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Jaćević V, Dumanović J, Alomar SY, Resanović R, Milovanović Z, Nepovimova E, Wu Q, Franca TCC, Wu W, Kuča K. Research update on aflatoxins toxicity, metabolism, distribution, and detection: A concise overview. Toxicology 2023; 492:153549. [PMID: 37209941 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Serious health risks associated with the consumption of food products contaminated with aflatoxins (AFs) are worldwide recognized and depend predominantly on consumed AF concentration by diet. A low concentration of aflatoxins in cereals and related food commodities is unavoidable, especially in subtropic and tropic regions. Accordingly, risk assessment guidelines established by regulatory bodies in different countries help in the prevention of aflatoxin intoxication and the protection of public health. By assessing the maximal levels of aflatoxins in food products which are a potential risk to human health, it's possible to establish appropriate risk management strategies. Regarding, a few factors are crucial for making a rational risk management decision, such as toxicological profile, adequate information concerning the exposure duration, availability of routine and some novel analytical techniques, socioeconomic factors, food intake patterns, and maximal allowed levels of each aflatoxin in different food products which may be varied between countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Jaćević
- Department for Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Poison Control Centre, Military Medical Academy, Crnotravska 17, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; Medical Faculty of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Crnotravska 17, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanského 62, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Jelena Dumanović
- Medical Faculty of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Crnotravska 17, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Suliman Y Alomar
- King Saud University, College of Science, Zoology Department, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Radmila Resanović
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Oslobođenja 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zoran Milovanović
- Special Police Unit, Ministry of Interior, Trebevićka 12/A, 11 030 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanského 62, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Qinghua Wu
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, 434023 Jingzhou, Hubei, China; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanského 62, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Tanos Celmar Costa Franca
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Applied to the Chemical and Biological Defense, Military Institute of Engineering, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22290-270, Brazil; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanského 62, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Wenda Wu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanského 62, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuča
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, 50005, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanského 62, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Frangiamone M, Lozano M, Cimbalo A, Font G, Manyes L. AFB1 and OTA Promote Immune Toxicity in Human LymphoBlastic T Cells at Transcriptomic Level. Foods 2023; 12:foods12020259. [PMID: 36673351 PMCID: PMC9858301 DOI: 10.3390/foods12020259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA) are typical contaminants of food and feed, which have serious implications for human and animal health, even at low concentrations. Therefore, a transcriptomic study was carried out to analyze gene expression changes triggered by low doses of AFB1 and OTA (100 nM; 7 days), individually and combined, in human lymphoblastic T cells. RNA-sequencing analysis showed that AFB1-exposure resulted in 99 differential gene expressions (DEGs), while 77 DEGs were obtained in OTA-exposure and 3236 DEGs in the combined one. Overall, 16% of human genome expression was altered. Gene ontology analysis revealed, for all studied conditions, biological processes and molecular functions typically associated with the immune system. PathVisio analysis pointed to ataxia telangiectasia mutated signaling as the most significantly altered pathway in AFB1-exposure, glycolysis in OTA-exposure, and ferroptosis in the mixed condition (Z-score > 1.96; adjusted p-value ≤ 0.05). Thus, the results demonstrated the potential DNA damage caused by AFB1, the possible metabolic reprogramming promoted by OTA, and the plausible cell death with oxidative stress prompted by the mixed exposure. They may be considered viable mechanisms of action to promote immune toxicity in vitro.
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Karamkhani M, Asilian-Mahabadi H, Daraei B, Seidkhani-Nahal A, Noori-Zadeh A. Route exposure and adverse effects monitoring of Aflatoxin B1 in the workers of wet waste management, the role of body redox system modulation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 248:114305. [PMID: 36403302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to dust, containing different fungi metabolites such as aflatoxins is a risk factor for developing liver and kidney health abnormalities. Occupational evaluation of the aflatoxin's exposure-induced health abnormalities should include the monitoring of bioaerosols in the workplace and personal air, and applying of appropriate blood biomarkers to assess Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) detrimental effects on a worker's health. However, to the best of our knowledge, these appropriate methods, especially determining the associated-adverse effects on health, following exposure, haven't been well documented in the literature at the wet waste handling sites. In the current study, the AFB1 quantity in the area, personal, and settled dust in wet household waste handling samples and AFB1-Albumin levels in the serum of workers in comparison with the control group were determined using high-pressure liquid chromatography with a fluorescent detector (HPLC-FLD) methods. Moreover, the adverse effects of AFB1 on the liver and kidney biochemical profiles of the exposed workers and its relation to antioxidant capacity in the household wet waste sorting were recorded in a consolidated investigation. The results demonstrated that the average airborne dust concentration and its associated AFB1 content were significantly higher in wet waste management sections as compared to the control place, corresponding to the serum AFB1-Albumin levels of workers. Furthermore, AFB1-induced changes in the serum biochemicals evaluating liver and kidney function tests and antioxidant profiles of workers in wet waste handling sections were indicative of their function abnormalities. The results imply AFB1-induced adverse effects on the liver and kidney functions may be mediated through the body redox system modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morvarid Karamkhani
- Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam 693917714, Iran.
| | - Hassan Asilian-Mahabadi
- Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box. 14115-331, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Bahram Daraei
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box. 6153-14155, Velenjak St., Shahid Chamran Highway, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali Seidkhani-Nahal
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam 693917714, Iran.
| | - Ali Noori-Zadeh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam 693917714, Iran.
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Comprehensive Review of Aflatoxin Contamination, Impact on Health and Food Security, and Management Strategies in Pakistan. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14120845. [PMID: 36548742 PMCID: PMC9781569 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14120845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs) are the most important toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic fungal toxins that routinely contaminate food and feed. While more than 20 AFs have been identified to date, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), B2 (AFB2), G1 (AFG1), G2 (AFG2), and M1 (AFM1) are the most common. Over 25 species of Aspergillus have been shown to produce AFs, with Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, and Aspergillus nomius being the most important and well-known AF-producing fungi. These ubiquitous molds can propagate on agricultural commodities to produce AFs in fields and during harvesting, processing, transportation, and storage. Countries with warmer climates and that produce foods susceptible to AF contamination shoulder a substantial portion of the global AF burden. Pakistan's warm climate promotes the growth of toxigenic fungi, resulting in frequent AF contamination of human foods and animal feeds. The potential for contamination in Pakistan is exacerbated by improper storage conditions and a lack of regulatory limits and enforcement mechanisms. High levels of AFs in common commodities produced in Pakistan are a major food safety problem, posing serious health risks to the population. Furthermore, aflatoxin contamination contributes to economic losses by limiting exports of these commodities. In this review, recent information regarding the fungal producers of AFs, prevalence of AF contamination of foods and feed, current regulations, and AF prevention and removal strategies are summarized, with a major focus on Pakistan.
