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Dasovich M, Leung AKL. PARPs and ADP-ribosylation: Deciphering the complexity with molecular tools. Mol Cell 2023; 83:1552-1572. [PMID: 37119811 PMCID: PMC10202152 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
PARPs catalyze ADP-ribosylation-a post-translational modification that plays crucial roles in biological processes, including DNA repair, transcription, immune regulation, and condensate formation. ADP-ribosylation can be added to a wide range of amino acids with varying lengths and chemical structures, making it a complex and diverse modification. Despite this complexity, significant progress has been made in developing chemical biology methods to analyze ADP-ribosylated molecules and their binding proteins on a proteome-wide scale. Additionally, high-throughput assays have been developed to measure the activity of enzymes that add or remove ADP-ribosylation, leading to the development of inhibitors and new avenues for therapy. Real-time monitoring of ADP-ribosylation dynamics can be achieved using genetically encoded reporters, and next-generation detection reagents have improved the precision of immunoassays for specific forms of ADP-ribosylation. Further development and refinement of these tools will continue to advance our understanding of the functions and mechanisms of ADP-ribosylation in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Dasovich
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Anthony K L Leung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Department of Oncology, and Department of Genetic Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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2
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ELTA: Enzymatic Labeling of Terminal ADP-Ribose. Mol Cell 2019; 73:845-856.e5. [PMID: 30712989 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation refers to the addition of one or more ADP-ribose groups onto proteins. The attached ADP-ribose monomers or polymers, commonly known as poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR), modulate the activities of the modified substrates or their binding affinities to other proteins. However, progress in this area is hindered by a lack of tools to investigate this protein modification. Here, we describe a new method named ELTA (enzymatic labeling of terminal ADP-ribose) for labeling free or protein-conjugated ADP-ribose monomers and polymers at their 2'-OH termini using the enzyme OAS1 and dATP. When coupled with various dATP analogs (e.g., radioactive, fluorescent, affinity tags), ELTA can be used to explore PAR biology with techniques routinely used to investigate DNA or RNA function. We demonstrate that ELTA enables the biophysical measurements of protein binding to PAR of a defined length, detection of PAR length from proteins and cells, and enrichment of sub-femtomole amounts of ADP-ribosylated peptides from cell lysates.
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3
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Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation), i.e., the formation of the nucleic acid-like biopolymer poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR), is an essential posttranslational modification carried out by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs). While PAR levels are low under physiological conditions, they can transiently increase more than 100-fold upon induction of genotoxic stress. The accurate quantitation of cellular PAR with high sensitivity is of critical importance to understand the role of PARylation in cellular physiology and pathophysiology and to determine the pharmacodynamic efficiencies of clinically relevant PARP inhibitors, which represent a novel class of promising chemotherapeutics. Previously, we have developed a bioanalytical platform based on isotope dilution mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to quantify cellular PAR with unequivocal chemical specificity in absolute terms with femtomol sensitivity (Martello et al. ACS Chem Biol 8(7):1567-1575, 2013). This method enables the analysis of steady-state levels, as well as stress-induced levels of PAR in various biological systems including cell lines, mouse tissues, and primary human lymphocytes. It has a wide range of potential applications in basic research, as well as in drug development (Martello et al. ACS Chem Biol 8(7):1567-1575, 2013; Mangerich et al. Toxicol Lett 244:56-71, 2016). Here, we present an improved and adjusted version of the original protocol by Martello/Mangerich et al., which uses UPLC-MS/MS instrumentation.
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4
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Wolf JR. Review: radiolabeled polymers containing covalently bound3H and14C. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2016; 59:38-47. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Revised: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy R. Wolf
- Synthesis Department; ABC Laboratories; Columbia MO 65202 USA
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5
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Ida C, Yamashita S, Tsukada M, Sato T, Eguchi T, Tanaka M, Ogata S, Fujii T, Nishi Y, Ikegami S, Moss J, Miwa M. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based system for determining the physiological level of poly(ADP-ribose) in cultured cells. Anal Biochem 2015; 494:76-81. [PMID: 26548958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2015.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PolyADP-ribosylation is mediated by poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) polymerases (PARPs) and may be involved in various cellular events, including chromosomal stability, DNA repair, transcription, cell death, and differentiation. The physiological level of PAR is difficult to determine in intact cells because of the rapid synthesis of PAR by PARPs and the breakdown of PAR by PAR-degrading enzymes, including poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) and ADP-ribosylhydrolase 3. Artifactual synthesis and/or degradation of PAR likely occurs during lysis of cells in culture. We developed a sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure the physiological levels of PAR in cultured cells. We immediately inactivated enzymes that catalyze the synthesis and degradation of PAR. We validated that trichloroacetic acid is suitable for inactivating PARPs, PARG, and other enzymes involved in metabolizing PAR in cultured cells during cell lysis. The PAR level in cells harvested with the standard radioimmunoprecipitation assay buffer was increased by 450-fold compared with trichloroacetic acid for lysis, presumably because of activation of PARPs by DNA damage that occurred during cell lysis. This ELISA can be used to analyze the biological functions of polyADP-ribosylation under various physiological conditions in cultured cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieri Ida
- Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan; Department of Applied Life Studies, College of Nagoya Women's University, Nagoya-shi, Aichi 467-8610, Japan
| | - Sachiko Yamashita
- Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Masaki Tsukada
- Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Teruaki Sato
- Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Takayuki Eguchi
- Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Masakazu Tanaka
- Department of Microbiology, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata City, Osaka 573-1010, Japan
| | - Shin Ogata
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Takahiro Fujii
- Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Yoshisuke Nishi
- Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Susumu Ikegami
- Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Joel Moss
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Masanao Miwa
- Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan.
