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Zou S, Wang B, Yi K, Su D, Chen Y, Li N, Geng Q. The critical roles of STING in mitochondrial homeostasis. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 220:115938. [PMID: 38086488 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
The stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is a crucial signaling hub in the immune system's antiviral and antimicrobial defense by detecting exogenous and endogenous DNA. The multifaceted functions of STING have been uncovered gradually during past decades, including homeostasis maintenance and overfull immunity or inflammation induction. However, the subcellular regulation of STING and mitochondria is poorly understood. The main functions of STING are outlined in this review. Moreover, we discuss how mitochondria and STING interact through multiple mechanisms, including the release of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), modulation of mitochondria-associated membrane (MAM) and mitochondrial dynamics, alterations in mitochondrial metabolism, regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and mitochondria-related cell death. Finally, we discuss how STING is crucial to disease development, providing a novel perspective on its role in cellular physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishi Zou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, 430060, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, 430060, China
| | - Ke Yi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, 430060, China
| | - Dandan Su
- Department of Neurology, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, 430060, China
| | - Yukai Chen
- Department of Oncology, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, 430060, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, 430060, China.
| | - Qing Geng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, 430060, China.
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2
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Singh H. Role of gene therapy in treatment of cancer with craniofacial regeneration-current molecular strategies, future perspectives, and challenges: a narrative review. JOURNAL OF YEUNGNAM MEDICAL SCIENCE 2024; 41:13-21. [PMID: 37218144 PMCID: PMC10834268 DOI: 10.12701/jyms.2023.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy involves the introduction of foreign genetic material into host tissue to alter the expression of genetic products. Gene therapy represents an opportunity to alter the course of various diseases. Hence, genetic products utilizing safe and reliable vectors with improved biotechnology will play a critical role in the treatment of various diseases in the future. This review summarizes various important vectors for gene therapy along with modern techniques for potential craniofacial regeneration using gene therapy. This review also explains current molecular approaches for the management and treatment of cancer using gene therapy. The existing literature was searched to find studies related to gene therapy and its role in craniofacial regeneration and cancer treatment. Various databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched for English language articles using the keywords "gene therapy," "gene therapy in present scenario," "gene therapy in cancer," "gene therapy and vector," "gene therapy in diseases," and "gene therapy and molecular strategies."
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Singh
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Oral Microbiology, Index Institute of Dental Sciences, Indore, India
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3
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Zhou H, Wang H, Liu X, Liu B, Che Y, Han R. Downregulation of miR-92a in Decidual Stromal Cells Suppresses Migration Ability of Trophoblasts by Promoting Macrophage Polarization. DNA Cell Biol 2023; 42:507-514. [PMID: 37527202 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2022.0510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is a severe pregnancy complication that accounts for about 14% of maternal deaths. Its clinical manifestations commonly include hypertension and proteinuria. However, it is largely limited in understanding its pathogenetic mechanism. In this study, we used bioinformatics to compare differential gene expressions in decidual stromal cells from PE patients and healthy donors. The result indicated that higher levels of CCL5 and CXCL2 were expressed in decidual stromal cells of PE patients compared with healthy pregnancy. The bioinformatics analysis confirmed that decidual stromal cells derived from PE patients expressed significantly lower miR-92a compared with those derived from healthy donors. Transfection of miR-92a inhibitors upregulated IL-6, CXCL2, CXCL3, CCL5, and CXCL8 expressions in decidual stromal cells. Luciferase activity assay confirmed that miR-92a directly targeted the mRNA of IRF3 whose overexpression could promote the secretion of cytokines. The flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that M1 macrophage infiltration was higher in the placentas of PE patients than in those of healthy donors. We also observed that after transfection of miR-92a inhibitor, condition medium (CM) derived from decidual stromal cells significantly promoted M1 polarization of macrophages. In addition, the transwell migration assay and flow cytometric analysis together showed that decidual stromal cell-derived CM induced macrophages to suppress the trophoblast migration and proliferation. Taken together, our result indicates that downregulation of miR-92a in decidual stromal cells promotes the macrophage polarization and suppresses the trophoblast migration and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huansheng Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qingdao University Affiliated Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qingdao University Affiliated Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaohan Liu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Qingdao University Affiliated Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Bei Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qingdao University Affiliated Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanci Che
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qingdao University Affiliated Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Rendong Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qingdao University Affiliated Hospital, Qingdao, China
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4
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How the Innate Immune DNA Sensing cGAS-STING Pathway Is Involved in Apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24033029. [PMID: 36769349 PMCID: PMC9917431 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24033029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The cGAS-STING signaling axis can be activated by cytosolic DNA, including both non-self DNA and self DNA. This axis is used by the innate immune system to monitor invading pathogens and/or damage. Increasing evidence has suggested that the cGAS-STING pathway not only facilitates inflammatory responses and the production of type I interferons (IFN), but also activates other cellular processes, such as apoptosis. Recently, many studies have focused on analyzing the mechanisms of apoptosis induced by the cGAS-STING pathway and their consequences. This review gives a detailed account of the interplay between the cGAS-STING pathway and apoptosis. The cGAS-STING pathway can induce apoptosis through ER stress, NLRP3, NF-κB, IRF3, and IFN signals. Conversely, apoptosis can feed back to regulate the cGAS-STING pathway, suppressing it via the activation of caspases or promoting it via mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) release. Apoptosis mediated by the cGAS-STING pathway plays crucial roles in balancing innate immune responses, resisting infections, and limiting tumor growth.
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5
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Hong T, Yang Y, Wang P, Zhu G, Zhu C. Pestiviruses infection: Interferon-virus mutual regulation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1146394. [PMID: 36936761 PMCID: PMC10018205 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1146394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pestiviruses are a class of viruses that in some cases can cause persistent infection of the host, thus posing a threat to the livestock industry. Interferons (IFNs) are a group of secreted proteins that play a crucial role in antiviral defense. In this review, on the one hand, we elaborate on how pestiviruses are recognized by the host retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I), melanoma-differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5), and Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) proteins to induce the synthesis of IFNs. On the other hand, we focus on reviewing how pestiviruses antagonize the production of IFNs utilizing various strategies mediated by self-encoded proteins, such as the structural envelope protein (Erns) and non-structural protein (Npro). Hence, the IFN signal transduction pathway induced by pestiviruses infection and the process of pestiviruses blockade on the production of IFNs intertwines into an intricate regulatory network. By reviewing the interaction between IFN and pestiviruses (based on studies on BVDV and CSFV), we expect to provide a theoretical basis and reference for a better understanding of the mechanisms of induction and evasion of the innate immune response during infection with these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Hong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation on Prevention and Control Technology of Important Animal Diseases and Zoonoses of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation on Prevention and Control Technology of Important Animal Diseases and Zoonoses of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Pengzhi Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation on Prevention and Control Technology of Important Animal Diseases and Zoonoses of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint Laboratory of International Cooperation on Prevention and Control Technology of Important Animal Diseases and Zoonoses of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Guoqiang Zhu, ; Congrui Zhu,
| | - Congrui Zhu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Guoqiang Zhu, ; Congrui Zhu,
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6
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IRF3 inhibits nuclear translocation of NF-κB to prevent viral inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2121385119. [PMID: 36067309 PMCID: PMC9478676 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2121385119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) is a transcription factor activated by phosphorylation in the cytoplasm of a virus-infected cell; by translocating to the nucleus, it induces transcription of IFN-β and other antiviral genes. We have previously reported IRF3 can also be activated, as a proapoptotic factor, by its linear polyubiquitination mediated by the RIG-I pathway. Both transcriptional and apoptotic functions of IRF3 contribute to its antiviral effect. Here, we report a nontranscriptional function of IRF3, namely, the repression of IRF3-mediated NF-κB activity (RIKA), which attenuated viral activation of NF-κB and the resultant inflammatory gene induction. In Irf3-/- mice, consequently, Sendai virus infection caused enhanced inflammation in the lungs. Mechanistically, RIKA was mediated by the direct binding of IRF3 to the p65 subunit of NF-κB in the cytoplasm, which prevented its nuclear import. A mutant IRF3 defective in both the transcriptional and the apoptotic activities was active in RIKA and inhibited virus replication. Our results demonstrated IRF3 deployed a three-pronged attack on virus replication and the accompanying inflammation.
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7
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Latifi-Pupovci H. Molecular mechanisms involved in pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2: Immune evasion and implications for therapeutic strategies. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113368. [PMID: 35792393 PMCID: PMC9243164 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused the outbreak of unusual viral pneumonia that emerged in late 2019 in the city of Wuhan, China. Since then, because of its high transmission and pathogenic potential it spread almost all over the world causing the pandemic, as an extraordinary threat to the world public health. Rapid activation of a well-orchestrated and functional immune system with its both arms innate and adaptive immune response is pivotal to eradication of the disease caused by this coronavirus (COVID-19). Therefore, in this review are summarized the most recent data on complex molecular mechanisms involved in the innate and adaptive immune response to combat COVID-19. In addition to widely used vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, because of the induction of short-lived immunity and appearance of variants of concern (VOCs), there will be also discussed newly developed strategies to target different viral proteins, which are not prone to frequent mutations. Obviously, SARS-CoV-2 cannot evade the effect of these novel drugs and therefore they show a great promise as an antiviral therapy not only in COVID-19 but also in future viral outbreaks.