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Srinivasan B, Ghosh S, Webb P, Griswold SP, Xue KS, Wang JS, Mehta S. Assessing an aflatoxin exposure biomarker: Exploring the interchangeability and correlation between venous and capillary blood samples. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 215:114396. [PMID: 36154854 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to dietary aflatoxins has been recognized as a potential threat to child nutrition and growth, in addition to being a known carcinogen. The ability to accurately assess concentration of aflatoxin in the blood of at-risk individuals is therefore very important to inform public health policies and on-the-ground programs around the world. Venous blood is frequently used to quantify biomarkers of exposure such as AFB1-lysine adducts. However, venous blood collection methods are invasive, requiring highly trained staff, which makes this method challenging to implement, especially in resource-limited settings. In contrast, capillary blood collection by fingerprick is less invasive and has the potential for application in point-of-need monitoring. The aim of this exploratory study was to investigate the correlation and interchangeability of capillary and venous human blood samples in the quantification of AFB1-lysine adduct concentration. A total of 72 venous and capillary blood samples were collected from 36 women of reproductive age (16-49 years) in northern Uganda. All sample specimens were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Regression analysis and Bland-Altman analysis were performed to compare AFB1-lysine concentrations between venous and capillary sample pairs. Bland-Altman analysis of albumin-normalized AFB1-lysine data-bias was -0.023 pg/mg-albumin and the 95% limits of agreement were 0.51 to -0.56 pg/mg-albumin for log-transformed data. There was a positive correlation between albumin-normalized venous and capillary AFB1-lysine concentrations with r of 0.71 (p < .0001). A lack of any accepted clinical cutoff for aflatoxin exposure makes definition of an 'acceptable' limit for statistical analysis and comparison of methods challenging. Our data suggests a positive correlation between albumin-normalized AFB1-lysine concentrations in venous and capillary sample pairs, but relatively weak agreement and interchangeability based on Bland-Altman analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Srinivasan
- Center for Precision Nutrition and Health, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Shibani Ghosh
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Patrick Webb
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stacy P Griswold
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathy S Xue
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jia-Sheng Wang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Saurabh Mehta
- Center for Precision Nutrition and Health, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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Akash MSH, Haq MEU, Qader A, Rehman K. Biochemical investigation of human exposure to aflatoxin M1 and its association with risk factors of diabetes mellitus. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:62907-62918. [PMID: 34216342 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14871-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Recently, aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) has emerged as a major health concern owing to its exposure to human being via consumption of milk, dairy products, and food commodities, and this has a strong association with risk factors that may lead to the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and various other associated metabolic disorders. This study was conducted to investigate the exposure to AFM1 and its association with sociodemographic features and risk factors of T2DM. Urine and blood samples from 672 participants were collected to investigate the concentration of AFM1 in urine and glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), insulin, α-amylase, dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV), free fatty acids (FFAs), triglycerides (TGs), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-chol), interleukine-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), creatinine, uric acid, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine transaminase (ALT) from the blood of study participants. Association of exposure to AFM1 with sociodemographic features and risk factors of T2DM was determined using person correlation coefficient (r), coefficient of determination (R2), and 95% confidence interval, and the level of significance (P<0.05) was measured by Student's unpaired t-test. Among the participants in which AFM1 was detected, 62.91% of participants were found to be diabetic and 37.09% of participants were found to be non-diabetic. Further to this, it was also found that concentration of AFM1 in the urine of diabetic participants was found to be higher (P<0.05) as compared to that in non-diabetic participants. Association of AFM1 exposure with risk factors of T2MD exhibits that exposure to AFM1 was responsible for the induction of inflammatory responses and oxidative stress that may lead to the onset of impaired insulin secretion and metabolism of carbohydrates and ultimately the onset of T2DM and associated metabolic disorders. Hence, it can be summarized that exposure to AFM1 is one of the causative factors that may lead to potentiate the several risk factors notably inflammatory responses and oxidative stress that ultimately induce the pathogenesis of T2DM and associated metabolic disorders. The key findings of this study suggest that human population who are at greater risk of AFM1 exposure can develop T2DM and other associated metabolic risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muhammad Ejaz Ul Haq
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Qader
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Kanwal Rehman
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
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Song L, Wang H, Rui C, Liu Q, Zhang Y, Cheng Y, He J. Preparation and properties of aflatoxins imprinted polymer grafted onto the surface of mesoporous silica SBA-15 functionalized with double bonds. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:4181-4189. [PMID: 34558196 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mesoporous silica Santa Barbara-15 was functionalized by methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane. Taking this as the carrier material, a new mesoporous silica surface imprinted polymer was synthesized by using the C=C bond, functional monomer α-methacrylic acid, and crosslinker ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, which was used to extract aflatoxin from grain efficiently. It is different from the preparation of surface imprinted polymers which is physically wrapping carrier materials with polymer layers. The chemical grafting method makes the coating of the polymer layer more controllable. A new method for selective separation, enrichment, and determination of trace aflatoxin in grain was established by using the polymers as the filter of the solid-phase extraction column and high-performance liquid chromatography. The linear range of the method was 0.5-100 μg/kg, R2 = 0.9990-0.9993. The recovery of aflatoxin G2, G1, B2, and B1 was 98.9-119.7% and the relative standard deviation was 3.07-5.76%. By comparing the self-made column with the immunoaffinity column, it was found that the self-made column had better extraction performance for aflatoxins than the immunoaffinity column. It can be used for the analysis and detection of aflatoxins in cereal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Song
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Henan Vocational College of Water Conservancy and Environment, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Huige Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Chaofan Rui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qing Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yunxia Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yong Cheng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Henan Vocational College of Water Conservancy and Environment, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Juan He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
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Analysis of Aflatoxin Biomarkers in the Hair of Experimental Animals. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13080570. [PMID: 34437441 PMCID: PMC8402374 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of body fluids and tissues of aflatoxin exposed individuals for the presence of aflatoxins and aflatoxin metabolites has emerged as a reliable indicator of exposure and metabolism of aflatoxins. However, current aflatoxin biomarkers are not appropriate for investigating the long-term effects of aflatoxin exposure. In this explorative study, we investigated the analysis of hair as a complementary or alternative matrix for the assessment of biomarkers of long-term aflatoxin exposure. Three groups of guinea pigs were orally dosed with 5 ugkg−1bw−1, 50 ugkg−1bw−1, and 100 ugkg−1bw−1 of AFB1. Urine and hair samples were collected on days 0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 30, 60, and 90 and analysed for AFB1 and AFM1 using UHPLC-MS/MS. AFB1 and AFM1 were detected in 75% and 13.6%, respectively, of the day 1 to day 7 urine samples. AFB1 was detected in hair samples collected from day 3 up to day 60. This is the first report to confirm the deposition of AFB1 in the hair of experimental animals. These findings indicate that hair analysis has the potential to provide an accurate long-term historical record of aflatoxin exposure with potentially important implications for the field of aflatoxin biomarkers.
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Moore GG. Practical considerations will ensure the continued success of pre-harvest biocontrol using non-aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus strains. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:4208-4225. [PMID: 33506687 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1873731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
There is an important reason for the accelerated use of non-aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus to mitigate pre-harvest aflatoxin contamination… it effectively addresses the imperative need for safer food and feed. Now that we have decades of proof of the effectiveness of A. flavus as biocontrol, it is time to improve several aspects of this strategy. If we are to continue relying heavily on this form of aflatoxin mitigation, there are considerations we must acknowledge, and actions we must take, to ensure that we are best wielding this strategy to our advantage. These include its: (1) potential to produce other mycotoxins, (2) persistence in the field in light of several ecological factors, (3) its reproductive and genetic stability, (4) the mechanism(s) employed that allow it to elicit control over aflatoxigenic strains and species of agricultural importance and (5) supplemental alternatives that increase its effectiveness. There is a need to be consistent, practical and thoughtful when it comes to implementing this method of mycotoxin mitigation since these fungi are living organisms that have been adapting, evolving and surviving on this planet for tens-of-millions of years. This document will serve as a critical review of the literature regarding pre-harvest A. flavus biocontrol and will discuss opportunities for improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geromy G Moore
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, New Orleans, USA
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Guo H, Ji J, Wang JS, Sun X. Co-contamination and interaction of fungal toxins and other environmental toxins. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Soriano JM, Rubini A, Morales-Suarez-Varela M, Merino-Torres JF, Silvestre D. Aflatoxins in organs and biological samples from children affected by kwashiorkor, marasmus and marasmic-kwashiorkor: A scoping review. Toxicon 2020; 185:174-183. [PMID: 32693007 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Originally, the kwashiorkor is a pathology justified by the low consumption of proteins and high carbohydrates in weaned children. However, today, it can appear due to multifactorial causes, one of the hypotheses being the presence of aflatoxins in foods consumed by the child population and detected in biological fluids. The objective of this work is to scoping review the presence of aflatoxins in kwashiorkor, marasmus and marasmic-kwashiorkor from organs and biological samples in children. Results reflected that the presence of aflatoxins in kwashiorkor is greater compared to marasmic-kwashiorkor and marasmus in the organs and biological samples analyzed. The relationship of this mycotoxin with the pathology shows that it can affect both genders, even up to 12 years, in addition they are detected in eight biological samples and organs, except in the spleen, and in ten African countries and in the Philippines. The appearance of this pathology has been associated in children when after weaning they consume foods with low protein content and rich in carbohydrates, but coincidentally coincides with foods where the growth of aflatoxigenic fungi is more prevalent, and even the presence of other fungi that can generate other mycotoxins, such as ochratoxin A and fumonisin B1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Soriano
- Food & Health Lab, Institute of Materials Science, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Joint Research Unit on Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, University of Valencia-Health Research Institute La Fe, Spain.