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6
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Martello R, Mangerich A, Sass S, Dedon PC, Bürkle A. Quantification of cellular poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation by stable isotope dilution mass spectrometry reveals tissue- and drug-dependent stress response dynamics. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:1567-75. [PMID: 23631432 DOI: 10.1021/cb400170b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is an essential post-translational modification with the biopolymer poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR). The reaction is catalyzed by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) and plays key roles in cellular physiology and stress response. PARP inhibitors are currently being tested in clinical cancer treatment, in combination therapy, or as monotherapeutic agents by inducing synthetic lethality. We have developed an accurate and sensitive bioanalytical platform based on isotope dilution mass spectrometry in order to quantify steady-state and stress-induced PAR levels in cells and tissues and to characterize pharmacological properties of PARP inhibitors. In contrast to existing PAR-detection techniques, the LC-MS/MS method uses authentic isotope-labeled standards, which provide unequivocal chemical specificity to quantify cellular PAR in absolute terms with femtomol sensitivity. Using this platform we analyzed steady-state levels as well as stress-induced dynamics of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in a series of biological systems including cancer cell lines, mouse tissues, and primary human lymphocytes. Our results demonstrate a rapid and transient stress-induced increase in PAR levels by >100-fold in a dose- and time-dependent manner with significant differences between cell types and individual human lymphocyte donors. Furthermore, ex vivo pharmacodynamic studies in human lymphocytes provide new insight into pharmacological properties of clinically relevant PARP inhibitors. Finally, we adapted the LC-MS/MS method to quantify poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in solid tissues and identified tissue-dependent associations between PARP1 expression and PAR levels in a series of different mouse organs. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that mass spectrometric quantification of cellular poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation has a wide range of applications in basic research as well as in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Martello
- Molecular
Toxicology Group and ‡Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz 78464, Germany
- Department
of Biological Engineering and ∥Center for Environmental Health Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02193, United States
| | - Aswin Mangerich
- Molecular
Toxicology Group and ‡Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz 78464, Germany
- Department
of Biological Engineering and ∥Center for Environmental Health Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02193, United States
| | - Sabine Sass
- Molecular
Toxicology Group and ‡Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz 78464, Germany
- Department
of Biological Engineering and ∥Center for Environmental Health Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02193, United States
| | - Peter C. Dedon
- Molecular
Toxicology Group and ‡Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz 78464, Germany
- Department
of Biological Engineering and ∥Center for Environmental Health Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02193, United States
| | - Alexander Bürkle
- Molecular
Toxicology Group and ‡Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz 78464, Germany
- Department
of Biological Engineering and ∥Center for Environmental Health Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02193, United States
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7
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Wright RHG, Castellano G, Bonet J, Le Dily F, Font-Mateu J, Ballaré C, Nacht AS, Soronellas D, Oliva B, Beato M. CDK2-dependent activation of PARP-1 is required for hormonal gene regulation in breast cancer cells. Genes Dev 2012; 26:1972-83. [PMID: 22948662 DOI: 10.1101/gad.193193.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic gene regulation implies that transcription factors gain access to genomic information via poorly understood processes involving activation and targeting of kinases, histone-modifying enzymes, and chromatin remodelers to chromatin. Here we report that progestin gene regulation in breast cancer cells requires a rapid and transient increase in poly-(ADP)-ribose (PAR), accompanied by a dramatic decrease of cellular NAD that could have broad implications in cell physiology. This rapid increase in nuclear PARylation is mediated by activation of PAR polymerase PARP-1 as a result of phosphorylation by cyclin-dependent kinase CDK2. Hormone-dependent phosphorylation of PARP-1 by CDK2, within the catalytic domain, enhances its enzymatic capabilities. Activated PARP-1 contributes to the displacement of histone H1 and is essential for regulation of the majority of hormone-responsive genes and for the effect of progestins on cell cycle progression. Both global chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) coupled with deep sequencing (ChIP-seq) and gene expression analysis show a strong overlap between PARP-1 and CDK2. Thus, progestin gene regulation involves a novel signaling pathway that connects CDK2-dependent activation of PARP-1 with histone H1 displacement. Given the multiplicity of PARP targets, this new pathway could be used for the pharmacological management of breast cancer.
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8
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Haince JF, Poirier GG, Kirkland JB. Nonisotopic methods for determination of poly(ADP-ribose) levels and detection of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; Chapter 18:Unit18.7. [PMID: 18228447 DOI: 10.1002/0471143030.cb1807s21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is a post-translational modification catalyzed mostly by the 116-kDa enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), a nuclear enzyme that transfers an ADP-ribose moiety onto a limited number of nuclear proteins, including itself. When cells are exposed to environmental stresses such as alkylating agents or free radicals, there is up to a 500-fold increase in net poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis in response to DNA strand breaks. The enzyme responsible for 80% to 90% of this stimulated poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis is PARP-1, while other PARPs are responsible for the remaining 10% to 20%. The physiological meaning of these phenomena is not clear; however, it can be interpreted as a way of translating an event occurring on DNA to the nucleus by protein modification and finally to the cytoplasm via NAD(+) depletion. It has also been proposed that the presence of negatively charged poly(ADP-ribose) at the site of DNA damage may play several roles in regulation of base excision repair, p53 functions, and apoptosis. This unit describes protocols for measuring the levels of poly(ADP-ribose) in cells using nonisotopic reagents and for identifying the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase enzymes present in cells.
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9
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Sharan RN, Devi BJ, Humtsoe JO, Saikia JR, Kma L. Detection and quantification of poly-ADP-ribosylated cellular proteins of spleen and liver tissues of mice in vivo by slot and Western blot immunoprobing using polyclonal antibody against mouse ADP-ribose polymer. Mol Cell Biochem 2006; 278:213-21. [PMID: 16180107 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-005-7588-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2005] [Accepted: 05/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Poly-ADP-ribosylation (PAR) of cellular proteins has been shown to have decisive roles in diverse cellular functions including carcinogenesis. There are indications that metabolic level of poly-ADP-ribosylated cellular proteins might indicate carcinogenesis and, therefore, could be potentially used in cancer screening program. Keeping in mind the limitations of currently available assays of cellular PAR, a new assay is being reported that measures the metabolic level of poly-ADP-ribosylated cellular proteins. The ELISA based slot and Western blot immunoassay used polyclonal antibody against natural, heterogeneous ADP-ribose polymers. It could be successfully employed to qualitatively and quantitatively assay metabolic levels of poly-ADP-ribosylated proteins of spleen and liver tissues of normal mice or mice exposed to dimethylnitrosamine for up to 8 weeks; potentially PAR of cellular proteins could be assayed in any tissue or biopsy. Implications of the results in cancer screening program have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Sharan
- Radiation and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Umshing, Shillong, India.
