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Rose KA, Gogotsi N, Galarraga JH, Burdick JA, Murray CB, Lee D, Composto RJ. Shape Anisotropy Enhances Nanoparticle Dynamics in Nearly Homogeneous Hydrogels. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katie A. Rose
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19104, United States
| | - Natalie Gogotsi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19104, United States
| | - Jonathan H. Galarraga
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19104, United States
| | - Jason A. Burdick
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19104, United States
- BioFrontiers Institute and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
| | - Christopher B. Murray
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19104, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19104, United States
| | - Daeyeon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19104, United States
| | - Russell J. Composto
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19104, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19104, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19104, United States
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Debnath S, Seth D, Pramanik S, Adhikari S, Mondal P, Sherpa D, Sen D, Mukherjee D, Mukerjee N. A comprehensive review and meta-analysis of recent advances in biotechnology for plant virus research and significant accomplishments in human health and the pharmaceutical industry. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2022:1-33. [PMID: 36063068 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2022.2116309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites made by plants and used through their metabolic routes are today's most reliable and cost-effective way to make pharmaceuticals and improve health. The concept of genetic engineering is used for molecular pharming. As more people use plants as sources of nanotechnology systems, they are adding to this. These systems are made up of viruses-like particles (VLPs) and virus nanoparticles (VNPs). Due to their superior ability to be used as plant virus expression vectors, plant viruses are becoming more popular in pharmaceuticals. This has opened the door for them to be used in research, such as the production of medicinal peptides, antibodies, and other heterologous protein complexes. This is because biotechnological approaches have been linked with new bioinformatics tools. Because of the rise of high-throughput sequencing (HTS) and next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques, it has become easier to use metagenomic studies to look for plant virus genomes that could be used in pharmaceutical research. A look at how bioinformatics can be used in pharmaceutical research is also covered in this article. It also talks about plant viruses and how new biotechnological tools and procedures have made progress in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Debnath
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Palli Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Agriculture), Visva-Bharati University, Sriniketan, West Bengal, India
| | - Dibyendu Seth
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Palli Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Agriculture), Visva-Bharati University, Sriniketan, West Bengal, India
| | - Sourish Pramanik
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Palli Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Agriculture), Visva-Bharati University, Sriniketan, West Bengal, India
| | - Sanchari Adhikari
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Palli Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Agriculture), Visva-Bharati University, Sriniketan, West Bengal, India
| | - Parimita Mondal
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Palli Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Agriculture), Visva-Bharati University, Sriniketan, West Bengal, India
| | - Dechen Sherpa
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Palli Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Agriculture), Visva-Bharati University, Sriniketan, West Bengal, India
| | - Deepjyoti Sen
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Palli Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Agriculture), Visva-Bharati University, Sriniketan, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Nobendu Mukerjee
- Department of Microbiology, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College, Kolkata, India
- Department of Health Sciences, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebarsham, Australia
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3
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Multifunctional Plant Virus Nanoparticles for Targeting Breast Cancer Tumors. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091431. [PMID: 36146510 PMCID: PMC9502313 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer treatment using plant-virus-based nanoparticles (PVNPs) has achieved considerable success in preclinical studies. PVNP-based breast cancer therapies include non-targeted and targeted nanoplatforms for delivery of anticancer therapeutic chemo and immune agents and cancer vaccines for activation of local and systemic antitumor immunity. Interestingly, PVNP platforms combined with other tumor immunotherapeutic options and other modalities of oncotherapy can improve tumor efficacy treatment. These applications can be achieved by encapsulation of a wide range of active ingredients and conjugating ligands for targeting immune and tumor cells. This review presents the current breast cancer treatments based on PVNP platforms.
