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Ducros L, Touaibia M, Pichaud N, Lamarre SG. Resilience and phenotypic plasticity of Arctic char ( Salvelinus alpinus) facing cyclic hypoxia: insights into growth, energy stores and hepatic metabolism. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 11:coad099. [PMID: 38107465 PMCID: PMC10724465 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coad099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) is facing the decline of its southernmost populations due to several factors including rising temperatures and eutrophication. These conditions are also conducive to episodes of cyclic hypoxia, another possible threat to this species. In fact, lack of oxygen and reoxygenation can both have serious consequences on fish as a result of altered ATP balance and an elevated risk of oxidative burst. Thus, fish must adjust their phenotype to survive and equilibrate their energetic budget. However, their energy allocation strategy could imply a reduction in growth which could be deleterious for their fitness. Although the impact of cyclic hypoxia is a major issue for ecosystems and fisheries worldwide, our knowledge on how salmonid deal with high oxygen fluctuations remains limited. Our objective was to characterize the effects of cyclic hypoxia on growth and metabolism in Arctic char. We monitored growth parameters (specific growth rate, condition factor), hepatosomatic and visceral indexes, relative heart mass and hematocrit of Arctic char exposed to 30 days of cyclic hypoxia. We also measured the hepatic protein synthesis rate, hepatic triglycerides as well as muscle glucose, glycogen and lactate and quantified hepatic metabolites during this treatment. The first days of cyclic hypoxia slightly reduce growth performance with a downward trend in specific growth rate in mass and condition factor variation compared to the control group. This acute exposure also induced a profound metabolome reorganization in the liver with an alteration of amino acid, carbohydrate and lipid metabolisms. However, fish rebalanced their metabolic activities and successfully maintained their growth and energetic reserves after 1 month of cyclic hypoxia. These results demonstrate the impressive ability of Arctic char to cope with its changing environment but also highlight a certain vulnerability of this species during the first days of a cyclic hypoxia event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïck Ducros
- Département de Biologie, Université de Moncton, 18 Antonine Maillet, Moncton E1A 3E9, NB, Canada
- Département de Chimie et Biochimie, Université de Moncton, 18 Antonine Maillet, Moncton E1A 3E9, NB, Canada
| | - Mohamed Touaibia
- Département de Chimie et Biochimie, Université de Moncton, 18 Antonine Maillet, Moncton E1A 3E9, NB, Canada
| | - Nicolas Pichaud
- Département de Chimie et Biochimie, Université de Moncton, 18 Antonine Maillet, Moncton E1A 3E9, NB, Canada
| | - Simon G Lamarre
- Département de Biologie, Université de Moncton, 18 Antonine Maillet, Moncton E1A 3E9, NB, Canada
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2
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Kotowych N, Smalås A, Amundsen PA, Primicerio R. Climate warming accelerates somatic growth of an Arctic fish species in high-latitude lakes. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16749. [PMID: 37798382 PMCID: PMC10556027 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43654-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
High-latitude aquatic ecosystems are responding to rapid climate warming. A longer ice-free season with higher water temperatures may accelerate somatic growth in lake ectotherms, leading to widespread ecological implications. In fish, rising temperatures are expected to boost rates of food intake and conversion, and predictions based on empirical relationships between temperature and growth suggest a substantial increase in fish growth rates during the last decades. Fish abundance negatively affects growth by limiting food availability. This field study addresses the effects of climate warming on growth of a subarctic population of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus (L.) over nearly 40 years. Juvenile growth of 680 individuals of Arctic charr, was reconstructed by sclerochronological analysis using sagittal otoliths sampled annually from the early 1980s to 2016. Statistical modelling revealed a positive effect of water temperature, and a negative effect of abundance on somatic growth in juvenile individuals. Temperature dependence in growth was significant for average and fast-growing individuals across all investigated age classes. These findings suggest that, as temperatures rise, somatic growth of Arctic charr will increase in high latitude lakes. Climate warming will thus influence cold water fish life history and size-structured interactions, with important consequences for their populations and ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Kotowych
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Aslak Smalås
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Per-Arne Amundsen