| | - Ana Rubini
- Food & Health Lab, Institute of Materials Science, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Departament of Pharmacy, Cardenal Herrera-CEU University, Spain
| | - María Morales-Suarez-Varela
- Unit of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Sciences, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, University of Valencia, Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain; CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Institute of Health Carlos III, Avda. Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan F Merino-Torres
- Joint Research Unit on Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, University of Valencia-Health Research Institute La Fe, Spain; Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Spain
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Karamkhani M, Asilian-Mahabadi H, Daraei B, Seidkhani-Nahal A, Noori-Zadeh A. Liver and kidney serum profile abnormalities in workers exposed to aflatoxin B1 in urban solid waste management centers. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:472. [PMID: 32607657 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08422-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many workers are exposed to health problems arising from molds, fungi, and their toxins during waste processing. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) level in airborne and settled dust, aflatoxin B1-albumin (AFB1-Alb) adduct in serum, liver and kidney biochemical tests, and body redox change of workers in municipal dry waste-processing sites were investigated. The surface, personal, and area air dust and the blood of workers' samples were collected from the plastic and bread waste-sorting sections in three recycling municipal dry waste sites. Digestion (only for serum samples), passed through SPE cartridge, elution, and collection with methanol, immune-affinity column clean-up, and HPLC system equipped with post-column derivatization method and fluorescence detection were performed for determination of AFB1 and AFB1-Alb levels in the samples. The mean level of dust and AFB1 in the personal and area air, and in the settled dust and the AFB1-Alb in the serum of workers in the bread waste sorting, was higher than plastic waste-sorting samples, in all of the sites. The differences in the biochemical profiles of subjects exposed to aflatoxin B1 as compared to the control group especially in liver and kidney function parameters as well as antioxidant factors of the serum were significant. The workers in handling of municipal waste may be exposed to potentially hazardous levels of aflatoxin B1. The adverse effects of AFB1 on the kidney and liver may be caused by changes in the redox system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morvarid Karamkhani
- Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, P.O. Box. 14115-331, Iran
| | - Hassan Asilian-Mahabadi
- Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, P.O. Box. 14115-331, Iran.
| | - Bahram Daraei
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box. 6153- 14155, Velenjak St., Shahid Chamran Highway, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali Seidkhani-Nahal
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Ali Noori-Zadeh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
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Ekeanyanwu CL, Alisi CS, Ekeanyanwu RC. Levels of Aflatoxin M1 and selected heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn, Fe, As, and Hg) in the breast milk of lactating mothers in South Eastern, Nigeria. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Yin J, Fan W, Du J, Feng W, Dong Z, Liu Y, Zhou T. The toxicity of graphene oxide affected by algal physiological characteristics: A comparative study in cyanobacterial, green algae, diatom. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 248:865-873. [PMID: 32000020 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.02.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Though the main toxic mechanisms of graphene oxide (GO) to algae have been accepted as the shading effect, oxidative stress and mechanical damage, the effect of algal characteristics on these three mechanisms of GO toxicity have seldom been taken into consideration. In this study, we investigated GO toxicity to green algae (Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus obliquus, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii), cyanobacteria (Microcystis aeruginosa) and diatoms (Cyclotella sp.). The aim was to assess how the physiological characteristics of algae affect the toxicity of GO. Results showed that 10 mg/L of GO significantly inhibited the growth of all tested algal types, while S. obliquus and C. reinhardtii were found to be the most susceptible and tolerant species, respectively. Then, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to observe the physiological characteristics of the assessed algae. The presence of locomotive organelles, along with smaller and more spherical cells, was more likely to alleviate the shading effect. Variations in cell wall composition led to different extents of mechanical damage as shown by Cyclotella sp. silica frustules and S. obliquus autosporine division being prone to damage. Meanwhile, growth inhibition and cell division were significantly correlated with the oxidative stress and membrane permeability, suggesting the latter two indicators can effectively signal GO toxicity to algae. The findings of this study provide novel insights into the toxicity of graphene materials in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Yin
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, No. 37, XueYuan Road, HaiDian District, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Wenhong Fan
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, No. 37, XueYuan Road, HaiDian District, Beijing 100191, PR China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, PR China.
| | - Juan Du
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, No. 37, XueYuan Road, HaiDian District, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Weiying Feng
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, No. 37, XueYuan Road, HaiDian District, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Zhaomin Dong
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, No. 37, XueYuan Road, HaiDian District, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Yingying Liu
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, No. 37, XueYuan Road, HaiDian District, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, No. 37, XueYuan Road, HaiDian District, Beijing 100191, PR China
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Ferri F, Brera C, De Santis B, Collini G, Crespi E, Debegnach F, Gargano A, Gattei D, Magnani I, Mancuso P, Mozzanica S, Teodori E, Djuric O, Giorgi Rossi P. Association between Urinary Levels of Aflatoxin and Consumption of Food Linked to Maize or Cow Milk or Dairy Products. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17072510. [PMID: 32268619 PMCID: PMC7177871 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17072510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this analysis was to assess the association between consumption of maize and dairy products and urine and serum levels of aflatoxin FM1 (AFM1) in a sample of 59 males occupationally exposed (29) and non-exposed (30) to aflatoxins. Two urine samples were collected for each person; each sample was accompanied by a questionnaire on food consumption in the preceding 96 h. Given the similar levels of contamination found in exposed and non-exposed workers, the association between food consumption and AFM1 levels was analyzed by pooling samples from exposed and non-exposed workers. No serum sample was found to be positive for AFM1, whereas 74% of the urine samples were positive; the average concentration of positive samples was 0.042 ng/mL (range < limit of detection (LoD) (0.002)-0.399 ng/mL). Of the 21 samples from maize consumers, 13 were positive for AFM1 (62%), with a mean concentration of 0.026 ng/mL (range 0.006-0.088 ng/mL), while 76% (74/94) of the samples from maize non-consumers were positive (mean 0.045, range < LoD (0.002)-0.399 ng/mL). No association was found with milk or dairy products. The high urine level of aflatoxins found in both exposed and non-exposed workers was not associated with the consumption of maize or cow milk products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Ferri
- Servizio Prevenzione Sicurezza Ambienti di Lavoro (SPSAL), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale—Reggio Emilia—IRCCS, Via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy (E.C.); (A.G.); (D.G.); (I.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Carlo Brera
- Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento (LNR) per le Micotossine—Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.B.); (B.D.S.); (F.D.)
| | - Barbara De Santis
- Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento (LNR) per le Micotossine—Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.B.); (B.D.S.); (F.D.)
| | - Giorgia Collini
- Servizio di Epidemiologia, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale—IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (P.M.); (O.D.); (P.G.R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Enrica Crespi
- Servizio Prevenzione Sicurezza Ambienti di Lavoro (SPSAL), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale—Reggio Emilia—IRCCS, Via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy (E.C.); (A.G.); (D.G.); (I.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Francesca Debegnach
- Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento (LNR) per le Micotossine—Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.B.); (B.D.S.); (F.D.)
| | - Angelo Gargano
- Servizio Prevenzione Sicurezza Ambienti di Lavoro (SPSAL), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale—Reggio Emilia—IRCCS, Via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy (E.C.); (A.G.); (D.G.); (I.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Daniela Gattei
- Servizio Prevenzione Sicurezza Ambienti di Lavoro (SPSAL), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale—Reggio Emilia—IRCCS, Via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy (E.C.); (A.G.); (D.G.); (I.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Ines Magnani
- Servizio Prevenzione Sicurezza Ambienti di Lavoro (SPSAL), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale—Reggio Emilia—IRCCS, Via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy (E.C.); (A.G.); (D.G.); (I.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Pamela Mancuso
- Servizio di Epidemiologia, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale—IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (P.M.); (O.D.); (P.G.R.)
| | - Stefania Mozzanica
- Servizio Prevenzione Sicurezza Ambienti di Lavoro (SPSAL), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale—Reggio Emilia—IRCCS, Via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy (E.C.); (A.G.); (D.G.); (I.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Elvira Teodori
- Laboratorio Analisi, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale—IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy;
| | - Olivera Djuric
- Servizio di Epidemiologia, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale—IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (P.M.); (O.D.); (P.G.R.)
- Center for Environmental, Nutritional and Genetic Epidemiology (CREAGEN), Section of Public Health, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Università 4, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Paolo Giorgi Rossi
- Servizio di Epidemiologia, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale—IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (P.M.); (O.D.); (P.G.R.)