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10
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Reale A, Matteis GD, Galleazzi G, Zampieri M, Caiafa P. Modulation of DNMT1 activity by ADP-ribose polymers. Oncogene 2005; 24:13-9. [PMID: 15637587 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We provided evidence that competitive inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases in mammalian cells treated with 3-aminobenzamide causes DNA hypermethylation in the genome and anomalous hypermethylation of CpG islands. The molecular mechanism(s) connecting poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation with DNA methylation is still unknown. Here we show that DNMT1 is able to bind long and branched ADP-ribose polymers in a noncovalent way. Binding of poly ADP-ribose on DNMT1 inhibits DNA methyltransferase activity. Co-immunoprecipitation reactions indicate that PARP1 and DNMT1 are associated in vivo and that in this complex PARP1 is present in its ADP-ribosylated isoform. We suggest that this complex is catalytically inefficient in DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Reale
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Haematology, University of Rome 'La Sapienza', 00161 Rome, Italy
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11
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Skalitzky DJ, Marakovits JT, Maegley KA, Ekker A, Yu XH, Hostomsky Z, Webber SE, Eastman BW, Almassy R, Li J, Curtin NJ, Newell DR, Calvert AH, Griffin RJ, Golding BT. Tricyclic benzimidazoles as potent poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 inhibitors. J Med Chem 2003; 46:210-3. [PMID: 12519059 DOI: 10.1021/jm0255769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Novel tricyclic benzimidazole carboxamide poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) inhibitors have been synthesized. Several compounds were found to be powerful chemopotentiators of temozolomide and topotecan in both A549 and LoVo cell lines. In vitro inhibition of PARP-1 was confirmed by direct measurement of NAD+ depletion and ADP-ribose polymer formation caused by chemically induced DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald J Skalitzky
- Pfizer Global R&D, La Jolla/Agouron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA
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12
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Canan Koch SS, Thoresen LH, Tikhe JG, Maegley KA, Almassy RJ, Li J, Yu XH, Zook SE, Kumpf RA, Zhang C, Boritzki TJ, Mansour RN, Zhang KE, Ekker A, Calabrese CR, Curtin NJ, Kyle S, Thomas HD, Wang LZ, Calvert AH, Golding BT, Griffin RJ, Newell DR, Webber SE, Hostomsky Z. Novel tricyclic poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 inhibitors with potent anticancer chemopotentiating activity: design, synthesis, and X-ray cocrystal structure. J Med Chem 2002; 45:4961-74. [PMID: 12408707 DOI: 10.1021/jm020259n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel compounds have been designed that are potent inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), and the activity and physical properties have been characterized. The new structural classes, 3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-azepino[5,4,3-cd]indol-6-ones and 3,4-dihydropyrrolo[4,3,2-de]isoquinolin-5-(1H)-ones, have conformationally locked benzamide cores that specifically interact with the PARP-1 protein. The compounds have been evaluated with in vitro cellular assays that measure the ability of the PARP-1 inhibitors to enhance the effect of cytotoxic agents against cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacie S Canan Koch
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, La Jolla/Agouron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, USA.
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13
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Malanga M, Farina B. Noncovalent binding of poly(ADP-ribose) to nuclear matrix proteins: developmental changes and tissue specificity. Biol Chem 2000; 381:1047-53. [PMID: 11154062 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2000.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) is a nuclear polynucleotide involved in the regulation of chromatin functions via covalent and/or noncovalent modification of nuclear proteins. Using a binding assay on protein blots, we searched for poly(ADP-ribose) binding proteins in nuclear matrices from testes of differently aged rats as well as from various adult rat tissues (brain, liver, spleen). We found that nuclear matrix proteins represent a significant subset of the nuclear proteins that can establish noncovalent interactions with poly(ADP-ribose). The profiles of poly(ADP-ribose) binding nuclear matrix proteins appeared to be tissue-specific and changed during postnatal development in the testis. The isolation and analysis of endogenous poly-(ADP-ribose) from rat testes showed that the ADP-ribose polymers that bind nuclear matrix proteins in vitro are also present under physiologic conditions in vivo. These results further substantiate the possibility that poly(ADP-ribose) may affect chromatin functions through noncovalent interaction with specific protein targets, including nuclear matrix components.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Malanga
- Department of Organic and Biological Chemistry, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
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14
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Affar EB, Duriez PJ, Shah RG, Winstall E, Germain M, Boucher C, Bourassa S, Kirkland JB, Poirier GG. Immunological determination and size characterization of poly(ADP-ribose) synthesized in vitro and in vivo. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1428:137-46. [PMID: 10434031 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(99)00054-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase is a DNA break detecting enzyme playing a role in the surveillance of genome integrity. Poly(ADP-ribose) is synthesized rapidly and transiently from beta-NAD in response to DNA damaging agents. In order to study the physiological significance of poly(ADP-ribose) metabolism, we have developed immunological methods which enable us to study endogenous poly(ADP-ribose) without interfering with cell metabolism and integrity. For this purpose, we produced a highly specific polyclonal anti-poly(ADP-ribose) antibody which immunoreacts with polymers and oligomers. In addition to the immunodot blot method recently described by us (Affar et al., Anal. Biochem. 259 (1998) 280-283), other applications were investigated in cells: (i) detection of poly(ADP-ribose) by ELISA; (ii) characterization of poly(ADP-ribose) size using high resolution gel electrophoresis of polymers, followed by its transfer onto a positively charged membrane and detection with anti-poly(ADP-ribose) antibody; (iii) immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry analyses allowing poly(ADP-ribose) study at the level of individual cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B Affar
- Poly(ADP-ribose) Metabolism Group, Health and Environment Unit, Laval University Medical Research Center, CHUQ, 2705, Boul. Laurier, Ste-Foy, Quebec G1V 4G2, Canada
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15
