Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yongbin Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Qingdao Hiser Hospital of Qingdao University (Qingdao Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Chuanwu Jiang
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Qingdao Hiser Hospital of Qingdao University (Qingdao Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Weiping Zhu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Qingdao Hiser Hospital of Qingdao University (Qingdao Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Hongxing Han
- Department of Neurology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Fang Ju
- Department of Oncology, Qingdao Central Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
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Wang D, Xu W, Chen X, Han J, Yu L, Gao C, Hao W, Liu X, Zheng Q, Li D. Icariin induces cell differentiation and cell cycle arrest in mouse melanoma B16 cells via Erk1/2-p38-JNK-dependent pathway. Oncotarget 2017; 8:99504-99513. [PMID: 29245919 PMCID: PMC5725110 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Icariin (ICA) is a major component isolated from Epimedium brevicornum. Emerging evidence shows that ICA can inhibit tumor cell proliferation, invasion and migration. However, the anti-cancer effect of ICA on B16 cells has not been fully investigated. Here we found that the proliferation of B16 cells was inhibited by ICA in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, and the colony formation of B16 cells was also inhibited by ICA in a concentration-dependent manner. Further study showed that the melanin content was increased and the tyrosinase (Tyr) activity was enhanced after ICA treatment in B16 cells. Furthermore, compared with the control group, the mRNA levels of Tyr, Trp1 and Trp2 and the protein level of MITF were increased in ICA-treated B16 cells. In addition, the percentage of G0/G1 phase cells was increased and the protein levels of Cyclin A, CDK2 and p21 were decreased in ICA-treated B16 cells. Finally, we found that ICA increased down-regulated the Erk1/2, p-Erk1/2, p38, p-p38, and p-JNK protein levels in B16 cells when compared with the control group. Taken together, these results indicated that ICA could induce B16 cell differentiation and cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase through inhibiting Erk1/2-p38-JNK-dependent signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Wenjuan Xu
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Jichun Han
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Lina Yu
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Caixia Gao
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Wenjin Hao
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaona Liu
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Qiusheng Zheng
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Defang Li
- School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, Shandong, China
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Han H, Xu B, Hou P, Jiang C, Liu L, Tang M, Yang X, Zhang Y, Liu Y. Icaritin Sensitizes Human Glioblastoma Cells to TRAIL-Induced Apoptosis. Cell Biochem Biophys 2017; 72:533-42. [PMID: 25577511 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-0499-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) has been considered to be one of the most promising candidates in research on treatments for cancer, because it induces apoptosis in a wide variety of cancer cells but not in most normal human cell types. However, many cells including glioblastoma (GBM) cells are resistant to TRAIL-induced apoptosis, which limits the potential application of TRAIL in cancer therapy. Icaritin, a hydrolytic product of icariin from Epimedium Genus, has been identified as a potential therapeutic and preventive agent in renal cell carcinoma and breast cancer. In this study, we investigated whether Icaritin treatment could modulate TRAIL-induced apoptosis in GBM. The effect of icaritin on TRAIL sensitivity was assessed in human GBM U87 and U373 cells. The underlying regulatory cascades were approached by biochemical and pharmacological strategies. We found that nontoxic concentration of icaritin alone had no significant effect on the level of apoptosis, but a combination treatment of TRAIL and icaritin caused a significantly more profound apoptosis. The sensitization was accompanied by c-FLIP down-regulation and inhibition of NF-κB activity. Studies have further demonstrated that silencing NF-κB alone was sufficient to down-regulate c-FLIP expression and sensitized both tested cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. These data suggest that icaritin sensitizes TRAIL-induced tumor cell apoptosis via suppression of NF-κB-dependent c-FLIP expression, providing in vitro evidence supporting the notion that icaritin is a potential sensitizer of TRAIL in anticancer therapy against human GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxing Han
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Neurology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Bo Xu
- Department of Neurology, Provincial Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Pengzhi Hou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huangdao Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Chuanwu Jiang
- Department of Radiology, Qingdao Hiser Medical Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China.,Department of Radiology, Provincial Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Longxi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qingdao Hiser Medical Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Ming Tang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Hiser Medical Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiuli Yang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Hiser Medical Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yunxu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qingdao Hiser Medical Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yongji Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qingdao Hiser Medical Center, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
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Icaritin Reduces Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Progression via the Inhibition of STAT3 Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010132. [PMID: 28085115 PMCID: PMC5297765 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Icaritin, a traditional Chinese medicine, possesses antitumor activity. The current study aimed to investigate icaritin effect and potential mechanism on oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) development. OSCC cells proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy were analyzed after incubation with icaritin at different concentrations and incubation times. The expressions of proteins related to proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy, as well as signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signal network, were also evaluated by western blot. Furthermore, STAT3 was knocked down by siRNA transfection to determine STAT3 role in OSCC cell proliferation and apoptosis. An oral specific carcinogenesis mouse model was used to explore icaritin effect on OSCC in vivo. Icaritin significantly inhibited OSCC proliferation in vitro and reduced the expression of both the cell-cycle progression proteins cyclin A2 and cyclin D1. Besides, icaritin increased cleaved caspase 3 and cleaved poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase expression leading to apoptosis, and it activated autophagy. Icaritin significantly inhibited the expression of phospho-STAT3 (p-STAT3) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In the in vivo experiment, the number of malignant tumors in the icaritin-treated group was significantly lower than the control. Overall, icaritin suppressed proliferation, promoted apoptosis and autophagy, and inhibited STAT3 signaling in OSCC in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, icaritin might be a potential therapeutic agent against OSCC development.