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16
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Arce-López B, Lizarraga E, Vettorazzi A, González-Peñas E. Human Biomonitoring of Mycotoxins in Blood, Plasma and Serum in Recent Years: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E147. [PMID: 32121036 PMCID: PMC7150965 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12030147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This manuscript reviews the state-of-the-art regarding human biological monitoring (HBM) of mycotoxins in plasma serum and blood samples. After a comprehensive and systematic literature review, with a focus on the last five years, several aspects were analyzed and summarized: a) the biomarkers analyzed and their encountered levels, b) the analytical methodologies developed and c) the relationship between biomarker levels and some illnesses. In the literature reviewed, aflatoxin B1-lysine (AFB1-lys) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in plasma and serum were the most widely studied mycotoxin biomarkers for HBM. Regarding analytical methodologies, a clear increase in the development of methods for the simultaneous determination of multiple mycotoxins has been observed. For this purpose, the use of liquid chromatography (LC) methodologies, especially when coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) or high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), has grown. A high percentage of the samples analyzed for OTA or aflatoxin B1 (mostly as AFB1-lys) in the reviewed papers were positive, demonstrating human exposure to mycotoxins. This review confirms the importance of mycotoxin human biomonitoring and highlights the important challenges that should be faced, such as the inclusion of other mycotoxins in HBM programs, the need to increase knowledge of mycotoxin metabolism and toxicokinetics, and the need for reference materials and new methodologies for treating samples. In addition, guidelines are required for analytical method validation, as well as equations to establish the relationship between human fluid levels and mycotoxin intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Arce-López
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry; Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (B.A.-L.); (E.G.-P.)
| | - Elena Lizarraga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry; Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (B.A.-L.); (E.G.-P.)
| | - Ariane Vettorazzi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology. School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain;
- IdiSNA, Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Elena González-Peñas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry; Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (B.A.-L.); (E.G.-P.)
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17
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Martins C, Assunção R, Nunes C, Torres D, Alvito P. Are Data from Mycotoxins’ Urinary Biomarkers and Food Surveys Linked? A Review Underneath Risk Assessment. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2019.1709200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Martins
- Food and Nutrition Department, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
- CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
- NOVA National School of Public Health, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- CISP, Centro de Investigação em Saúde Pública, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - R. Assunção
- Food and Nutrition Department, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
- CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - C. Nunes
- NOVA National School of Public Health, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- CISP, Centro de Investigação em Saúde Pública, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - D. Torres
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Epidemiology Research Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - P. Alvito
- Food and Nutrition Department, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
- CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
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18
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Battilani P, Palumbo R, Giorni P, Dall’Asta C, Dellafiora L, Gkrillas A, Toscano P, Crisci A, Brera C, De Santis B, Rosanna Cammarano R, Della Seta M, Campbell K, Elliot C, Venancio A, Lima N, Gonçalves A, Terciolo C, Oswald IP. Mycotoxin mixtures in food and feed: holistic, innovative, flexible risk assessment modelling approach:. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2020.en-1757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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19
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Madariaga-Mazón A, Hernández-Alvarado RB, Noriega-Colima KO, Osnaya-Hernández A, Martinez-Mayorga K. Toxicity of secondary metabolites. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2018-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Secondary metabolites, commonly referred to as natural products, are produced by living organisms and usually have pharmacological or biological activities. Secondary metabolites are the primary source for the discovery of new drugs. Furthermore, secondary metabolites are also used as food preservatives, biopesticides or as research tools. Although secondary metabolites are mainly used by their beneficial biological activity, the toxicity of some of them may limit their use. The toxicity assessment of any compound that is prone to be used in direct contact with human beings is of vital importance. There is a vast spectrum of experimental methods for toxicity evaluation, including in vitro and in vivo methodologies. In this work, we present an overview of the different sources, bioactivities, toxicities and chemical classification of secondary metabolites, followed by a sketch of the role of toxicity assessment in drug discovery and agrochemistry.
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20
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Slobodchikova I, Sivakumar R, Rahman MS, Vuckovic D. Characterization of Phase I and Glucuronide Phase II Metabolites of 17 Mycotoxins Using Liquid Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E433. [PMID: 31344861 PMCID: PMC6723440 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11080433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Routine mycotoxin biomonitoring methods do not include many mycotoxin phase I and phase II metabolites, which may significantly underestimate mycotoxin exposure especially for heavily metabolized mycotoxins. Additional research efforts are also needed to measure metabolites in vivo after exposure and to establish which mycotoxin metabolites should be prioritized for the inclusion during large-scale biomonitoring efforts. The objective of this study was to perform human in vitro microsomal incubations of 17 mycotoxins and systematically characterize all resulting metabolites using liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). The results obtained were then used to build a comprehensive LC-MS library and expand a validated 17-mycotoxin method for exposure monitoring to screening of additional 188 metabolites, including 100 metabolites reported for the first time. The final method represents one of the most comprehensive LC-HRMS methods for mycotoxin biomonitoring or metabolism/fate studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Slobodchikova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada
- Centre for Biological Applications of Mass Spectrometry, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Reajean Sivakumar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Md Samiur Rahman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Dajana Vuckovic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada.
- Centre for Biological Applications of Mass Spectrometry, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada.
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21
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Fakhri Y, Rahmani J, Oliveira CAF, Franco LT, Corassin CH, Saba S, Rafique J, Mousavi Khaneghah A. Aflatoxin M1 in human breast milk: A global systematic review, meta-analysis, and risk assessment study (Monte Carlo simulation). Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Lauwers M, Croubels S, Letor B, Gougoulias C, Devreese M. Biomarkers for Exposure as A Tool for Efficacy Testing of A Mycotoxin Detoxifier in Broiler Chickens and Pigs. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E187. [PMID: 30925814 PMCID: PMC6520943 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11040187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Applying post-harvest control measures such as adding mycotoxin detoxifying agents is a frequently-used mitigation strategy for mycotoxins. EFSA states that the efficacy of these detoxifiers needs to be tested using specific biomarkers for exposure. However, the proposed biomarkers for exposure are not further optimized for specific target species. Hence, the goal of this study was a) to evaluate the most suitable biomarkers for deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN) in porcine plasma, urine and feces; and DON, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in plasma and excreta of broiler chickens and b) to determine the efficacy of a candidate detoxifier, as a proof-of-concept study. Therefore, a mixture of mycotoxins was administered as a single oral bolus with or without detoxifying agent. In accordance with literature AFB1, OTA, and DON-sulphate (DON-S) proved optimal biomarkers in broilers plasma and excreta whereas, in pigs DON-glucuronide (DON-GlcA) and ZEN-glucuronide (ZEN-GlcA) proved the optimal biomarkers in plasma, DON and ZEN-GlcA in urine and, ZEN in feces. A statistically significant reduction was seen between control and treatment group for both AFB1 and DON in broiler plasma, under administration of the mycotoxin blend and detoxifier dose studied suggesting thus, beneficial bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Lauwers
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
- Innovad, Postbaan 69, 2910 Essen, Belgium.
| | - Siska Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Ben Letor
- Innovad, Postbaan 69, 2910 Essen, Belgium.
| | | | - Mathias Devreese
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Elzupir A, Alamer A, AlRajhi M, Idriss H. Assessment of health risks from aflatoxins in rice commercialised in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF CROPS & FOODS 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/qas2017.1241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A.O. Elzupir
- Committee on Radiation and Environmental Pollution Protection, Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), P.O. Box 90905, Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, Central Laboratory, Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - A.S. Alamer
- Committee on Radiation and Environmental Pollution Protection, Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), P.O. Box 90905, Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - M. AlRajhi
- Committee on Radiation and Environmental Pollution Protection, Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), P.O. Box 90905, Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - H. Idriss
- Committee on Radiation and Environmental Pollution Protection, Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), P.O. Box 90905, Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
- Sudan Atomic Energy Commission, Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research, Khartoum, Sudan
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24
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Ezekiel CN, Oyeyemi OT, Oyedele OA, Ayeni KI, Oyeyemi IT, Nabofa W, Nwozichi CU, Dada A. Urinary aflatoxin exposure monitoring in rural and semi-urban populations in Ogun state, Nigeria. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:1565-1572. [PMID: 29843566 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1475752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are a major class of fungal toxins that have food safety importance due to their economic and health impacts. This pilot aflatoxin exposure biomonitoring study on 84 individuals was conducted in a rural (Ilumafon) and a semi-urban community (Ilishan Remo) of Ogun state, Nigeria, to compare aflatoxin exposures among the two population cohorts. First morning urine samples were obtained from the participants, and the urinary aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) levels were measured by a quantitative Helica Biosystems Inc. ELISA kit assay. About 99% (83 out of 84) of the urine samples had detectable AFM1 levels in the range of 0.06 to 0.51 ng mL-1 (median: 0.27 ng mL-1). The mean urinary AFM1 levels were significantly (p = 0.001) higher in the semi-urban population (0.31 ± 0.09 ng mL-1) compared to the rural population (0.24 ± 0.07 ng mL-1). There were, however, no significant differences in mean urinary AFM1 levels of males and females, and among children, adolescents and adults. This study indicates high aflatoxin exposure to the extent of public health concerns in the studied populations. Thus, more efforts are required for aflatoxin exposure monitoring and control in high-risk regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chibundu N Ezekiel
- a Department of Microbiology , Babcock University , Ilishan Remo , Ogun State , Nigeria
| | - Oyetunde T Oyeyemi
- b Department of Basic Sciences , Babcock University , Ilishan Remo , Nigeria
| | | | - Kolawole I Ayeni
- a Department of Microbiology , Babcock University , Ilishan Remo , Ogun State , Nigeria
| | - Ifeoluwa T Oyeyemi
- c Department of Biological Sciences , University of Medical Sciences , Ondo , Nigeria
| | - Williams Nabofa
- d Department of Physiology, Benjamin Carson (Senior) School of Medicine , Babcock University , Ilishan Remo , Nigeria
| | - Chinomso U Nwozichi
- e Department of Adult Health Nursing, School of Nursing , Babcock University , Ilishan Remo , Nigeria
| | - Adeyemi Dada
- f Department of Chemical Pathology , Lagos State University Teaching Hospital , Ikeja , Nigeria
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25
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Seetha A, Monyo ES, Tsusaka TW, Msere HW, Madinda F, Chilunjika T, Sichone E, Mbughi D, Chilima B, Matumba L. Aflatoxin-lysine adducts in blood serum of the Malawian rural population and aflatoxin contamination in foods (groundnuts, maize) in the corresponding areas. Mycotoxin Res 2018; 34:195-204. [PMID: 29679369 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-018-0314-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin-lysine (AFB1-lys) adduct levels in blood samples collected from 230 individuals living in three districts of Malawi (Kasungu, Mchinji, and Nkhotakota) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) levels in groundnut and maize samples collected from their respective homesteads were determined using indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IC-ELISA) methods. AFB1-lys adducts were detected in 67% of blood samples, with a mean concentration of 20.5 ± 23.4 pg/mg of albumin. AFB1 was detected in 91% of groundnut samples and in 70% of maize samples, with mean AFB1 levels of 52.4 and 16.3 μg/kg, respectively. All participants of this study reported consuming maize on a daily basis and consuming groundnuts regularly (mean consumption frequency per week: 3.2 ± 1.7). According to regression analysis, a frequency of groundnut consumption of more than four times per week, being female, and being a farmer were significant (p < 0.05) contributors to elevated AFB1-lys adduct levels in the blood. This is the first report on AFB1-lys adducts in blood samples of residents in Malawi. The results reinforce the urgent need for interventions, aiming at a reduction of aflatoxin exposure of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anitha Seetha
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), PO Box 1096, Lilongwe, Malawi.