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Raul Primicerio
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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3
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Rochat EC, Paterson RA, Blasco‐Costa I, Power M, Adams CE, Greer R, Knudsen R. Temporal stability of polymorphic Arctic charr parasite communities reflects sustained divergent trophic niches. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9460. [PMID: 36349257 PMCID: PMC9636502 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphic Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus populations frequently display distinct differences in habitat use, diet, and parasite communities. Changes to the relative species densities and composition of the wider fish community have the potential to alter the habitat niche of sympatric Arctic charr populations. This study evaluated the temporal stability of the parasite community, diet, and stable isotopes (δ13C, δ15N) of three sympatric Arctic charr morphs (piscivore, benthivore, and planktivore) from Loch Rannoch, Scotland, in relation to changes to the fish community. All Arctic charr morphs displayed distinct differences in parasite communities, diet, and stable isotope signatures over time, despite the establishment of four new trophically transmitted parasite taxa, and increased fish and zooplankton consumption by the piscivorous and planktivore morphs, respectively. Native parasite prevalence also increased in all Arctic charr morphs. Overall, Loch Rannoch polymorphic Arctic charr morph populations have maintained their distinct trophic niches and parasite communities through time despite changes in the fish community. This result indicates that re‐stocking a native fish species has the potential to induce shifts in the parasite community and diet of Arctic charr morphs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloïse C. Rochat
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology UiT The Arctic University of Norway Tromsø Norway
- Natural History Museum of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | | | - Isabel Blasco‐Costa
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology UiT The Arctic University of Norway Tromsø Norway
- Natural History Museum of Geneva Geneva Switzerland
| | - Michael Power
- Department of Biology University of Waterloo Waterloo Canada
| | - Colin E. Adams
- Scottish Centre for Ecology & the Natural Environment University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | | | - Rune Knudsen
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology UiT The Arctic University of Norway Tromsø Norway
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4
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Bonnet-Lebrun AS, Larsen T, Thórarinsson TL, Kolbeinsson Y, Frederiksen M, Morley TI, Fox D, Boutet A, le Bouard F, Deville T, Hansen ES, Hansen T, Roberts P, Ratcliffe N. Cold comfort: Arctic seabirds find refugia from climate change and potential competition in marginal ice zones and fjords. AMBIO 2022; 51:345-354. [PMID: 34751933 PMCID: PMC8692633 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-021-01650-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Climate change alters species distributions by shifting their fundamental niche in space through time. Such effects may be exacerbated by increased inter-specific competition if climate alters species dominance where competitor ranges overlap. This study used census data, telemetry and stable isotopes to examine the population and foraging ecology of a pair of Arctic and temperate congeners across an extensive zone of sympatry in Iceland, where sea temperatures varied substantially. The abundance of Arctic Brünnich's guillemot Uria lomvia declined with sea temperature. Accessibility of refugia in cold water currents or fjords helped support higher numbers and reduce rates of population decline. Competition with temperate Common guillemots Uria aalge did not affect abundance, but similarities in foraging ecology were sufficient to cause competition when resources are limiting. Continued warming is likely to lead to further declines of Brünnich's guillemot, with implications for conservation status and ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Larsen
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaishce Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Tim I. Morley
- British Antarctic Survey (BAS), High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET UK
| | - Derren Fox
- British Antarctic Survey (BAS), High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET UK
| | - Aude Boutet
- British Antarctic Survey (BAS), High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET UK
| | - Fabrice le Bouard
- British Antarctic Survey (BAS), High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET UK
| | - Tanguy Deville
- British Antarctic Survey (BAS), High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET UK
| | - Erpur Snær Hansen
- South Iceland Nature Research Centre, Ægisgata 2, 900 Vestmannaeyjar, Iceland
| | - Thomas Hansen
- GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum Für Ozeanforschung, ZLCA, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Patrick Roberts
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaishce Str. 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Norman Ratcliffe
- British Antarctic Survey (BAS), High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET UK
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5
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Mc Nicholl DG, Harris LN, Loewen T, May P, Tran L, Akeeagok R, Methuen K, Lewis C, Jeppesen R, Illasiak S, Green B, Koovaluk J, Annahatak Z, Kapakatoak J, Kaosoni N, Hainnu B, Maksagak B, Reist JD, Dunmall KM. Noteworthy occurrences among six marine species documented with community engagement in the Canadian Arctic. ANIMAL MIGRATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/ami-2020-0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Arctic marine ecosystems are changing, one aspect of which appears to be distributional expansions of sub-arctic species. For Arctic marine systems, there is limited occurrence information for many species, especially those found in restricted habitats (e.g., ice-covered, far north, or deep-water). Increasing observations through on-going Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) community-based monitoring programs (e.g., Arctic Coast, Cambridge Bay Arctic Char stock assessment, Arctic Salmon, and Kugluktuk coastal surveys), community observation networks, and local media have augmented opportunities to document new occurrences of marine fishes. Combined data from historical records and contemporary observations at the local scale can then delineate these among three types of occurrences: gradual distributional expansion, episodic vagrants, and rare endemics. Here we document nine occurrences of unusual sightings across six fish species (Pink Salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, Bering Wolffish Anarhichas orientalis, Greenland Shark Somniosus microcephalus, Broad Whitefish Coregonus nasus, Banded Gunnel Pholis fasciata and Salmon Shark Lamna ditropis) from six northern Canadian communities and classify the nature of each observation as rare, vagrant, or expanding distributions. Uniting scientific and local observations represents a novel approach to monitor distributional changes suitable for a geographically large but sparsely populated area such as the Canadian Arctic. The new occurrences are important for discerning the potential effects of the presence of these species in Arctic ecosystems. These observations more broadly will build on our understanding of northern biodiversity change associated with warming Arctic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Les N. Harris
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada , Winnipeg, R3T 2N6, MB , Canada
| | - Tracey Loewen
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada , Winnipeg, R3T 2N6, MB , Canada
| | - Peter May
- Makivik Corporation , Kuujjuaq, J0M 1C0, QC , Canada
| | - Lilian Tran
- Makivik Corporation , Kuujjuaq, J0M 1C0, QC , Canada
| | | | - Kevin Methuen
- Government of Nunavut , Kugluktuk, X0B 0E0, NU , Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Beverly Maksagak
- Ekaluktutiak Hunters and Trappers Organization , Cambridge Bay, X0B 0C0, NU , Canada
| | - James D. Reist
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada , Winnipeg, R3T 2N6, MB , Canada
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6
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Effects of competitive pressure and habitat heterogeneity on niche partitioning between Arctic and boreal congeners. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22133. [PMID: 34764356 PMCID: PMC8586341 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01506-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapidly changing climate in the Arctic is expected to have a major impact on the foraging ecology of seabirds, owing to changes in the distribution and abundance of their prey but also that of competitors (e.g. southerly species expanding their range into the Arctic). Species can respond to interspecific competition by segregating along different niche axes. Here, we studied spatial, temporal and habitat segregation between two closely related seabird species: common guillemot Uria aalge (a temperate species) and Brünnich's guillemot Uria lomvia (a true Arctic species), at two sympatric sites in Iceland that differ in their total population sizes and the availability of marine habitats. We deployed GPS and temperature-depth recorders to describe foraging locations and behaviour of incubating and chick-rearing adults. We found similar evidence of spatial segregation at the two sites (i.e. independent of population sizes), although segregation in environmental space was only evident at the site with a strong habitat gradient. Unexpectedly, temporal (and, to a limited extent, vertical) segregation appeared only at the least populated site. Overall, our results show complex relationships between the levels of inferred competition and that of segregation.