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8
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Maciag K, Raychowdhury R, Smith K, Schneider AM, Coers J, Mumbach MR, Schwartz S, Hacohen N. IRF3 inhibits IFN-γ-mediated restriction of intracellular pathogens in macrophages independently of IFNAR. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:257-271. [PMID: 34826345 PMCID: PMC9550582 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3a0218-069rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages use an array of innate immune sensors to detect intracellular pathogens and to tailor effective antimicrobial responses. In addition, extrinsic activation with the cytokine IFN-γ is often required as well to tip the scales of the host-pathogen balance toward pathogen restriction. However, little is known about how host-pathogen sensing impacts the antimicrobial IFN-γ-activated state. It was observed that in the absence of IRF3, a key downstream component of pathogen sensing pathways, IFN-γ-primed macrophages more efficiently restricted the intracellular bacterium Legionella pneumophila and the intracellular protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. This effect did not require IFNAR, the receptor for Type I IFNs known to be induced by IRF3, nor the sensing adaptors MyD88/TRIF, MAVS, or STING. This effect also did not involve differential activation of STAT1, the major signaling protein downstream of both Type 1 and Type 2 IFN receptors. IRF3-deficient macrophages displayed a significantly altered IFN-γ-induced gene expression program, with up-regulation of microbial restriction factors such as Nos2. Finally, we found that IFN-γ-primed but not unprimed macrophages largely excluded the activated form of IRF3 from the nucleus following bacterial infection. These data are consistent with a relationship of mutual inhibition between IRF3 and IFN-γ-activated programs, possibly as a component of a partially reversible mechanism for modulating the activity of potent innate immune effectors (such as Nos2) in the context of intracellular infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Maciag
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | | | - Karen Smith
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Alexis M. Schneider
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jörn Coers
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | | | - Nir Hacohen
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA,Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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9
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Yu P, Liang P, Pang S, Yuan W, Zhao Y, Huang Q. The Function, Role and Process of DDX58 in Heart Failure and Human Cancers. Front Oncol 2022; 12:911309. [PMID: 35814394 PMCID: PMC9257035 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.911309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heart failure (HF) is the most common outcome of cardiovascular disease, and an increasing number of patients with heart failure die from noncardiac causes, such as cancer. Epidemiological data suggest that ischemic cardiomyopathy–induced HF (ischemic HF) may be associated with an increased incidence of cancer. This study aimed to investigate the possible mechanisms of the association between ischemic HF and cancer, as well as potential therapeutic targets. Methods Weighted gene co-expression network analysis was performed to analyze the correlations between phenotypes and gene modules using immune cells as phenotypes. Differential analysis was then performed to screen differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in ischemic HF and normal control samples. The macrophage-related Brown module was identified as the key module, and immune-related DEGs were obtained by taking the intersection of the Brown module, DEGs, and immune-related genes using a Venn diagram. DDX58 was identified as the key gene using a protein–protein interaction network and expression analyses and validated using immunohistochemistry. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis was performed to analyze the correlation between DDX58 expression and tumor prognosis. Spearman correlation analysis was performed to assess the correlation between DDX58 expression and immune cell infiltration. Results DDX58 was identified as a key immune-related gene associated with ischemic HF and was highly expressed in most cancer types. The survival analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between high DDX58 expression and prognosis in multiple tumor types. Moreover, DDX58 expression was significantly associated with immune cell infiltration and immune checkpoint gene expression in many cancer types. Conclusion DDX58 is a key immune-related gene in ischemic HF and may play a crucial role in the relationship between ischemic HF and cancer. Pan-cancer analysis suggests that DDX58 is a promising clinical prognostic marker for most cancers and may be a therapeutic target for cancer patients and ischemic HF patients at an increased risk of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Peng Liang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Shifeng Pang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Wenjian Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yuxiang Zhao
- United New Drug Research and Development Center, Biotrans Technology Co., LTD., Ningbo, China
- Institute of Bioengineering, Biotrans Technology Co., LTD., Ningbo, China
- *Correspondence: Yuxiang Zhao, ; Qiaojuan Huang,
| | - Qiaojuan Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- *Correspondence: Yuxiang Zhao, ; Qiaojuan Huang,
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10
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Samir P, Kanneganti TD. DEAD/H-Box Helicases in Immunity, Inflammation, Cell Differentiation, and Cell Death and Disease. Cells 2022; 11:1608. [PMID: 35626643 PMCID: PMC9139286 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
DEAD/H-box proteins are the largest family of RNA helicases in mammalian genomes, and they are present in all kingdoms of life. Since their discovery in the late 1980s, DEAD/H-box family proteins have been a major focus of study. They have been found to play central roles in RNA metabolism, gene expression, signal transduction, programmed cell death, and the immune response to bacterial and viral infections. Aberrant functions of DEAD/H-box proteins have been implicated in a wide range of human diseases that include cancer, neurodegeneration, and inherited genetic disorders. In this review, we provide a historical context and discuss the molecular functions of DEAD/H-box proteins, highlighting the recent discoveries linking their dysregulation to human diseases. We will also discuss the state of knowledge regarding two specific DEAD/H-box proteins that have critical roles in immune responses and programmed cell death, DDX3X and DDX58, also known as RIG-I. Given their importance in homeostasis and disease, an improved understanding of DEAD/H-box protein biology and protein-protein interactions will be critical for informing strategies to counteract the pathogenesis associated with several human diseases.
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11
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Heat Shock-Binding Protein 21 Regulates the Innate Immune Response to Viral Infection. J Virol 2022; 96:e0000122. [DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00001-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system is the first-line host defense against microbial pathogen invasion. The physiological functions of molecular chaperones, involving cell differentiation, migration, proliferation and inflammation, have been intensively studied.
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12
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The antiviral action of the RIG-I induced pathway of apoptosis (RIPA) is enhanced by its ability to degrade Otulin, which deubiquitinates IRF3. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:504-513. [PMID: 34545182 PMCID: PMC8901756 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-021-00870-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian innate immune response to virus infection is meditated by many cell-intrinsic pathways. RNA viruses, such as Sendai virus, which replicate in the cytoplasm, trigger the RIG-I-like receptor pathway, which activates the transcription factor, IRF3. Activated IRF3 translocates to the nucleus and induces transcription of the genes which encode interferons, the major antiviral cytokines. Interestingly, IRF3 activates another interferon-independent antiviral pathway, called RIG-I induced pathway of apoptosis (RIPA). For activating RIPA, IRF3 translocates from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. RIPA requires linear polyubiquitination of IRF3 by the enzyme complex, LUBAC; ubiquitinated IRF3 binds to Bax and translocates it to mitochondria causing the release of Cytochrome C, activation of caspases and apoptosis of the infected cell. Here, we report that Otulin, the deubiquitinase that removes linear polyubiquitin chains, inhibits RIPA by deubiquitinating IRF3. Ablation of Otulin expression enhanced RIPA and its overexpression inhibited RIPA. In virus-infected cells, to overcome Otulin-mediated inhibition, RIPA actively degrades Otulin. This degradation required sequential actions of RIPA-activated Caspase 3 and proteasomes. Caspase 3 cleaved Otulin at D31; the D31A mutant was not cleaved at all. The caspase-cleaved fragment was totally degraded by proteasomes, which was preceded by its K48-linked ubiquitination. Mass spectrometric analysis of Otulin identified K64 and K197 as the ubiquitinated residues. Otulin interacted with LUBAC after virus infection and the E3-ubiquitin ligase, HOIP, a component of LUBAC, ubiquitinated Otulin to trigger its proteasome-mediated degradation. To assess the impact of Otulin degradation on RIPA-mediated antiviral action, we expressed, in Otulin-ablated cells, a non-degradable mutant of Otulin, in which D31, K64 and K197 had been mutated. The cells expressing the Otulin mutant were less susceptible to virus-induced apoptosis, because RIPA was less active, and consequently virus replication was more robust. Thus, our study has revealed an important positive feedback loop of RIPA.
