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Feraldi A, De Santis B, Finocchietti M, Debegnach F, Mandile A, Alfò M. Evaluation of Statistical Treatment of Left-Censored Contamination Data: Example Involving Deoxynivalenol Occurrence in Pasta and Pasta Substitute Products. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:521. [PMID: 37755947 PMCID: PMC10536512 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15090521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The handling of data on food contamination frequently represents a challenge because these are often left-censored, being composed of both positive and non-detected values. The latter observations are not quantified and provide only the information that they are below a laboratory-specific threshold value. Besides deterministic approaches, which simplify the treatment through the substitution of non-detected values with fixed threshold or null values, a growing interest has been shown in the application of stochastic approaches to the treatment of unquantified values. In this study, a multiple imputation procedure was applied in order to analyze contamination data on deoxynivalenol, a mycotoxin that may be present in pasta and pasta substitute products. An application of the proposed technique to censored deoxynivalenol occurrence data is presented. The results were compared to those attained using deterministic techniques (substitution methods). In this context, the stochastic approach seemed to provide a more accurate, unbiased and realistic solution to the problem of left-censored occurrence data. The complete sample of values could then be used to estimate the exposure of the general population to deoxynivalenol based on consumption data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Feraldi
- Department of Statistical Science, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.F.); (A.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Barbara De Santis
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Italian National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Marco Finocchietti
- Department of Statistical Science, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.F.); (A.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Francesca Debegnach
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Italian National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Antonio Mandile
- Department of Statistical Science, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.F.); (A.M.); (M.A.)
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Italian National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Marco Alfò
- Department of Statistical Science, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.F.); (A.M.); (M.A.)
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De Santis B, Debegnach F, Toscano P, Crisci A, Battilani P, Brera C. Overall Exposure of European Adult Population to Mycotoxins by Statistically Modelled Biomonitoring Data. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:695. [PMID: 34678988 PMCID: PMC8537926 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13100695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study presents the exposure scenario to mycotoxins of adult population throughout Europe. The urinary biomarkers values were obtained by modelling data from two European projects. Exposure to AFB1, OTA, CIT, FBs, DON, NIV and T2/HT2 are presented. The main output obtained refers to a concern for public health about AFM1, FBs, T2/HT2 and NIV, and low concern for OTA, DON and CIT. The margin of exposure for AFM1 did not respect the reference value of 10,000 considered of low priority for risk; for Fusarium toxins, FBs and T2/HT2, probable daily intake (PDI) values resulted about ten times higher than their tolerable daily intake and NIV presented the most critical situation with a calculated PDI 30 times higher than the reference TDI value. North and South Europe scenarios were also depicted by clustering biomonitoring data. OTA and DON showed to be prevalent in Northern countries and the opposite was noticed for ZEN, higher in Southern countries. The critical issues of the availability of records feeding the dataset and of the accuracy of excretion rate for some mycotoxins are source of uncertainty for the reliability of the outputs, nevertheless the time is ripe for asking for more concrete HBM values and/or HBM-HBGV which would help in interpreting the burden of mycotoxins in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara De Santis
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Italian National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.D.); (C.B.)
| | - Francesca Debegnach
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Italian National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.D.); (C.B.)
| | - Piero Toscano
- Institute of BioEconomy, National Research Council, 50145 Florence, Italy; (P.T.); (A.C.)
| | - Alfonso Crisci
- Institute of BioEconomy, National Research Council, 50145 Florence, Italy; (P.T.); (A.C.)
| | - Paola Battilani
- Department of Sustainable Crop Production, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy;
| | - Carlo Brera
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Italian National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.D.); (C.B.)
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Arce-López B, Alvarez-Erviti L, De Santis B, Izco M, López-Calvo S, Marzo-Sola ME, Debegnach F, Lizarraga E, López de Cerain A, González-Peñas E, Vettorazzi A. Biomonitoring of Mycotoxins in Plasma of Patients with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13070477. [PMID: 34357949 PMCID: PMC8310068 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13070477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to environmental contaminants might play an important role in neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis, such as Parkinson´s disease (PD) and Alzheimer´s disease (AD). For the first time in Spain, the plasmatic levels of 19 mycotoxins from patients diagnosed with a neurodegenerative disease (44 PD and 24 AD) and from their healthy companions (25) from La Rioja region were analyzed. The studied mycotoxins were aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2 and M1, T-2 and HT-2, ochratoxins A (OTA) and B (OTB), zearalenone, sterigmatocystin (STER), nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, deepoxy-deoxynivalenol, neosolaniol, diacetoxyscirpenol and fusarenon-X. Samples were analyzed by LC-MS/MS before and after treatment with β-glucuronidase/arylsulfatase in order to detect potential metabolites. Only OTA, OTB and STER were detected in the samples. OTA was present before (77% of the samples) and after (89%) the enzymatic treatment, while OTB was only detectable before (13%). Statistically significant differences in OTA between healthy companions and patients were observed but the observed differences might seem more related to gender (OTA levels higher in men, p-value = 0.0014) than the disease itself. STER appeared only after enzymatic treatment (88%). Statistical analysis on STER, showed distributions always different between healthy controls and patients (patients’ group > controls, p-value < 0.0001). Surprisingly, STER levels weakly correlated positively with age in women (rho = 0.3384), while OTA correlation showed a decrease of levels with age especially in the men with PD (rho = −0.4643).
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Arce-López
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, Research Group MITOX, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (B.A.-L.); (E.L.); (E.G.-P.)
| | - Lydia Alvarez-Erviti
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 3rd Floor, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (L.A.-E.); (M.I.)
| | - Barbara De Santis
- National Reference Laboratory for Mycotoxins and Plant Toxins, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma, Italy; (B.D.S.); (F.D.)
| | - María Izco
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Piqueras 98, 3rd Floor, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (L.A.-E.); (M.I.)
| | - Silvia López-Calvo
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital San Pedro, Piqueras 98, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (S.L.-C.); (M.E.M.-S.)
| | - Maria Eugenia Marzo-Sola
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital San Pedro, Piqueras 98, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (S.L.-C.); (M.E.M.-S.)
| | - Francesca Debegnach
- National Reference Laboratory for Mycotoxins and Plant Toxins, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma, Italy; (B.D.S.); (F.D.)
| | - Elena Lizarraga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, Research Group MITOX, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (B.A.-L.); (E.L.); (E.G.-P.)
| | - Adela López de Cerain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Research Group MITOX, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elena González-Peñas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Chemistry, Research Group MITOX, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (B.A.-L.); (E.L.); (E.G.-P.)