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7
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The effect of temperature on growth performance and aerobic metabolic scope in Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.). J Therm Biol 2021; 104:103117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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Deeds J, Amirbahman A, Norton SA, Suitor DG, Bacon LC. Predicting anoxia in low-nutrient temperate lakes. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 31:e02361. [PMID: 33884703 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Absence of dissolved oxygen (anoxia) in the hypolimnion of lakes can eliminate habitat for sensitive species and may induce the release of sediment-bound phosphorus. Lake anoxia generally results from decomposition of organic matter, which is exacerbated by high nutrient loads. Total phosphorus (TP) in lakes is regulated by static aspects of the lake's watershed, but lake TP can be readily increased by human activities. In some low-nutrient lakes, basin morphometry may induce naturally occurring anoxia. The occurrence of natural anoxia is especially important to consider in lake water quality assessments that compare observed conditions to expected reference conditions. To investigate the occurrence of natural vs. anthropogenically influenced anoxia, we constructed a logistic regression model to calculate the probability of low-nutrient lakes (TP < 15 µg/L) developing aerial anoxic extent ≥10% by testing the predictive potential of variables related to basin morphometry, depths of lake thermal strata, epilimnetic TP, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Maximum lake depth and the proportion of lake area under the top of the metalimnion were the most important variables to predict the likelihood of hypolimnetic anoxia, which correctly predicted anoxic condition in 84% of lakes (Model 1). Adding TP as a third variable to Model 1 produced a significantly improved model (Model 2) but the prediction success rate was comparable (86%). We also present a model for lakes with limited bathymetric data, which predicts anoxia with 81% accuracy based on maximum lake depth and mean thermocline depth at peak stratification. DOC was relatively low (4.3 ± 1.5 mg/L [mean ± SD]) in the study lakes and its inclusion did not improve model performance. In Model 1, lakes with an anoxic extent ≥10% of lake area had significantly higher epilimnetic TP than lakes with oxic hypolimnia, regardless of prediction category or success. Our results indicate that including TP as a variable helps refine models based on morphometry alone, but lake morphometry and stratification dynamics are the most important factors in the development of anoxic extent in low-nutrient temperate lakes. Our approach informs studies concerned with identifying key factors that influence regime shifts in a variety of ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Deeds
- The Maine Department of Environmental Protection, Augusta, Maine, 04333, USA
- The Ecology and Environmental Sciences Program, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, 04469, USA
| | - Aria Amirbahman
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, 04469, USA
| | - Stephen A Norton
- School of Earth and Climate Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, 04469, USA
| | - Douglas G Suitor
- The Maine Department of Environmental Protection, Augusta, Maine, 04333, USA
| | - Linda C Bacon
- The Maine Department of Environmental Protection, Augusta, Maine, 04333, USA
- The Ecology and Environmental Sciences Program, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, 04469, USA
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9
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Englund G, Öhlund G, Olajos F, Finstad A, Bellard C, Hugueny B. Holocene extinctions of a top predator-Effects of time, habitat area and habitat subdivision. J Anim Ecol 2020; 89:1202-1215. [PMID: 31943165 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Loss of habitat and changes in the spatial configuration of habitats are major drivers of species extinctions, but the responses to these drivers differ between organisms. To advance theory on how extinction risk from different types of habitat alteration relates to species-specific traits, there is a need for studies of the long-term extinction dynamic of individual species. The goal of this study was to quantify how habitat area and the spatial configuration of habitats affect extinction rate of an aquatic top predator, the northern pike Esox lucius L. We recorded the presence/absence of northern pike in 398 isolated habitat fragments, each one consisting of a number of interconnected lakes. Time since isolation of the habitat fragments, caused by cut-off from the main dispersal source in the Baltic Sea, varied between 0 and 10,000 years. Using survival regression, we analysed how pike population survival was affected by time since isolation, habitat size and habitat subdivision. The approach builds on the assumptions that pike colonized all fragments before isolation and that current absences result from extinctions. We verified these assumptions by testing (a) if pike was present in the region throughout the entire time period when the lakes formed and (b) if pike typically colonize lakes that are formed today. We also addressed the likelihood that unrecorded anthropogenic introductions could bias our estimates of extinction rate. Our results supported the interpretation that current patterns of presence/absence in our study system are shaped by extinctions. Further, we found that time since isolation and fragment area had strong effects on pike population survival. In contrast, spatial habitat subdivision (i.e. if a fragment contained few large lakes or many small lakes) and other environmental covariates describing climate and productivity were unrelated to pike survival. Over all, extinction rate was high in young fragments and decreased sharply with increasing fragment age. Our study demonstrates how the link between extinction rate and habitat size and spatial structure can be quantified. More similar studies may help us find generalizations that can guide management of habitat size and connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Göran Englund
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Öhlund
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Olajos
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Finstad