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13
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Zheng X, Xiao J, Jiang Q, Zheng L, Liu C, Dong C, Zheng Y, Ni P, Zhang C, Zhang F, Zhong R, Ding H, Wang Q, Qiu Y, Gao M, Ding J, Shen N, Wei B, Wang H. AKT2 reduces IFNβ1 production to modulate antiviral responses and systemic lupus erythematosus. EMBO J 2022; 41:e108016. [PMID: 35191555 PMCID: PMC8922272 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3)-induced type I interferon (I-IFN) production plays key roles in both antiviral and autoimmune responses. IRF3 phosphorylation, dimerization, and nuclear localization are needed for its activation and function, but the precise regulatory mechanisms remain to be explored. Here, we show that the serine/threonine kinase AKT2 interacts with IRF3 and phosphorylates it on Thr207, thereby attenuating IRF3 nuclear translocation in a 14-3-3ε-dependent manner and reducing I-IFN production. We further find that AKT2 expression is downregulated in viral-infected macrophages or in monocytes and tissue samples from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients and mouse models. Akt2-deficient mice exhibit increased I-IFN induction and reduced mortality in response to viral infection, but aggravated severity of SLE. Overexpression of AKT2 kinase-inactive or IRF3-T207A mutants in zebrafish supports that AKT2 negatively regulates I-IFN production and antiviral response in a kinase-dependent manner. This negative role of AKT2 in IRF3-induced I-IFN production suggests that AKT2 may be therapeutically targeted to differentially regulate antiviral infection and SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Jiang
- School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingming Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuxiao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Peili Ni
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruiyue Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Huihua Ding
- Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Minxia Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianping Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Shen
- Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Wei
- Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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14
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Gao H, Lin Y, Huang C, Li X, Diamond MS, Liu C, Zhang R, Zhang P. A genome-wide CRISPR screen identifies HuR as a regulator of apoptosis induced by dsRNA and virus. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:274702. [PMID: 35112703 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed an unbiased whole-genome CRISPR/Cas9 screen in A549 cells to identify potential regulators involved in cell death triggered by dsRNA. Of several top candidate genes, we identified the RNA binding protein ELAV like protein 1 (ELAVL1) that encodes Hu antigen R (HuR). Depletion of HuR led to less cell death induced by dsRNA. HuR is mainly involved in the apoptosis, and all of its RNA recognition motifs are essential for its proapoptotic function. We further showed that the HuR depletion had no influence on the mRNA level of an anti-apoptotic gene, BCL2, instead downregulated its translation in a cap-independent way. Polysome fractionation studies showed that HuR retarded the BCL2 mRNA in the non-translating pool of polysomes. Moreover, protection from dsRNA-induced apoptosis by HuR depletion required the presence of BCL2, indicating that the proapoptotic function of HuR is executed by suppressing BCL2. Consistently, HuR regulated apoptosis induced by infection of encephalomyocarditis or Semliki Forest virus. Collectively, our work identified a suite of proteins that regulate dsRNA-induced cell death, and elucidated the mechanism by which HuR acts as a pro-apoptotic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yuxia Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Changbai Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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15
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Lin Y, Huang C, Gao H, Li X, Lin Q, Zhou S, Huo Z, Huang Y, Liu C, Zhang P. AMBRA1 promotes apoptosis induced by dsRNA and virus through interacting with and stabilizing MAVS. J Cell Sci 2021; 135:273618. [PMID: 34859815 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is an important cellular response to viral infection. In current study, we identified activating molecule in Beclin1-regulated autophagy protein 1 (AMBRA1) as a positive regulator of apoptosis triggered by dsRNA. Depletion of AMBRA1 by gene editing significantly reduced dsRNA-induced apoptosis, which was largely restored by trans-complementation of AMBRA1. Mechanistically, AMBRA1 interacts with mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS), a key mitochondrial adaptor in the apoptosis pathway induced by dsRNA and viral infection. Further Co-IP analysis demonstrated that the mitochondrial localization of MAVS was essential for their interaction. The impact of AMBRA1 on dsRNA-induced apoptosis relied on the presence of MAVS and caspase-8. AMBRA1 was involved in the stabilization of MAVS through preventing its proteasomal degradation induced by dsRNA. Consistently, AMBRA1 upregulated the apoptosis induced by Semliki Forest virus infection. Taken together, our work illustrated a role of AMBRA1 in the virus-induced apoptosis through interacting with and stabilizing MAVS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxia Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Changbai Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Huixin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Quanshi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Shili Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhiting Huo
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yanxia Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China.,Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
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16
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Xue M, Zhang Y, Wang H, Kairis EL, Lu M, Ahmad S, Attia Z, Harder O, Zhang Z, Wei J, Chen P, Gao Y, Peeples ME, Sharma A, Boyaka P, He C, Hur S, Niewiesk S, Li J. Viral RNA N6-methyladenosine modification modulates both innate and adaptive immune responses of human respiratory syncytial virus. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010142. [PMID: 34929018 PMCID: PMC8759664 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of respiratory tract infections in humans. A well-known challenge in the development of a live attenuated RSV vaccine is that interferon (IFN)-mediated antiviral responses are strongly suppressed by RSV nonstructural proteins which, in turn, dampens the subsequent adaptive immune responses. Here, we discovered a novel strategy to enhance innate and adaptive immunity to RSV infection. Specifically, we found that recombinant RSVs deficient in viral RNA N6-methyladenosine (m6A) and RSV grown in m6A methyltransferase (METTL3)-knockdown cells induce higher expression of RIG-I, bind more efficiently to RIG-I, and enhance RIG-I ubiquitination and IRF3 phosphorylation compared to wild-type virion RNA, leading to enhanced type I IFN production. Importantly, these m6A-deficient RSV mutants also induce a stronger IFN response in vivo, are significantly attenuated, induce higher neutralizing antibody and T cell immune responses in mice and provide complete protection against RSV challenge in cotton rats. Collectively, our results demonstrate that inhibition of RSV RNA m6A methylation enhances innate immune responses which in turn promote adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaoge Xue
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yuexiu Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Haitao Wang
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth L. Kairis
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mijia Lu
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sadeem Ahmad
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Zayed Attia
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Olivia Harder
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Zijie Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jiangbo Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Phylip Chen
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Youling Gao
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mark E. Peeples
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Amit Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Prosper Boyaka
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Chuan He
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sun Hur
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stefan Niewiesk
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jianrong Li
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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17
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Li D, Wu M. Pattern recognition receptors in health and diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:291. [PMID: 34344870 PMCID: PMC8333067 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00687-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 513] [Impact Index Per Article: 171.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are a class of receptors that can directly recognize the specific molecular structures on the surface of pathogens, apoptotic host cells, and damaged senescent cells. PRRs bridge nonspecific immunity and specific immunity. Through the recognition and binding of ligands, PRRs can produce nonspecific anti-infection, antitumor, and other immunoprotective effects. Most PRRs in the innate immune system of vertebrates can be classified into the following five types based on protein domain homology: Toll-like receptors (TLRs), nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs), retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), and absent in melanoma-2 (AIM2)-like receptors (ALRs). PRRs are basically composed of ligand recognition domains, intermediate domains, and effector domains. PRRs recognize and bind their respective ligands and recruit adaptor molecules with the same structure through their effector domains, initiating downstream signaling pathways to exert effects. In recent years, the increased researches on the recognition and binding of PRRs and their ligands have greatly promoted the understanding of different PRRs signaling pathways and provided ideas for the treatment of immune-related diseases and even tumors. This review describes in detail the history, the structural characteristics, ligand recognition mechanism, the signaling pathway, the related disease, new drugs in clinical trials and clinical therapy of different types of PRRs, and discusses the significance of the research on pattern recognition mechanism for the treatment of PRR-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyang Li
- Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Minghua Wu
- Hunan Provincial Tumor Hospital and the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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18
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Anjum S, Ishaque S, Fatima H, Farooq W, Hano C, Abbasi BH, Anjum I. Emerging Applications of Nanotechnology in Healthcare Systems: Grand Challenges and Perspectives. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14080707. [PMID: 34451803 PMCID: PMC8401281 DOI: 10.3390/ph14080707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Healthcare, as a basic human right, has often become the focus of the development of innovative technologies. Technological progress has significantly contributed to the provision of high-quality, on-time, acceptable, and affordable healthcare. Advancements in nanoscience have led to the emergence of a new generation of nanostructures. Each of them has a unique set of properties that account for their astonishing applications. Since its inception, nanotechnology has continuously affected healthcare and has exerted a tremendous influence on its transformation, contributing to better outcomes. In the last two decades, the world has seen nanotechnology taking steps towards its omnipresence and the process has been accelerated by extensive research in various healthcare sectors. The inclusion of nanotechnology and its allied nanocarriers/nanosystems in medicine is known as nanomedicine, a field that has brought about numerous benefits in disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Various nanosystems have been found to be better candidates for theranostic purposes, in contrast to conventional ones. This review paper will shed light on medically significant nanosystems, as well as their applications and limitations in areas such as gene therapy, targeted drug delivery, and in the treatment of cancer and various genetic diseases. Although nanotechnology holds immense potential, it is yet to be exploited. More efforts need to be directed to overcome these limitations and make full use of its potential in order to revolutionize the healthcare sector in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumaira Anjum
- Department of Biotechnology, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (S.I.); (H.F.); (W.F.); (I.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +92-300-6957038
| | - Sara Ishaque
- Department of Biotechnology, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (S.I.); (H.F.); (W.F.); (I.A.)
| | - Hijab Fatima
- Department of Biotechnology, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (S.I.); (H.F.); (W.F.); (I.A.)
| | - Wajiha Farooq
- Department of Biotechnology, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (S.I.); (H.F.); (W.F.); (I.A.)
| | - Christophe Hano
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), INRAe USC1328, Université d’Orléans, 28000 Chartres, France;
| | - Bilal Haider Abbasi
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 54000, Pakistan;
| | - Iram Anjum
- Department of Biotechnology, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (S.I.); (H.F.); (W.F.); (I.A.)
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19
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Boehmer DFR, Formisano S, de Oliveira Mann CC, Mueller SA, Kluge M, Metzger P, Rohlfs M, Hörth C, Kocheise L, Lichtenthaler SF, Hopfner KP, Endres S, Rothenfusser S, Friedel CC, Duewell P, Schnurr M, Koenig LM. OAS1/RNase L executes RIG-I ligand-dependent tumor cell apoptosis. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:eabe2550. [PMID: 34272227 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abe2550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic double-stranded RNA is sensed by RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), leading to induction of type I interferons (IFN-Is), proinflammatory cytokines, and apoptosis. Here, we elucidate signaling mechanisms that lead to cytokine secretion and cell death induction upon stimulation with the bona fide RIG-I ligand 5'-triphosphate RNA (3p-RNA) in tumor cells. We show that both outcomes are mediated by dsRNA-receptor families with RLR being essential for cytokine production and IFN-I-mediated priming of effector pathways but not for apoptosis. Affinity purification followed by mass spectrometry and subsequent functional analysis revealed that 3p-RNA bound and activated oligoadenylate synthetase 1 and RNase L. RNase L-deficient cells were profoundly impaired in their ability to undergo apoptosis. Mechanistically, the concerted action of translational arrest triggered by RNase L and up-regulation of NOXA was needed to deplete the antiapoptotic MCL-1 to cause intrinsic apoptosis. Thus, 3p-RNA-induced apoptosis is a two-step process consisting of RIG-I-dependent priming and an RNase L-dependent effector phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F R Boehmer
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Formisano
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Stephan A Mueller
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Kluge
- Institute of Informatics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp Metzger
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Meino Rohlfs
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Christine Hörth
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Lorenz Kocheise
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Karl-Peter Hopfner
- Gene Center Munich and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M), LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Endres
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M), LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Einheit für Klinische Pharmakologie (EKLIP), Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Simon Rothenfusser
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
- Einheit für Klinische Pharmakologie (EKLIP), Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Caroline C Friedel
- Institute of Informatics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Duewell
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Max Schnurr
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Lars M Koenig
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany.