| | - Ariane Vettorazzi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Research Group MITOX, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Menniti-Ippolito F, Ippoliti I, Pastorelli AA, Altieri I, Scalise F, De Santis B, Debegnach F, Brera C, Pacifici R, Pichini S, Pellegrini M, Rotolo MC, Graziano S, Palazzino G, Multari G, Gallo FR, Neri B, Giannetti L, Russo K, Fedrizzi G, Bonan S, Mazzanti G, Moro PA, Salvi E, Firenzuoli F, Valeri A, Moretti U, Traversa G, Silano M, Stacchini P, Boniglia C. Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) food supplements and hepatotoxicity: an integrated evaluation approach. Ann Ist Super Sanita 2020; 56:462-469. [PMID: 33346172 DOI: 10.4415/ann_20_04_08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Turmeric is the common name for the rhizome of Curcuma longa L. In the recent years, food supplements containing turmeric have been marketed and widely used by an increasing number of consumers. Spontaneous reports of suspected adverse reactions to food supplements are collected within the Phytovigilance system. METHODS An ad hoc multidisciplinary group investigated the suspected cases of hepatotoxicity reported to the Italian Phytovigilance system associated with the assumption of turmeric food supplements with the methodology specific to pharmacovigilance as well as for the evaluation of the quality and safety of food supplements. RESULTS A cluster of 28 spontaneous reports of acute hepatitis, mostly with cholestasis, associated with turmeric products were sent to the Italian Phytovigilance system in the first six months of 2019. In all cases, except one, the causality assessment was at least possible. The suspected products were collected and analysed for the presence of drugs, heavy metals, aflatoxins, pesticides, synthetic dyes and pyrrolizidine alkaloids. CONCLUSION On the basis of the results of all the activities performed by multidisciplinary group, regulatory intervention was taken. This study highlights the importance of developing an integrated evaluation approach for the evaluation of the adverse effects associated with the use of food supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Menniti-Ippolito
- Centro Nazionale per la Ricerca e la Valutazione Preclinica e Clinica dei Farmaci, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Ippoliti
- Centro Nazionale per la Ricerca e la Valutazione Preclinica e Clinica dei Farmaci, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Augusto Alberto Pastorelli
- Dipartimento Sicurezza Alimentare, Nutrizione e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Altieri
- Dipartimento Sicurezza Alimentare, Nutrizione e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Scalise
- Dipartimento Sicurezza Alimentare, Nutrizione e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara De Santis
- Dipartimento Sicurezza Alimentare, Nutrizione e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Debegnach
- Dipartimento Sicurezza Alimentare, Nutrizione e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Brera
- Dipartimento Sicurezza Alimentare, Nutrizione e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Pacifici
- Centro Nazionale Dipendenze e Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Pichini
- Centro Nazionale Dipendenze e Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Pellegrini
- Centro Nazionale Dipendenze e Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Graziano
- Centro Nazionale Dipendenze e Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Palazzino
- Centro Nazionale per la Ricerca e la Valutazione Preclinica e Clinica dei Farmaci, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Multari
- Centro Nazionale per la Ricerca e la Valutazione Preclinica e Clinica dei Farmaci, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Romana Gallo
- Centro Nazionale per la Ricerca e la Valutazione Preclinica e Clinica dei Farmaci, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Bruno Neri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Giannetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana, Rome, Italy
| | - Katia Russo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Fedrizzi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e della Emilia-Romagna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefania Bonan
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e della Emilia-Romagna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gabriela Mazzanti
- Dipartimento di Fisiologia e Farmacologia "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Angela Moro
- Centro Antiveleni di Milano, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Salvi
- Centro Nazionale per la Ricerca e la Valutazione Preclinica e Clinica dei Farmaci, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Firenzuoli
- Centro di Ricerca e Innovazione in Fitoterapia (CERFIT) dell'Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Valeri
- Società Italiana di Omeopatia, Mirandola, Modena, Italy
| | - Ugo Moretti
- Dipartimento di Diagnostica e Sanità Pubblica Sezione di Farmacologia, Università degli Studi di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Marco Silano
- Dipartimento Sicurezza Alimentare, Nutrizione e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Stacchini
- Dipartimento Sicurezza Alimentare, Nutrizione e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Concetta Boniglia
- Dipartimento Sicurezza Alimentare, Nutrizione e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Ferri F, Brera C, De Santis B, Collini G, Crespi E, Debegnach F, Gargano A, Gattei D, Magnani I, Mancuso P, Mozzanica S, Teodori E, Djuric O, Giorgi Rossi P. Association between Urinary Levels of Aflatoxin and Consumption of Food Linked to Maize or Cow Milk or Dairy Products. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:ijerph17072510. [PMID: 32268619 PMCID: PMC7177871 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17072510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this analysis was to assess the association between consumption of maize and dairy products and urine and serum levels of aflatoxin FM1 (AFM1) in a sample of 59 males occupationally exposed (29) and non-exposed (30) to aflatoxins. Two urine samples were collected for each person; each sample was accompanied by a questionnaire on food consumption in the preceding 96 h. Given the similar levels of contamination found in exposed and non-exposed workers, the association between food consumption and AFM1 levels was analyzed by pooling samples from exposed and non-exposed workers. No serum sample was found to be positive for AFM1, whereas 74% of the urine samples were positive; the average concentration of positive samples was 0.042 ng/mL (range < limit of detection (LoD) (0.002)-0.399 ng/mL). Of the 21 samples from maize consumers, 13 were positive for AFM1 (62%), with a mean concentration of 0.026 ng/mL (range 0.006-0.088 ng/mL), while 76% (74/94) of the samples from maize non-consumers were positive (mean 0.045, range < LoD (0.002)-0.399 ng/mL). No association was found with milk or dairy products. The high urine level of aflatoxins found in both exposed and non-exposed workers was not associated with the consumption of maize or cow milk products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Ferri
- Servizio Prevenzione Sicurezza Ambienti di Lavoro (SPSAL), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale—Reggio Emilia—IRCCS, Via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy (E.C.); (A.G.); (D.G.); (I.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Carlo Brera
- Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento (LNR) per le Micotossine—Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.B.); (B.D.S.); (F.D.)
| | - Barbara De Santis
- Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento (LNR) per le Micotossine—Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.B.); (B.D.S.); (F.D.)
| | - Giorgia Collini
- Servizio di Epidemiologia, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale—IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (P.M.); (O.D.); (P.G.R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Enrica Crespi
- Servizio Prevenzione Sicurezza Ambienti di Lavoro (SPSAL), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale—Reggio Emilia—IRCCS, Via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy (E.C.); (A.G.); (D.G.); (I.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Francesca Debegnach
- Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento (LNR) per le Micotossine—Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; (C.B.); (B.D.S.); (F.D.)
| | - Angelo Gargano
- Servizio Prevenzione Sicurezza Ambienti di Lavoro (SPSAL), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale—Reggio Emilia—IRCCS, Via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy (E.C.); (A.G.); (D.G.); (I.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Daniela Gattei
- Servizio Prevenzione Sicurezza Ambienti di Lavoro (SPSAL), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale—Reggio Emilia—IRCCS, Via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy (E.C.); (A.G.); (D.G.); (I.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Ines Magnani
- Servizio Prevenzione Sicurezza Ambienti di Lavoro (SPSAL), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale—Reggio Emilia—IRCCS, Via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy (E.C.); (A.G.); (D.G.); (I.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Pamela Mancuso
- Servizio di Epidemiologia, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale—IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (P.M.); (O.D.); (P.G.R.)
| | - Stefania Mozzanica
- Servizio Prevenzione Sicurezza Ambienti di Lavoro (SPSAL), Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale—Reggio Emilia—IRCCS, Via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy (E.C.); (A.G.); (D.G.); (I.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Elvira Teodori
- Laboratorio Analisi, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale—IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy;
| | - Olivera Djuric
- Servizio di Epidemiologia, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale—IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (P.M.); (O.D.); (P.G.R.)
- Center for Environmental, Nutritional and Genetic Epidemiology (CREAGEN), Section of Public Health, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Università 4, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Paolo Giorgi Rossi
- Servizio di Epidemiologia, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale—IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Via Amendola 2, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (P.M.); (O.D.); (P.G.R.)