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Martí M, Merwaiss F, Butković A, Daròs JA. Production of Potyvirus-Derived Nanoparticles Decorated with a Nanobody in Biofactory Plants. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:877363. [PMID: 35433643 PMCID: PMC9008781 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.877363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral nanoparticles (VNPs) have recently attracted attention for their use as building blocks for novel materials to support a range of functions of potential interest in nanotechnology and medicine. Viral capsids are ideal for presenting small epitopes by inserting them at an appropriate site on the selected coat protein (CP). VNPs presenting antibodies on their surfaces are considered highly promising tools for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. Due to their size, nanobodies are an interesting alternative to classic antibodies for surface presentation. Nanobodies are the variable domains of heavy-chain (VHH) antibodies from animals belonging to the family Camelidae, which have several properties that make them attractive therapeutic molecules, such as their small size, simple structure, and high affinity and specificity. In this work, we have produced genetically encoded VNPs derived from two different potyviruses—the largest group of RNA viruses that infect plants—decorated with nanobodies. We have created a VNP derived from zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) decorated with a nanobody against the green fluorescent protein (GFP) in zucchini (Cucurbita pepo) plants. As reported for other viruses, the expression of ZYMV-derived VNPs decorated with this nanobody was only made possible by including a picornavirus 2A splicing peptide between the fused proteins, which resulted in a mixed population of unmodified and decorated CPs. We have also produced tobacco etch virus (TEV)-derived VNPs in Nicotiana benthamiana plants decorated with the same nanobody against GFP. Strikingly, in this case, VNPs could be assembled by direct fusion of the nanobody to the viral CP with no 2A splicing involved, likely resulting in fully decorated VNPs. For both expression systems, correct assembly and purification of the recombinant VNPs was confirmed by transmission electron microscope; the functionality of the CP-fused nanobody was assessed by western blot and binding assays. In sum, here we report the production of genetically encoded plant-derived VNPs decorated with a nanobody. This system may be an attractive alternative for the sustainable production in plants of nanobody-containing nanomaterials for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
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Venkataraman S, Hefferon K. Application of Plant Viruses in Biotechnology, Medicine, and Human Health. Viruses 2021; 13:1697. [PMID: 34578279 PMCID: PMC8473230 DOI: 10.3390/v13091697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-based nanotechnology programs using virus-like particles (VLPs) and virus nanoparticles (VNPs) are emerging platforms that are increasingly used for a variety of applications in biotechnology and medicine. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and potato virus X (PVX), by virtue of having high aspect ratios, make ideal platforms for drug delivery. TMV and PVX both possess rod-shaped structures and single-stranded RNA genomes encapsidated by their respective capsid proteins and have shown great promise as drug delivery systems. Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) has an icosahedral structure, and thus brings unique benefits as a nanoparticle. The uses of these three plant viruses as either nanostructures or expression vectors for high value pharmaceutical proteins such as vaccines and antibodies are discussed extensively in the following review. In addition, the potential uses of geminiviruses in medical biotechnology are explored. The uses of these expression vectors in plant biotechnology applications are also discussed. Finally, in this review, we project future prospects for plant viruses in the fields of medicine, human health, prophylaxis, and therapy of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathleen Hefferon
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada;
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Shi J, Zhu Y, Li M, Ma Y, Liu H, Zhang P, Fang D, Guo Y, Xu P, Qiao Y. Establishment of a novel virus-induced virulence effector assay for the identification of virulence effectors of plant pathogens using a PVX-based expression vector. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:1654-1661. [PMID: 33029873 PMCID: PMC7694669 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens deliver virulence effectors into plant cells to modulate plant immunity and facilitate infection. Although species-specific virulence effector screening approaches have been developed for several pathogens, these assays do not apply to pathogens that cannot be cultured and/or transformed outside of their hosts. Here, we established a rapid and parallel screening assay, called the virus-induced virulence effector (VIVE) assay, to identify putative effectors in various plant pathogens, including unculturable pathogens, using a virus-based expression vector. The VIVE assay uses the potato virus X (PVX) vector to transiently express candidate effector genes of various bacterial and fungal pathogens into Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Using the VIVE assay, we successfully identified Avh148 as a potential virulence effector of Phytophthora sojae. Plants infected with PVX carrying Avh148 showed strong viral symptoms and high-level Avh148 and viral RNA accumulation. Analysis of P. sojae Avh148 deletion mutants and soybean hairy roots overexpressing Avh148 revealed that Avh148 is required for full pathogen virulence. In addition, the VIVE assay was optimized in N. benthamiana plants at different developmental stages across a range of Agrobacterium cell densities. Overall, we identified six novel virulence effectors from seven pathogens, thus demonstrating the broad effectiveness of the VIVE assay in plant pathology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxia Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular SciencesCollege of Life SciencesShanghai Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yuanhong Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular SciencesCollege of Life SciencesShanghai Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Ming Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular SciencesCollege of Life SciencesShanghai Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yuqing Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular SciencesCollege of Life SciencesShanghai Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Huarong Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular SciencesCollege of Life SciencesShanghai Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Peng Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular SciencesCollege of Life SciencesShanghai Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