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20
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Kaur G, Iyer LM, Burroughs AM, Aravind L. Bacterial death and TRADD-N domains help define novel apoptosis and immunity mechanisms shared by prokaryotes and metazoans. eLife 2021; 10:70394. [PMID: 34061031 PMCID: PMC8195603 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Several homologous domains are shared by eukaryotic immunity and programmed cell-death systems and poorly understood bacterial proteins. Recent studies show these to be components of a network of highly regulated systems connecting apoptotic processes to counter-invader immunity, in prokaryotes with a multicellular habit. However, the provenance of key adaptor domains, namely those of the Death-like and TRADD-N superfamilies, a quintessential feature of metazoan apoptotic systems, remained murky. Here, we use sensitive sequence analysis and comparative genomics methods to identify unambiguous bacterial homologs of the Death-like and TRADD-N superfamilies. We show the former to have arisen as part of a radiation of effector-associated α-helical adaptor domains that likely mediate homotypic interactions bringing together diverse effector and signaling domains in predicted bacterial apoptosis- and counter-invader systems. Similarly, we show that the TRADD-N domain defines a key, widespread signaling bridge that links effector deployment to invader-sensing in multicellular bacterial and metazoan counter-invader systems. TRADD-N domains are expanded in aggregating marine invertebrates and point to distinctive diversifying immune strategies probably directed both at RNA and retroviruses and cellular pathogens that might infect such communities. These TRADD-N and Death-like domains helped identify several new bacterial and metazoan counter-invader systems featuring underappreciated, common functional principles: the use of intracellular invader-sensing lectin-like (NPCBM and FGS), transcription elongation GreA/B-C, glycosyltransferase-4 family, inactive NTPase (serving as nucleic acid receptors), and invader-sensing GTPase switch domains. Finally, these findings point to the possibility of multicellular bacteria-stem metazoan symbiosis in the emergence of the immune/apoptotic systems of the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurmeet Kaur
- Computational Biology Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Lakshminarayan M Iyer
- Computational Biology Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - A Maxwell Burroughs
- Computational Biology Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - L Aravind
- Computational Biology Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
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21
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The analog of cGAMP, c-di-AMP, activates STING mediated cell death pathway in estrogen-receptor negative breast cancer cells. Apoptosis 2021; 26:293-306. [PMID: 33840002 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-021-01669-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Immune adaptor protein like STING/MITA regulate innate immune response and plays a critical role in inflammation in the tumor microenvironment and regulation of metastasis including breast cancer. Chromosomal instability in highly metastatic cells releases fragmented chromosomal parts in the cytoplasm, hence the activation of STING via an increased level of cyclic dinucleotides (cDNs) synthesized by cGMP-AMP synthase (cGAS). Cyclic dinucleotides 2' 3'-cGAMP and it's analog can potentially activate STING mediated pathways leading to nuclear translocation of p65 and IRF-3 and transcription of inflammatory genes. The differential modulation of STING pathway via 2' 3'-cGAMP and its analog and its implication in breast tumorigenesis is still not well explored. In the current study, we demonstrated that c-di-AMP can activate type-1 IFN response in ER negative breast cancer cell lines which correlate with STING expression. c-di-AMP binds to STING and activates downstream IFN pathways in STING positive metastatic MDA-MB-231/MX-1 cells. Prolonged treatment of c-di-AMP induces cell death in STING positive metastatic MDA-MB-231/MX-1 cells mediated by IRF-3. c-di-AMP induces IRF-3 translocation to mitochondria and initiates Caspase-9 mediated cell death and inhibits clonogenicity of triple-negative breast cancer cells. This study suggests that c-di-AMP can activate and modulates STING pathway to induce mitochondrial mediated apoptosis in estrogen-receptor negative breast cancer cells.
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22
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Transcriptional and Non-Transcriptional Activation, Posttranslational Modifications, and Antiviral Functions of Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 and Viral Antagonism by the SARS-Coronavirus. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040575. [PMID: 33805458 PMCID: PMC8066409 DOI: 10.3390/v13040575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system defends against invading pathogens through the rapid activation of innate immune signaling pathways. Interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) is a key transcription factor activated in response to virus infection and is largely responsible for establishing an antiviral state in the infected host. Studies in Irf3−/− mice have demonstrated the absence of IRF3 imparts a high degree of susceptibility to a wide range of viral infections. Virus infection causes the activation of IRF3 to transcribe type-I interferon (e.g., IFNβ), which is responsible for inducing the interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), which act at specific stages to limit virus replication. In addition to its transcriptional function, IRF3 is also activated to trigger apoptosis of virus-infected cells, as a mechanism to restrict virus spread within the host, in a pathway called RIG-I-like receptor-induced IRF3 mediated pathway of apoptosis (RIPA). These dual functions of IRF3 work in concert to mediate protective immunity against virus infection. These two pathways are activated differentially by the posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of IRF3. Moreover, PTMs regulate not only IRF3 activation and function, but also protein stability. Consequently, many viruses utilize viral proteins or hijack cellular enzymes to inhibit IRF3 functions. This review will describe the PTMs that regulate IRF3′s RIPA and transcriptional activities and use coronavirus as a model virus capable of antagonizing IRF3-mediated innate immune responses. A thorough understanding of the cellular control of IRF3 and the mechanisms that viruses use to subvert this system is critical for developing novel therapies for virus-induced pathologies.
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Fu Z, Yang R, Yu G, Ma Z. Tissue comparison of transcriptional response to acute acidification stress of barramundi Lates calcarifer in coastal and estuarine areas. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2021; 38:100830. [PMID: 33812155 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2021.100830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In order to explore the common and unique physiological changes in tissues of juvenile barramundi Lates calcarifer in acidified water environment, RNA sequence analysis was used to analyze the molecular responses of liver, head kidney, and gill of juvenile barramundi in pH 7.4 and pH 8.1 seawater environment. The number of differential expression genes identified in liver, head kidney and gill were 860, 388 and 1792, respectively. Through functional enrichment analysis, the differential expression genes common to the three tissues were all related to immunity. Among the unique differential genes in the liver, pathways related to digestion, endocrine, and metabolism were enriched. Among the unique differential expression genes in gill, pathways related to genetic information processing, immunity and metabolism were enriched. The findings of the present study uncover the transcriptional changes in fish correspond to environmental pH change, and provide a better understanding on the biological process at molecular level to environmental pH adapting. This work highlights that assessments for the potential of estuarine fishes to cope with environmental pH change to develop the future conservation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyi Fu
- Tropical Aquaculture Research and Development Center, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Sanya 572018, PR China; Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510300, PR China; Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya 572018, PR China
| | - Rui Yang
- Tropical Aquaculture Research and Development Center, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Sanya 572018, PR China; Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510300, PR China; Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya 572018, PR China
| | - Gang Yu
- Tropical Aquaculture Research and Development Center, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Sanya 572018, PR China; Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510300, PR China; Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya 572018, PR China
| | - Zhenhua Ma
- Tropical Aquaculture Research and Development Center, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Sanya 572018, PR China; Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510300, PR China; Sanya Tropical Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya 572018, PR China.
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Ubiquitination modification: critical regulation of IRF family stability and activity. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2020; 64:957-965. [PMID: 33141302 PMCID: PMC7607542 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1796-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) play pivotal and critical roles in innate and adaptive immune responses; thus, precise and stringent regulation of the stability and activation of IRFs in physiological processes is necessary. The stability and activities of IRFs are directly or indirectly targeted by endogenous and exogenous proteins in an ubiquitin-dependent manner. However, few reviews have summarized how host E3 ligases/DUBs or viral proteins regulate IRF stability and activity. Additionally, with recent technological developments, details about the ubiquitination of IRFs have been continuously revealed. As knowledge of how these proteins function and interact with IRFs may facilitate a better understanding of the regulation of IRFs in immune responses or other biological processes, we summarized current studies on the direct ubiquitination of IRFs, with an emphasis on how these proteins interact with IRFs and affect their activities, which may provide exciting targets for drug development by regulating the functions of specific E3 ligases.