| | - Emmanuel S Monyo
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Takuji W Tsusaka
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), PO Box 1096, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Harry W Msere
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), PO Box 1096, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | | | | | - Ethel Sichone
- Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Dickson Mbughi
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), PO Box 1096, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Benson Chilima
- Community Health Sciences Unit (CHSU), P/Bag 65, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Limbikani Matumba
- Food Technology and Nutrition Group, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, NRC Campus, PO Box 143, Lilongwe, Malawi
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Slamecka J, Capcarova M, Jurcik R, Sladecek T, Argente MJC, Gren A, Massanyi P. Seasonal, age and sex fluctuations in aflatoxin B 1 content in the liver and kidney of brown hares (Lepus europaeus Pall). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2017; 52:466-470. [PMID: 28095185 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2016.1271671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to monitor the accumulation of aflatoxin B1 in the liver and kidney of brown hares (Lepus europaeus Pall) in the region of south-western Slovakia. A total of 65 samples were involved for analysis by RIA method. Brown hares were divided into the groups according to age, sex and season (month). The sex was determined visually after shooting, and the age was assigned from dried eye lens. The average concentration of AFB1 in the liver of hares was 0.54 ± 0.053 µg/kg, and lower values were measured in the kidney (0.41 ± 0.038 µg/kg). The significantly (P < 0.05) higher values were found in winter months when compared to summer months. According to the age, juvenile animals showed significant higher accumulation of B1 in both organs than adults (P < 0.05). Wild animals can serve as a good model of real environmental contamination. Thus, monitoring of risk factors such as mycotoxins in the environment is important with regard to public health, as game animals constitute an important part of food chain for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Slamecka
- a National Agricultural and Food Centre Nitra, Animal Production Research Centre Nitra , Luzianky , Slovak Republic
| | - Marcela Capcarova
- b Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences , Department of Animal Physiology , Nitra , Slovak Republic
| | - Rastislav Jurcik
- a National Agricultural and Food Centre Nitra, Animal Production Research Centre Nitra , Luzianky , Slovak Republic
| | - Tomas Sladecek
- a National Agricultural and Food Centre Nitra, Animal Production Research Centre Nitra , Luzianky , Slovak Republic
| | | | - Agnieszka Gren
- d Pedagogical University of Cracow, Institute of Biology , Kraków , Poland
| | - Peter Massanyi
- b Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences , Department of Animal Physiology , Nitra , Slovak Republic
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Farah Nadira A, Rosita J, Norhaizan M, Mohd Redzwan S. Screening of aflatoxin M 1 occurrence in selected milk and dairy products in Terengganu, Malaysia. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Akbari P, Braber S, Varasteh S, Alizadeh A, Garssen J, Fink-Gremmels J. The intestinal barrier as an emerging target in the toxicological assessment of mycotoxins. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:1007-1029. [PMID: 27417439 PMCID: PMC5316402 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1794-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins, the secondary metabolites of fungal species, are the most frequently occurring natural food contaminants in human and animal diets. Risk assessment of mycotoxins focused as yet on their mutagenic, genotoxic and potential carcinogenic effects. Recently, there is an increasing awareness of the adverse effects of various mycotoxins on vulnerable structures in the intestines. In particular, an impairment of the barrier function of the epithelial lining cells and the sealing tight junction proteins has been noted, as this could result in an increased translocation of luminal antigens and pathogens and an excessive activation of the immune system. The current review aims to provide a summary of the available evidence regarding direct effects of various mycotoxins on the intestinal epithelial barrier. Available data, based on different cellular and animal studies, show that food-associated exposure to certain mycotoxins, especially trichothecenes and patulin, affects the intestinal barrier integrity and can result in an increased translocation of harmful stressors. It is therefore hypothesized that human exposure to certain mycotoxins, particularly deoxynivalenol, as the major trichothecene, may play an important role in etiology of various chronic intestinal inflammatory diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, and in the prevalence of food allergies, particularly in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyman Akbari
- Division of Veterinary Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia Braber
- Division of Veterinary Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Soheil Varasteh
- Division of Veterinary Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Arash Alizadeh
- Division of Veterinary Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Nutricia Research, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna Fink-Gremmels
- Division of Veterinary Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Kunter İ, Hürer N, Gülcan HO, Öztürk B, Doğan İ, Şahin G. Assessment of Aflatoxin M1 and Heavy Metal Levels in Mothers Breast Milk in Famagusta, Cyprus. Biol Trace Elem Res 2017; 175:42-49. [PMID: 27250496 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0750-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Breast milk contributes towards optimal nutrition for infants. However, studies showed that it can also contain different toxins and heavy metals, which reduce its health benefits. The aim of this study is to determine the level of contaminants such as aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), Pb, Cd, As, and Hg in breast milk samples from Famagusta, Cyprus. Correlations between moldy food consumption, smoking habits of the mothers, and contaminant levels in breast milk were also investigated. Breast milk samples from 50 lactating mothers in rural and urban areas of Famagusta District were analyzed for AFM1 by ELISA. Eighty percent of them were found to be contaminated with AFM1 with the mean measurement of 7.84 ± 1.72 ng/l. Socio-demographic status, moldy food consumption habits, and smoking status do not have any effect on the AFM1 levels observed in breast milk. Heavy metal levels in breast milk were examined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and the mean measurements were1.19 ± 1.53 ppm for Pb, 0.73 ± 0.58 ppm for As, 0 ± 0.20 ppm for Hg, and 0.45 ± 0.23 ppm for Cd. This study indicates that the levels of these contaminants in breast milk samples obtained in Famagusta District are well within the acceptable levels. However, the presence of AFM1 and heavy metals still may pose risks for infant health.