- College of AgricultureYangtze UniversityJingzhouChina
| | | | - Yushuang Guo
- Laboratory of Molecular GeneticsChina National Tobacco CorporationGuizhou Institute of Tobacco ScienceGuiyangChina
| | - Ping Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular SciencesCollege of Life SciencesShanghai Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yongli Qiao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular SciencesCollege of Life SciencesShanghai Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
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Shahgolzari M, Pazhouhandeh M, Milani M, Yari Khosroushahi A, Fiering S. Plant viral nanoparticles for packaging and in vivo delivery of bioactive cargos. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 12:e1629. [PMID: 32249552 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles have unique capabilities and considerable promise for many different biological uses. One capability is delivering bioactive cargos to specific cells, tissues, or organisms. Depending on the task, there are multiple variables to consider including nanoparticle selection, targeting strategies, and incorporating cargo so it can be delivered in a biologically active form. One nanoparticle option, genetically controlled plant viral nanoparticles (PVNPs), is highly uniform within a given virus but quite variable between viruses with a broad range of useful properties. PVNPs are flexible and versatile tools for incorporating and delivering a wide range of small or large molecule cargos. Furthermore, PVNPs can be modified to create nanostructures that can solve problems in medical, environmental, and basic research. This review discusses the currently available techniques for delivering bioactive cargos with PVNPs and potential cargos that can be delivered with these strategies. This article is categorized under: Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanomaterials and Implants Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Protein and Virus-Based Structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Shahgolzari
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maghsoud Pazhouhandeh
- Biotechnology Department, Agricultural Faculty, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Morteza Milani
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Yari Khosroushahi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Steven Fiering
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth and Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
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Shukla S, Roe AJ, Liu R, Veliz FA, Commandeur U, Wald DN, Steinmetz NF. Affinity of plant viral nanoparticle potato virus X (PVX) towards malignant B cells enables cancer drug delivery. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:3935-3943. [PMID: 32662788 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm00683a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Non-Hodgkin's B cell lymphomas (NHL) include a diverse set of neoplasms that constitute ∼90% of all lymphomas and the largest subset of blood cancers. While chemotherapy is the first line of treatment, the efficacy of contemporary chemotherapies is hampered by dose-limiting toxicities. Partly due to suboptimal dosing, ∼40% of patients exhibit relapsed or refractory disease. Therefore more efficacious drug delivery systems are urgently needed to improve survival of NHL patients. In this study we demonstrate a new drug delivery platform for NHL based on the plant virus Potato virus X (PVX). We observed a binding affinity of PVX towards malignant B cells. In a metastatic mouse model of NHL, we show that systemically administered PVX home to tissues harboring malignant B cells. When loaded with the chemotherapy monomethyl auristatin (MMAE), the PVX nanocarrier enables effective delivery of MMAE to human B lymphoma cells in a NHL mouse model leading to inhibition of lymphoma growth in vivo and improved survival. Thus, PVX nanoparticle is a promising drug delivery platform for B cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourabh Shukla
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
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Ullah R, Wazir J, Khan FU, Diallo MT, Ihsan AU, Mikrani R, Aquib M, Zhou X. Factors Influencing the Delivery Efficiency of Cancer Nanomedicines. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:132. [PMID: 32409932 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01691-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The superiority of nanomedicine over conventional medicines in the treatment of cancer has gained immediate recognition worldwide. As traditional cancer therapies are nonspecific and detrimental to healthy cells, the ability of nanomedicine to release drugs to target tumor cells specifically instead of healthy cells has brought new hope to cancer patients. This review focuses on the effects of various factors of nanoparticles such as transport, concentration in cells, tumor microenvironment, interaction with protein, penetration, uptake by tumor cells, cancer cell mutations, and intracellular trafficking of the nanoparticle. Besides the history of nanomedicine, future perspectives of nanomedicines are also explored in this text.
