1
|
Yusuf AJ, Bugaje AI, Sadiq M, Salihu M, Adamu HW, Abdulrahman M. Exploring the inhibitory potential of phytochemicals from Vernonia glaberrima leaves against snake venom toxins through computational simulation and experimental validation. Toxicon 2024; 247:107838. [PMID: 38971473 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is an enzyme present in appreciable quantity in snake venoms which catalyze the hydrolysis of glycerophospholipids at sn-2 position and promote the release of lysophospholipids and fatty acids. 5-methylcoumarin-4-β-glucoside (5MC4BG) and lupeol were previously isolated from the leaves of V. glaberrima. The aim of this research was to evaluate effect of these compounds as potential inhibitors of snake venom toxins of Naja nigricollis using an in vitro and in silico studies. Antisnake venom studies was conducted using acidimetry while the molecular docking analysis against PLA2 enzyme from N. nigricollis was performed using Auto Dock Vina and ADME-Tox analysis was evaluated using swissADME and ProTox-II online servers. The two compounds (5MC4BG and Lupeol) were able to inhibit the hydrolytic actions of PLA2 enzyme with percentage inhibition ranging from 23.99 to 72.36 % and 21.97-24.82 % at 0.0625-1.00 mg/mL respectively while the standard ASV had 82.63 % at 1.00 mg/mL after 10 min incubation at 37 °C. Similar effects were observed after 30 min incubation, although there was significant increase in percentage inhibition of 5MC4BG and lupeol ranging from 66.51 to 83.73 % and 54.87-59.60 % at similar concentrations. Furthermore, the compounds were able to bind to the active site of PLA2 enzyme with high affinity (-7.7 to -6.3 kcal/mol); the standard ligand, Varespladib had a docking score of -6.9 kcal/mol and they exhibited favorable drug-likeness and pharmacokinetic properties and according to toxicity predictions, the two compounds are toxic. In conclusion, the leaf of V. glaberrima contains phytoconstituents with antisnake activity and thus, validates the hypothesis that, the phytoconstituents of V. glaberrima leaves has antisnake venom activity against N. nigricollis venom and thus, should be studied further for the development as antisnake venom agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A J Yusuf
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria.
| | - A I Bugaje
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - M Sadiq
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - M Salihu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - H W Adamu
- Department of Biology, Shehu Shagari College of Education, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - M Abdulrahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Salihu M, Hassan LG, Faruq UZ, Yusuf AJ. Deciphering the interactions of scopoletin and scopolin from Catunaregam nilotica roots against Naja nigricollis phospholipase A 2 enzyme. Toxicon 2024; 243:107732. [PMID: 38642905 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Catuneragam nilotica has been used in ethnomedicine to treat snakebite, inflammation, and diarrhea among others. The aim of this research is to isolate, and characterize potential potential phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitors from the roots of C. nilotica. The plant material was collected, authenticated, and sequentially extracted using solvents of increasing polarity starting from n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The extracts as reported in our previous work, were screened in vitro for their inhibitory activity against PLA2 enzyme from N. nigricollis venom using acidimetric assay. In line with the bio-activity guided isolation, methanol extract (being the most active) was subjected to chromatographic separation using silica gel and sephadex LH-20 which resulted in the isolation and characterization of scopoletin, and scopolin; the compounds were able to inhibit the hydrolytic actions of PLA2 enzyme with percentage inhibition ranging from 67.82 to 100.00 % and 65.76-93.15 %, respectively while the standard Antisnake Venom (ASV) had 74.96-85.04 % after 10 min incubation at 37 °C. The molecular docking of the compounds against PLA2 enzyme was performed using Auto Dock Vina while ADME-Tox analysis was evaluated using swissADME and ProTox-II online servers; The findings indicated that both compounds were able to bind to the active site of PLA2 enzyme with high affinity (-6.5 to -6.2 kcal/mol) and they exhibited favorable drug-likeness and pharmacokinetic properties, and according to toxicity predictions, scopolin was found to be non-toxic (LD50 of 5000 mg/kg) while scopoletin has a slight chance of being toxic (LD50 of 3800 mg/kg). In conclusion, the findings of the research revealed that the roots of C. nilotica contains phytoconstituents with anti-PLA2 enzyme activity and thus, validates the ethnomedicinal claim of the use of the plant as herbal therapy against N. nigricollis envenomation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Salihu
- Department of Chemistry, Shehu Shagari College of Education, Sokoto, Nigeria.