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Affiliation(s)
- İmge Kunter
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern Mediterranean University, North Cyprus via Mersin 10, Famagusta, 99628, Turkey.
| | - Nazife Hürer
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Eastern Mediterranean University, North Cyprus via Mersin 10, Famagusta, 99628, Turkey
| | - Hayrettin Ozan Gülcan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern Mediterranean University, North Cyprus via Mersin 10, Famagusta, 99628, Turkey
| | - Barış Öztürk
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetic, Faculty of Health Sciences, Biruni University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - İrfan Doğan
- Uzman Expert Quality Education Consultancy and Laboratory Services, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Gönül Şahin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Eastern Mediterranean University, North Cyprus via Mersin 10, Famagusta, 99628, Turkey
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Aflatoxin M 1 in human breast milk in southeastern Turkey. Mycotoxin Res 2016; 33:103-107. [PMID: 28032266 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-016-0268-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study was performed to determine aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in human breast milk samples collected in Şanlıurfa, located in Southeastern region of Turkey, and to investigate a possible correlation between AFM1 occurrence (frequency and levels) and sampling seasons. Human breast milk samples collected in December 2014 and in June 2015 from a total of 74 nursing women, both outpatient and inpatient volunteers in hospitals located in Şanlıurfa, Turkey, were analyzed using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the presence of AFM1. AFM1 was detected in 66 (89.2%) out of 74 samples at an average concentration of 19.0 ± 13.0 ng/l (min.-max., 9.6-80 ng/l). There was a statistically significant difference between December and June concerning AFM1 levels (p < 0.05). Further detailed studies will be needed to determine the main sources of aflatoxins in food, to establish protection strategies against maternal and infant exposure to these mycotoxins.
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Maringe DT, Chidewe C, Benhura MA, Mvumi BM, Murashiki TC, Dembedza MP, Siziba L, Nyanga LK. Natural postharvest aflatoxin occurrence in food legumes in the smallholder farming sector of Zimbabwe. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2016; 10:21-26. [PMID: 27700622 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2016.1240245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxins, mainly produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, are highly toxic and may lead to health problems such as liver cancer. Exposure to aflatoxins may result from ingestion of contaminated foods. Levels of AFB1, AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2 in samples of groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea), beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata) and bambara nuts (Vigna subterranean) grown by smallholder farmers in Shamva and Makoni districts, Zimbabwe, were determined at harvesting, using high performance liquid chromatography after immunoaffinity clean-up. Aflatoxins were detected in 12.5% of groundnut samples with concentrations ranging up to 175.9 µg/kg. Aflatoxins were present in 4.3% of the cowpea samples with concentrations ranging from 1.4 to 103.4 µg/kg. Due to alarming levels of aflatoxins detected in legumes versus maximum permissible levels, there is a need to assist smallholder farmers to develop harvest control strategies to reduce contamination of aflatoxins in legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Tinayeshe Maringe
- a Institute of Food, Nutrition and Family Sciences, Faculty of Science , University of Zimbabwe , Harare , Zimbabwe
| | - Cathrine Chidewe
- b Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science , University of Zimbabwe , Harare , Zimbabwe
| | - Mudadi Albert Benhura
- b Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science , University of Zimbabwe , Harare , Zimbabwe
| | - Brighton Marimanzi Mvumi
- c Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture , University of Zimbabwe , Harare , Zimbabwe
| | - Tatenda Clive Murashiki
- b Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science , University of Zimbabwe , Harare , Zimbabwe
| | - Mavis Precious Dembedza
- a Institute of Food, Nutrition and Family Sciences, Faculty of Science , University of Zimbabwe , Harare , Zimbabwe
| | - Lucia Siziba
- a Institute of Food, Nutrition and Family Sciences, Faculty of Science , University of Zimbabwe , Harare , Zimbabwe
| | - Loveness Kuziwa Nyanga
- a Institute of Food, Nutrition and Family Sciences, Faculty of Science , University of Zimbabwe , Harare , Zimbabwe
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Shao D, Imerman PM, Schrunk DE, Ensley SM, Rumbeiha WK. Intralaboratory development and evaluation of a high-performance liquid chromatography–fluorescence method for detection and quantitation of aflatoxins M1, B1, B2, G1, and G2 in animal liver. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 28:646-655. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638716668217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are potent mycotoxins with effects that include hepatotoxicity, immunosuppression, and suppression of animal growth and production. The etiologic diagnosis of aflatoxicosis, which is largely based on analysis of contaminated feed matrices, has significant disadvantages given the fact that representative feed samples may not be available and feed-based test methods are not confirmatory of an etiologic diagnosis. A tissue-based analytical method for biomarkers of exposure would be valuable for confirmation of aflatoxicosis. We describe in-house development and evaluation of a high-performance liquid chromatographic method with fluorescence detection and precolumn derivatization for determination of aflatoxins M1, B1, B2, G1, and G2 in animal liver. The method demonstrates good selectivity for the tested aflatoxins in the liver matrix. The overall range was 0.03–0.10 ng/g for limit of detection and 0.09–0.18 ng/g for limit of quantitation. The correlation coefficient ( R2) of calibration curves was >0.9978 for AFM1, 0.9995 for AFB1, 0.9986 for AFB2, 0.9983 for AFG1, and 0.9980 for AFG2. For fortification levels of 0.2–10 ng/g, repeatability was 10–18% for AFM1, 7–14% for AFB1, 5–14% for AFB2, 6–16% for AFG1, and 10–15% for AFG2. Recovery was 52–57% for AFM1, 54–62% for AFB1, 55–61% for AFB2, 57–67% for AFG1, and 61–65% for AFG2. There was no liver matrix effect found. The method is rugged against minor changes based on the selected factors. The results indicate that the proposed method is suitable for quantitative determination of aflatoxins M1, B1, B2, G1, and G2 in liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahai Shao
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Paula M. Imerman
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Dwayne E. Schrunk
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Steve M. Ensley
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Wilson K. Rumbeiha
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
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Lin H, Liu W, Zeng H, Pu C, Zhang R, Qiu Z, Chen JA, Wang L, Tan Y, Zheng C, Yang X, Tian Y, Huang Y, Luo J, Luo Y, Feng X, Xiao G, Feng L, Li H, Wang F, Yuan C, Wang J, Zhou Z, Wei T, Zuo Y, Wu L, He L, Guo Y, Shu W. Determination of Environmental Exposure to Microcystin and Aflatoxin as a Risk for Renal Function Based on 5493 Rural People in Southwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:5346-56. [PMID: 27071036 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Although the nephrotoxicity of microcystin and aflatoxin has been observed in animal and clinical cases, few population data are available. We conducted a cross-sectional study in Southwest China to investigate the association of renal function indicators (RFIs, including BUN, SCr, and eGFR) with exposure to microcystin and aflatoxin in 5493 members of the general population. Microcystin-LR levels in water and aquatic products and aflatoxin B1 levels in daily foods were measured by ELISA, and individual estimated daily intake (EDI) was assessed on the basis of the measurement and questionnaire. We found that participants with abnormal RFIs had a much higher mean level of microcystin-LR EDI than those with normal RFIs and that there was a significant increasing trend for abnormal rates and odds ratios of RFIs with increasing microcystin-LR EDI quartiles (p for trend = 0.000). Compared with the lowest quartile of microcystin-LR exposure, those in the highest quartile had significantly higher risks of abnormal BUN (OR = 1.80, 95% CI = 1.34-2.42), SCr (OR = 4.58, 95% CI = 2.92-7.21), and eGFR (OR = 4.41, 95% CI = 2.55-7.63), respectively, but no higher risk was found in subjects with higher AFB1 exposure. After adjustment for confounding factors, risk associations with microcystin-LR persisted. Consequently, our results suggest that microcystin, rather than aflatoxin, might be one important risk of renal-function impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chaowen Pu
- The Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Fuling District , Chongqing, 408000 China
| | - Renping Zhang
- The Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Fuling District , Chongqing, 408000 China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yingqiao Tian
- The Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Fuling District , Chongqing, 408000 China
| | | | | | | | | | - Guosheng Xiao
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University , Wanzhou, Chongqing, 404100 China
| | - Lei Feng
- The Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Fuling District , Chongqing, 408000 China
| | - Heng Li
- The Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Fuling District , Chongqing, 408000 China
| | - Feng Wang
- Township Central Hospital in Yihe Town , Fuling District, Chongqing, 408104 China
| | - Changyou Yuan
- Community Health Service Center in Lidu Town , Fuling District, Chongqing, 408103 China
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Jager AV, Tonin FG, Baptista GZ, Souto PC, Oliveira CA. Assessment of aflatoxin exposure using serum and urinary biomarkers in São Paulo, Brazil: A pilot study. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2016; 219:294-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Fromme H, Gareis M, Völkel W, Gottschalk C. Overall internal exposure to mycotoxins and their occurrence in occupational and residential settings – An overview. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2016; 219:143-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Scharf DH, Brakhage AA, Mukherjee PK. Gliotoxin--bane or boon? Environ Microbiol 2015; 18:1096-109. [PMID: 26443473 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Gliotoxin (GT) is the most important epidithiodioxopiperazine (ETP)-type fungal toxin. GT was originally isolated from Trichoderma species as an antibiotic substance involved in biological control of plant pathogenic fungi. A few isolates of GT-producing Trichoderma virens are commercially marketed for biological control and widely used in agriculture. Furthermore, GT is long known as an immunosuppressive agent and also reported to have anti-tumour properties. However, recent publications suggest that GT is a virulence determinant of the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. This compound is thus important on several counts - it has medicinal properties, is a pathogenicity determinant, is a potential diagnostic marker and is important in biological crop protection. The present article addresses this paradox and the ecological role of GT. We discuss the function of GT as defence molecule, the role in aspergillosis and suggest solutions for safe application of Trichoderma-based biofungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H Scharf