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Vogel OA, Han J, Liang CY, Manicassamy S, Perez JT, Manicassamy B. The p150 Isoform of ADAR1 Blocks Sustained RLR signaling and Apoptosis during Influenza Virus Infection. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008842. [PMID: 32898178 PMCID: PMC7500621 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling through retinoic acid inducible gene I (RIG-I) like receptors (RLRs) is tightly regulated, with activation occurring upon sensing of viral nucleic acids, and suppression mediated by negative regulators. Under homeostatic conditions aberrant activation of melanoma differentiation-associated protein-5 (MDA5) is prevented through editing of endogenous dsRNA by RNA editing enzyme Adenosine Deaminase Acting on RNA (ADAR1). In addition, ADAR1 is postulated to play pro-viral and antiviral roles during viral infections that are dependent or independent of RNA editing activity. Here, we investigated the importance of ADAR1 isoforms in modulating influenza A virus (IAV) replication and revealed the opposing roles for ADAR1 isoforms, with the nuclear p110 isoform restricting versus the cytoplasmic p150 isoform promoting IAV replication. Importantly, we demonstrate that p150 is critical for preventing sustained RIG-I signaling, as p150 deficient cells showed increased IFN-β expression and apoptosis during IAV infection, independent of RNA editing activity. Taken together, the p150 isoform of ADAR1 is important for preventing sustained RIG-I induced IFN-β expression and apoptosis during viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia A. Vogel
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Julianna Han
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Chieh-Yu Liang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Santhakumar Manicassamy
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation, and Tolerance Program, GRU Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Jasmine T. Perez
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Balaji Manicassamy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
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Zhu JJ, Stenfeldt C, Bishop EA, Canter JA, Eschbaumer M, Rodriguez LL, Arzt J. Mechanisms of Maintenance of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Persistence Inferred From Genes Differentially Expressed in Nasopharyngeal Epithelia of Virus Carriers and Non-carriers. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:340. [PMID: 32637426 PMCID: PMC7318773 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes persistent infection of nasopharyngeal epithelial cells in ~50% of infected ruminants. The mechanisms involved are not clear. This study provides a continued investigation of differentially expressed genes (DEG) identified in a previously published transcriptomic study analyzing micro-dissected epithelial samples from FMDV carriers and non-carriers. Pathway analysis of DEG indicated that immune cell trafficking, cell death and hematological system could be affected by the differential gene expression. Further examination of the DEG identified five downregulated (chemerin, CCL23, CXCL15, CXCL16, and CXCL17) and one upregulated (CCL2) chemokines in carriers compared to non-carriers. The differential expression could reduce the recruitment of neutrophils, antigen-experienced T cells and dendritic cells and increase the migration of macrophages and NK cells to the epithelia in carriers, which was supported by DEG expressed in these immune cells. Downregulated chemokine expression could be mainly due to the inhibition of canonical NFκB signaling based on DEG in the signaling pathways and transcription factor binding sites predicted from the proximal promoters. Additionally, upregulated CD69, IL33, and NID1 and downregulated CASP3, IL17RA, NCR3LG1, TP53BP1, TRAF3, and TRAF6 in carriers could inhibit the Th17 response, NK cell cytotoxicity and apoptosis. Based on our findings, we hypothesize that (1) under-expression of chemokines that recruit neutrophils, antigen-experienced T cells and dendritic cells, (2) blocking NK cell binding to target cells and (3) suppression of apoptosis induced by death receptor signaling, viral RNA, and cell-mediated cytotoxicity in the epithelia compromised virus clearance and allowed FMDV to persist. These hypothesized mechanisms provide novel information for further investigation of persistent FMDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Zhu
- USDA-ARS, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, NY, United States
| | - Carolina Stenfeldt
- USDA-ARS, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, NY, United States.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Bishop
- USDA-ARS, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, NY, United States
| | - Jessica A Canter
- USDA-ARS, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, NY, United States.,Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Orient, NY, United States
| | - Michael Eschbaumer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Luis L Rodriguez
- USDA-ARS, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, NY, United States
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- USDA-ARS, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, NY, United States
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Regulation and Consequences of cGAS Activation by Self-DNA. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 30:594-605. [PMID: 32546434 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) is a major responder to the pathogenic DNA of viruses and bacteria. Upon DNA binding, cGAS becomes enzymatically active to generate the second messenger cGAMP, leading to activation of inflammatory genes, type I interferon production, autophagy, and cell death. Following genotoxic stress, cGAS can also respond to endogenous DNA, deriving from mitochondria, endogenous retroelements, and chromosomes to affect cellular signaling, secretion, and cell fate decisions. However, under unperturbed conditions, signaling from self-DNA is largely, but not completely, inhibited. Here we review how endogenous DNA is exposed to cGAS, how signaling is attenuated but activated under pathological conditions, and how low-level signaling under unperturbed conditions might prime antipathogenic responses.
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Urban C, Welsch H, Heine K, Wüst S, Haas DA, Dächert C, Pandey A, Pichlmair A, Binder M. Persistent Innate Immune Stimulation Results in IRF3-Mediated but Caspase-Independent Cytostasis. Viruses 2020; 12:v12060635. [PMID: 32545331 PMCID: PMC7354422 DOI: 10.3390/v12060635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent virus infection continuously produces non-self nucleic acids that activate cell-intrinsic immune responses. However, the antiviral defense evolved as a transient, acute phase response and the effects of persistently ongoing stimulation onto cellular homeostasis are not well understood. To study the consequences of long-term innate immune activation, we expressed the NS5B polymerase of Hepatitis C virus (HCV), which in absence of viral genomes continuously produces immune-stimulatory RNAs. Surprisingly, within 3 weeks, NS5B expression declined and the innate immune response ceased. Proteomics and functional analyses indicated a reduced proliferation of those cells most strongly stimulated, which was independent of interferon signaling but required mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). Depletion of MAVS or IRF3, or overexpression of the MAVS-inactivating HCV NS3/4A protease not only blocked interferon responses but also restored cell growth in NS5B expressing cells. However, pan-caspase inhibition could not rescue the NS5B-induced cytostasis. Our results underline an active counter selection of cells with prolonged innate immune activation, which likely constitutes a cellular strategy to prevent persistent virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Urban
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (C.U.); (D.A.H.)
| | - Hendrik Welsch
- Research Group “Dynamics of Early Viral Infection and the Innate Antiviral Response”, Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis (F170), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (H.W.); (K.H.); (S.W.); (C.D.); (A.P.)
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Heine
- Research Group “Dynamics of Early Viral Infection and the Innate Antiviral Response”, Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis (F170), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (H.W.); (K.H.); (S.W.); (C.D.); (A.P.)
| | - Sandra Wüst
- Research Group “Dynamics of Early Viral Infection and the Innate Antiviral Response”, Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis (F170), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (H.W.); (K.H.); (S.W.); (C.D.); (A.P.)
| | - Darya A. Haas
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (C.U.); (D.A.H.)
| | - Christopher Dächert
- Research Group “Dynamics of Early Viral Infection and the Innate Antiviral Response”, Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis (F170), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (H.W.); (K.H.); (S.W.); (C.D.); (A.P.)
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aparna Pandey
- Research Group “Dynamics of Early Viral Infection and the Innate Antiviral Response”, Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis (F170), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (H.W.); (K.H.); (S.W.); (C.D.); (A.P.)
| | - Andreas Pichlmair
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; (C.U.); (D.A.H.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (M.B.)
| | - Marco Binder
- Research Group “Dynamics of Early Viral Infection and the Innate Antiviral Response”, Division Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis (F170), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (H.W.); (K.H.); (S.W.); (C.D.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (M.B.)
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High Throughput Screening of FDA-Approved Drug Library Reveals the Compounds that Promote IRF3-Mediated Pro-Apoptotic Pathway Inhibit Virus Replication. Viruses 2020; 12:v12040442. [PMID: 32295140 PMCID: PMC7232324 DOI: 10.3390/v12040442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) is the key transcription factor for the induction of IFN and antiviral genes. The absence of antiviral genes in IRF3 deficiency leads to susceptibility to a wide range of viral infections. Previously, we uncovered a function for nontranscriptional IRF3 (nt-IRF3), RLR (RIG-I-like receptor)-induced IRF3-mediated pathway of apoptosis (RIPA), which triggers apoptotic killing of virus-infected cells. Using knock-in mice expressing a transcriptionally inactive, but RIPA-active, IRF3 mutant, we demonstrated the relative contribution of RIPA to host antiviral defense. Given that RIPA is a cellular antiviral pathway, we hypothesized that small molecules that promote RIPA in virus-infected cells would act as antiviral agents. To test this, we conducted a high throughput screen of a library of FDA-approved drugs to identify novel RIPA activators. Our screen identified doxorubicin as a potent RIPA-activating agent. In support of our hypothesis, doxorubicin inhibited the replication of vesicular stomatitis virus, a model rhabdovirus, and its antiviral activity depended on its ability to activate IRF3 in RIPA. Surprisingly, doxorubicin inhibited the transcriptional activity of IRF3. The antiviral activity of doxorubicin was expanded to flavivirus and herpesvirus that also activate IRF3. Mechanistically, doxorubicin promoted RIPA by activating the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway. Finally, we validated these results using another RIPA-activating compound, pyrvinium pamoate, which showed a similar antiviral effect without affecting the transcriptional activity of IRF3. Therefore, we demonstrate that the RIPA branch of IRF3 can be targeted therapeutically to prevent virus infection.
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Ma L, Shi W, Ma X, Zou M, Chen W, Li W, Zou R, Chen X. Comprehensive analysis of differential immunocyte infiltration and the potential ceRNA networks during epicardial adipose tissue development in congenital heart disease. J Transl Med 2020; 18:111. [PMID: 32122382 PMCID: PMC7053131 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02279-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To detect the development, function and therapeutic potential of epicardial adipose tissue (EAT); analyze a related gene expression dataset, including data from neonates, infants, and children with congenital heart disease (CHD); compare the data to identify the codifferentially expressed (DE) mRNAs and lncRNAs and the corresponding miRNAs; generate a potential competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network; and assess the involvement of immunocyte infiltration in the development of the EAT. Methods Multiple algorithms for linear models for microarray data algorithms (LIMMA), CIBERSORT, gene-set enrichment analysis (GSEA), and gene set variation analysis (GSVA) were used. The miRcode, miRDB, miRTarBase, and TargetScan database were used to construct the ceRNA network. The Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses of the DE mRNAs were performed. Results Thirteen co-DE mRNAs and 47 co-DE lncRNAs were subsequently identified. The related categories included negative regulation of myoblast differentiation, regulation of ion transmembrane transport, and heart development, which were primarily identified for further pathway enrichment analysis. Additionally, the hub ceRNA network in EAT development involving MIR210HG, hsa-miR-449c-5p, and CACNA2D4 was generated and shown to target monocyte infiltration. Conclusion These findings suggest that the pathways of myoblast differentiation and ion transmembrane transport may be potential hub pathways involved in EAT development in CHD patients. In addition, the network includes monocytes, MIR210HG, and CACNA2D4, which were shown to target the RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway and PPAR signaling pathway, indicating that these factors may be novel regulators and therapeutic targets in EAT development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Wanting Shi
- Department of Paediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Xun Ma
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Minghui Zou
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Weidan Chen
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenlei Li
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Rongjun Zou
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xinxin Chen
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, Guangdong, China.