- Department of Natural History, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Celine Bellard
- Unité Biologie des organismes et écosystèmes aquatiques (BOREA UMR 7208) Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université de Caen Normandie, Université des Antilles, CNRS, IRD, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France.,Laboratoire Ecologie, Systématique & Evolution, UMR 8079-Université Paris-Sud/CNRS/AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Bernard Hugueny
- Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique (EDB UMR 5174), Université de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, CNRS, IRD, Toulouse cedex 9, France
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10
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Smalås A, Strøm JF, Amundsen P, Dieckmann U, Primicerio R. Climate warming is predicted to enhance the negative effects of harvesting on high‐latitude lake fish. J Appl Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aslak Smalås
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics UiT – The Arctic University of Norway Tromsø Norway
| | - John F. Strøm
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics UiT – The Arctic University of Norway Tromsø Norway
| | - Per‐Arne Amundsen
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics UiT – The Arctic University of Norway Tromsø Norway
| | - Ulf Dieckmann
- Evolution and Ecology Program International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Laxenburg Austria
- Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai) Hayama Japan
| | - Raul Primicerio
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics UiT – The Arctic University of Norway Tromsø Norway
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11
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O'Malley KG, Vaux F, Black AN. Characterizing neutral and adaptive genomic differentiation in a changing climate: The most northerly freshwater fish as a model. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:2004-2017. [PMID: 30847088 PMCID: PMC6392408 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Arctic freshwater ecosystems have been profoundly affected by climate change. Given that the Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) is often the only fish species inhabiting these ecosystems, it represents a valuable model for studying the impacts of climate change on species life-history diversity and adaptability. Using a genotyping-by-sequencing approach, we identified 5,976 neutral single nucleotide polymorphisms and found evidence for reduced gene flow between allopatric morphs from two high Arctic lakes, Linne'vatn (Anadromous, Normal, and Dwarf) and Ellasjøen (Littoral and Pelagic). Within each lake, the degree of genetic differentiation ranged from low (Pelagic vs. Littoral) to moderate (Anadromous and Normal vs. Dwarf). We identified 17 highly diagnostic, putatively adaptive SNPs that differentiated the allopatric morphs. Although we found no evidence for adaptive differences between morphs within Ellasjøen, we found evidence for moderate (Anadromous vs. Normal) to high genetic differentiation (Anadromous and Normal vs. Dwarf) among morphs within Linne'vatn based on two adaptive loci. As these freshwater ecosystems become more productive, the frequency of sympatric morphs in Ellasjøen will likely shift based on foraging opportunities, whereas the propensity to migrate may decrease in Linne'vatn, increasing the frequency of the Normal morph. The Dwarf charr was the most genetically distinct group. Identifying the biological basis for small body size should elucidate the potential for increased growth and subsequent interbreeding with sympatric morphs. Overall, neutral and adaptive genomic differentiation between allopatric and some sympatric morphs suggests that the response of Arctic charr to climate change will be variable across freshwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen G. O'Malley
- Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Department of Fisheries and WildlifeOregon State UniversityNewportOregon
| | - Felix Vaux
- Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Department of Fisheries and WildlifeOregon State UniversityNewportOregon
| | - Andrew N. Black
- Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Department of Fisheries and WildlifeOregon State UniversityNewportOregon
- Present address:
Center for Genome Research and BiocomputingOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregon
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12
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Morrissey-McCaffrey E, Shephard S, Kelly FL, Kelly-Quinn M. Non-native species and lake warming negatively affect Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus abundance; deep thermal refugia facilitate co-existence. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2019; 94:5-16. [PMID: 30315584 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study finds that non-native species and warming temperatures have significant negative effects on Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus abundance in Irish lakes. Eutrophication was not important at the range of total phosphorus tested (0.005-0.023 mg l-1 ). Model results predict that S. alpinus occur across the temperature range sampled (8.2-19.7°C) when non-natives are absent, but S. alpinus catch is predicted to be close to zero irrespective of temperature when non-native catch is high. This result indicates that to persist, S. alpinus may require a habitat where non-natives are at low abundance or absent. Salvelinus alpinus segregated from other species along the thermal axis, inhabiting significantly colder water and actively avoided non-native species, which appeared to limit their distribution. The thermal niche realized by S. alpinus in non-native dominated lakes was thus compressed relative to native dominated lakes and S. alpinus population density was significantly lower. These findings were consistent even when the only non-native present was Perca fluviatilis. Temperature appeared to limit the distribution of non-native species, such that the presence of deep thermal refugia is currently facilitating S. alpinus co-existence with non-natives in associated lakes. Diet analysis identified P. fluviatilis as potential predators and competitors. This study provides strong evidence that non-native species are a key driver of low S. alpinus abundance in Irish lakes. Temperature increases associated with climate change are identified as a secondary concern, as they could erode S. alpinus' thermal niche and lead to their extirpation. The lower thermal buffering capacity of shallow lakes identifies these as higher risk systems. Salvelinus alpinus conservation in Ireland should focus on preventing future illegal non-native species introductions because unlike other stressors (e.g., eutrophication etc.), species introductions are rarely reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Morrissey-McCaffrey