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Shieh WM, Amé JC, Wilson MV, Wang ZQ, Koh DW, Jacobson MK, Jacobson EL. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase null mouse cells synthesize ADP-ribose polymers. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:30069-72. [PMID: 9804757 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.46.30069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) (EC 2.4.2.30), the only enzyme known to synthesize ADP-ribose polymers from NAD+, is activated in response to DNA strand breaks and functions in the maintenance of genomic integrity. Mice homozygous for a disrupted gene encoding PARP are viable but have severe sensitivity to gamma-radiation and alkylating agents. We demonstrate here that both 3T3 and primary embryo cells derived from PARP-/- mice synthesized ADP-ribose polymers following treatment with the DNA-damaging agent, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, despite the fact that no PARP protein was detected in these cells. ADP-ribose polymers isolated from PARP-/- cells were indistinguishable from that of PARP+/+ cells by several criteria. First, they bound to a boronate resin selective for ADP-ribose polymers. Second, treatment of polymers with snake venom phosphodiesterase and alkaline phosphatase yielded ribosyladenosine, a nucleoside diagnostic for the unique ribosyl-ribosyl linkages of ADP-ribose polymers. Third, they were digested by treatment with recombinant poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase, an enzyme highly specific for ADP-ribose polymers. Collectively, these data demonstrate that ADP-ribose polymers are formed in PARP-/- cells in a DNA damage-dependent manner. Because the PARP gene has been disrupted, these results suggest the presence of a previously unreported activity capable of synthesizing ADP-ribose polymers in PARP-/- cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Shieh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0286, USA
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16
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Davis RE, Mysore V, Browning JC, Hsieh JC, Lu QA, Katsikis PD. In situ staining for poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity using an NAD analogue. J Histochem Cytochem 1998; 46:1279-89. [PMID: 9774627 DOI: 10.1177/002215549804601108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is a highly abundant nuclear enzyme which metabolizes NAD, in response to DNA strand breakage, to produce chains of poly(ADP-ribose) attached to nuclear proteins. PARP activation has been implicated in ischemia/reperfusion injury, but its biological significance is not fully understood. We have modified an existing in situ method for detection of PARP activity by using an NAD analogue in which adenine is modified by an "etheno" (vinyl) bridge. Etheno-NAD serves as a PARP substrate in an initial enzymatic reaction; a specific antibody to ethenoadenosine is then used in an immunohistochemical reaction to detect the production of modified poly(ADP-ribose). The method produces strong and specific labeling of nuclei in which PARP has been activated, i.e., those in which DNA strand breaks have been produced, and the results can be analyzed by microscopy, flow cytometry, or colorimetry. The method is applicable to cultured cells in several formats and to frozen tissue sections. The particular characteristics of the new method may assist in future in situ studies of PARP activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Davis
- Departments of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California, USA
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17
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Kleczkowska HE, Althaus FR. Biochemical changes associated with the adaptive response of human keratinocytes to N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Mutat Res 1996; 368:121-31. [PMID: 8684402 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1218(96)00003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of cells to low doses of radiation or chemicals renders them more resistant to higher doses of these agents. This phenomenon, termed adaptive response, was studied in quiescent human keratinocytes exposed to the alkylating agent N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). The cells were adapted with 2.5 nM MNNG for 60 min and challenged immediately thereafter with 2.5 microM MNNG for 30, 45 or 60 min. Clonogenic survival studies revealed that adapted cells were more resistant to the subsequent challenge treatment (up to 30% higher survival) than unadapted cells. In addition, formation of DNA strand breaks was lower in adapted cells. We monitored poly-ADP-ribosylation activity during expression of the adaptive response both at the substrate as well as the product level. NAD+ utilization in adapted and non-adapted cells exposed to the high dose of MNNG was similar, but recovery from NAD+ depletion was faster in low-dose pretreated cells. Induction of poly(ADP-ribose) formation was more than 2 times higher in low-dose adapted cells and this was associated with the formation of a distinct class of ADP-ribose polymers, i.e., branched polymers. These polymers exhibit a very high binding affinity for histones and can displace them from DNA. Elevated levels of poly(ADP-ribose) and, particularly, synthesis of branched polymers may play a critical role in low-dose adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E Kleczkowska
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich-Tierspital, Switzerland
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18
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Shah GM, Poirier D, Desnoyers S, Saint-Martin S, Hoflack JC, Rong P, ApSimon M, Kirkland JB, Poirier GG. Complete inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity prevents the recovery of C3H10T1/2 cells from oxidative stress. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1996; 1312:1-7. [PMID: 8679711 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4889(96)00004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase after oxidative damage is implicated in different responses of the cells, for example, cell recovery after sublethal damage or cell death after lethal damage. However, the extent and mechanism of involvement of the enzyme in these two processes appear to be different. Inhibitors of this polymerase, such as benzamides, which do not completely inhibit PARP have been shown to protect the cells from killing by massive oxidant damage, could neither reduce the cellular recovery after mild oxidant damage nor completely inhibit DNA repair in vitro. We report here that 1,5-dihydroxyisoquinoline, which was earlier shown to be a strong inhibitor of this polymerase in vitro, is also its potent inhibitor in vivo. Using sensitive techniques for measuring low levels of cellular poly(ADP-ribose) polymer, we show that this inhibitor can completely abolish oxidant-induced activation of the polymerase in C3H10T1/2 cells. We show that only a minor fraction of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity is sufficient in cellular recovery after sublethal oxidant damage. We also demonstrate that cells are unable to recover from oxidant damage in the complete absence of polymerase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Shah
- Unit of Health and Environment, CHUL Research Center, Québec, Canada
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19
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Kleczkowska HE, Althaus FR. Response of human keratinocytes to extremely low concentrations of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Mutat Res 1996; 367:151-9. [PMID: 8600371 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1218(95)00090-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Since alkylating agents are widely present in the environment and constitute a continuous challenge to genome integrity, cells and organisms have developed defense mechanisms to remove such lesions. We monitored the response of human keratinocytes to a very low concentration of a methylating agent, namely 2.5 nM N-methyl-N'-nitro- N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). The effect of a 60-min exposure of quiescent cells to 2.5 nM MNNG was studied in terms of DNA integrity, poly(ADP-ribose) metabolism, clonogenic survival and DNA synthesis. We observed two waves of DNA strand break formation and resealing. Interestingly, the amount of DNA strand breaks in exposed cells was lower than in unexposed control cells. This phenomenon was also observed when cells were exposed to MNNG in the presence of a protein synthesis inhibitor, or when they were maintained on ice during the treatment. A dose of 2.5 nM MNNG stimulated poly(ADP-ribose) turnover, reduced the intracellular NAD+ content, stimulated DNA synthesis and caused a remarkable increase in clonogenic survival. Thus, the cellular responses to extremely low concentrations of MNNG differ sharply from those observed at higher doses of this carcinogen. We conclude that the very low dose response cannot be extrapolated from usual dose-response analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- H E Kleczkowska