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31
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Gilles S, Blume C, Wimmer M, Damialis A, Meulenbroek L, Gökkaya M, Bergougnan C, Eisenbart S, Sundell N, Lindh M, Andersson L, Dahl Å, Chaker A, Kolek F, Wagner S, Neumann AU, Akdis CA, Garssen J, Westin J, Land B, Davies DE, Traidl‐Hoffmann C. Pollen exposure weakens innate defense against respiratory viruses. Allergy 2020; 75:576-587. [PMID: 31512243 DOI: 10.1111/all.14047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hundreds of plant species release their pollen into the air every year during early spring. During that period, pollen allergic as well as non-allergic patients frequently present to doctors with severe respiratory tract infections. Our objective was therefore to assess whether pollen may interfere with antiviral immunity. METHODS We combined data from real-life human exposure cohorts, a mouse model and human cell culture to test our hypothesis. RESULTS Pollen significantly diminished interferon-λ and pro-inflammatory chemokine responses of airway epithelia to rhinovirus and viral mimics and decreased nuclear translocation of interferon regulatory factors. In mice infected with respiratory syncytial virus, co-exposure to pollen caused attenuated antiviral gene expression and increased pulmonary viral titers. In non-allergic human volunteers, nasal symptoms were positively correlated with airborne birch pollen abundance, and nasal birch pollen challenge led to downregulation of type I and -III interferons in nasal mucosa. In a large patient cohort, numbers of rhinoviruspositive cases were correlated with airborne birch pollen concentrations. CONCLUSION The ability of pollen to suppress innate antiviral immunity, independent of allergy, suggests that high-risk population groups should avoid extensive outdoor activities when pollen and respiratory virus seasons coincide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Gilles
- Chair and Institute of Environmental Medicine UNIKA‐T Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München Augsburg Germany
| | - Cornelia Blume
- Faculty of Medicine Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences University of Southampton Southampton UK
- Southampton NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit University Hospital Southampton Southampton UK
| | - Maria Wimmer
- Chair and Institute of Environmental Medicine UNIKA‐T Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München Augsburg Germany
- Division of Pharmacology Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty of Science Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Athanasios Damialis
- Chair and Institute of Environmental Medicine UNIKA‐T Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München Augsburg Germany
| | - Laura Meulenbroek
- Division of Pharmacology Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty of Science Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology Nutricia Research Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Mehmet Gökkaya
- Chair and Institute of Environmental Medicine UNIKA‐T Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München Augsburg Germany
| | - Carolin Bergougnan
- Chair and Institute of Environmental Medicine UNIKA‐T Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München Augsburg Germany
| | - Selina Eisenbart
- Chair and Institute of Environmental Medicine UNIKA‐T Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München Augsburg Germany
| | - Nicklas Sundell
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Clinical Virology University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Magnus Lindh
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Clinical Virology University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Lars‐Magnus Andersson
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Clinical Virology University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Åslög Dahl
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences Faculty of Sciences University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Adam Chaker
- ENT Department Klinikum Rechts der Isar Technical University of Munich Munich Germany
| | - Franziska Kolek
- Chair and Institute of Environmental Medicine UNIKA‐T Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München Augsburg Germany
| | - Sabrina Wagner
- Chair and Institute of Environmental Medicine UNIKA‐T Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München Augsburg Germany
| | - Avidan U. Neumann
- Chair and Institute of Environmental Medicine UNIKA‐T Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München Augsburg Germany
| | - Cezmi A. Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF) University Zurich Davos Switzerland
- Christine‐Kühne‐Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK‐Care) Davos Switzerland
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty of Science Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology Nutricia Research Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Johan Westin
- Department of Infectious Diseases/Clinical Virology University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Belinda Land
- Department of Immunology Nutricia Research Utrecht The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology The Wilhelmina Children's Hospital University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Donna E. Davies
- Faculty of Medicine Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences University of Southampton Southampton UK
- Southampton NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit University Hospital Southampton Southampton UK
| | - Claudia Traidl‐Hoffmann
- Chair and Institute of Environmental Medicine UNIKA‐T Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München Augsburg Germany
- Christine‐Kühne‐Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK‐Care) Davos Switzerland
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Li A, Wang W, Wang Y, Chen K, Xiao F, Hu D, Hui L, Liu W, Feng Y, Li G, Tan Q, Liu Y, Wu K, Wu J. NS5 Conservative Site Is Required for Zika Virus to Restrict the RIG-I Signaling. Front Immunol 2020; 11:51. [PMID: 32117232 PMCID: PMC7033454 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During host-virus co-evolution, cells develop innate immune systems to inhibit virus invasion, while viruses employ strategies to suppress immune responses and maintain infection. Here, we reveal that Zika virus (ZIKV), a re-emerging arbovirus causing public concerns and devastating complications, restricts host immune responses through a distinct mechanism. ZIKV nonstructural protein 5 (NS5) interacts with the host retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), an essential signaling molecule for defending pathogen infections. NS5 subsequently represses K63-linked polyubiquitination of RIG-I, attenuates the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), and inhibits the expression and production of interferon-β (IFN-β), thereby restricting the RIG-I signaling pathway. Interestingly, we demonstrate that the methyltransferase (MTase) domain of NS5 is required for the repression of RIG-I ubiquitination, IRF3 activation, and IFN-β production. Detailed studies further reveal that the conservative active site D146 of NS5 is critical for the suppression of the RIG-I signaling. Therefore, we uncover an essential role of NS5 conservative site D146 in ZIKV-mediated repression of innate immune system, illustrate a distinct mechanism by which ZIKV evades host immune responses, and discover a potential target for anti-viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aixin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenbiao Wang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingchong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Keli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dingwen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lixia Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weiyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuqian Feng
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Geng Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuping Tan
- Guangdong LongFan Biological Science and Technology Company, Foshan, China
| | - Yingle Liu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kailang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Maelfait J, Liverpool L, Rehwinkel J. Nucleic Acid Sensors and Programmed Cell Death. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:552-568. [PMID: 31786265 PMCID: PMC7322524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acids derived from microorganisms are powerful triggers for innate immune responses. Proteins called RNA and DNA sensors detect foreign nucleic acids and, in mammalian cells, include RIG-I, cGAS, and AIM2. On binding to nucleic acids, these proteins initiate signaling cascades that activate host defense responses. An important aspect of this defense program is the production of cytokines such as type I interferons and IL-1β. Studies conducted over recent years have revealed that nucleic acid sensors also activate programmed cell death pathways as an innate immune response to infection. Indeed, RNA and DNA sensors induce apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis. Cell death via these pathways prevents replication of pathogens by eliminating the infected cell and additionally contributes to the release of cytokines and inflammatory mediators. Interestingly, recent evidence suggests that programmed cell death triggered by nucleic acid sensors plays an important role in a number of noninfectious pathologies. In addition to nonself DNA and RNA from microorganisms, nucleic acid sensors also recognize endogenous nucleic acids, for example when cells are damaged by genotoxic agents and in certain autoinflammatory diseases. This review article summarizes current knowledge on the links between nucleic acid sensing and cell death and explores important open questions for future studies in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Maelfait
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Layal Liverpool
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Jan Rehwinkel
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