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Xu Y, Wu H, Huang J, Qian W, Martinson DE, Ji B, Li Y, Wang YA, Yang L, Mao H. Probing and Enhancing Ligand-Mediated Active Targeting of Tumors Using Sub-5 nm Ultrafine Iron Oxide Nanoparticles. Theranostics 2020; 10:2479-2494. [PMID: 32194814 PMCID: PMC7052897 DOI: 10.7150/thno.39560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: "Active targeting" based on the ligand-target affinity is a common strategy to precisely deliver nanoparticle (NP) imaging probes or drug carriers to the diseased tissue. However, such ligand-mediated active targeting inevitably takes place with prerequisite "passive targeting", driven by the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Thus, the efficiency of active targeting in relation to off-targeted unbound NPs is of great importance in quantitative imaging of tumor biomarkers and delivery. With the notion that easy clearance of off-targeted uIONPs may lead to enhanced active targeting and tumor accumulation, we examined the NP size effect on "active targeting" of the transferrin receptor (TfR) using transferrin (Tf)-conjugated sub-5 nm (3 nm core) ultrafine iron oxide NPs (uIONPs) and larger IONPs (30 nm core). Methods: Green fluorescent dye (FITC)-labeled active targeting uIONPs (FITC-Tf-uIONPs) and red fluorescent dye (TRITC)-labeled passive targeting uIONPs (TRITC-uIONPs) were prepared. FITC-Tf-IONPs and TRITC-IONPs were used as comparison for the NP size effect. Multiphoton imaging, confocal fluorescence imaging, histological staining and computational analysis were applied to track different types of NPs in tumors at 1, 3 and 24 hours after co-injection of equal amounts of paired NPs, e.g., active targeting FITC-Tf-uIONPs and non-targeting TRITC-uIONPs, or FITC-Tf-IONPs and TRITC-IONPs into the same mice bearing 4T1 mouse mammary tumors. Results: Active targeting uIONPs exhibited an almost 6-fold higher level of tumor retention with deeper penetration comparing to non-targeting uIONPs at 24 hours after co-injection. However, accumulation of active targeting IONPs with a 30-nm core is only about 1.15-fold higher than non-targeting IONPs. The enhanced active targeting by uIONPs can be attributed to the size dependent clearance of unbound off-targeted NPs, as majority off-targeted uIONPs were readily cleared from the tumor by intravasation back into tumor blood vessels likely due to high interstitial pressure, even though they are not favorable for macrophage uptake. Conclusion: Ligand-mediated active targeting improves the delivery and accumulation of the sub-5 nm NPs. The improvement on active targeting is size-dependent and facilitated by NPs with sub-5 nm core sizes. Thus, sub-5 nm NPs may serve as favorable platforms for development of NP-based molecular imaging probes and targeted drug carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaolin Xu
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hui Wu
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Weiping Qian
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Bing Ji
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yuancheng Li
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Lily Yang
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hui Mao
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Mohanty RP, Liu X, Kim JY, Peng X, Bhandari S, Leal J, Arasappan D, Wylie DC, Dong T, Ghosh D. Identification of peptide coatings that enhance diffusive transport of nanoparticles through the tumor microenvironment. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:17664-17681. [PMID: 31536061 PMCID: PMC7209769 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr05783h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In solid tumors, increasing drug penetration promotes their regression and improves the therapeutic index of compounds. However, the heterogeneous extracellular matrix (ECM) acts as a steric and interaction barrier that hinders effective transport of therapeutics, including nanomedicines. Specifically, the interactions between the ECM and surface physicochemical properties of nanomedicines (e.g. charge, hydrophobicity) affect their diffusion and penetration. To address the challenges using existing surface chemistries, we used peptide-presenting phage libraries as a high-throughput approach to screen and identify peptides as coatings with desired physicochemical properties that improve diffusive transport through the tumor microenvironment. Through iterative screening against the ECM and identification by next-generation DNA sequencing and analysis, we selected individual clones and quantify their transport by diffusion assays. Here, we identified a net-neutral charge, hydrophilic peptide P4 that facilitates significantly higher diffusive transport of phage than negative control through in vitro tumor ECM. Through alanine mutagenesis, we confirmed that the hydrophilicity, charge, and spatial ordering impact diffusive transport. The P4 phage clone exhibited almost 200-fold improved uptake in ex vivo pancreatic tumor xenografts compared to the negative control. Nanoparticles coated with P4 exhibited ∼40-fold improvement in diffusivity in pancreatic tumor tissues, and P4-coated particles demonstrated less hindered diffusivity through the ECM compared to functionalized control particles. By leveraging the power of molecular diversity using phage display, we can greatly expand the chemical space of surface chemistries that can improve the transport of nanomedicines through the complex tumor microenvironment to ultimately improve their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi P Mohanty
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, USA.
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Abstract
The poor pharmacokinetic parameters and low solubility of many anticancer therapeutics have warranted the use of drug-delivery systems such as liposomes. Overcoming some drawbacks of the conventional liposomes, targeted liposomal delivery by longer circulation time by addition of poly(ethylene glycol) to the liposomal surface and further adding specific ligands to achieve ligand selective retention and uptake has been introduced. PEGylated liposomes are the only second-generation liposomal formulations in clinical use and are now being challenged with the allergenic response they pose even in the treatment of naive patients. This article will review the challenges and hindrances in the use of long circulating liposomes and explore the opportunities to overcome this issue.