| | - L G Hassan
- Department of Pure and Environmental Chemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - U Z Faruq
- Department of Pure and Environmental Chemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - A J Yusuf
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kusar S, Saddiqe Z, Asad MHHB, Ali F, Kirmani F. Phytochemical characterization and phospholipase A 2 inhibitory effect of Vitex negundo L. root extracts. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 323:117671. [PMID: 38163555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Snake bites are a critical health issue in many parts of the world particularly in Asian countries lacking efficient health facilities in rural areas. Cobra is the most common snake type in Asia and is responsible for a large number of mortalities particularly in rural areas. Plants are usually considered the most effective and easy-to-approach treatment for snake bites in rural areas of various countries. Vitex negundo L. is an important medicinal plant traditionally used to treat snake bite envenomation in many countries of Asia. AIM OF THE STUDY From literature survey of plants traditionally used in the treatment of snake bites in Asian countries including India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, roots of V. negundo were selected for the present study. Anti-snake venom potential of its roots was assessed through various in vitro assays targeting the phospholipase A2 enzyme. MATERIALS AND METHODS V. negundo roots were sequentially extracted in different organic solvents to get fractions and in methanol to get total extract. The extracts were evaluated for phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitory potential through inhibition of venom-induced hemolysis, ADP-induced platelet aggregation, PLA2-induced fatty acid hydrolysis and anticoagulant effect of cobra venom. Antioxidant power was determined using DPPH and superoxide radical scavenging assays. GC-MS and HPLC analysis was performed for the total methanol extract. RESULTS Strong PLA2 inhibitory effect was observed for all the extracts. The ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol fractions significantly inhibited toxic effects of cobra venom under in vitro conditions. Radical scavenging potential of these fractions was also significantly high as compared to non-polar fractions in both DPPH and superoxide scavenging assays. Phytochemical analysis indicated high phenolic and flavonoid contents in these fractions. GC-MS and HPLC analysis of total methanol extract confirmed the presence of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, phenol, o-Guaiacol, palmitic acid-methyl ester, methyl stearate, quercetin and kaempferol in the plant. CONCLUSION The study concluded that the roots of V. negundo, particularly their polar extracts, have strong PLA2 inhibitory effect against cobra venom confirming their traditional use to manage snake bites. The roots of this plant can be further studied for isolation of plant-based antisera.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shabana Kusar
- Department of Botany, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zeb Saddiqe
- Department of Botany, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Botany, Govt. Queen Mary Graduate College, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | | | - Faiza Ali
- Department of Botany, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Kirmani
- Department of Botany, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zarzosa V, Lomonte B, Zamudio F, Ponce-López R, Olvera-Rodríguez F, Borja M, Alagón A, Neri-Castro E. Venom of the neotropical rattlesnake, Crotalus culminatus: Intraspecific variation, neutralization by antivenoms, and immunogenicity in rabbits. Biochimie 2024; 216:160-174. [PMID: 37890695 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Crotalus culminatus is a medically significant species of rattlesnake in Mexico [1]. While the proteomic composition of its venom has been previously reported for both juvenile and adult specimens, there has been limited research into its functional properties, with only a few studies, including one focusing on coagulotoxicity mechanisms. In this study, we aimed to compare the biochemical and biological activities of the venom of juvenile and adult snakes. Additionally, we assessed antibody production using the venoms of juveniles and adults as immunogens in rabbits. Our findings reveal lethality and proteolytic activity differences between the venoms of juveniles and adults. Notably, juvenile venoms exhibited high proportions of crotamine, while adult venoms displayed a reduction of this component. A commercially available antivenom demonstrated effective neutralization of lethality of both juvenile and adult venoms in mice. However, it failed to neutralize the paralytic activity induced by crotamine, which, in contrast, was successfully inhibited by antibodies obtained from hyperimmunized rabbits. These results suggest the potential inclusion of C. culminatus venom from juveniles in commercial antivenom immunization schemes to generate antibodies targeting this small myotoxin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Zarzosa
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Chamilpa, C.P. 62210, Cuernavaca, Mor., Mexico
| | - Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501, Costa Rica
| | - Fernando Zamudio
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Chamilpa, C.P. 62210, Cuernavaca, Mor., Mexico
| | - Roberto Ponce-López
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Chamilpa, C.P. 62210, Cuernavaca, Mor., Mexico
| | - Felipe Olvera-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Chamilpa, C.P. 62210, Cuernavaca, Mor., Mexico
| | - Miguel Borja
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Avenida Universidad s/n, Fracc, Filadelfia, C.P. 35010, Gómez Palacio, Dgo., Mexico
| | - Alejandro Alagón
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Chamilpa, C.P. 62210, Cuernavaca, Mor., Mexico.