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Antonczyk A, Krist B, Sajek M, Michalska A, Piaszyk-Borychowska A, Plens-Galaska M, Wesoly J, Bluyssen HAR. Direct Inhibition of IRF-Dependent Transcriptional Regulatory Mechanisms Associated With Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1176. [PMID: 31178872 PMCID: PMC6543449 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are a family of homologous proteins that regulate the transcription of interferons (IFNs) and IFN-induced gene expression. As such they are important modulating proteins in the Toll-like receptor (TLR) and IFN signaling pathways, which are vital elements of the innate immune system. IRFs have a multi-domain structure, with the N-terminal part acting as a DNA binding domain (DBD) that recognizes a DNA-binding motif similar to the IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE). The C-terminal part contains the IRF-association domain (IAD), with which they can self-associate, bind to IRF family members or interact with other transcription factors. This complex formation is crucial for DNA binding and the commencing of target-gene expression. IRFs bind DNA and exert their activating potential as homo or heterodimers with other IRFs. Moreover, they can form complexes (e.g., with Signal transducers and activators of transcription, STATs) and collaborate with other co-acting transcription factors such as Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and PU.1. In time, more of these IRF co-activating mechanisms have been discovered, which may play a key role in the pathogenesis of many diseases, such as acute and chronic inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. Detailed knowledge of IRFs structure and activating mechanisms predisposes IRFs as potential targets for inhibition in therapeutic strategies connected to numerous immune system-originated diseases. Until now only indirect IRF modulation has been studied in terms of antiviral response regulation and cancer treatment, using mainly antisense oligonucleotides and siRNA knockdown strategies. However, none of these approaches so far entered clinical trials. Moreover, no direct IRF-inhibitory strategies have been reported. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of the different IRF-mediated transcriptional regulatory mechanisms and how they reflect the diverse functions of IRFs in homeostasis and in TLR and IFN signaling. Moreover, we present IRFs as promising inhibitory targets and propose a novel direct IRF-modulating strategy employing a pipeline approach that combines comparative in silico docking to the IRF-DBD with in vitro validation of IRF inhibition. We hypothesize that our methodology will enable the efficient identification of IRF-specific and pan-IRF inhibitors that can be used for the treatment of IRF-dependent disorders and malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Antonczyk
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Bart Krist
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Sajek
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Agata Michalska
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Piaszyk-Borychowska
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Martyna Plens-Galaska
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Joanna Wesoly
- Laboratory of High Throughput Technologies, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Hans A R Bluyssen
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
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Zhong M, Zhong C, Cui W, Wang G, Zheng G, Li L, Zhang J, Ren R, Gao H, Wang T, Li X, Che J, Gohda E. Induction of tolerogenic dendritic cells by activated TGF-β/Akt/Smad2 signaling in RIG-I-deficient stemness-high human liver cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:439. [PMID: 31088527 PMCID: PMC6515680 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5670-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendritic cells (DCs) alter their role from being immunostimulatory to immunosuppressive at advanced stages of tumor progression, but the influence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) and their secreted factors on generation and phenotypic change of DCs is unknown. Retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) plays a role in regulation of other cellular processes including leukemic stemness besides its antiviral function. METHODS Short hairpin RNA-mediated gene silencing was employed to generate stable RIG-I-knocked-down human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines. Expression levels of genes and proteins in spheres of those HCC cells were determined by quantitative real-time PCR and Western bot, respectively. Levels of secreted cytokines were measured by ELISA. The surface molecule expression levels of DCs were analyzed using flow cytometry. The ability of DCs to induce proliferation of T cells was assessed by a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) assay. RESULTS RIG-I-knocked-down HCC cells showed upregulated expression of stem cell marker genes, enhanced secretion of factors suppressing in vitro generation of DCs into the conditioned medium (CM), and induction of a phenotype of tumor-infiltrating DCs (TIDCs) with low levels of DC markers in their tumors in nude mice. Those DCs and TIDCs showed reduced MLR, indicating RIG-I deficiency-induced immunotolerance. The RIG-I-deficient HCC cells secreted more TGF-β1 than did reference cells. The tumors formed after injection of RIG-I-deficient HCC cells had higher TGF-β1 contents than did tumors derived from control cells. DC generation and MLR suppressed by the CM of RIG-I-deficient HCC cells were restored by an anti-TGF-β1 antibody. TGF-β1-induced phosphorylation of Smad2 and Akt was enhanced in RIG-I-deficient HCC spheres, knockdown of AKT gene expression abolishing the augmentation of TGF-β1-induced Smad2 phosphorylation. Akt and p-Akt were co-immunoprecipitated with Smad2 in cytoplasmic proteins of RIG-I-deficient spheres but not in those of control spheres, the amounts of co-immunoprecipitated Akt and p-Akt being increased by TGF-β stimulation. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that RIG-I deficiency in HCC cells induced their stemness, enhanced secretion and signaling of TGF-β1, tolerogenic TIDCs and less generation of DCs, and the results suggest involvement of TGF-β1 in those RIG-I deficiency-induced tolerogenic changes and involvement of CSCs in DC-mediated immunotolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhong
- Institute of Tumor Pharmacology, Jining Medical College, Xueyuan Road 669, Rizhao, 276826 China
| | - Cheng Zhong
- Division of Stem Cell Dynamics, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wen Cui
- Institute of Tumor Pharmacology, Jining Medical College, Xueyuan Road 669, Rizhao, 276826 China
| | - Guanghui Wang
- Institute of Tumor Pharmacology, Jining Medical College, Xueyuan Road 669, Rizhao, 276826 China
| | - Gongpu Zheng
- Institute of Tumor Pharmacology, Jining Medical College, Xueyuan Road 669, Rizhao, 276826 China
| | - Li Li
- Institute of Tumor Pharmacology, Jining Medical College, Xueyuan Road 669, Rizhao, 276826 China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Institute of Tumor Pharmacology, Jining Medical College, Xueyuan Road 669, Rizhao, 276826 China
| | - Rujing Ren
- Institute of Tumor Pharmacology, Jining Medical College, Xueyuan Road 669, Rizhao, 276826 China
| | - Huijei Gao
- Institute of Tumor Pharmacology, Jining Medical College, Xueyuan Road 669, Rizhao, 276826 China
| | | | - Xin Li
- People’s Hospital of Rizhao, Rizhao, China
| | - Jiantu Che
- S&V Biological Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Eiichi Gohda
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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36
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Herbert A. ADAR and Immune Silencing in Cancer. Trends Cancer 2019; 5:272-282. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Goswami R, Subramanian G, Silayeva L, Newkirk I, Doctor D, Chawla K, Chattopadhyay S, Chandra D, Chilukuri N, Betapudi V. Gene Therapy Leaves a Vicious Cycle. Front Oncol 2019; 9:297. [PMID: 31069169 PMCID: PMC6491712 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The human genetic code encrypted in thousands of genes holds the secret for synthesis of proteins that drive all biological processes necessary for normal life and death. Though the genetic ciphering remains unchanged through generations, some genes get disrupted, deleted and or mutated, manifesting diseases, and or disorders. Current treatment options—chemotherapy, protein therapy, radiotherapy, and surgery available for no more than 500 diseases—neither cure nor prevent genetic errors but often cause many side effects. However, gene therapy, colloquially called “living drug,” provides a one-time treatment option by rewriting or fixing errors in the natural genetic ciphering. Since gene therapy is predominantly a viral vector-based medicine, it has met with a fair bit of skepticism from both the science fraternity and patients. Now, thanks to advancements in gene editing and recombinant viral vector development, the interest of clinicians and pharmaceutical industries has been rekindled. With the advent of more than 12 different gene therapy drugs for curing cancer, blindness, immune, and neuronal disorders, this emerging experimental medicine has yet again come in the limelight. The present review article delves into the popular viral vectors used in gene therapy, advances, challenges, and perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Goswami
- Neuroscience Branch, Research Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen, MD, United States
| | - Gayatri Subramanian
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Liliya Silayeva
- Neuroscience Branch, Research Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen, MD, United States
| | - Isabelle Newkirk
- Neuroscience Branch, Research Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen, MD, United States
| | - Deborah Doctor
- Neuroscience Branch, Research Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen, MD, United States
| | - Karan Chawla
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Saurabh Chattopadhyay
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Dhyan Chandra
- Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Nageswararao Chilukuri
- Neuroscience Branch, Research Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen, MD, United States
| | - Venkaiah Betapudi
- Neuroscience Branch, Research Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen, MD, United States.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Zhang W, Li Z, Jia P, Liu W, Yi M, Jia K. Interferon regulatory factor 3 from sea perch (Lateolabrax japonicus) exerts antiviral function against nervous necrosis virus infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 88:200-205. [PMID: 30016710 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) is a major regulator contributing to the host away from viral infection. Here, an IRF3 gene from sea perch (LjIRF3) was identified and its role in regulating early apoptosis signaling and IFN response was investigated during red spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) infection. The cDNA of LjIRF3 encoded a putative 465 amino acids protein, containing a DNA binding domain, an IRF association domain and a serine-rich domain. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that LjIRF3 shared the closest genetic relationship with Epinephelus coioides IRF3. LjIRF3 was constitutively expressed in all examined tissues with the highest expression level in the liver. Upon RGNNV infection, mRNA transcript level of LjIRF3 was significantly up-regulated in vivo and in vitro, indicating the involvement of LjIRF3 in immune response to RGNNV infection. Furthermore, overexpression of LjIRF3 significantly suppressed RGNNV replication in vitro, meanwhile significantly up-regulating the expression of IFNI and IFN stimulated genes and resulting in the activation of caspase 3 and 9 proteases in the early stage of RGNNV infection. In short, these results demonstrated that LjIRF3 exerted antiviral function against RGNNV infection via triggering early apoptotic cell death and inducing IRF3-dependent IFN immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanwan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zelin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China.
| | - Peng Jia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China.
| | - Wei Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China.
| | - Meisheng Yi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China.
| | - Kuntong Jia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Zhuhai Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China.