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Raja IS, Kim C, Song SJ, Shin YC, Kang MS, Hyon SH, Oh JW, Han DW. Virus-Incorporated Biomimetic Nanocomposites for Tissue Regeneration. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E1014. [PMID: 31311134 PMCID: PMC6669830 DOI: 10.3390/nano9071014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the astonishing properties of non-harmful viruses, tissue regeneration using virus-based biomimetic materials has been an emerging trend recently. The selective peptide expression and enrichment of the desired peptide on the surface, monodispersion, self-assembly, and ease of genetic and chemical modification properties have allowed viruses to take a long stride in biomedical applications. Researchers have published many reviews so far describing unusual properties of virus-based nanoparticles, phage display, modification, and possible biomedical applications, including biosensors, bioimaging, tissue regeneration, and drug delivery, however the integration of the virus into different biomaterials for the application of tissue regeneration is not yet discussed in detail. This review will focus on various morphologies of virus-incorporated biomimetic nanocomposites in tissue regeneration and highlight the progress, challenges, and future directions in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chuntae Kim
- Department of Nanofusion Technology, College of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Su-Jin Song
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Yong Cheol Shin
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Moon Sung Kang
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Suong-Hyu Hyon
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8580, Japan
| | - Jin-Woo Oh
- Department of Nanofusion Technology, College of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Dong-Wook Han
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
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14
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Plant virus-based materials for biomedical applications: Trends and prospects. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 145:96-118. [PMID: 30176280 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials composed of plant viral components are finding their way into medical technology and health care, as they offer singular properties. Precisely shaped, tailored virus nanoparticles (VNPs) with multivalent protein surfaces are efficiently loaded with functional compounds such as contrast agents and drugs, and serve as carrier templates and targeting vehicles displaying e.g. peptides and synthetic molecules. Multiple modifications enable uses including vaccination, biosensing, tissue engineering, intravital delivery and theranostics. Novel concepts exploit self-organization capacities of viral building blocks into hierarchical 2D and 3D structures, and their conversion into biocompatible, biodegradable units. High yields of VNPs and proteins can be harvested from plants after a few days so that various products have reached or are close to commercialization. The article delineates potentials and limitations of biomedical plant VNP uses, integrating perspectives of chemistry, biomaterials sciences, molecular plant virology and process engineering.
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Röder J, Dickmeis C, Commandeur U. Small, Smaller, Nano: New Applications for Potato Virus X in Nanotechnology. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:158. [PMID: 30838013 PMCID: PMC6390637 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is an expanding interdisciplinary field concerning the development and application of nanostructured materials derived from inorganic compounds or organic polymers and peptides. Among these latter materials, proteinaceous plant virus nanoparticles have emerged as a key platform for the introduction of tailored functionalities by genetic engineering and conjugation chemistry. Tobacco mosaic virus and Cowpea mosaic virus have already been developed for bioimaging, vaccination and electronics applications, but the flexible and filamentous Potato virus X (PVX) has received comparatively little attention. The filamentous structure of PVX particles allows them to carry large payloads, which are advantageous for applications such as biomedical imaging in which multi-functional scaffolds with a high aspect ratio are required. In this context, PVX achieves superior tumor homing and retention properties compared to spherical nanoparticles. Because PVX is a protein-based nanoparticle, its unique functional properties are combined with enhanced biocompatibility, making it much more suitable for biomedical applications than synthetic nanomaterials. Moreover, PVX nanoparticles have very low toxicity in vivo, and superior pharmacokinetic profiles. This review focuses on the production of PVX nanoparticles engineered using chemical and/or biological techniques, and describes current and future opportunities and challenges for the application of PVX nanoparticles in medicine, diagnostics, materials science, and biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ulrich Commandeur
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Chen MY, Butler SS, Chen W, Suh J. Physical, chemical, and synthetic virology: Reprogramming viruses as controllable nanodevices. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 11:e1545. [PMID: 30411529 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The fields of physical, chemical, and synthetic virology work in partnership to reprogram viruses as controllable nanodevices. Physical virology provides the fundamental biophysical understanding of how virus capsids assemble, disassemble, display metastability, and assume various configurations. Chemical virology considers the virus capsid as a chemically addressable structure, providing chemical pathways to modify the capsid exterior, interior, and subunit interfaces. Synthetic virology takes an engineering approach, modifying the virus capsid through rational, combinatorial, and bioinformatics-driven design strategies. Advances in these three subfields of virology aim to develop virus-based materials and tools that can be applied to solve critical problems in biomedicine and biotechnology, including applications in gene therapy and drug delivery, diagnostics, and immunotherapy. Examples discussed include mammalian viruses, such as adeno-associated virus (AAV), plant viruses, such as cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV), and bacterial viruses, such as Qβ bacteriophage. Importantly, research efforts in physical, chemical, and synthetic virology have further unraveled the design principles foundational to the form and function of viruses. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > Diagnostic Nanodevices Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Protein and Virus-Based Structures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan S Butler