- Inland Fisheries Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Freshwater Biodiversity, Ecology and Fisheries Research Group, School of Biology and Environmental Science, & Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | | | | | - Mary Kelly-Quinn
- Freshwater Biodiversity, Ecology and Fisheries Research Group, School of Biology and Environmental Science, & Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
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13
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Using macroecological constraints on spatial biodiversity predictions under climate change: the modelling method matters. Ecol Modell 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Spatiotemporal genetic structure of anadromous Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) populations in a region experiencing pronounced climate change. CONSERV GENET 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-018-1047-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Rolls RJ, Hayden B, Kahilainen KK. Conceptualising the interactive effects of climate change and biological invasions on subarctic freshwater fish. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:4109-4128. [PMID: 28649324 PMCID: PMC5478060 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change and species invasions represent key threats to global biodiversity. Subarctic freshwaters are sentinels for understanding both stressors because the effects of climate change are disproportionately strong at high latitudes and invasion of temperate species is prevalent. Here, we summarize the environmental effects of climate change and illustrate the ecological responses of freshwater fishes to these effects, spanning individual, population, community and ecosystem levels. Climate change is modifying hydrological cycles across atmospheric, terrestrial and aquatic components of subarctic ecosystems, causing increases in ambient water temperature and nutrient availability. These changes affect the individual behavior, habitat use, growth and metabolism, alter population spawning and recruitment dynamics, leading to changes in species abundance and distribution, modify food web structure, trophic interactions and energy flow within communities and change the sources, quantity and quality of energy and nutrients in ecosystems. Increases in temperature and its variability in aquatic environments underpin many ecological responses; however, altered hydrological regimes, increasing nutrient inputs and shortened ice cover are also important drivers of climate change effects and likely contribute to context-dependent responses. Species invasions are a complex aspect of the ecology of climate change because the phenomena of invasion are both an effect and a driver of the ecological consequences of climate change. Using subarctic freshwaters as an example, we illustrate how climate change can alter three distinct aspects of species invasions: (1) the vulnerability of ecosystems to be invaded, (2) the potential for species to spread and invade new habitats, and (3) the subsequent ecological effects of invaders. We identify three fundamental knowledge gaps focused on the need to determine (1) how environmental and landscape characteristics influence the ecological impact of climate change, (2) the separate and combined effects of climate and non-native invading species and (3) the underlying ecological processes or mechanisms responsible for changes in patterns of biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Rolls
- Institute for Applied EcologyUniversity of CanberraCanberraACTAustralia
| | - Brian Hayden
- Kilpisjärvi Biological StationUniversity of HelsinkiKilpisjärviFinland
- Department of Environmental SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Biology DepartmentCanadian Rivers InstituteUniversity of New BrunswickFrederictonNBCanada
| | - Kimmo K. Kahilainen
- Kilpisjärvi Biological StationUniversity of HelsinkiKilpisjärviFinland
- Department of Environmental SciencesUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
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16
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Hansen GJA, Read JS, Hansen JF, Winslow LA. Projected shifts in fish species dominance in Wisconsin lakes under climate change. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:1463-1476. [PMID: 27608297 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Temperate lakes may contain both coolwater fish species such as walleye (Sander vitreus) and warmwater fish species such as largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Recent declining walleye and increasing largemouth bass populations have raised questions regarding the future trajectories and management actions for these species. We developed a thermodynamic model of water temperatures driven by downscaled climate data and lake-specific characteristics to estimate daily water temperature profiles for 2148 lakes in Wisconsin, US, under contemporary (1989-2014) and future (2040-2064 and 2065-2089) conditions. We correlated contemporary walleye recruitment and largemouth bass relative abundance to modeled water temperature, lake morphometry, and lake productivity, and projected lake-specific changes in each species under future climate conditions. Walleye recruitment success was negatively related and largemouth bass abundance was positively related to water temperature degree days. Both species exhibited a threshold response at the same degree day value, albeit in opposite directions. Degree days were predicted to increase in the future, although the magnitude of increase varied among lakes, time periods, and global circulation models (GCMs). Under future conditions, we predicted a loss of walleye recruitment in 33-75% of lakes where recruitment is currently supported and a 27-60% increase in the number of lakes suitable for high largemouth bass abundance. The percentage of lakes capable of supporting abundant largemouth bass but failed walleye recruitment was predicted to increase from 58% in contemporary conditions to 86% by mid-century and to 91% of lakes by late century, based on median projections across GCMs. Conversely, the percentage of lakes with successful walleye recruitment and low largemouth bass abundance was predicted to decline from 9% of lakes in contemporary conditions to only 1% of lakes in both future periods. Importantly, we identify up to 85 resilient lakes predicted to continue to support natural walleye recruitment. Management resources could target preserving these resilient walleye populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen J A Hansen
- Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 2801 Progress Road, Madison, WI, 53716, USA
| | - Jordan S Read
- U.S. Geological Survey, Office of Water Information, 8505 Research Way, Middleton, WI, 53562, USA
| | - Jonathan F Hansen
- Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 101 S Webster Street, Middleton, WI, 53707, USA
| | - Luke A Winslow
- U.S. Geological Survey, Office of Water Information, 8505 Research Way, Middleton, WI, 53562, USA
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17
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Single nucleotide polymorphism markers for analysis of historical and contemporary samples of Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus). CONSERV GENET RESOUR 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12686-017-0728-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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18
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Nagelkerken I, Munday PL. Animal behaviour shapes the ecological effects of ocean acidification and warming: moving from individual to community-level responses. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2016; 22:974-89. [PMID: 26700211 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Biological communities are shaped by complex interactions between organisms and their environment as well as interactions with other species. Humans are rapidly changing the marine environment through increasing greenhouse gas emissions, resulting in ocean warming and acidification. The first response by animals to environmental change is predominantly through modification of their behaviour, which in turn affects species interactions and ecological processes. Yet, many climate change studies ignore animal behaviour. Furthermore, our current knowledge of how global change alters animal behaviour is mostly restricted to single species, life phases and stressors, leading to an incomplete view of how coinciding climate stressors can affect the ecological interactions that structure biological communities. Here, we first review studies on the effects of warming and acidification on the behaviour of marine animals. We demonstrate how pervasive the effects of global change are on a wide range of critical behaviours that determine the persistence of species and their success in ecological communities. We then evaluate several approaches to studying the ecological effects of warming and acidification, and identify knowledge gaps that need to be filled, to better understand how global change will affect marine populations and communities through altered animal behaviours. Our review provides a synthesis of the far-reaching consequences that behavioural changes could have for marine ecosystems in a rapidly changing environment. Without considering the pervasive effects of climate change on animal behaviour we will limit our ability to forecast the impacts of ocean change and provide insights that can aid management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Nagelkerken
- Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences and The Environment Institute, The University of Adelaide, DX 650 418, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Philip L Munday
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, 4811, Australia
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19
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Öhlund G, Hedström P, Norman S, Hein CL, Englund G. Temperature dependence of predation depends on the relative performance of predators and prey. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 282:20142254. [PMID: 25473013 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.2254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The temperature dependence of predation rates is a key issue for understanding and predicting the responses of ecosystems to climate change. Using a simple mechanistic model, we demonstrate that differences in the relative performances of predator and prey can cause strong threshold effects in the temperature dependence of attack rates. Empirical data on the attack rate of northern pike (Esox lucius) feeding on brown trout (Salmo trutta) confirm this result. Attack rates fell sharply below a threshold temperature of +11°C, which corresponded to a shift in relative performance of pike and brown trout with respect to maximum attack and escape swimming speeds. The average attack speed of pike was an order of magnitude lower than the escape speed of brown trout at 5°C, but approximately equal at temperatures above 11°C. Thresholds in the temperature dependence of ecological rates can create tipping points in the responses of ecosystems to increasing temperatures. Thus, identifying thresholds is crucial when predicting future effects of climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Öhlund
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden
| | - Per Hedström
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden
| | - Sven Norman
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden
| | - Catherine L Hein
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden Climate Impacts Research Centre (CIRC), Abisko Scientific Research Station, Abisko 981 07, Sweden
| | - Göran Englund
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden
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20
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Henriksson A, Yu J, Wardle DA, Englund G. Biotic resistance in freshwater fish communities: species richness, saturation or species identity? OIKOS 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.01700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Henriksson
- Dept of Ecology and Environmental Science; Umeå Univ.; SE-901 87 Umeå Sweden
| | - Jun Yu
- Dept of Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics; Umeå Univ.; SE-901 87 Umeå Sweden