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Jin L, Miao J, Liu Y, Li X, Jie Y, Niu Q, Han X. Icaritin induces mitochondrial apoptosis by up-regulating miR-124 in human oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 85:287-295. [PMID: 27889233 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY The present study is aimed to investigate the apoptosis-inducing effect of icaritin in human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells and the associated mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS KB and SCC9 cell lines were used as model cell lines. Effect of icaritin on apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry. The effect of icaritin on mitochondrial apoptotic pathway was demonstrated by loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and release of cytocrome C from mitochondria. MiR-124 mimic and miR-124 inhibitor were used to manipulate the expression of miR-124 in OSCC cells. SiRNA targeting Sp1 and DNMT1 as well as Sp1 and DNMT1 overexpressing vector were utilized to confirm their roles in the apoptosis-inducing effect of icaritin in OSCC cells. Activation of relevant signaling pathway by icaritin and effect of icaritin on expression of targeting molecules were determined by western blots or qRT-PCR. RESULTS Our results showed that icaritin inhibited tumor cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and induced cell apoptosis via intrinsic mitochondrial pathway by upregulating miR-124. Moreover, our results showed that the icaritin exerted regulatory effect on miR-124 through suppressing Sp1/DNMT1 signaling. CONCLUSION Our data provide the first experimental evidence that icaritin induces mitochondrial apoptosis in OSCC cells by upregulating miR-124 and suggest a new mechanism to explain its anti-tumor effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Jin
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, China
| | - Jinhong Miao
- Department of Nursing Management,The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, China
| | - Yanjin Liu
- Department of Nursing Management,The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, China
| | - Xingdan Li
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, China
| | - Yaqiong Jie
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, China
| | - Qianyun Niu
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital of Nanyang, China
| | - Xinguang Han
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, China.
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Xu B, Jiang C, Han H, Liu H, Tang M, Liu L, Ji W, Lu X, Yang X, Zhang Y, Liu Y. Icaritin inhibits the invasion and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of glioblastoma cells by targeting EMMPRIN via PTEN/AKt/HIF-1α signalling. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2016; 42:1296-307. [PMID: 26356761 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Icaritin, a hydrolytic product of icariin from the Epimedium genus, exerts anti-tumour effects on a variety of tumour cell types, mainly by inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis. However, little is known about the role of icaritin in cancer invasion and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In the present study, the glioblastoma (GBM) cell line U87MG was used as a model to investigate the effects of icaritin on the invasion and EMT of cancer cells. The results showed that icaritin significantly inhibited the invasion and EMT of GBM cells by targeting extracellular matrix metalloproteinase (EMMPRIN). Furthermore, the findings strongly indicate that the modulatory effect of icaritin on EMMPRIN is mediated via the PTEN/Akt/HIF-1α signalling pathway. The data provide the first experimental evidence of the inhibitory effect of icaritin on cancer cell invasion and EMT, thus highlighting the potential of icaritin to be employed as a promising anti-cancer agent in the treatment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xu
- Department of Neurology, Provincial Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Chuanwu Jiang
- Department of Neurology and Department of Neurosurgery, Qingdao Hiser Medical Centre, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Hongxing Han
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan and Department of Neurology Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Neurology and Department of Neurosurgery, Qingdao Hiser Medical Centre, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Ming Tang
- Department of Neurology and Department of Neurosurgery, Qingdao Hiser Medical Centre, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Longxi Liu
- Department of Neurology and Department of Neurosurgery, Qingdao Hiser Medical Centre, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Wenyan Ji
- Department of Neurology and Department of Neurosurgery, Qingdao Hiser Medical Centre, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xuechao Lu
- Department of Neurology and Department of Neurosurgery, Qingdao Hiser Medical Centre, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiuli Yang
- Department of Neurology and Department of Neurosurgery, Qingdao Hiser Medical Centre, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yunxu Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Department of Neurosurgery, Qingdao Hiser Medical Centre, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yongji Liu