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | - Weitong Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | - Junghae Suh
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas.,Systems, Synthetic, and Physical Biology Program, Rice University, Houston, Texas
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Zhou L, Qiu T, Lv F, Liu L, Ying J, Wang S. Self-Assembled Nanomedicines for Anticancer and Antibacterial Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1800670. [PMID: 30080319 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201800670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembly strategies have been widely applied in the nanomedicine field, which provide a convenient approach for building various structures for delivery carriers. When cooperating with biomolecules, self-assembly systems have significant influence on the cell activity and life process and could be used for regulating nanodrug activity. In this review, self-assembled nanomedicines are introduced, including materials, encapsulation, and releasing strategies, where self-assembly strategies are involved. Furthermore, as a promising and emerging area for nanomedicine, in situ self-assembly of anticancer drugs and supramolecular antibiotic switches is also discussed about how to regulate drug activity. Selective pericellular assembly can block mass transformation of cancer cells inducing cell apoptosis, and the intracellular assembly can either cause cell death or effectively avoid drug elimination from cytosol of cancer cells because of the assembly-induced retention (AIR) effect. Host-guest interactions of drug and competitive molecules offer reversible regulations of antibiotic activity, which can reduce drug-resistance and inhibit the generation of drug-resistant bacteria. Finally, the challenges and development trend in the field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Organic Solids; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- College of Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Tian Qiu
- Department of Pathology; National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for; Cancer/Cancer Hospital; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Beijing 100021 P. R. China
| | - Fengting Lv
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Organic Solids; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Libing Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Organic Solids; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Jianming Ying
- Department of Pathology; National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for; Cancer/Cancer Hospital; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Beijing 100021 P. R. China
| | - Shu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Organic Solids; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- College of Chemistry; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P. R. China
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18
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Hefferon KL. Repurposing Plant Virus Nanoparticles. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:vaccines6010011. [PMID: 29443902 PMCID: PMC5874652 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants have been explored for many years as inexpensive and versatile platforms for the generation of vaccines and other biopharmaceuticals. Plant viruses have also been engineered to either express subunit vaccines or act as epitope presentation systems. Both icosahedral and helical, filamentous-shaped plant viruses have been used for these purposes. More recently, plant viruses have been utilized as nanoparticles to transport drugs and active molecules into cancer cells. The following review describes the use of both icosahedral and helical plant viruses in a variety of new functions against cancer. The review illustrates the breadth of variation among different plant virus nanoparticles and how this impacts the immune response.
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Shukla S, Dickmeis C, Fischer R, Commandeur U, Steinmetz NF. In Planta Production of Fluorescent Filamentous Plant Virus-Based Nanoparticles. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1776:61-84. [PMID: 29869235 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7808-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Viral nanoparticles are attractive platforms for biomedical applications and are frequently employed for optical imaging in tissue culture and preclinical animal models as fluorescent probes. Chemical modification with organic dyes remains the most common strategy to develop such fluorescent probes. Here we report a genetic engineering approach to incorporate fluorescent proteins in viral nanoparticles, which can be propagated in their plant host. The fluorescent viral nanoparticles so obtained obviate post-harvest modifications and thereby maximize yields. Our engineering approach transforms filamentous potato virus X (PVX) to display green fluorescent protein (GFP) or mCherry as N-terminal coat protein (CP) fusions at a 1:3 fusion protein to CP ratio through integration of the foot-and-mouth disease 2A sequence. The in planta propagation of recombinant GFP-PVX or mCherry-PVX thus produced in Nicotiana benthamiana can be easily documented using fluorescence imaging. Molecular farming protocols can be accordingly optimized by monitoring chimera stability over the course of the infection cycle. Moreover, we also demonstrate the utility of recombinant mCherry-PVX in optical imaging of human cancer cells and tumor tissue in preclinical mice model. Together, these features make genetically engineered fluorescent PVX particles ideally suited for molecular imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourabh Shukla
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Christina Dickmeis
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rainer Fischer
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Commandeur
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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20
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Arrue L, Ratjen L. Internal Targeting and External Control: Phototriggered Targeting in Nanomedicine. ChemMedChem 2017; 12:1908-1916. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lily Arrue