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich-Tierspital, Zürich, Switzerland
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20
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Chen HY, Pertusi RM, Kirkland JB, Rubin BR, Jacobson EL. Biochemical characterization of ADP-ribose polymer metabolism in SLE. Lupus 1996; 5:14-21. [PMID: 8646220 DOI: 10.1177/096120339600500105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The metabolism of poly(ADP-ribose) in peripheral blood mononuclear (PBM) cells was studied in 13 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and in 12 age and sex matched controls. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity was measured as the net accumulation of ADP-ribose polymers during the conversion of 32P-NAD to poly(ADP-ribose) in PBM cells in vitro. The control population showed a mean activity of 418 +/- 91(s.d.)pmol ADP-ribose/10 min/10(6) cells. The SLE population was more heterogeneous and showed a lower mean of 225 +/- 147(s.d.)pmol ADP-ribose/10 min/10(6) cells. The mechanism of decreased ADP-ribose polymer accumulation was investigated. Measurements of turnover of the ADP-ribose polymers and its substrate, NAD+, showed that diminished ADP-ribose polymer accumulation in SLE subjects resulted from decreased poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis and not from altered rates of polymer turnover or NAD utilization. Western blot analyses of enzyme protein levels, kinetic studies of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity and analyses of polymer size distribution suggested that the mechanisms of poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis in SLE cells is not altered but that the number of active poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase molecules is reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Forth Worth, USA
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21
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Küpper JH, Müller M, Jacobson MK, Tatsumi-Miyajima J, Coyle DL, Jacobson EL, Bürkle A. trans-dominant inhibition of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation sensitizes cells against gamma-irradiation and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine but does not limit DNA replication of a polyomavirus replicon. Mol Cell Biol 1995; 15:3154-63. [PMID: 7760811 PMCID: PMC230547 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.15.6.3154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is a posttranslational modification of nuclear proteins catalyzed by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP; EC 2.4.2.30), with NAD+ serving as the substrate. PARP is strongly activated upon recognition of DNA strand breaks by its DNA-binding domain. Experiments with low-molecular-weight inhibitors of PARP have led to the view that PARP activity plays a role in DNA repair and possibly also in DNA replication, cell proliferation, and differentiation. Accumulating evidence for nonspecific inhibitor effects prompted us to develop a molecular genetic system to inhibit PARP in living cells, i.e., to overexpress selectively the DNA-binding domain of PARP as a dominant negative mutant. Here we report on a cell culture system which allows inducible, high-level expression of the DNA-binding domain. Induction of this domain leads to about 90% reduction of poly(ADP-ribose) accumulation after gamma-irradiation and sensitizes cells to the cytotoxic effect of gamma-irradiation and of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. In contrast, induction does not affect normal cellular proliferation or the replication of a transfected polyomavirus replicon. Thus, trans-dominant inhibition of the poly(ADP-ribose) accumulation occurring after gamma-irradiation or N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine is specifically associated with a disturbance of the cellular recovery from the inflicted damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Küpper
- Abteilung 0610, Angewandte Tumorvirologie, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
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22
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Mi LJ, Chiu LN, Mahl E, Boorstein RJ. Toxicity of camptothecin to Chinese hamster cells containing 5-hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine in their DNA. Mutat Res 1995; 336:293-305. [PMID: 7739616 DOI: 10.1016/0921-8777(95)00004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
5-Hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine (hmdUrd) is incorporated into the DNA of V79 Chinese hamster cells as an analogue of thymidine. Incorporated residues are then recognized and excised by hmUra-DNA glycosylase (hmUDG). The removal of large numbers of hmUra residues and subsequent strand breakage is cytotoxic, as has been demonstrated by our finding that a mutant cell line, which is deficient in this enzyme, is resistant to hmdUrd (Boorstein et al., 1992a). In order to determine whether topoisomerase I plays a role in hmUDG initiated base excision repair, V79 cells and repair deficient V79mut1 cells were exposed to combinations of hmdUrd and the topoisomerase I inhibitors camptothecin (CPT), CPT-11, and beta-lapachone. Treatment of V79 cells with hmdUrd followed by non-toxic concentrations of camptothecin or CPT-11 showed significant enhancement of the baseline cytotoxicity of the hmdUrd alone. In contrast, camptothecin and CPT-11 had no effect in combination with hmdUrd in the V79mut1 cells. Non-toxic concentrations of beta-lapachone, which inhibits topoisomerase I by a different mechanism than camptothecin and CPT-11, produced no synergistic toxicity in V79 cells. Neither camptothecin nor CPT-11 inhibited removal of hmdUrd from hmdUrd treated cells, nor did they affect hmdUrd-induced poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis. Camptothecin did not alter the cell cycle distribution of either hmdUrd treated cells or untreated cells at concentrations sufficient to cause synergistic toxicity with hmdUrd. Results from our study indicate that the utility of topoisomerase I inhibitors may be enhanced by sensitizing cells with hmdUrd initiated repair activity which arrests cells in S-phase and produces DNA lesions that are further converted into lethal damage by camptothecin.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Mi
- Department of Pathology, New York University Medical Center, NY, USA
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23
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Marsischky GT, Wilson BA, Collier RJ. Role of glutamic acid 988 of human poly-ADP-ribose polymerase in polymer formation. Evidence for active site similarities to the ADP-ribosylating toxins. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:3247-54. [PMID: 7852410 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.7.3247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Sequence similarities between the enzymatic region of poly-ADP-ribose polymerase and the corresponding region of mono-ADP-ribosylating bacterial toxins suggest similarities in active site structure and catalytic mechanism. Glu988 of the human polymerase aligns with the catalytic glutamic acid of the toxins, and replacement of this residue with Gln, Asp, or Ala caused major reductions in synthesis of enzyme-linked poly-ADP-ribose. Replacement of any of 3 other nearby Glu residues had little effect. The Glu988 mutations produced similar changes in activity in the carboxyl-terminal 40-kDa catalytic fragment fused to maltose-binding protein: E988Q and E988A reduced polymer elongation > 2000-fold, and E988D approximately 20-fold. Smaller changes were seen in chain initiation. The mutations had little effect on the Km of NAD, indicating a predominantly catalytic function for Glu988. The results support the concept of similar active sites of the polymerase and the ADP-ribosylating toxins. Glu988 may function in polymer elongation similarly to the toxins' active site glutamate, as a general base to activate the attacking nucleophile (in the case of the polymerase, the 2'-OH of the terminal adenosine group of a nascent poly-ADP-ribose chain).