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Debegnach F, Brera C, Mazzilli G, Sonego E, Buiarelli F, Ferri F, Rossi PG, Collini G, De Santis B. Optimization and validation of a LC-HRMS method for aflatoxins determination in urine samples. Mycotoxin Res 2020; 36:257-266. [PMID: 32002812 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-020-00389-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins' exposure by inhalation and/or dermal contact can occur in different branches of industry especially where heavily dusty settings are present and the handling of dusty commodities is performed. This study aims to explore the possible contribution of the occupational exposure to aflatoxins by analysing urine samples for the presence of aflatoxins B1 and M1 and aflatoxin B1-N7-guanine adduct. The study was conducted in 2017 on two groups of volunteers, the workers group, composed by personnel employed in an Italian feed plant (n = 32), and a control group (n = 29), composed by the administrative employees of the same feed plant; a total of 120 urine samples were collected and analysed. A screening method and a quantitative method with high-resolution mass spectrometry determination were developed and fully validated. Limits of detections were 0.8 and 1.5 pg/mLurine for aflatoxin B1 and M1, respectively. No quantitative determination was possible for the adduct aflatoxin B1-N7-guanine. Aflatoxin B1 and its adduct were not detected in the analysed samples, and aflatoxin M1, instead, was found in 14 samples (12%) within the range 1.9-10.5 pg/mLurine. Only one sample showed a value above the limit of quantification (10.5 pg/mLurine). The absence of a statistical difference between the mean values for workers and the control group which were compared suggests that in this specific setting, no professional exposure occurs. Furthermore, considering the very low level of aflatoxin M1 in the collected urine samples, the contribution from the diet to the overall exposure is to be considered negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Debegnach
- Reparto di Sicurezza Chimica degli Alimenti, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Brera
- Reparto di Sicurezza Chimica degli Alimenti, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Mazzilli
- Reparto di Sicurezza Chimica degli Alimenti, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Sonego
- Reparto di Sicurezza Chimica degli Alimenti, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Buiarelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Fulvio Ferri
- Servizio Prevenzione Sicurezza Ambienti di Lavoro, SPSAL - AUSL, Via Giovanni Amendola, 2, 42122, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Paolo Giorgi Rossi
- Servizio Epidemiologia, AUSL - IRCCS, Via Giovanni Amendola, 2, 42122, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Giorgia Collini
- Servizio Epidemiologia, AUSL - IRCCS, Via Giovanni Amendola, 2, 42122, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Barbara De Santis
- Reparto di Sicurezza Chimica degli Alimenti, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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7
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De Santis B, Gregori E, Debegnach F, Moracci G, Saitta C, Brera C. Determination of ochratoxin A in pork meat products: single laboratory validation method and preparation of homogeneous batch materials. Mycotoxin Res 2020; 36:235-241. [PMID: 31981090 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-020-00386-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A is one of the most diffused mycotoxin present in a large spectrum of food commodities, mainly produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium verrucosum. EU has set maximum limits for a number of matrices such as cereals, wine, spices and liquorice, whilst other commodities such as beer and meat products that are susceptible of OTA contamination and are largely consumed are not included. In 2013, within the framework of the Regulation (EC) 882/2004 on official controls, the European Commission issued the mandate M/520 regarding the standardisation for methods of analysis for mycotoxins in food to the European Committee for Standardisation. Of the 11 priorities of the mandate, the one on "HPLC determination of OTA in meat, meat products and edible offal" was assigned to the Italian National Reference Laboratory for feed and food. The method was single-laboratory validated, and all the performance characteristics of the method were compliant with the corresponding reference values indicated in Regulation (EC) n. 401/2006. The method was applied to characterise a set of 5 pork-based materials (ham, kidney, liver and canned chopped pork) to be used for an inter-laboratory method validation study. Three ham materials (levels of contamination of 0.77, 2.22 and 12.3 μg/kg, respectively), one liver material (contamination level of 2.80 μg/kg) and one chopped pork meat (contamination level of 0.66 μg/kg) were tested for homogeneity and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara De Santis
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Italian National Institute of Health (ISS), viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Gregori
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Italian National Institute of Health (ISS), viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Debegnach
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Italian National Institute of Health (ISS), viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Moracci
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Italian National Institute of Health (ISS), viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Saitta
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Italian National Institute of Health (ISS), viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Brera
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Italian National Institute of Health (ISS), viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
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8
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Brera C, Debegnach F, Minardi V, Pannunzi E, Santis BD, Miraglia M, Bergamini C, Biancardi A, Bodda M, Bonassisa L, Burdaspal P, Cantamessa L, Chessa G, Commissati I, Corrao A, Dömsödi J, Esposito G, Focardi C, Garbini D, Gatti M, Gibellino C, Kroeger K, Lombardi FM, Mambelli P, Mastrantoni J, Michelet JY, Møller T, Pascale M, Petrini C, Pietri A, Piombino M, Piro R, Pittet A, Rizzi N, Stroka J, Thim AM, Ubaldi A, Villani A, Zanon F. Immunoaffinity Column Cleanup with Liquid Chromatography for Determination of Aflatoxin B1 in Corn Samples: Interlaboratory Study. J AOAC Int 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/90.3.765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
An interlaboratory study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of an immunoaffinity column cleanup liquid chromatography (LC) method for the determination of aflatoxin B1 levels in corn samples, enforced by European Union legislation. A test portion was extracted with methanolwater (80 + 20); the extract was filtered, diluted with phosphate-buffered saline solution, filtered on a microfiber glass filter, and applied to an immunoaffinity column. The column was washed with deionized water to remove interfering compounds, and the purified aflatoxin B1 was eluted with methanol. Aflatoxin B1 was separated and determined by reversed-phase LC with fluorescence detection after either pre- or postcolumn derivatization. Precolumn derivatization was achieved by generating the trifluoroacetic acid derivative, used by 8 laboratories. The postcolumn derivatization was achieved either with pyridinium hydrobromide perbromide, used by 16 laboratories, or with an electrochemical cell by the addition of bromide to the mobile phase, used by 5 laboratories. The derivatization techniques used were not significantly different when compared by the Student's t-test; the method was statistically evaluated for all the laboratories. Five corn sample materials, both spiked and naturally contaminated, were sent to 29 laboratories (22 Italian and 7 European). Test portions were spiked with aflatoxin B1 at levels of 2.00 and 5.00 ng/g. The mean values for recovery were 82% for the low level and 84% for the high contamination level. Based on results for spiked samples (blind pairs at 2 levels) as well as naturally contaminated samples (blind pairs at 3 levels), the values for relative standard deviation for repeatability (RSDr) ranged from 9.9 to 28.7%. The values for relative standard deviation for reproducibility (RSDR) ranged from 18.6 to 36.8%. The method demonstrated acceptable within- and between-laboratory precision for this matrix, as evidenced by the HorRat values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Brera
- Italian National Institute for Health (ISS), National Center for Food Quality and Risk Assessment, GMO and Mycotoxins Unit, Viale Regina Elena, 299-00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Debegnach
- Italian National Institute for Health (ISS), National Center for Food Quality and Risk Assessment, GMO and Mycotoxins Unit, Viale Regina Elena, 299-00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Minardi
- Italian National Institute for Health (ISS), National Center for Food Quality and Risk Assessment, GMO and Mycotoxins Unit, Viale Regina Elena, 299-00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Pannunzi
- Italian National Institute for Health (ISS), National Center for Food Quality and Risk Assessment, GMO and Mycotoxins Unit, Viale Regina Elena, 299-00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara De Santis
- Italian National Institute for Health (ISS), National Center for Food Quality and Risk Assessment, GMO and Mycotoxins Unit, Viale Regina Elena, 299-00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Miraglia