| | - David A. Wardle
- Dept of Forest Vegetation Ecology; Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences; SE 901-83 Umeå Sweden
| | - Göran Englund
- Dept of Ecology and Environmental Science; Umeå Univ.; SE-901 87 Umeå Sweden
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21
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Valinia S, Englund G, Moldan F, Futter MN, Köhler SJ, Bishop K, Fölster J. Assessing anthropogenic impact on boreal lakes with historical fish species distribution data and hydrogeochemical modeling. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2014; 20:2752-64. [PMID: 24535943 PMCID: PMC4257505 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying the effects of human activity on the natural environment is dependent on credible estimates of reference conditions to define the state of the environment before the onset of adverse human impacts. In Europe, emission controls that aimed at restoring ecological status were based on hindcasts from process-based models or paleolimnological reconstructions. For instance, 1860 is used in Europe as the target for restoration from acidification concerning biological and chemical parameters. A more practical problem is that the historical states of ecosystems and their function cannot be observed directly. Therefore, we (i) compare estimates of acidification based on long-term observations of roach (Rutilus rutilus) populations with hindcast pH from the hydrogeochemical model MAGIC; (ii) discuss policy implications and possible scope for use of long-term archival data for assessing human impacts on the natural environment and (iii) present a novel conceptual model for interpreting the importance of physico-chemical and ecological deviations from reference conditions. Of the 85 lakes studied, 78 were coherently classified by both methods. In 1980, 28 lakes were classified as acidified with the MAGIC model, however, roach was present in 14 of these. In 2010, MAGIC predicted chemical recovery in 50% of the lakes, however roach only recolonized in five lakes after 1990, showing a lag between chemical and biological recovery. Our study is the first study of its kind to use long-term archival biological data in concert with hydrogeochemical modeling for regional assessments of anthropogenic acidification. Based on our results, we show how the conceptual model can be used to understand and prioritize management of physico-chemical and ecological effects of anthropogenic stressors on surface water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salar Valinia
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, Uppsala, SE-750 07, Sweden
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22
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Fish pathogens near the Arctic Circle: molecular, morphological and ecological evidence for unexpected diversity of Diplostomum (Digenea: diplostomidae) in Iceland. Int J Parasitol 2014; 44:703-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Hein CL, Öhlund G, Englund G. Fish introductions reveal the temperature dependence of species interactions. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 281:20132641. [PMID: 24307673 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.2641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A major area of current research is to understand how climate change will impact species interactions and ultimately biodiversity. A variety of environmental conditions are rapidly changing owing to climate warming, and these conditions often affect both the strength and outcome of species interactions. We used fish distributions and replicated fish introductions to investigate environmental conditions influencing the coexistence of two fishes in Swedish lakes: brown trout (Salmo trutta) and pike (Esox lucius). A logistic regression model of brown trout and pike coexistence showed that these species coexist in large lakes (more than 4.5 km(2)), but not in small, warm lakes (annual air temperature more than 0.9-1.5°C). We then explored how climate change will alter coexistence by substituting climate scenarios for 2091-2100 into our model. The model predicts that brown trout will be extirpated from approximately half of the lakes where they presently coexist with pike and from nearly all 9100 lakes where pike are predicted to invade. Context dependency was critical for understanding pike-brown trout interactions, and, given the widespread occurrence of context-dependent species interactions, this aspect will probably be critical for accurately predicting climate impacts on biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine L Hein
- Climate Impacts Research Centre, Abisko Scientific Research Station, , 981 07 Abisko, Sweden, Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, , 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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24
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Blois JL, Zarnetske PL, Fitzpatrick MC, Finnegan S. Climate Change and the Past, Present, and Future of Biotic Interactions. Science 2013; 341:499-504. [PMID: 23908227 DOI: 10.1126/science.1237184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Blois
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA.
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25
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Urban MC, Zarnetske PL, Skelly DK. Moving forward: dispersal and species interactions determine biotic responses to climate change. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1297:44-60. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark C. Urban
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Connecticut; Storrs; Connecticut
| | - Phoebe L. Zarnetske
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies; Yale University; New Haven; Connecticut
| | - David K. Skelly
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies; Yale University; New Haven; Connecticut
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26
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Johansson M, Jonasson C, Sonesson M, Christensen TR. The man, the myth, the legend: Professor Terry V. Callaghan and his 3M concept. AMBIO 2012; 41 Suppl 3:175-7. [PMID: 22864691 PMCID: PMC3535064 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-012-0300-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Margareta Johansson
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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