- Department of Neurology and Department of Neurosurgery, Qingdao Hiser Medical Centre, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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Yang ST, Huang AC, Tang NY, Liu HC, Liao CL, Ji BC, Chou YC, Yang MD, Lu HF, Chung JG. Bisdemethoxycurcumin-induced S phase arrest through the inhibition of cyclin A and E and induction of apoptosis via endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondria-dependent pathways in human lung cancer NCI H460 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:1899-1908. [PMID: 26370218 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Curcuminoids are the major natural phenolic compounds found in the rhizome of many Curcuma species. Curcuminoids consist of a mixture of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin (DMC), and bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC). Although numerous studies have shown that curcumin induced cell apoptosis in many human cancer cells, however, mechanisms of BDMC-inhibited cell growth and -induced apoptosis in human lung cancer cells still remain unclear. Herein, we investigated the effect of BDMC on the cell death via the cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis in NCI H460 human lung cancer cells. Flow cytometry assay was used to measure viable cells, cell cycle distribution, the productions of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca2+ , mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm ) and caspase-3, -8 and -9 activity. DNA damage and condension were assayed by Comet assay and DAPI staining, respectively. Western blotting was used to measure the changes of cell cycle and apoptosis associated protein expressions. Results indicated that BDMC significantly induced cell death through induced S phase arrest and induced apoptosis. Moreover, DMC induced DNA damage and condension, increased ROS and Ca2+ productions and decreased the levels of ΔΨm and promoted activities caspase-3, -8, and -9. Western blotting results showed that BDMC inhibited Cdc25A, cyclin A and E for causing S phase arrest, furthermore, promoted the expression of AIF, Endo G and PARP and the levels of Fas ligand (Fas L) and Fas were also up-regulated. Results also indicated that BDMC increased ER stress associated protein expression such as GRP78, GADD153, IRE1α, IRE1β, ATF-6α, ATF-6β, and caspase-4. Taken together, we suggest that BDMC induced cell apoptosis through multiple signal pathways such as extrinsic, intrinsic and ES tress pathway. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1899-1908, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Tso Yang
- Department of Radiology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - An-Cheng Huang
- Department of Nursing, St. Mary's Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Yilan, 266, Taiwan
| | - Nou-Ying Tang
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chung Liu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Lung Liao
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
| | - Bin-Chuan Ji
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, 500, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Chou
- Division of Neurosurgical Oncology, Neurological Institute, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, 407, Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, 970, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Due Yang
- Department of Surgery, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Feng Lu
- Restaurant, Hotel and Institutional Management, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Departments of Clinical Pathology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Gung Chung
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Wu Feng, Taichung, 404, Taiwan
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Li C, Peng W, Song X, Wang Q, Wang W. Anticancer effect of icaritin inhibits cell growth of colon cancer through reactive oxygen species, Bcl-2 and cyclin D1/E signaling. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:3537-3542. [PMID: 27900033 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Icaritin has an advantage in enhancing immunity. Besides, with its anticancer effect, it may be of great help in cancer treatment and recovery of cancer patients. As a result, icaritin is likely to become a novel anticancer drug. However, the anticancer effect of icaritin against colon cancer has not been elucidated thus far. The present study investigated the latent anticancer effect of icaritin on the inhibition of colon cancer cell growth by regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS), B-cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2 and cyclin D1/E signaling. The COLO-205 colon cancer cell line was used as a colon cancer cell model in the present study. First, cell growth and apoptosis were measured to analyze the anticancer effect of icaritin against colon cancer. Next, the possible mechanism of icaritin against colon cancer, including ROS, Bcl-2, cyclin D1, cyclin E and caspase-3/9, was explored. The results revealed that icaritin could inhibit cell growth and induce the apoptosis of COLO-205 cells. In addition, icaritin significantly induced ROS generation, suppressed Bcl-2, cyclin D1 and cyclin E protein expression, and activated caspase-3/9 activity in COLO-205 cells. The present findings demonstrated that icaritin exerted antiproliferative and anticancer effects against colon cancer through the activation of ROS generation and the suppression of Bcl-2, cyclin D1 and cyclin E signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofeng Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Weichao Peng
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Xin Song
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Wenyue Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
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Tan HL, Chan KG, Pusparajah P, Saokaew S, Duangjai A, Lee LH, Goh BH. Anti-Cancer Properties of the Naturally Occurring Aphrodisiacs: Icariin and Its Derivatives. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:191. [PMID: 27445824 PMCID: PMC4925704 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epimedium (family Berberidaceae), commonly known as Horny Goat Weed or Yin Yang Huo, is commonly used as a tonic, aphrodisiac, anti-rheumatic and anti-cancer agent in traditional herbal formulations in Asian countries such as China, Japan, and Korea. The major bioactive compounds present within this plant include icariin, icaritin and icariside II. Although it is best known for its aphrodisiac properties, scientific and pharmacological studies suggest it possesses broad therapeutic capabilities, especially for enhancing reproductive function and osteoprotective, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory and immunoprotective effects. In recent years, there has been great interest in scientific investigation of the purported anti-cancer properties of icariin and its derivatives. Data from in vitro and in vivo studies suggests these compounds demonstrate anti-cancer activity against a wide range of cancer cells which occurs through various mechanisms such as apoptosis, cell cycle modulation, anti-angiogenesis, anti-metastasis and immunomodulation. Of note, they are efficient at targeting cancer stem cells and drug-resistant cancer cells. These are highly desirable properties to be emulated in the development of novel anti-cancer drugs in combatting the emergence of drug resistance and overcoming the limited efficacy of current standard treatment. This review aims to summarize the anti-cancer mechanisms of icariin and its derivatives with reference to the published literature. The currently utilized applications of icariin and its derivatives in cancer treatment are explored with reference to existing patents. Based on the data compiled, icariin and its derivatives are shown to be compounds with tremendous potential for the development of new anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Li Tan
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University MalaysiaBandar Sunway, Malaysia; Biomedical Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University MalaysiaBandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Kok-Gan Chan
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Priyia Pusparajah
- Biomedical Research Laboratory, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
| | - Surasak Saokaew
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University MalaysiaBandar Sunway, Malaysia; Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety (Cohorts), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of PhayaoPhayao, Thailand; Pharmaceutical Outcomes Research Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan UniversityPhitsanulok, Thailand
| | - Acharaporn Duangjai
- Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety (Cohorts), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of PhayaoPhayao, Thailand; Division of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of PhayaoPhayao, Thailand
| | - Learn-Han Lee
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University MalaysiaBandar Sunway, Malaysia; Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety (Cohorts), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of PhayaoPhayao, Thailand
| | - Bey-Hing Goh
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University MalaysiaBandar Sunway, Malaysia; Center of Health Outcomes Research and Therapeutic Safety (Cohorts), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of PhayaoPhayao, Thailand
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Abzianidze VV, Prokofieva DS, Chisty LA, Bolshakova KP, Berestetskiy AO, Panikorovskii TL, Bogachenkov AS, Holder AA. Synthesis of natural phaeosphaeride A derivatives and an in vitro evaluation of their anti-cancer potential. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:5566-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Zhang C, Li G. Role of alpha-fetoprotein in hepatitis B virus-induced hepatocellular carcinoma: Prospect in clinical application. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:3171-3181. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i20.3171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) as a fetal specific alpha-globulin that has been used as a serum fetal defect/tumor marker for diagnosis and prediction of liver disease. Over the past decade, research indicates that AFP as an intracellular signal molecule is not only a biomarker but also interacts with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis B virus protein x and plays multifarious roles in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma, especially in HBV-induced liver cancer.
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Fu Y, Kadioglu O, Wiench B, Wei Z, Gao C, Luo M, Gu C, Zu Y, Efferth T. Cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis by cajanin stilbene acid from Cajanus cajan in breast cancer cells. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 22:462-468. [PMID: 25925968 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The low abundant cajanin stilbene acid (CSA) from Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan) has been shown to kill estrogen receptor α positive cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Downstream effects such as cell cycle and apoptosis-related mechanisms have not been analyzed yet. MATERIAL AND METHODS We analyzed the activity of CSA by means of flow cytometry (cell cycle distribution, mitochondrial membrane potential, MMP), confocal laser scanning microscopy (MMP), DNA fragmentation assay (apoptosis), Western blotting (Bax and Bcl-2 expression, caspase-3 activation) as well as mRNA microarray hybridization and Ingenuity pathway analysis. RESULTS CSA induced G2/M arrest and apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner from 8.88 to 14.79 µM. The MMP broke down, Bax was upregulated, Bcl-2 downregulated and caspase-3 activated. Microarray profiling revealed that CSA affected BRCA-related DNA damage response and cell cycle-regulated chromosomal replication pathways. CONCLUSION CSA inhibited breast cancer cells by DNA damage and cell cycle-related signaling pathways leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Fu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Onat Kadioglu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Benjamin Wiench
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Zuofu Wei
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Chang Gao
- Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Meng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Chengbo Gu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuangang Zu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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