- Italian National Institute for Health (ISS), National Center for Food Quality and Risk Assessment, GMO and Mycotoxins Unit, Viale Regina Elena, 299-00161 Rome, Italy
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9
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De Santis B, Debegnach F, Miano B, Moretti G, Sonego E, Chiaretti A, Buonsenso D, Brera C. Determination of Deoxynivalenol Biomarkers in Italian Urine Samples. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E441. [PMID: 31349679 PMCID: PMC6722612 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11080441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin mainly produced by Fusariumgraminearum that can contaminate cereals and cereal-based foodstuff. Urinary DON levels can be used as biomarker for exposure assessment purposes. This study assessed urinary DON concentrations in Italian volunteers recruited by age group, namely children, adolescents, adults, and the elderly. In addition, vulnerable groups, namely vegetarians and pregnant women, were included in the study. To determine the urinary DON, its glucuronide and de-epoxydated (DOM-1) forms, an indirect analytical approach was used, measuring free DON and total DON (as sum of free and glucuronides forms), before and after enzymatic treatment, respectively. Morning urine samples were collected on two consecutive days, from six different population groups, namely children, adolescent, adults, elderly, vegetarians and pregnant women. Total DON was measured in the 76% of the collected samples with the maximum incidences in children and adolescent age group. Urine samples from children and adolescent also showed the highest total DON levels, up to 17.0 ng/mgcreat. Pregnant women had the lowest positive samples per category (40% for day 1 and 43% for day 2, respectively), low mean levels of total DON (down to 2.84 ng/mgcreat) and median equal to 0 ng/mgcreat. Estimation of DON dietary intake reveals that 7.5% of the total population exceeds the TDI of 1 μg/kg bw/day set for DON, with children showing 40% of individuals surpassing this value (male, day 2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara De Santis
- Reparto di Sicurezza Chimica degli Alimenti, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesca Debegnach
- Reparto di Sicurezza Chimica degli Alimenti, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Brunella Miano
- Laboratorio di Chimica Sperimentale, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro (PD), Italy
| | - Giorgio Moretti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Elisa Sonego
- Reparto di Sicurezza Chimica degli Alimenti, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Chiaretti
- Dipartimento Scienze della Salute della Donna, del Bambino e di Sanità Pubblica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Roma-Italia-Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Danilo Buonsenso
- Dipartimento Scienze della Salute della Donna, del Bambino e di Sanità Pubblica, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Roma-Italia-Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Carlo Brera
- Reparto di Sicurezza Chimica degli Alimenti, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
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De Santis B, Debegnach F, Sonego E, Mazzilli G, Buiarelli F, Ferri F, Giorgi Rossi P, Collini G, Brera C. Biomonitoring Data for Assessing Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A Exposure by Italian Feedstuffs Workers. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E351. [PMID: 31216680 PMCID: PMC6628428 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11060351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins exposure by inhalation and/or dermal contact is possible in different branches of industry especially where heavily dusty settings are present and the handling of dusty commodities is performed. This study aims to explore the validity of the biomonitoring as a tool to investigate the intake of mycotoxins in a population of workers operating in an Italian feed plant. Serum samples were collected for the determination of aflatoxins B1 (AFB1), AFB1-Lysine adduct and ochratoxin A (OTA). A method based on liquid-liquid extraction coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry determination was developed and fully validated. For AFB1, a high number of non-detected samples (90%) was found and no statistical difference was observed comparing workers and control group. None of the analyzed samples showed the presence of AFB1-Lysine adduct. For OTA, the 100% of the analyzed samples was positive with a 33% of the samples showing a concentration higher than the limit of quantification (LOQ), but no statistical difference was highlighted between the average levels of exposed and control groups. In conclusion, the presence of AFB1 and OTA in serum cannot be attributable to occupational exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara De Santis
- Reparto di Sicurezza Chimica degli Alimenti - Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesca Debegnach
- Reparto di Sicurezza Chimica degli Alimenti - Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Elisa Sonego
- Dipartimento di Chimica - Università "Sapienza", 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Gianmarco Mazzilli
- Reparto di Sicurezza Chimica degli Alimenti - Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | | | - Fulvio Ferri
- Servizio Prevenzione Sicurezza Ambienti di Lavoro, SPSAL - AUSL, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Paolo Giorgi Rossi
- Servizio Epidemiologia, AUSL - IRCSS di Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Giorgia Collini
- Servizio Epidemiologia, AUSL - IRCSS di Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Carlo Brera
- Reparto di Sicurezza Chimica degli Alimenti - Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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11
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Debegnach F, Patriarca S, Brera C, Gregori E, Sonego E, Moracci G, De Santis B. Ergot Alkaloids in Wheat and Rye Derived Products in Italy. Foods 2019; 8:E150. [PMID: 31052444 PMCID: PMC6560453 DOI: 10.3390/foods8050150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Genus Claviceps is a plant pathogen able to produce a group of toxins, ergot alkaloids (EAs), whose effects have been known since the Middle Ages (ergotism). Claviceps purpurea is the most important representative specie, known to infect more than 400 monocotyledonous plants including economically important cereal grains (e.g., rye, wheat, triticale). EAs are not regulated as such. Maximum limits are in the pipeline of the EU Commission while at present ergot sclerotia content is set by the Regulation (EC) No. 1881/2006 in unprocessed cereals (0.05% as a maximum). This study aimed to investigate the presence of the six principal EAs (ergometrine, ergosine, ergocornine, α-ergocryptine, ergotamine and ergocristine) and their relative epimers (-inine forms) in rye- and wheat-based products. Of the samples, 85% resulted positive for at least one of the EAs. Wheat bread was the product with the highest number of positivity (56%), followed by wheat flour (26%). Rye and wheat bread samples showed the highest values when the sum of the EAs was considered, and durum wheat bread was the more contaminated sample (1142.6 μg/kg). These results suggest that ongoing monitoring of EAs in food products is critical until maximum limits are set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Debegnach
- Reparto di Sicurezza Chimica degli Alimenti-Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Simona Patriarca
- Reparto di Sicurezza Chimica degli Alimenti-Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Carlo Brera
- Reparto di Sicurezza Chimica degli Alimenti-Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Gregori
- Reparto di Sicurezza Chimica degli Alimenti-Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Elisa Sonego
- Reparto di Sicurezza Chimica degli Alimenti-Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Moracci
- Reparto di Sicurezza Chimica degli Alimenti-Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Barbara De Santis
- Reparto di Sicurezza Chimica degli Alimenti-Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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12
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Papageorgiou M, Wells L, Williams C, White KL, De Santis B, Liu Y, Debegnach F, Miano B, Moretti G, Greetham S, Brera C, Atkin SL, Hardie LJ, Sathyapalan T. Occurrence of deoxynivalenol in an elderly cohort in the UK: a biomonitoring approach. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:2032-2044. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1508890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Papageorgiou
- Academic Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Liz Wells
- Academic Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Courtney Williams
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, LICAMM, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Kay L.M. White
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, LICAMM, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Barbara De Santis
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Food Chemical Risk, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Yunru Liu
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Francesca Debegnach
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Food Chemical Risk, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Brunella Miano
- Public Health and Risk Analysis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università, Padova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Moretti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Brera