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Affiliation(s)
- G T Marsischky
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Shipley Institute of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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24
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Küpper JH, van Gool L, Bürkle A. Molecular genetic systems to study the role of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in the cellular response to DNA damage. Biochimie 1995; 77:450-5. [PMID: 7578428 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9084(96)88159-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
To study biological functions of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), low-molecular-mass inhibitors have been used extensively, and the experimental results obtained led to the view that PARP plays a role in DNA repair as well as in other cellular processes, eg DNA replication, cell proliferation, and differentiation. Accumulating evidence that these inhibitors have side effects on other metabolic pathways prompted us to develop two molecular genetic systems for the modulation of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in living cells: i) the first approach is centered on the DNA-binding domain (DBD) of PARP, which recognizes DNA strand breaks through its zinc fingers, leading to enzyme activation. We have established stable cell culture systems for either constitutive or inducible overexpression of the DBD. In these cells we observe a drastic trans-dominant inhibition of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation which is associated with sensitization of cells to gamma-irradiation; and ii) in an attempt to specifically increase the poly(ADP-ribose) formation capacity in living cells, the hamster cell line CO60 was stably transfected to obtain constitutive overexpression of full-length human PARP. These molecular genetic systems may be useful for the elucidation of the precise role of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in the biological response to DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Küpper
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Forschungschwerpunkt Angewandte Tumorvirologie, Heidelberg, Germany
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25
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Collinge MA, Althaus FR. Expression of human poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1994; 245:686-93. [PMID: 7830716 DOI: 10.1007/bf00297275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The coding sequence for human poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase was expressed inducibly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae from a low-copy-number plasmid vector. Cell free extracts of induced cells had poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity when assayed under standard conditions; activity could not be detected in noninduced cell extracts. Induced cells formed poly(ADP-ribose) in vivo, and levels of these polymers increased when cells were treated with the alkylating agent N-methyl-N'-nitro-N- nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). The cytotoxicity of this agent was increased in induced cells, and in vivo labelling with [3H]adenine further decreased their viability. Increased levels of poly(ADP-ribose) found in cells treated with the alkylating agent were not accompanied by lowering of the NAD concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Collinge
- Institute of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Tierspital, Switzerland
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26
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27
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Lautier D, Hoflack JC, Kirkland JB, Poirier D, Poirier GG. The role of poly(ADP-ribose) metabolism in response to active oxygen cytotoxicity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1994; 1221:215-20. [PMID: 8167142 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4889(94)90243-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
These experiments are a continuation of our work describing the effect of H2O2 and O2- on DNA strand breaks, NAD pools and poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis in C3H10T1/2 cells (Lautier et al. (1990) Biochem. Cell Biol. 68, 602-608). The current experiments were carried out firstly to evaluate the polymer synthesis in C3H10T1/2 cells exposed to benzamide, oxygen radicals and hyperthermia. Secondly, using four different protocols for the time of addition and removal of benzamide, the lowest benzamide levels shown to inhibit polymer synthesis were used to study the effect on plating efficiency and colony-forming ability of cells exposed to H2O2 and O2(-). Plating efficiency and colony-forming ability were affected by the active oxygen-species-generating system xanthine-xanthine oxidase and 100 microM benzamide. With higher levels of benzamide, this effect disappeared, and 0.5 to 1 mM benzamide were actually protective against the effects of xanthine-xanthine oxidase, suggesting the involvement of other processes in addition to poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in response to oxygen radical damage.
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28
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Child SJ, Hruby DE. Further characterization of an adenosine-containing modification of vaccinia virus proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1993; 1157:217-28. [PMID: 8507659 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(93)90069-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Three vaccinia virus (VV) core proteins which become labeled when virus is grown in the presence of radiolabeled adenosine or orthophosphate were identified as the major viral core proteins 4A, 4B, and 25K on the basis of comigration with [35S]methionine-labeled viral proteins and immunoprecipitation with monospecific polyclonal antisera. Boronate affinity chromatography and HPLC analysis suggested that a cis-diol-containing adenosine compound is present on this set of viral proteins. The replication of VV in tissue culture cells was prevented by the ADP-ribosylation inhibitors nicotinamide (NIC), 3-aminobenzamide (3-AB), and meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG). None of these compounds significantly affected viral DNA synthesis at lower drug concentrations, although at higher concentrations of the three drugs a reduction in viral DNA synthesis was evident. Total VV protein synthesis also decreased at higher inhibitor levels, and the proteolytic processing of the major virion core proteins was greatly diminished as well. The three inhibitors also affected labeling of viral core proteins and cellular histone proteins by [8-14C]adenosine. In addition, mature, infectious virus particles were not formed in the presence of either 60 mM NIC or 3-AB, or 0.6 mM MIBG. These results provide evidence that the major VV core proteins are subject to modification by an adenosine compound, and suggest the possibility that this modification might represent ADP-ribosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Child
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis
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29
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Lautier D, Lagueux J, Thibodeau J, Ménard L, Poirier GG. Molecular and biochemical features of poly (ADP-ribose) metabolism. Mol Cell Biochem 1993; 122:171-93. [PMID: 8232248 DOI: 10.1007/bf01076101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In the past five years, poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation has developed greatly with the help of molecular biology and the improvement of biochemical techniques. In this article, we describe the physico-chemical properties of the enzymes responsible for the synthesis and degradation of poly(ADP-ribose), respectively poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase. We then discuss the possible roles of this polymer in DNA repair and replication as well as in cellular differentiation and transformation. Finally, we put forward various hypotheses in order to better define the function of this polymer found only in eucaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lautier
- Poly(ADP-ribose) Metabolism Laboratory, Molecular Endocrinology, CHUL, Ste-Foy, Québec, Canada
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30