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Xiao Y, Reeves MB, Caulfield AF, Evseev D, Magor KE. The core promoter controls basal and inducible expression of duck retinoic acid inducible gene-I (RIG-I). Mol Immunol 2018; 103:156-165. [PMID: 30286408 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid inducible gene-I (RIG-I) is a cytoplasmic RNA sensor for detecting a variety of RNA viruses including influenza A viruses. Detection ultimately produces Type I interferon (IFN), which stimulates expression of interferon stimulated genes (ISGs), including RIG-I itself in a positive feedback loop. The structure and function of RIG-I is conserved across phylogeny, despite significant protein sequence divergence, however, the promoter sequences do not show the expected phylogenetic relationships and it is not known whether they are similarly regulated. We previously cloned duck RIG-I and showed it is highly induced during influenza A infection consistent with induction by the interferon produced. Here, we identified the Pekin duck RIG-I promoter and constructed promoter reporter vectors, which we transfected into duck embryonic fibroblasts or chicken DF-1 cells and tested in dual luciferase assays. We showed that activation of the Mitochondrial Antiviral Signalling (MAVS) pathway using the constitutively active N-terminal region of RIG-I or polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) led to stimulation of duck RIG-I promoter activity. Using deletion constructs we showed the core promoter lies in the proximal 250 basepairs, and we identified essential cis-regulatory elements, a GC-box and an interferon-sensitive response element (ISRE), responsible for basal and inducible expression, respectively. Using mCherry-tagged interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) cloned from chickens and ducks, we show overexpression of chIRF7 induced the duck RIG-I promoter, and this required the ISRE site. Finally, we also demonstrated that overexpressed chIRF7 translocated to the nucleus, which was augmented by MAVS activation using RIG-I 2CARD. Our findings demonstrate that RIG-I expression is induced by chIRF7, in a positive regulatory loop. These studies show that the duck RIG-I promoter is appropriately regulated in chicken cells, necessary for the potential generation of transgenic chickens expressing RIG-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanna Xiao
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Matthew B Reeves
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Adam F Caulfield
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Danyel Evseev
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Katharine E Magor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) survey intra- and extracellular spaces for pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) within microbial products of infection. Recognition and binding to cognate PAMP ligand by specific PRRs initiates signaling cascades that culminate in a coordinated intracellular innate immune response designed to control infection. In particular, our immune system has evolved specialized PRRs to discriminate viral nucleic acid from host. These are critical sensors of viral RNA to trigger innate immunity in the vertebrate host. Different families of PRRs of virus infection have been defined and reveal a diversity of PAMP specificity for wide viral pathogen coverage to recognize and extinguish virus infection. In this review, we discuss recent insights in pathogen recognition by the RIG-I-like receptors, related RNA helicases, Toll-like receptors, and other RNA sensor PRRs, to present emerging themes in innate immune signaling during virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwan T Chow
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease and Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA; , ,
| | - Michael Gale
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease and Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA; , ,
| | - Yueh-Ming Loo
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease and Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA; , ,
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Wang R, Li Y, Zhou Z, Liu Q, Zeng L, Xiao T. Involvement of interferon regulatory factor 3 from the barbel chub Squaliobarbus curriculus in the immune response against grass carp reovirus. Gene 2018; 648:5-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wu Y, Wu X, Wu L, Wang X, Liu Z. The anticancer functions of RIG-I-like receptors, RIG-I and MDA5, and their applications in cancer therapy. Transl Res 2017; 190:51-60. [PMID: 28917654 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a major cause of death worldwide, and its incidence and mortality continuously increase in China. Nowadays, cancer heavily influences our health and constitutes enormous burden on society and families. Although there are many tools for cancer treatment, but the overall therapeutic effect is poor. In addition, cancer cells often develop resistance to therapy due to defective cell death or immune escape mechanisms. Therefore, it is a promising way for cancer treatment to effectively activate apoptosis and conquer immunosuppression. RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) belong to RNA-sensing pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), one of the major subsets of PRRs, and play a critical role in sensing RNA viruses and initiate host antiviral responses such as the production of type I interferons (IFNs), proinflammatory cytokines, and other immune response molecules. Recent studies have demonstrated that tumor cells could mimic viral infection to activate viral recognition of immune system and the activation of interferon response pathway. RIG-I and MDA5, two members of RLRs family, could induce growth inhibition or apoptosis of multiple types of cancer cells on the activation by RNA ligands in IFN-dependent or IFN-independent approach. Previous studies have reviewed PRRs as promising immunotherapy targets for colorectal cancer and pancreatic cancer. However, until now, a comprehensive review on the role of RLRs in the development and treatment of various cancers is still lacking. In this article, we reviewed the latest studies on the roles as well as the mechanisms of RIG-I and MDA5 in the development of various cancers and therapeutic potentials of targeting RIG-I and MDA5 for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanbing Wu
- Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xinqiang Wu
- Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Longhuo Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiangcai Wang
- The First-Affiliated Hospital, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Zhiping Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China; Ganzhou Cancer Precision Medicine Engineering Research Center, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China.
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Qin Y, Su Z, Wu Y, Wu C, Jin S, Xie W, Jiang W, Zhou R, Cui J. NLRP11 disrupts MAVS signalosome to inhibit type I interferon signaling and virus-induced apoptosis. EMBO Rep 2017; 18:2160-2171. [PMID: 29097393 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201744480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
MAVS signalosome plays an important role in RIG-I-like receptor (RLR)-induced antiviral signaling. Upon the recognition of viral RNAs, RLRs activate MAVS, which further recruits TRAF6 and other signaling proteins to initiate type I interferon (IFN) activation. MAVS signalosome also regulates virus-induced apoptosis to limit viral replication. However, the mechanisms that control the activity of MAVS signalosome are still poorly defined. Here, we report NLRP11, a Nod-like receptor, is induced by type I IFN and translocates to mitochondria to interact with MAVS upon viral infection. Using MAVS as a platform, NLRP11 degrades TRAF6 to attenuate the production of type I IFNs as well as virus-induced apoptosis. Our findings reveal the regulatory role of NLRP11 in antiviral immunity by disrupting MAVS signalosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Qin
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zexiong Su
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaoxing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenglei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shouheng Jin
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weihong Xie
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Rongbin Zhou
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Cui
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Feng XW, Huo LJ, Sun JJ, Xu JD, Niu GJ, Wang JX, Shi XZ. Myeloid leukemia factor functions in anti-WSSV immune reaction of kuruma shrimp, Marsupenaeus japonicus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 70:416-425. [PMID: 28916357 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid leukemia factor (MLF) plays an important role in development, cell cycle, myeloid differentiation, and regulates the RUNX transcription factors. However, the function of MLF in immunity is still unclear. In this study, an MLF was identified and characterized in kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus, and named as MjMLF. The full-length cDNA of MjMLF contained 1111 nucleotides, which had an opening reading frame of 816 bp encoding a protein of 272 amino acids with an MLF1-interacting protein domain. MjMLF could be ubiquitously detected in different tissues of shrimp at the transcriptional level. The expression pattern analysis showed that MjMLF could be upregulated in shrimp hemocytes and hepatopancreas after white spot syndrome virus challenge. The RNA interference and protein injection assay showed that MjMLF could inhibit WSSV replication in vivo. Flow cytometry assay showed that MjMLF could induce hemocytes apoptosis which functioned in the shrimp antiviral reaction. All the results suggested that MjMLF played an important role in the antiviral immune reaction of kuruma shrimp. The research indicated that MjMLF might function as a novel regulator to inhibit WSSV replication in shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wu Feng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Li-Jie Huo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Jie-Jie Sun
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Ji-Dong Xu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Guo-Juan Niu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Jin-Xing Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Xiu-Zhen Shi
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, China.
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Coakley C, Peter C, Fabry S, Chattopadhyay S. Establishment of a Human Cell Line Persistently Infected with Sendai Virus. Bio Protoc 2017; 7:e2512. [PMID: 34541174 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory transcription factor 3 (IRF3) is a transcription factor that upon activation by virus infection promotes the synthesis of antiviral genes, such as the interferons (Hiscott, 2007). In addition to inducing genes, IRF3 triggers antiviral apoptosis by RIG-I-like receptor-induced IRF3 mediated pathway of apoptosis (RIPA), which is independent of its transcriptional activity. RIPA protects against lethal virus infection in cells and mice ( Chattopadhyay et al., 2016 ). In the absence of RIPA, caused by genetic ablation, chemical mutagenesis or inhibition of the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), Sendai virus (SeV) infection does not trigger cellular apoptosis and become persistently infected ( Peters et al., 2008 ; Chattopadhyay et al., 2013 ). IRF3-expressing wild type (WT) cells (U4C) undergo SeV-induced apoptosis; however, the P2.1 cells, which are deficient in IRF3 expression are not capable of triggering viral apoptosis (Figure 1). Ectopic expression of human IRF3 restores the apoptotic activity in P2.1 cells (P2.1/IRF3, Figure 1). SeV is used as a model for studying pathogenic human viruses, which are difficult to work with or require BSL3 facility. We have previously reported that both human and mouse cells can establish SeV persistence in the absence of IRF3's apoptotic activity ( Chattopadhyay et al., 2013 ). Here, we outline a detailed procedure for the development of a persistently SeV-infected human cell line (Figure 2), which continuously expresses viral protein and produces low levels of infectious viral particles. Figure 1.SeV-induced apoptosis is IRF3-dependent.HT1080-derived cell lines (U4C, P2.1 and P2.1/IRF3) were infected with Sendai virus and three days post infection culture fields were photographed, scale bar represents 50 µm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Coakley
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, USA
| | - Cara Peter
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, USA
| | - Stephanie Fabry
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, USA
| | - Saurabh Chattopadhyay
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, USA
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Feng T, Sun T, Li G, Pan W, Wang K, Dai J. DEAD-Box Helicase DDX25 Is a Negative Regulator of Type I Interferon Pathway and Facilitates RNA Virus Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:356. [PMID: 28824886 PMCID: PMC5543031 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral disease that rapidly spread in tropic and subtropic area in recent years. DEAD (Glu-Asp-Ala-Glu)-box RNA helicases have been reported to play important roles in viral infection, either as cytosolic sensors of viral nucleic acids or as essential host factors for the replication of different viruses. In this study, we reported that DDX25, a DEAD-box RNA helicase, plays a proviral role in DENV infection. The expression levels of DDX25 mRNA and protein were upregulated in DENV infected cells. During DENV infection, the intracellular viral loads were significantly lower in DDX25 silenced cells and higher in DDX25 overexpressed cells. Meanwhile, the expression level of type I interferon (IFN) was increased in DDX25 siRNA treated cells during viral infection. Consistent with the in vitro findings, the Ddx25-transgenic mice have an increased susceptibility to lethal vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) virus challenge. The viremia was significantly higher while the anti-viral cytokine levels were lower in Ddx25-transgenic mice. Further, DDX25 modulated RIG-I signaling pathway and blocked IFNβ production, by interrupting IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and NFκB activation. Thus, DDX25 is a novel negative regulator of IFN pathway and facilitates RNA virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow UniversitySuzhou, China
| | - Ta Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow UniversitySuzhou, China
| | - Guanghao Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow UniversitySuzhou, China
| | - Wen Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow UniversitySuzhou, China
| | - Kezhen Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow UniversitySuzhou, China
| | - Jianfeng Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow UniversitySuzhou, China
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