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Food Chemical Risk, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Stephen L. Atkin
- Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, Education City, Qatar
| | - Laura J. Hardie
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, LICAMM, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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13
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De Santis B, Brera C, Mezzelani A, Soricelli S, Ciceri F, Moretti G, Debegnach F, Bonaglia MC, Villa L, Molteni M, Raggi ME. Role of mycotoxins in the pathobiology of autism: A first evidence. Nutr Neurosci 2017; 22:132-144. [PMID: 28795659 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2017.1357793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Gene-environment interaction is an emerging hypothesis to expound not only the autism pathogenesis but also the increased incidence of neurodevelopmental disorders (such as autistic spectrum disorder, attention-deficit, hyperactivity disorder). Among xenobiotics, mycotoxins are worldwide contaminants of food that provoke toxicological effects, crucially resembling several symptoms associated with autism such as oxidative stress, intestinal permeability, and inflammation. Here, we focused on a group of mycotoxins to test their role in the manifestation of autism, try to explain their mechanism of action, and discuss possible preventive and therapeutic interventions. Methods: Autistic children (n = 52) and healthy children [n = 58 (31 siblings and 27 unrelated subjects)] were recruited and body fluids and clinical data collected. The diagnosis of autism was made according to DSM V criteria, then with GMDS 0-2, WPPSI, and ADOS. Ochratoxin A (OTA), gliotoxin, zearalenone, and sphingosine/sphinganine ratio were determined by LC analysis in sera and urines. Statistical analysis was performed by the Wilcoxon Rank Sum (Mann-Whitney) test and Spearman test. Results: By comparing the results of autistic patients with those of unrelated controls, a significant association was found for OTA levels in urines (P = 0.0002) and sera (P = 0.0017), and also comparing patients with siblings and unrelated controls together (P = 0.0081). Discussion: Our results are the first describing a possible role of OTA in the pathobiology of autism. Recalling the male prevalence of ASD (male/female = 4-5/1), it is noted that, in animal models, OTA exerts its neurotoxicity especially in males. Moreover, in vitro, OTA increases microRNA-132 that is dysregulated in autistic patients and involved in reciprocal regulation of the autism-related genes MeCP2 and PTEN. A personalized diet coupled with probiotic administration, especially OTA adsorbing Lactobacillus, could ameliorate autistic symptoms in OTA-positive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara De Santis
- a GMO and Mycotoxin Unit, Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinery Public Health , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Viale Regina Elena, 299-00161 Roma , Italy
| | - Carlo Brera
- a GMO and Mycotoxin Unit, Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinery Public Health , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Viale Regina Elena, 299-00161 Roma , Italy
| | - Alessandra Mezzelani
- b National Council of Research, Institute of Biomedical Technologies , Via f.lli Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate , MI , Italy
| | - Sabina Soricelli
- a GMO and Mycotoxin Unit, Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinery Public Health , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Viale Regina Elena, 299-00161 Roma , Italy
| | - Francesca Ciceri
- c Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea , Via Don Luigi Monza, 20-23842 Bosisio Parini , LC , Italy
| | - Giorgio Moretti
- a GMO and Mycotoxin Unit, Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinery Public Health , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Viale Regina Elena, 299-00161 Roma , Italy
| | - Francesca Debegnach
- a GMO and Mycotoxin Unit, Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinery Public Health , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Viale Regina Elena, 299-00161 Roma , Italy
| | - Maria Clara Bonaglia
- c Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea , Via Don Luigi Monza, 20-23842 Bosisio Parini , LC , Italy
| | - Laura Villa
- c Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea , Via Don Luigi Monza, 20-23842 Bosisio Parini , LC , Italy
| | - Massimo Molteni
- c Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea , Via Don Luigi Monza, 20-23842 Bosisio Parini , LC , Italy
| | - Maria Elisabetta Raggi
- c Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea , Via Don Luigi Monza, 20-23842 Bosisio Parini , LC , Italy
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14
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De Santis B, Raggi ME, Moretti G, Facchiano F, Mezzelani A, Villa L, Bonfanti A, Campioni A, Rossi S, Camposeo S, Soricelli S, Moracci G, Debegnach F, Gregori E, Ciceri F, Milanesi L, Marabotti A, Brera C. Study on the Association among Mycotoxins and other Variables in Children with Autism. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9070203. [PMID: 28661468 PMCID: PMC5535150 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9070203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental factors and genetic susceptibility are implicated in the increased risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Mycotoxins are agricultural contaminants of fungal origin that represent real risk factors for human health and especially for children. Thus, the main hypothesis of this work is that the deterioration of the clinical manifestation of autism in children may result from the exposure to mycotoxins through the consumption of contaminated food. Within a cross-sectional study, a group of autistic children (n = 172) and a group of controls (n = 61) (siblings and non-parental) were recruited in North and South Italy. All children had blood and urine samples taken, for testing some mycotoxins by a LC-MS/MS validated method. Blood samples were also tested for assessing specific IgG against food and fungal antigens and cytokines. The analyses outputs highlighted statistically significant differences comparing mycotoxins levels between (i) children groups both in urine (deoxynivalenol and de-epoxydeoxynivalenol, p = 0.0141 and p = 0.0259, respectively) and serum (aflatoxin M1, ochratoxin A and fumonisin B1, p = 0.0072, p = 0.0141 and p = 0.0061, respectively); (ii) a group of selected fungal IgGs, and IgGs against wheat and gluten and (iii) cytokines. These results suggest the need for a deeper examination of the role that mycotoxins may have on the etiology of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara De Santis
- GMO and Mycotoxin Unit, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Italian National Institute for Health, Viale Regina Elena, 299-00161 Roma, Italy.
| | - Maria Elisabetta Raggi
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Via Don Luigi Monza, 20-23842 Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Moretti
- GMO and Mycotoxin Unit, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Italian National Institute for Health, Viale Regina Elena, 299-00161 Roma, Italy.
| | - Francesco Facchiano
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Italian National Institute for Health, viale Regina Elena, 299-00161 Roma, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Mezzelani
- National Council of Research, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Via F.lli Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate, Milano, Italy.
| | - Laura Villa
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Via Don Luigi Monza, 20-23842 Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy.
| | - Arianna Bonfanti
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Via Don Luigi Monza, 20-23842 Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Campioni
- GMO and Mycotoxin Unit, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Italian National Institute for Health, Viale Regina Elena, 299-00161 Roma, Italy.
| | - Stefania Rossi
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Italian National Institute for Health, viale Regina Elena, 299-00161 Roma, Italy.
| | - Serena Camposeo
- Scientific Institute, IRCSS Eugenio Medea, 72100 Brindisi, Italy.
| | - Sabina Soricelli
- GMO and Mycotoxin Unit, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Italian National Institute for Health, Viale Regina Elena, 299-00161 Roma, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Moracci
- GMO and Mycotoxin Unit, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Italian National Institute for Health, Viale Regina Elena, 299-00161 Roma, Italy.
| | - Francesca Debegnach
- GMO and Mycotoxin Unit, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Italian National Institute for Health, Viale Regina Elena, 299-00161 Roma, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Gregori
- GMO and Mycotoxin Unit, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Italian National Institute for Health, Viale Regina Elena, 299-00161 Roma, Italy.
| | - Francesca Ciceri
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Via Don Luigi Monza, 20-23842 Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy.
| | - Luciano Milanesi
- National Council of Research, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Via F.lli Cervi 93, 20090 Segrate, Milano, Italy.
| | - Anna Marabotti
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Via Don Luigi Monza, 20-23842 Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy.
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy.
| | - Carlo Brera
- GMO and Mycotoxin Unit, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Italian National Institute for Health, Viale Regina Elena, 299-00161 Roma, Italy.