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Wein KH, Netzker R, Brand K. Cell cycle-related expression of poly(ADP-ribosyl)transferase in proliferating rat thymocytes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1993; 1176:69-76. [PMID: 8452881 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4889(93)90179-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The activity profile of poly(ADP-ribosyl)transferase was assayed during a complete cell cycle of rat thymocytes stimulated in the presence of interleukin-2 by concanavalin A or monoclonal antibodies against the T-cell antigen receptor (TCRmAB). Poly ADP-ribosylation was measured in permeabilized cells by the incorporation of [adenine-3H]NAD+ into protein bound poly ADP-ribose. The polymers of ADP-ribose were separated from the monomers using dihydroxyboronyl-Bio-Rex 70 columns. The rate of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation increases during the G1 phase with a maximum 12 h after stimulation. This increase in activity is due to enhanced de novo synthesis of poly(ADP-ribosyl)transferase which can be abolished by the addition of cycloheximide. The half-life of this enzyme during the induction period was estimated to be 4 h. A second activity peak appears during the S-phase of the cell cycle 48 h after stimulation. The maxima of the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation rate coincide with elevated immunoreactive enzyme levels at 12 and 48 h of culture assayed by Western blotting. The mRNA levels of pADPRT do not correlate with the first maximum of activity, whereas the second maximum was accompanied by a 5-fold increase of the specific mRNA. These results suggest a translational regulation of pADPRT in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, whereas the second activity peak in the S-phase is due to an increased transcription and translation. The induction of pADPRT activity in the G1 phase of TCRmAB-stimulated cells points to a function of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in the proliferation of thymocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Wein
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
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31
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Jacobson EL, Jacobson MK. A biomarker for the assessment of niacin nutriture as a potential preventive factor in carcinogenesis. J Intern Med 1993; 233:59-62. [PMID: 8429288 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.1993.tb00649.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The study of protective cellular responses to DNA damage has led to the working hypothesis that optimal niacin nutriture is a preventive factor in cancer. Described here is the development of a biomarker for determining niacin status termed Niacin Number. The combination of this biomarker with diet and cancer epidemiology will allow evaluation of the possible role of this nutrient in cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Jacobson
- Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of North Texas Fort Worth
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32
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Blaho JA, Michael N, Kang V, Aboul-Ela N, Smulson ME, Jacobson MK, Roizman B. Differences in the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation patterns of ICP4, the herpes simplex virus major regulatory protein, in infected cells and in isolated nuclei. J Virol 1992; 66:6398-407. [PMID: 1328673 PMCID: PMC240132 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.66.11.6398-6407.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Infected-cell protein 4 (ICP4), the major regulatory protein in herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2, was previously reported to accept 32P from [32P]NAD in isolated nuclei. This modification was attributed to poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (C. M. Preston and E. L. Notarianni, Virology 131:492-501, 1983). We determined that an antibody specific for poly(ADP-ribose) reacts with ICP4 extracted from infected cells, electrophoretically separated in denaturing gels, and electrically transferred to nitrocellulose. Our results indicate that all forms of ICP4 observed in one-dimensional gel electrophoresis are poly(ADP-ribosyl)ated. Poly(ADP-ribose) on ICP4 extracted from infected cells was resistant to cleavage by purified poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase unless ICP4 was in a denatured state. Poly(ADP-ribose) added to ICP4 in isolated nuclei was sensitive to this enzyme. This result indicates that the two processes are distinct and may involve different sites on the ICP4 molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Blaho
- Marjorie B. Kovler Viral Oncology Laboratories, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637
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33
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Thomassin H, Ménard L, Hengartner C, Kirkland JB, Poirier GG. Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of chromatin in an in-vitro poly(ADP-ribose)-turnover system. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1992; 1137:171-81. [PMID: 1420323 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4889(92)90199-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the effect of an in-vitro poly(ADP-ribose) turnover system on the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of chromatin. Both poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase and poly(ADP-ribose)glycohydrolase were highly purified and used in 4 different turnover systems: non-turnover, slow, medium and fast turnover. These turnover systems were designed to reflect possible turnover conditions in intact cells. The major protein acceptors for poly(ADP-ribose) are histones and the polymerase itself, a process referred to as automodification. The level of poly(ADP-ribose) modification of polymerase, histone H1 and core histones has been measured. The size of the polymer for each of the 3 groups of acceptor proteins has been determined by gel electrophoresis. After many turnover cycles at medium and fast turnover, the histones (H1 and core) become the main poly(ADP-ribose) acceptor proteins. The rate at which steady-state polymer levels are reached and the total accumulation of polymer in a given turnover system are both inversely proportional to the amount of glycohydrolase present. Furthermore, increasing amounts of glycohydrolase in the turnover systems reduces average polymer size. The polymer synthesized in the medium and fast turnover systems is degraded by glycohydrolase in a biphasic fashion and in these systems the half-life of polymer agreed with results found in intact cells. Our results show that the relative levels of polymerase and glycohydrolase activities can regulate the proportional poly(ADP-ribose) distribution on chromatin-associated acceptor proteins during steady-state turnover conditions. The patterns of modification of polymerase and histones under turnover conditions agree with in vivo observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Thomassin
- Centre de recherche en cancérologie Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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34
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Abstract
Decreases in hepatocyte NAD+ produced by ethanol are only partially explained by the increased conversion of NAD+ to NADH and NADP+. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a mechanism for the ethanol-induced decrease in NAD+ is its increased use in ADP-ribosylation. Exposure of hepatocytes in culture for 2 hr to 100 mmol/L ethanol increased the incorporation of 14C-ribose from prelabeled NAD+ into 14C-ribosylated proteins. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase activity was increased by exposure of isolated hepatocytes to 100 mmol/L ethanol for 10 min. In hepatocyte culture, increases in poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase were not detected after exposure to 100 mmol/L ethanol for 10 min or 2 hr but rather occurred at 24 hr. Ethanol exposure of hepatocytes in culture for 2 hr, however, decreased the Km for NAD+ of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. Both nicotinamide and 5-aminobenzamide, which are inhibitors of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, prevented the decrease in NAD+ produced by 2-hr exposure of hepatocytes in culture to 100 mmol/L ethanol. The effect of ethanol in decreasing DNA synthesis on days 3 and 4 of culture was not reversed by the inhibitors of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. These results indicate that increased ADP-ribosylation of hepatocyte proteins is a mechanism for the effect of ethanol in decreasing NAD+.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Akinshola