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology (CBIB); Universidad Andres Bello; Av. Republica 239 Santiago Chile
| | - Lars Ratjen
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology (CBIB); Universidad Andres Bello; Av. Republica 239 Santiago Chile
- Fundación Fraunhofer Chile Research; Mariano Sánchez Fontecilla 310, Piso 14, Las Condes Santiago Chile
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21
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Lauria I, Dickmeis C, Röder J, Beckers M, Rütten S, Lin YY, Commandeur U, Fischer H. Engineered Potato virus X nanoparticles support hydroxyapatite nucleation for improved bone tissue replacement. Acta Biomater 2017; 62:317-327. [PMID: 28864253 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bionanoparticles based on filamentous phages or flexuous viruses are interesting candidates for meeting the challenges of tailoring biomineralization in hydrogel-based bone tissue substitutes. We hypothesized that hydroxyapatite crystal nucleation and matrix mineralization can be significantly increased by mineralization-inducing (MIP) and integrin binding motif (RGD) peptides presented on biomimetic nanoparticles. In this study, Potato virus X (PVX), a flexible rod-shaped plant virus was genetically engineered to present these functional peptides on its particle surface. Recombinant PVX-MIP/RGD particles were isolated from infected Nicotiana benthamiana plants and characterized by western blot, SEM, TEM, and TPLSM in MSC cultures. The presence of RGD was proven by cell attachment, spreading, and vinculin cluster analysis, and MIP by in vitro mineralization and osteogenic differentiation assays. Thus the tailored surface of genetically engineered PVX forms fibril-like nanostructures which enables enhanced focal adhesion-dependent cell adhesion, and matrix mineralization verified by Alizarin. Hydroxyapatite crystal nucleation is supported on recombinant PVX particles leading to a biomimetic network and bundle-like structures similar to mineralized collagen fibrils. In conclusion, the recombinant flexuous PVX nanoparticles exhibit properties with great potential for bone tissue substitutes. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE A suitable biomaterial for tissue engineering should be able to mimic the endogenous extracellular matrix by presenting biochemical and biophysical cues. Novel hydrogel-based materials seek to meet the criteria of cytocompatibility, biodegradability, printability, and crosslinkability under mild conditions. However, a majority of existing hydrogels lack cell-interactive motifs, which are crucial to modulate cellular responses. The incorporation of the plant virus PVX to the hydrogel could improve functions like integrin-binding and mineralization due to peptide-presentation on the particle surface. The tailored surface of genetically engineered PVX forms fibril-like nanostructures which enables enhanced focal adhesion-dependent cell adhesion and matrix mineralization and offers great potential for the development of new hydrogel compositions for bone tissue substitutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Lauria
- Department of Dental Materials and Biomaterials Research, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Christina Dickmeis
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Juliane Röder
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Malin Beckers
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Stephan Rütten
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Ying Ying Lin
- Department of Dental Materials and Biomaterials Research, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Commandeur
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Horst Fischer
- Department of Dental Materials and Biomaterials Research, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Kinnear C, Moore TL, Rodriguez-Lorenzo L, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Petri-Fink A. Form Follows Function: Nanoparticle Shape and Its Implications for Nanomedicine. Chem Rev 2017; 117:11476-11521. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Calum Kinnear
- Bio21 Institute & School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
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23
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Plant Virus Expression Vectors: A Powerhouse for Global Health. Biomedicines 2017; 5:biomedicines5030044. [PMID: 28758953 PMCID: PMC5618302 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines5030044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-made biopharmaceuticals have long been considered a promising technology for providing inexpensive and efficacious medicines for developing countries, as well as for combating pandemic infectious diseases and for use in personalized medicine. Plant virus expression vectors produce high levels of pharmaceutical proteins within a very short time period. Recently, plant viruses have been employed as nanoparticles for novel forms of cancer treatment. This review provides a glimpse into the development of plant virus expression systems both for pharmaceutical production as well as for immunotherapy.
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24
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Reconceptualizing cancer immunotherapy based on plant production systems. Future Sci OA 2017; 3:FSO217. [PMID: 28884013 PMCID: PMC5583679 DOI: 10.4155/fsoa-2017-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants can be used as inexpensive and facile production platforms for vaccines and other biopharmaceuticals. More recently, plant-based biologics have expanded to include cancer immunotherapy agents. The following review describes the current state of the art for plant-derived strategies to prevent or reduce cancers. The review discusses avenues taken to prevent infection by oncogenic viruses, solid tumors and lymphomas. Strategies including cancer vaccines, monoclonal antibodies and virus nanoparticles are described, and examples are provided. The review ends with a discussion of the implications of plant-based cancer immunotherapy for developing countries. Cancer immunotherapy has made great strides over recent years. This review describes the use of plants as production systems to produce biopharmaceuticals such as vaccines and antibodies to treat a wide variety of cancers. The use of nanoparticle technology based on plant viruses as a novel strategy to target and combat cancers is also included. The review concludes with a discussion of plant production platforms and their relevance for the generation of cheap and effective cancer immunotherapies for developing countries.