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15
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Wells L, Hardie L, Williams C, White K, Liu Y, De Santis B, Debegnach F, Moretti G, Greetham S, Brera C, Papageorgiou M, Thatcher NJ, Rigby A, Atkin SL, Sathyapalan T. Deoxynivalenol Biomarkers in the Urine of UK Vegetarians. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:E196. [PMID: 28640201 PMCID: PMC5535143 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9070196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is produced by Fusarium graminearum and is one of the most commonly occurring trichothecenes. Vegetarians are alleged to be a high-risk group for DON exposure due to high intakes of cereals susceptible to the growth of the mycotoxin. This study provides the levels of DON and de-epoxi Deoxynivalenol (DOM-1) in urine analysed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) in UK vegetarians. Over two consecutive days, morning urine samples were collected from 32 vegetarians and 31 UK adult volunteers, and associated food consumption 24 h prior to the sample was recorded. Statistically significant differences between the weight of the UK adults and vegetarians (t = 3.15. df = 61, p ≤ 0.005 two-tailed) were observed. The mean levels of DON in urine for adults on day 1 was 3.05 ng free DON/mg creatinine, and on day 2 was 2.98 ng free DON/mg creatinine. Even though high mean levels were observed, most adults were within the tolerable daily intake. However, for vegetarians, the mean level of urinary DON on day 1 was 6.69 ng free DON/mg creatinine, and on day 2 was 3.42 ng free DON/mg creatinine. These levels equate to up to 32% of vegetarians exceeding recommended tolerable daily intakes (TDI) of exposure (1 µg/kg b.w./day).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liz Wells
- Department of Academic Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Brocklehurst Building, Hull Royal Infirmary, Anlaby Road, Hull HU3 2RW, UK.
| | - Laura Hardie
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, LICAMM, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Courtney Williams
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, LICAMM, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Kay White
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, LICAMM, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Yunru Liu
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Hainan Medical University, 3 Xueyuan Road, Haikou 571199, China.
| | - Barbara De Santis
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, GMO and Mycotoxins Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299,001,61 Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesca Debegnach
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, GMO and Mycotoxins Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299,001,61 Rome, Italy.
| | - Georgio Moretti
- Department of Statistical Sciences, Piazzale Aldo Moro, Università degli studi di Roma "La Sapienza", 500,185 Roma, Italy.
| | | | - Carlo Brera
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, GMO and Mycotoxins Unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299,001,61 Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Papageorgiou
- Department of Academic Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Brocklehurst Building, Hull Royal Infirmary, Anlaby Road, Hull HU3 2RW, UK.
| | | | - Alan Rigby
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Hull York Medical School, Hertford Building, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK.
| | - Stephen L Atkin
- Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, Education City, P.O. Box 24144, Qatar.
| | - Thozhukat Sathyapalan
- Department of Academic Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Brocklehurst Building, Hull Royal Infirmary, Anlaby Road, Hull HU3 2RW, UK.
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Ferri F, Brera C, De Santis B, Fedrizzi G, Bacci T, Bedogni L, Capanni S, Collini G, Crespi E, Debegnach F, Ferdenzi P, Gargano A, Gattei D, Luberto F, Magnani I, Magnani MG, Mancuso P, Menotta S, Mozzanica S, Olmi M, Ombrini G, Sala O, Soricelli S, Vicentini M, Giorgi Rossi P. Survey on Urinary Levels of Aflatoxins in Professionally Exposed Workers. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9040117. [PMID: 28338636 PMCID: PMC5408191 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9040117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Feed mill workers may handle or process maize contaminated with aflatoxins (AFs). This condition may lead to an unacceptable intake of toxins deriving from occupational exposure. This study assessed the serological and urinary levels of AFs in workers exposed to potentially contaminated dusts in two mills. From March to April 2014, blood and urine samples were collected, on Monday and Friday morning of the same working week from 29 exposed workers and 30 non-exposed controls. AFs (M1, G2, G1, B1, B2) and aflatoxicol (AFOH) A were analyzed. Each subject filled in a questionnaire to evaluate potential food-borne exposures to mycotoxins. AFs contamination in environmental dust was measured in both plants. No serum sample was found to be positive. Seventy four percent of urine samples (73.7%) revealed AFM1 presence. AFM1 mean concentration was 0.035 and 0.027 ng/mL in exposed and non-exposed workers, respectively (p = 0.432); the concentration was slightly higher in Friday’s than in Monday’s samples, in exposed workers, 0.040 versus (vs.) 0.031 and non-exposed controls (0.030 vs. 0.024, p = 0.437). Environmental AFs contamination ranged from 7.2 to 125.4 µg/kg. The findings of this study reveal the presence of higher AFs concentration in exposed workers than in non-exposed controls, although these differences are to be considered consistent with random fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvio Ferri
- Servizio Prevenzione Sicurezza Ambienti di Lavoro, SPSAL-AUSL, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Carlo Brera
- Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento (LNR) per le Micotossine-Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma, Italy.
| | - Barbara De Santis
- Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento (LNR) per le Micotossine-Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Fedrizzi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale di Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna-Reparto Chimico, 40127 Bologna.
| | - Tiziana Bacci
- Agenzia Regionale per la Prevenzione, l'Ambiente e l'Energia-ARPAE, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Lorena Bedogni
- Servizio Prevenzione Sicurezza Ambienti di Lavoro, SPSAL-AUSL, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Sauro Capanni
- Servizio Prevenzione Sicurezza Ambienti di Lavoro, SPSAL-AUSL, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Giorgia Collini
- Servizio Interaziendale di Epidemiologia, AUSL, Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
- Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, IRCCS, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Enrica Crespi
- Servizio Prevenzione Sicurezza Ambienti di Lavoro, SPSAL-AUSL, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Francesca Debegnach
- Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento (LNR) per le Micotossine-Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Ferdenzi
- Servizio Prevenzione Sicurezza Ambienti di Lavoro, SPSAL-AUSL, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Angelo Gargano
- Servizio Prevenzione Sicurezza Ambienti di Lavoro, SPSAL-AUSL, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Daniela Gattei
- Servizio Prevenzione Sicurezza Ambienti di Lavoro, SPSAL-AUSL, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Ferdinando Luberto
- Servizio Interaziendale di Epidemiologia, AUSL, Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
- Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, IRCCS, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Ines Magnani
- Servizio Prevenzione Sicurezza Ambienti di Lavoro, SPSAL-AUSL, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | | | - Pamela Mancuso
- Servizio Interaziendale di Epidemiologia, AUSL, Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
- Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, IRCCS, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Simonetta Menotta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale di Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna-Reparto Chimico, 40127 Bologna.
| | - Stefania Mozzanica
- Servizio Prevenzione Sicurezza Ambienti di Lavoro, SPSAL-AUSL, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Milva Olmi
- Servizio Prevenzione Sicurezza Ambienti di Lavoro, SPSAL-AUSL, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Ombrini
- Servizio Prevenzione Sicurezza Ambienti di Lavoro, SPSAL-AUSL, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Orietta Sala
- Agenzia Regionale per la Prevenzione, l'Ambiente e l'Energia-ARPAE, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Sabina Soricelli
- Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento (LNR) per le Micotossine-Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma, Italy.
| | - Massimo Vicentini
- Servizio Interaziendale di Epidemiologia, AUSL, Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
- Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, IRCCS, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Paolo Giorgi Rossi
- Servizio Interaziendale di Epidemiologia, AUSL, Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
- Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, IRCCS, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy.