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute (HKI) and Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Axel A Brakhage
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute (HKI) and Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Prasun K Mukherjee
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, 400085, India
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Lee HJ, Ryu D. Advances in Mycotoxin Research: Public Health Perspectives. J Food Sci 2015; 80:T2970-83. [PMID: 26565730 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, deoxynivalenol, and zearalenone are of significant public health concern as they can cause serious adverse effects in different organs including the liver, kidney, and immune system in humans. These toxic secondary metabolites are produced by filamentous fungi mainly in the genus Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium. It is challenging to control the formation of mycotoxins due to the worldwide occurrence of these fungi in food and the environment. In addition to raw agricultural commodities, mycotoxins tend to remain in finished food products as they may not be destroyed by conventional processing techniques. Hence, much of our concern is directed to chronic health effects through long-term exposure to one or multiple mycotoxins from contaminated foods. Ideally risk assessment requires a comprehensive data, including toxicological and epidemiological studies as well as surveillance and exposure assessment. Setting of regulatory limits for mycotoxins is considered necessary to protect human health from mycotoxin exposure. Although advances in analytical techniques provide basic yet critical tool in regulation as well as all aspects of scientific research, it has been acknowledged that different forms of mycotoxins such as analogs and conjugated mycotoxins may constitute a significant source of dietary exposure. Further studies should be warranted to correlate mycotoxin exposure and human health possibly via identification and validation of suitable biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Lee
- School of Food Science, Univ. of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive MS 2312, Moscow, ID, 83844, U.S.A
| | - Dojin Ryu
- School of Food Science, Univ. of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive MS 2312, Moscow, ID, 83844, U.S.A
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Viegas S, Veiga L, Almeida A, dos Santos M, Carolino E, Viegas C. Occupational Exposure to Aflatoxin B1 in a Portuguese Poultry Slaughterhouse. ANNALS OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE 2015; 60:176-83. [PMID: 26568583 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mev077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a secondary metabolite produced by the fungi Aspergillus flavus and is the most potent hepatocarcinogen known in mammals and has been classified by the International Agency of Research on Cancer as Group 1 carcinogen. Although dietary exposure to AFB1 has been extensively documented, there are still few studies dedicated to the problem of occupational exposure. Considering recent findings regarding AFB1 occupational exposure in poultry production, it was considered relevant to clarify if there is also exposure in poultry slaughterhouses. Occupational exposure assessment to AFB1 was done with a biomarker of internal dose that measures AFB1 in the serum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Thirty workers from a slaughterhouse were enrolled in this study. A control group (n = 30) was also considered in order to know AFB1 background levels for Portuguese population. Fourteen workers (47.0%) showed detectable levels of AFB1 with values from 1.06 to 4.03ng ml(-1), with a mean value of 1.73ng ml(-1). No AFB1 was detected in serum of individuals used as controls. Despite uncertainties regarding the exposure route that is contributing more to exposure (inhalation or dermal) is possible to state that exposure to AFB1 is occurring in the slaughterhouse studied. It seems that reducing AFB1 contamination in poultry production can have a positive result in this occupational setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Viegas
- 1.Environment and Health RG, Lisbon School of Health Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Lisbon, Av. D. João II, lote 4.69.01, Parque das Nações, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal; 2.Centro de Investigação em Saúde Pública (CISP/ENSP/UNL), 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Luísa Veiga
- 3.Lisbon School of Health Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Almeida
- 3.Lisbon School of Health Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mateus dos Santos
- 1.Environment and Health RG, Lisbon School of Health Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Lisbon, Av. D. João II, lote 4.69.01, Parque das Nações, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Carolino
- 1.Environment and Health RG, Lisbon School of Health Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Lisbon, Av. D. João II, lote 4.69.01, Parque das Nações, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carla Viegas
- 1.Environment and Health RG, Lisbon School of Health Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Lisbon, Av. D. João II, lote 4.69.01, Parque das Nações, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal; 4.Faculty of Medicine, Environmental Health Institute, Lisbon University, Lisbon, Portugal
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Ali N, Hossain K, Blaszkewicz M, Rahman M, Mohanto NC, Alim A, Degen GH. Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in urines from rural and urban adult cohorts in Bangladesh. Arch Toxicol 2015; 90:1749-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1601-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Saad-Hussein A, Taha MM, Fadl NN, Awad AH, Mahdy-Abdallah H, Moubarz G, Aziz H, El-Shamy KA. Effects of airborne Aspergillus on serum aflatoxin B1 and liver enzymes in workers handling wheat flour. Hum Exp Toxicol 2015; 35:3-9. [PMID: 25697850 DOI: 10.1177/0960327115573596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present work aimed to investigate the relationship between occupational exposure to airborne molds, serum aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), and liver enzymes of workers handling wheat flour. METHODS The study included 90 bakers, 100 flour milling workers, and 100 controls with no exposure to flour dust. Workplace aspects such as temperature and relative humidity were measured. Airborne fungi were collected and identified. In all subjects included, the serum levels of AFB1, serum albumin (Alb), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were measured. RESULTS Air temperature and relative humidity were found to be higher in bakeries than in flour mill sections. Airborne Aspergillus species were isolated in dust particles <8 µm in size. The concentration of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger were higher in bakeries than in the flour mill sections. They were higher in the grinding section than in other mill sections. The serum AFB1-Alb adduct and ALP levels were significantly higher in bakers compared to milling workers (p < 0.0001, p = 0.05), respectively. The liver enzymes AST and ALT were significantly higher among milling workers and bakers than controls (p < 0.05, p < 0.0001), respectively. The duration of exposure was significantly correlated with serum AFB1 in bakers. Moreover, there was significant correlation between serum AFB1, each of ALT and AST levels in bakers. CONCLUSIONS chronic occupational exposure to high concentrations of Aspergillus in workplaces may cause elevations in serum levels of AFB1 and liver enzymes in workers exposed to flour dust. Hence, worker protection measures should be consistently adopted and enforced at the workplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Saad-Hussein
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - M M Taha
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - N N Fadl
- Department of Medical Physiology, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - A-H Awad
- Department of Environmental and Health Research, The Custodian of the Two Holly Mosques Institute for Hajj and Umrah Research, Umm-Al Qura University, Saudi Arabia
| | - H Mahdy-Abdallah
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - G Moubarz
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts-Khulais, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
| | - H Aziz
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - K A El-Shamy
- Department of Medical Physiology, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
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Warth B, Petchkongkaew A, Sulyok M, Krska R. Utilising an LC-MS/MS-based multi-biomarker approach to assess mycotoxin exposure in the Bangkok metropolitan area and surrounding provinces. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:2040-6. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.969329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Ali N, Blaszkewicz M, Degen GH. Occurrence of the mycotoxin citrinin and its metabolite dihydrocitrinone in urines of German adults. Arch Toxicol 2014; 89:573-8. [PMID: 25224402 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1363-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
As data on food contamination with the mycotoxin citrinin (CIT) are scarce, a recently developed method for biomarker analysis (Blaszkewicz et al. in Arch Toxicol 87:1087-1094, 2013) was applied to investigate CIT exposure of German adults. CIT and its human metabolite dihydrocitrinone (HO-CIT) were determined in urine samples from a group of 50 healthy adults (n = 27 females and n = 23 males). After cleanup by immunoaffinity (CitriTest®) columns, extracts were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. The mycotoxin and its major metabolite HO-CIT were detected in 82 and 84 % of all urine samples, at concentrations ranging from 0.02 (limit of detection, LOD) to 0.08 ng/mL for CIT, and 0.05 (LOD) to 0.51 ng/mL for HO-CIT. Median urine analyte levels in the cohort were 0.03 (CIT) and 0.06 ng/mL (OH-CIT) or adjusted to creatinine 20.2 ng/g crea (CIT) and 60.9 ng/g crea (HO-CIT), respectively. Except for higher urinary CIT levels in males, differences between subgroups were not significant. This first biomarker analysis indicates widespread and variable exposure to CIT in German adults, and conversion of ingested mycotoxin to its less toxic metabolite HO-CIT, which may serve as biomarker of exposure in addition to the parent compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurshad Ali