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Abstract
The intrinsic limits of conventional cancer therapies prompted the development and application of various nanotechnologies for more effective and safer cancer treatment, herein referred to as cancer nanomedicine. Considerable technological success has been achieved in this field, but the main obstacles to nanomedicine becoming a new paradigm in cancer therapy stem from the complexities and heterogeneity of tumour biology, an incomplete understanding of nano-bio interactions and the challenges regarding chemistry, manufacturing and controls required for clinical translation and commercialization. This Review highlights the progress, challenges and opportunities in cancer nanomedicine and discusses novel engineering approaches that capitalize on our growing understanding of tumour biology and nano-bio interactions to develop more effective nanotherapeutics for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjun Shi
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Philip W Kantoff
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | | | - Omid C Farokhzad
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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26
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Abstract
The intrinsic limits of conventional cancer therapies prompted the development and application of various nanotechnologies for more effective and safer cancer treatment, herein referred to as cancer nanomedicine. Considerable technological success has been achieved in this field, but the main obstacles to nanomedicine becoming a new paradigm in cancer therapy stem from the complexities and heterogeneity of tumour biology, an incomplete understanding of nano-bio interactions and the challenges regarding chemistry, manufacturing and controls required for clinical translation and commercialization. This Review highlights the progress, challenges and opportunities in cancer nanomedicine and discusses novel engineering approaches that capitalize on our growing understanding of tumour biology and nano-bio interactions to develop more effective nanotherapeutics for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjun Shi
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Philip W Kantoff
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | | | - Omid C Farokhzad
- Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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27
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Chen Z, Li N, Chen L, Lee J, Gassensmith JJ. Dual Functionalized Bacteriophage Qβ as a Photocaged Drug Carrier. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:4563-4571. [PMID: 27351167 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201601053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Proteinatious nanoparticles are emerging as promising materials in biomedical research owing to their many unique properties and our interest focuses on integrating environmental responsivity into these systems. In this work, the use of a virus-like particle (VLP) derived from bacteriophage Qβ as a photocaged drug delivery system is investigated. Ideally, a photocaged nanoparticle platform should be harmless and inert without activation by light yet, upon photoirradiation, should cause cell death. Approximately 530 photocleavable doxorubicin complexes are installed initially onto the surface of Qβ by CuAAC reaction for photocaging therapy; however, aggregation and precipitation are found to cause cell death at higher concentrations. In order to improve solution stability, thiol-dibromomaleimide chemistry has been developed to orthogonally modify the VLP. This chemistry provides a robust method of incorporating additional functionality at the disulfides on Qβ, which was used to increase the stability and solubility of the drug-loaded VLPs. As a result, the dual functionalied VLPs with polyethylene glycol and photocaged doxorubicin show not only negligible cytotoxicity before photoactivation but also highly controllable photorelease and cell killing power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX, 75080-3021, USA
| | - Na Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX, 75080-3021, USA
| | - Luxi Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX, 75080-3021, USA
| | - Jiyong Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX, 75080-3021, USA
| | - Jeremiah J Gassensmith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX, 75080-3021, USA
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28
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VanDyke D, Kyriacopulos P, Yassini B, Wright A, Burkhart E, Jacek S, Pratt M, Peterson CR, Rai P. Nanoparticle Based Combination Treatments for Targeting Multiple Hallmarks of Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; Suppl 4:1-18. [PMID: 27547592 DOI: 10.19070/2167-8685-si04001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of cancer remains one of the most challenging tasks facing the healthcare system. Cancer affects the lives of millions of people and is often fatal. Current treatment methods include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapies or some combinations of these. However, recurrence is a major problem. These treatments can be invasive with severe side effects. Inefficacies in treatments are a result of the complex and variable biology of cancerous cells. Malignant tumor cells and normal functioning cells share many of the same biological characteristics but the main difference is that in cancer cells there is in an overuse and over expression of these biological characteristics. These pertinent characteristics can be grouped into eight hallmarks, as illustrated by Hanahan and Weinberg. These characteristics include sustaining proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, resisting cell death, enabling replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, activating invasion and metastasis, reprogramming energy metabolism, and evading immune destruction. In order to provide a noninvasive, effective treatment, delivery methods must be explored in order to transport cytotoxic agents used for targeting the hallmarks of cancer in a safer and more effective fashion. The use of nanoparticles as drug delivery carriers provides an effective method in which multiple cytotoxic agents can be safely delivered to cancer tissue to simultaneously target multiple hallmarks. By targeting multiple hallmarks of cancer at once, the efficacy of cancer treatments could be improved drastically. This review explores the uses and efficacy of combination therapies using nanoparticles that can simultaneously target multiple hallmarks of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- D VanDyke
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - P Kyriacopulos
- Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology Program, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - B Yassini
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - A Wright
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - E Burkhart
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - S Jacek
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - M Pratt
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - C R Peterson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - P Rai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, USA; Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology Program, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, USA
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29
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Abstract
For over two decades now, plants have been explored for their potential to act as production platforms for biopharmaceuticals, such as vaccines and monoclonal antibodies. More recently, plant viruses have been designed as nontoxic nanoparticles that can target a variety of cancers and thus empower the immune system to slow or even reverse tumor progression. The following paper describes the employment of plant virus expression vectors for the treatment of some of the most challenging diseases known today. The paper concludes with a projection of the multiple avenues by which virus nanoparticles could impact developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Hefferon
- Department of Food Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14886, USA
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