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De Giacomo M, Di Domenicantonio C, De Santis B, Debegnach F, Onori R, Brera C. Carry-over of DNA from genetically modified soyabean and maize to cow’s milk. J Anim Feed Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/65570/2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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18
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Brera C, de Santis B, Debegnach F, Miano B, Moretti G, Lanzone A, Del Sordo G, Buonsenso D, Chiaretti A, Hardie L, White K, Lise Brantsæter A, Knutsen H, Sundstøl Eriksen G, Sandvik M, Wells L, Allenf S, Sathyapalanf T. Experimental study of deoxynivalenol biomarkers in urine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2015.en-818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Brera
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Laura Hardie
- Policlinico Agostino Gemelli (UCSC), Rome, Italy
| | - Kay White
- University of Leeds (UoL), Leeds, UK
| | | | - Helle Knutsen
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Liz Wells
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute (NVI), Oslo, Norway
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19
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Brera C, Pannunzi E, Guarino C, Debegnach F, Gregori E, De Santis B. OCHRATOXIN A DETERMINATION IN CURED HAM BY HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY FLUORESCENCE DETECTION AND ULTRA PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY: A COMPARATIVE STUDY. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2013.825859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Brera
- a GMO and Mycotoxins Unit, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety , Italian National Institute of Health (ISS) , Rome , Italy
| | - Elena Pannunzi
- a GMO and Mycotoxins Unit, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety , Italian National Institute of Health (ISS) , Rome , Italy
| | - Chiara Guarino
- b Department of Biology , Tor Vergata University , Rome , Italy
| | - Francesca Debegnach
- a GMO and Mycotoxins Unit, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety , Italian National Institute of Health (ISS) , Rome , Italy
| | - Emanuela Gregori
- a GMO and Mycotoxins Unit, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety , Italian National Institute of Health (ISS) , Rome , Italy
| | - Barbara De Santis
- a GMO and Mycotoxins Unit, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety , Italian National Institute of Health (ISS) , Rome , Italy
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20
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Brera C, Debegnach F, De Santis B, Di Ianni S, Gregori E, Neuhold S, Valitutti F. Exposure assessment to mycotoxins in gluten-free diet for celiac patients. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 69:13-7. [PMID: 24694905 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are low molecular weight secondary metabolites produced by certain strains of filamentous fungi such as Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium, which attack crops in the field, and grow on foods also during storage under favorable conditions of temperature and humidity. Foods mainly contributing to the intake of mycotoxins with diet are cereals, maize being the most risky commodity due to the potential co-occurrence of more than one mycotoxin, this can be of particular concern especially for vulnerable group of population such as celiac patients that show increased maize-based products consumption. In this study the exposure of celiac patients to fumonisins (FBs) and zearalenone (ZON) has been assessed. The higher exposures, for all the matrices and for both the selected mycotoxins, were for children age group. The lower and upper bound exposure ranged between 348-582 ng/kg bw/day for FBs and 22-83 ng/kg bw/day for ZON; these values result well below the TDI for the selected mycotoxins, representing the 17-29% and 9-33% of the TDI set for FBs and ZON, respectively. Even considering the worst scenario the exposure values reported for children were lower, namely 1385 ng/kg bw/day for FBs and 237 ng/kg bw/day for ZON, than the corresponding toxicological thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Brera
- GMO and Mycotoxin Unit, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Italian National Institute of Health, Italy.
| | - F Debegnach
- GMO and Mycotoxin Unit, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Italian National Institute of Health, Italy
| | - B De Santis
- GMO and Mycotoxin Unit, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Italian National Institute of Health, Italy
| | - S Di Ianni
- GMO and Mycotoxin Unit, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Italian National Institute of Health, Italy
| | - E Gregori
- GMO and Mycotoxin Unit, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Italian National Institute of Health, Italy
| | - S Neuhold
- AIC - Italian Society for Celiac Disease, Genoa, Italy
| | - F Valitutti
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Liver Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
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21
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Brera C, Bertazzoni V, Debegnach F, Gregori E, Prantera E, De Santis B. Exposure assessment for Italian population groups to deoxynivalenol deriving from pasta consumption. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:2293-309. [PMID: 24287568 PMCID: PMC3873686 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5122293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Four hundred and seventy-two pasta samples were collected from long retail distribution chain sales points located in North, Central and South Italy. Representative criteria in the sample collection were followed in terms of number of samples collected, market share, and types of pasta. Samples were analysed by an accredited HPLC-UV method of analysis. The mean contamination level (64.8 μg/kg) of deoxynivalenol (DON) was in the 95th percentile (239 μg/kg) and 99th percentile (337 μg/kg), far below the legal limit (750 μg/kg) set by Regulation EC/1126/2007, accounting for about one tenth, one third and half the legal limit, respectively. Ninety-nine percent of samples fell below half the legal limit. On the basis of the obtained occurrence levels and considering the consumption rates reported by the Italian official database, no health concern was assessed for all consumer groups, being that exposure was far below the Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) of 1000 ng/kg b.w/day. Nevertheless, despite this, particular attention should be devoted to the exposure to DON by high consumers, such as children aged 3-5 years, who could reach the TDI even with very low levels of DON contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Brera
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria e Sicurezza Alimentare, Reparto OGM e Xenobiotici di origine fungina, Viale Regina Elena, Rome 299-00161, Italy.
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22
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Brera C, Peduto A, Debegnach F, Pannunzi E, Prantera E, Gregori E, De Giacomo M, De Santis B. Study of the influence of the milling process on the distribution of deoxynivalenol content from the caryopsis to cooked pasta. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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Brera C, Debegnach F, De Santis B, Iafrate E, Pannunzi E, Berdini C, Prantera E, Gregori E, Miraglia M. Ochratoxin A in cocoa and chocolate products from the Italian market: Occurrence and exposure assessment. Food Control 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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24
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Brera C, De Santis B, Prantera E, Debegnach F, Pannunzi E, Fasano F, Berdini C, Slate AB, Miraglia M, Whitaker TB. Effect of sample size in the evaluation of "in-field" sampling plans for aflatoxin B(1) determination in corn. J Agric Food Chem 2010; 58:8481-8489. [PMID: 20608734 DOI: 10.1021/jf1018356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Use of proper sampling methods throughout the agri-food chain is crucial when it comes to effectively detecting contaminants in foods and feeds. The objective of the study was to estimate the performance of sampling plan designs to determine aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)) contamination in corn fields. A total of 840 ears were selected from a corn field suspected of being contaminated with aflatoxin. The mean and variance among the aflatoxin values for each ear were 10.6 mug/kg and 2233.3, respectively. The variability and confidence intervals associated with sample means of a given size could be predicted using an equation associated with the normal distribution. Sample sizes of 248 and 674 ears would be required to estimate the true field concentration of 10.6 mug/kg within +/-50 and +/-30%, respectively. Using the distribution information from the study, operating characteristic curves were developed to show the performance of various sampling plan designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Brera
- GMO and Mycotoxins Unit, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Italian Institute for Health (ISS), Viale Regina Elena 299, Rome, Italy.