- Leibniz-Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo) at TU Dortmund, Ardeystrasse 67, 44139, Dortmund, Germany
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Fast and sensitive LC–MS/MS method measuring human mycotoxin exposure using biomarkers in urine. Arch Toxicol 2014; 89:1993-2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1358-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Elzupir AO, Alamer AS. Quantitative cancer risk of aflatoxin in peanut butter and vegetable oils: Sudan case study. TOXIN REV 2014. [DOI: 10.3109/15569543.2014.942320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Hamidi A, Mirnejad R, Yahaghi E, Behnod V, Mirhosseini A, Amani S, Sattari S, Darian EK. The aflatoxin B1 isolating potential of two lactic acid bacteria. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 3:732-6. [PMID: 23998015 DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(13)60147-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine lactic acid bacteria's capability to enhance the process of binding and isolating aflatoxin B1 and to utilize such lactic acid bacteria as a food supplement or probiotic products for preventing absorption of aflatoxin B1 in human and animal bodies. METHODS In the present research, the bacteria were isolated from five different sources. For surveying the capability of the bacteria in isolating aflatoxin B1, ELISA method was implemented, and for identifying the resultant strains through 16S rRNA sequencing method, universal primers were applied. RESULTS Among the strains which were isolated, two strains of Lactobacillus pentosus and Lactobacillus beveris exhibited the capability of absorbing and isolating aflatoxin B1 by respectively absorbing and discharging 17.4% and 34.7% of the aforementioned toxin existing in the experiment solution. CONCLUSIONS Strains of Lactobacillus pentosus and Lactobacillus beveris were isolated from human feces and local milk samples, respectively. And both strains has the ability to isolate or bind with aflatoxin B1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Hamidi
- Department of Microbiology, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Arak, Iran
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Turner PC. The molecular epidemiology of chronic aflatoxin driven impaired child growth. SCIENTIFICA 2013; 2013:152879. [PMID: 24455429 PMCID: PMC3881689 DOI: 10.1155/2013/152879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxins are toxic secondary fungal metabolites that contaminate dietary staples in tropical regions; chronic high levels of exposure are common for many of the poorest populations. Observations in animals indicate that growth and/or food utilization are adversely affected by aflatoxins. This review highlights the development of validated exposure biomarkers and their use here to assess the role of aflatoxins in early life growth retardation. Aflatoxin exposure occurs in utero and continues in early infancy as weaning foods are introduced. Using aflatoxin-albumin exposure biomarkers, five major studies clearly demonstrate strong dose response relationships between exposure in utero and/or early infancy and growth retardation, identified by reduced birth weight and/or low HAZ and WAZ scores. The epidemiological studies include cross-sectional and longitudinal surveys, though aflatoxin reduction intervention studies are now required to further support these data and guide sustainable options to reduce the burden of exposure. The use of aflatoxin exposure biomarkers was essential in understanding the observational data reviewed and will likely be a critical monitor of the effectiveness of interventions to restrict aflatoxin exposure. Given that an estimated 4.5 billion individuals live in regions at risk of dietary contamination the public health concern cannot be over stated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Craig Turner
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Mohd Redzwan S, Rosita J, Mohd Sokhini AM, Nurul 'Aqilah AR, Wang JS, Kang MS, Zuraini A. Detection of serum AFB1-lysine adduct in Malaysia and its association with liver and kidney functions. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2013; 217:443-51. [PMID: 24095591 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aflatoxin is ubiquitously found in many foodstuffs and produced by Aspergillus species of fungi. Of many aflatoxin metabolites, AFB1 is classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as group one carcinogen and linked to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The study on molecular biomarker of aflatoxin provides a better assessment on the extent of human exposure to aflatoxin. In Malaysia, the occurrences of aflatoxin-contaminated foods have been documented, but there is a lack of data on human exposure to aflatoxin. Hence, this study investigated the occurrence of AFB1-lysine adduct in serum samples and its association with liver and kidney functions. 5ml fasting blood samples were collected from seventy-one subjects (n=71) for the measurement of AFB1-lysine adduct, albumin, total bilirubin, AST (aspartate aminotransferase), ALT (alanine transaminase), ALP (alkaline phosphatase), GGT (gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase), creatinine and BUN (blood urea nitrogen). The AFB1-lysine adduct was detected in all serum samples (100% detection rate) with a mean of 6.85±3.20pg/mg albumin (range: 1.13-18.85pg/mg albumin). Male subjects (mean: 8.03±3.41pg/mg albumin) had significantly higher adduct levels than female subjects (mean: 5.64±2.46pg/mg albumin) (p<0.01). It was noteworthy that subjects with adduct levels greater than average (>6.85pg/mg albumin) had significantly elevated level of total bilirubin (p<0.01), GGT (p<0.05) and creatinine (p<0.01). Nevertheless, only the level of total bilirubin, (r=0.347, p-value=0.003) and creatinine (r=0.318, p-value=0.007) showed significant and positive correlation with the level of AFB1-lysine adduct. This study provides a valuable insight on human exposure to aflatoxin in Malaysia. Given that aflatoxin can pose serious problem to the health, intervention strategies should be implemented to limit/reduce human exposure to aflatoxin. Besides, a study with a big sample size should be warranted in order to assess aflatoxin exposure in the general population of Malaysia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mohd Redzwan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jamaluddin Rosita
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - A M Mohd Sokhini
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - A R Nurul 'Aqilah
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jia-Sheng Wang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, GA, USA
| | - Min-Su Kang
- Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, GA, USA
| | - Ahmad Zuraini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Warth B, Sulyok M, Krska R. LC-MS/MS-based multibiomarker approaches for the assessment of human exposure to mycotoxins. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:5687-95. [PMID: 23774829 PMCID: PMC3695324 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7011-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic fungal secondary metabolites that frequently contaminate food and feed worldwide, and hence represent a major hazard for food and feed safety. To estimate human exposure arising from contaminated food, so-called biomarker approaches have been developed as a complementary biomonitoring tool besides traditional food analysis. The first methods based on radioimmunoassays and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays as well as on liquid chromatography were developed in the late 1980s and early 1990s for the carcinogenic aflatoxins and in the last two decades further tailor-made methods for some major mycotoxins have been published. Since 2010, there has been a clear trend towards the development and application of multianalyte methods based on liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry for assessment of mycotoxin exposure made possible by the increased sensitivity and selectivity of modern mass spectrometry instrumentation and sophisticated sample cleanup approaches. With use of these advanced methods, traces of mycotoxins and relevant breakdown and conjugation products can be quantified simultaneously in human urine as so-called biomarkers and can be used to precisely describe the real exposure, toxicokinetics, and bioavailability of the toxins present. In this article, a short overview and comparison of published multibiomarker methods focusing on the determination of mycotoxins and relevant excretion products in human urine is presented. Special attention is paid to the main challenges when analyzing these toxic food contaminants in urine, i.e., very low analyte concentrations, appropriate sample preparation, matrix effects, and a lack of authentic, NMR-confirmed calibrants and reference materials. Finally, the progress in human exposure assessment studies facilitated by these analytical methods is described and an outlook on probable developments and possibilities is presented. Mycotoxin exposure assessment: traditional food analysis compared to the innovative, complementary biomarker approach ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Warth
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
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Viegas S, Veiga L, Figueredo P, Almeida A, Carolino E, Sabino R, Veríssimo C, Viegas C. Occupational exposure to aflatoxin B1 in swine production and possible contamination sources. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2013; 76:944-951. [PMID: 24156697 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2013.826569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Although the adverse health consequences of ingestion of food contaminated with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) are known, relatively few studies are available on the adverse effects of exposure in occupational settings. Taking this into consideration, our study was developed aiming to elucidate the possible effects of occupational exposure to AFB1 in Portuguese swine production facilities using a specific biomarker to assess exposure to AFB1. In total, 28 workers participated in this study, providing blood samples, and a control group (n = 30) was composed of subjects without any type of agricultural activity. Fungal contamination was also studied by conventional methods through air, surfaces, and new and used floor coverage. Twenty-one workers (75%) showed detectable levels of AFB1 with values ranging from <1 ng/ml to 8.94 ng/ml and with a mean value of 1.91 ± 1.68 ng/ml. In the control group, the AFB1 values were all below 1 ng/ml. Twelve different Aspergillus species were identified. Aspergillus versicolor presented the highest airborne spore counts (3210 CFU/m3) and was also detected in higher values in surfaces (>300 CFU/cm2). Data indicate that exposure to AFB1 occurs in swine barns, and this site serves as a contamination source in an occupational setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Viegas
- a Environmental Health RG, Lisbon School of Health Technology, Polytechnique Institute of Lisbon , Lisboa , Portugal
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