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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35
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Staddon JM, Bouzyk MM, Rozengurt E. A novel approach to detect toxin-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation in intact cells: its use to study the action of Pasteurella multocida toxin. J Cell Biol 1991; 115:949-58. [PMID: 1835459 PMCID: PMC2289951 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.115.4.949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain microbial toxins are ADP-ribosyltransferases, acting on specific substrate proteins. Although these toxins have been of great utility in studies of cellular regulatory processes, a simple procedure to directly study toxin-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation in intact cells has not been described. Our approach was to use [2-3H]adenine to metabolically label the cellular NAD+ pool. Labeled proteins were then denatured with SDS, resolved by PAGE, and detected by flurography. In this manner, we show that pertussis toxin, after a dose-dependent lag period, [3H]-labeled a 40-kD protein intact cells. Furthermore, incubation of the gel with trichloroacetic acid at 95 degrees C before fluorography caused the release of label from bands other than the pertussis toxin substrate, thus, allowing its selective visualization. The modification of the 40-kD protein was ascribed to ADP-ribosylation of a cysteine residue on the basis of inhibition of labeling by nicotinamide and the release of [3H]ADP-ribose from the labeled protein by mercuric acetate. Cholera toxin catalyzed the [3H]-labeling of a 46-kD protein in the [2-3H]adenine-labeled cells. Pretreatment of the cells with pertussis toxin before the labeling of NAD+ with [2-3H]adenine blocked [2-3H]ADP-ribosylation catalyzed by pertussis toxin, but not that by cholera toxin. Thus, labeling with [2-3H]adenine permits the study of toxin-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation in intact cells. Pasteurella multocida toxin has recently been described as a novel and potent mitogen for Swiss 3T3 cell and acts to stimulate the phospholipase C-mediated hydrolysis of polyphosphoinositides. The basis of the action of the toxin is not known. Using the methodology described here, P. multocida toxin was not found to act by ADP-ribosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Staddon
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, United Kingdom
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36
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Elia MC, Motyka LE, Stamato TD. Electrotransfer of [32P]NAD allows labeling of ADP-ribosylated proteins in intact Chinese hamster ovary cells. Anal Biochem 1991; 192:329-33. [PMID: 1903609 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(91)90544-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
CHO-K1D cells electroporated in buffers containing [32P]NAD incorporated the label in a voltage-dependent manner. Electroporation with 650 V/cm at 1460 microF in Ham's F12 medium supplemented with 10 mM Hepes, pH 7.1, resulted in a greater than 20-fold increase in [32P]NAD uptake, while decreasing relative cellular survival by only 6%. Exposure of cells to gamma irradiation (20 Gy) prior to electroporation increased the steady-state level of poly(ADP-ribosylated) nuclear proteins two- to four-fold over that of unirradiated control cells. These data indicate that electrotransfer of [32P]NAD is a simple and rapid means of labeling the cellular NAD pool and should prove useful in the analysis of the relationship between poly(ADP-ribosylation) of nuclear proteins and DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Elia
- Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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37
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Thomassin H, Jacobson MK, Guay J, Verreault A, Aboul-ela N, Menard L, Poirier GG. An affinity matrix for the purification of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase. Nucleic Acids Res 1990; 18:4691-4. [PMID: 2395636 PMCID: PMC331920 DOI: 10.1093/nar/18.16.4691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The preparation of quantities of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase sufficient for detailed structural and enzymatic characterizations has been difficult due to the very low tissue content of the enzyme and its lability in late stages of purification. To date, the only purification of this enzyme to apparent homogeneity has involved a procedure requiring 6 column chromatographic steps. Described here is the preparation of an affinity matrix which consists of ADP-ribose polymers bound to dihydroxyboronyl sepharose. An application is described for the purification of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase from calf thymus in which a single rapid affinity step was used to replace 3 column chromatographic steps yielding enzyme of greater than 90% purity with a 3 fold increase in yield. This matrix should also prove useful for other studies of ADP-ribose polymer metabolism and related clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Thomassin
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de l'Université Laval, Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Côte du Palais, Canada
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38
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Bauer PI, Buki KG, Hakam A, Kun E. Macromolecular association of ADP-ribosyltransferase and its correlation with enzymic activity. Biochem J 1990; 270:17-26. [PMID: 2144419 PMCID: PMC1131671 DOI: 10.1042/bj2700017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The macromolecular self-association of ADP-ribosyltransferase protein in solution was studied by several experimental techniques: quantitative gel filtration, electrophoretic analyses in non-denaturing gels, and cross-linking the enzyme protein with glutaraldehyde, dimethyl pimelimidate, dimethyl suberimidate, dimethyl 3,3'-dithiobisproprionimidate and tetranitromethane. The self-association of the polypeptide components obtained by plasmin digestion was also determined by using the above cross-linking agents. Monomers and cross-linked dimers of the enzyme protein, possessing enzymic activity, were separated in non-denaturing gels by electrophoresis. The basic polypeptide fragments, exhibiting molecular masses of 29 kDa and 36 kDa, self-associated, whereas the polypeptides with molecular masses of 56 kDa and 42 kDa associated only to a negligible extent, indicating that the peptide regions that also bind DNA and histones are probable sites of self-association in the intact enzyme molecule. Macromolecular association of the enzyme was indicated by a protein-concentration-dependent red-shift in protein fluorescence. The specific enzymic activity of the isolated ADP-ribosyltransferase depended on the concentration of the enzyme protein, and at 2.00 microM concentration the enzyme was self-inhibitory. Dilution of the enzyme protein to 30-40 nM resulted in a large increase in its specific activity. Further dilution to 1-3 nM coincided with a marked decrease of specific activity. Direct enzymic assays of electrophoretically separated monomers and cross-linked dimers demonstrated that the dimer appears to be the active molecular species that catalyses poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis. The NAD+ glycohydrolase activity of the enzyme was also dependent on protein concentration and was highest at 1-3 nM enzyme concentration, when polymerase activity was minimal, indicating that the monomeric enzyme behaved as a glycohydrolase, whereas poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of enzyme molecules was maximal when the enzyme tends to be self-associated to the dimeric form.
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Affiliation(s)
- P I Bauer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0130
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Rankin PW, Jacobson EL, Benjamin RC, Moss J, Jacobson MK. Quantitative studies of inhibitors of ADP-ribosylation in vitro and in vivo. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)83741-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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