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25
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Boon PE, Svensson K, Moussavian S, van der Voet H, Petersen A, Ruprich J, Debegnach F, de Boer WJ, van Donkersgoed G, Brera C, van Klaveren JD, Busk L. Probabilistic acute dietary exposure assessments to captan and tolylfluanid using several European food consumption and pesticide concentration databases. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:2890-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2008] [Revised: 12/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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26
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Boon PE, Ruprich J, Petersen A, Moussavian S, Debegnach F, van Klaveren JD. Harmonisation of food consumption data format for dietary exposure assessments of chemicals analysed in raw agricultural commodities. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:2883-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2008] [Revised: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 08/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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27
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Brera C, Debegnach F, Minardi V, Prantera E, Pannunzi E, Faleo S, de Santis B, Miraglia M. Ochratoxin a contamination in italian wine samples and evaluation of the exposure in the italian population. J Agric Food Chem 2008; 56:10611-10618. [PMID: 18939845 DOI: 10.1021/jf8016282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The scope of this study was to evaluate the exposure of the Italian population to ochratoxin A (OTA) attributable to wine consumption. With this aim 1166 wine samples (773 red wines, 290 white, 75 rose, and 28 dessert wines), collected in 19 different Italian regions and mostly produced between 1988 and 2004, were analyzed for OTA content. The obtained results are reported by year of harvest, geographical area of production, and type of wine. Red wine showed the highest maximum level of contamination (7.50 ng/mL), even though rose wines were characterized by a higher mean value (0.01 ng/mL). A gradually increasing mean concentration was also observed from the north (0.05 ng/mL) to south of Italy (0.54 ng/mL). Exposure calculations, performed using two different consumption databases, indicate a daily intake for consumer only of 0.59 up to 1.24 ng/(kg of b.w.)/day and of 0.33 up to 0.90 ng/(kg of b.w.)/day for the total population. Even in the worst case, corresponding to the calculation of the intake for consumers only in southern Italy and Islands and considering the mean consumption data increased by 1 standard deviation, a quite low exposure (1.68 ng/(kg of b.w.)/day, accounting for 9.8% of TDI) was obtained. Considering the overall OTA dietary exposure, obtained exposure rates indicate that wine did not pose a risk to the Italian population health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Brera
- Veterinary Public Heath and Food Safety Department, Italian National Institute for Health (ISS), GMO and Mycotoxins Unit, Rome, Italy.
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28
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Brera C, Debegnach F, Minardi V, Pannunzi E, De Santis B, Miraglia M. Immunoaffinity column cleanup with liquid chromatography for determination of aflatoxin B1 in corn samples: interlaboratory study. J AOAC Int 2007; 90:765-72. [PMID: 17580628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
An interlaboratory study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of an immunoaffinity column cleanup liquid chromatography (LC) method for the determination of aflatoxin B1 levels in corn samples, enforced by European Union legislation. A test portion was extracted with methanol-water (80 + 20); the extract was filtered, diluted with phosphate-buffered saline solution, filtered on a microfiber glass filter, and applied to an immunoaffinity column. The column was washed with deionized water to remove interfering compounds, and the purified aflatoxin B1 was eluted with methanol. Aflatoxin B1 was separated and determined by reversed-phase LC with fluorescence detection after either pre- or postcolumn derivatization. Precolumn derivatization was achieved by generating the trifluoroacetic acid derivative, used by 8 laboratories. The postcolumn derivatization was achieved either with pyridinium hydrobromide perbromide, used by 16 laboratories, or with an electrochemical cell by the addition of bromide to the mobile phase, used by 5 laboratories. The derivatization techniques used were not significantly different when compared by the Student's t-test; the method was statistically evaluated for all the laboratories. Five corn sample materials, both spiked and naturally contaminated, were sent to 29 laboratories (22 Italian and 7 European). Test portions were spiked with aflatoxin B1 at levels of 2.00 and 5.00 ng/g. The mean values for recovery were 82% for the low level and 84% for the high contamination level. Based on results for spiked samples (blind pairs at 2 levels) as well as naturally contaminated samples (blind pairs at 3 levels), the values for relative standard deviation for repeatability (RSDr) ranged from 9.9 to 28.7%. The values for relative standard deviation for reproducibility (RSDR) ranged from 18.6 to 36.8%. The method demonstrated acceptable within- and between-laboratory precision for this matrix, as evidenced by the HorRat values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Brera
- Italian National Institute for Health (ISS), National Center for Food Quality and Risk Assessment, GMO and Mycotoxins Unit, Viale Regina Elena, 299-00161 Rome, Italy.
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29
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Zinedine A, Brera C, Elakhdari S, Catano C, Debegnach F, Angelini S, De Santis B, Faid M, Benlemlih M, Minardi V, Miraglia M. Natural occurrence of mycotoxins in cereals and spices commercialized in Morocco. Food Control 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2005.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Brera C, Catano C, de Santis B, Debegnach F, de Giacomo M, Pannunzi E, Miraglia M. Effect of industrial processing on the distribution of aflatoxins and zearalenone in corn-milling fractions. J Agric Food Chem 2006; 54:5014-9. [PMID: 16819910 DOI: 10.1021/jf060370s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of aflatoxins and zearalenone levels in various corn-milling fractions. Corn kernels and six derived milling fractions (germ, bran, large and small grits, flour, and animal feed flour) were sampled in an industrial plant; both conventional and organic corns were sampled. To evaluate the effect of cooking, samples of polenta were prepared starting from naturally contaminated flour. Conventional and organic lots showed mycotoxin contamination. For both lots, germ, bran, and animal feed flour showed a marked concentration factor from 239 to 911% accounting for both the low yields of the derived products and the distribution of aflatoxins and zearalenone contamination in the outer parts of the kernels. Conversely, a reduction factor of at least four times from raw material to finished products was observed. Polenta samples were unaffected by the cooking process, with levels of contamination similar to those of starting flour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Brera
- GMO and Mycotoxins Unit, National Centre for Food Quality and Risk Assessment, Italian National Institute of Health (ISS), Viale Regina Elena, 299-00161 Rome, Italy.
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Abstract
The need to obtain a representative sample deserves particular consideration since a wrong sampling plan can greatly affect the reliability of the measured levels of mycotoxins. This can even result in legal disputes and barriers to trade. Reported here is an holistic view for an ideal sampling plan, which is based on two consecutive steps: (i) To establish 'why, where and when' sampling has to be performed by assessing the purpose, the appropriate time and the site for collecting the samples; (ii) To establish 'how' to draw samples by assessing practical ad hoc guidelines, considering that, for bulk goods in particular, mycotoxins are not at all homogeneously distributed in a lot. So far, step 1 is not yet covered by specific guidelines while for step 2, European regulations establish the procedures for the sampling of bulk and retail products potentially contaminated by mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Miraglia
- The Italian National Institute of Health, National Centre for Food Quality and Risk Assessment, GMO and Mycotoxins Unit, Rome, Italy.
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of fumonisin B1 in various corn milling fractions processed by an industrial plant. Corn kernels and six derived milling fractions (germ, bran, large and small grits, animal feed flour, and flour) were sampled. In addition, in order to evaluate the effect of cooking, samples of polenta were prepared starting from naturally contaminated flour obtained from the industrial processing cycle. The industrial plant worked continuously at a rate of 60 tons per day. Two sublots of 5 tons each were investigated with samples of derived products taken at regular time intervals. Due to a similar heterogeneous distribution of fumonisin B1 with other mycotoxins, such as aflatoxins, the sampling scheme was derived from the European Directive 98/53 for aflatoxins. Both lots of kernels showed fumonisin contamination at 4.54 and 5.09 mg/kg, respectively. Germ, bran, and animal feed flour showed contamination levels, namely 8.92 mg/kg (lot 1) and 9.56 mg/kg (lot 2), 7.08 mg/kg (lot 1) and 8.08 mg/kg (lot 2), and 9.36 mg/kg (lot 1) and 6.86 mg/kg (lot 2) higher than large and small grits and flour (0.39 mg/kg [lot 1] and 0.42 mg/kg [lot 2], 0.60 mg/kg [lot 1] and 1.01 mg/kg [lot 2], and 0.40 mg/kg [lot 1] and 0.45 mg/kg [lot 2], respectively). These results seem to account both for the industrial yields of the derived products and the distribution of fumonisin contamination in a kernel. The cooking of polenta in a domestic pressure cooker did not affect fumonisin contamination because the mycotoxin concentrations were similar to those of the starting flour (0.40 and 0.45 mg/kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Brera
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Laboratorio Alimenti, Reparto Chimica dei Cereali, Viale Regina Elena, 299-00161 Rome, Italy.
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