| | - Edgar Neri-Castro
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Avenida Universidad s/n, Fracc, Filadelfia, C.P. 35010, Gómez Palacio, Dgo., Mexico; Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Chamilpa, C.P. 62210, Cuernavaca, Mor., Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
A Novel Continuous Enzyme Coupled Colorimetric Assay for Phospholipase A2 and its Application in the Determination of Catalytic Activity of Oil-Body–Associated Oleosin Protein. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-022-02284-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
6
|
Chakkinga Thodi R, Ibrahim JM, Nair AS, Thacheril Sukumaran S. Exploring the potent inhibitor β-stigmasterol from Pittosporum dasycaulon Miq. leaves against snake venom phospholipase A2 protein through in vitro and molecular dynamics behavior approach. TOXIN REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2021.2021946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Junaida M. Ibrahim
- Department of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, India
| | - Achuthsankar S. Nair
- Department of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jega AY, Abdullahi MI, Musa AM, Kaita HA, Mzozoyana V, Emmanuel AA. Biochemical evaluation and molecular docking assessment of glucosamines from Neocarya macrophylla fruits against Naja nigricollis venom. Carbohydr Res 2021; 509:108436. [PMID: 34507178 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2021.108436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Two new glucosamines, Microphyllose A and B were isolated from the chloroform fraction of Neocarya macrophylla fruit using flash column chromatography. The structures of these compounds were elucidated based on chemical tests and the analysis of their spectral data (IR, 1D- & 2D-NMR). The compounds have demonstrated significant (p < 0.05) antivenom activity against Naja nigricollis venom with 60 and 80% protection, respectively. When subjected to molecular docking, the compounds have demonstrated different binding affinities against three toxins (phospholipase A2, neurotoxin and cardiotoxin) from Naja nigricollis venom and they were further screened for ADMET analysis based on Lipinski's and Veber's rule and the compounds have failed absorptivity for oral medications. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of isolation and molecular docking analysis of these compounds from medicinal plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amina Yusuf Jega
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria.
| | - Musa Ismail Abdullahi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
| | - Aliyu M Musa
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Haruna A Kaita
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Vuyisa Mzozoyana
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, South Africa
| | - Adegboyega Abayomi Emmanuel
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Jos, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Colis-Torres A, Neri-Castro E, Strickland JL, Olvera-Rodríguez A, Borja M, Calvete J, Jones J, Parkinson CL, Bañuelos J, López de León J, Alagón A. Intraspecific venom variation of Mexican West Coast Rattlesnakes (Crotalus basiliscus) and its implications for antivenom production. Biochimie 2021; 192:111-124. [PMID: 34656669 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Intraspecific variation in snake venoms has been widely documented worldwide. However, there are few studies on this subject in Mexico. Venom characterization studies provide important data used to predict clinical syndromes, to evaluate the efficacy of antivenoms and, in some cases, to improve immunogenic mixtures in the production of antivenoms. In the present work, we evaluated the intraspecific venom variation of Crotalus basiliscus, a rattlesnake of medical importance and whose venom is used in the immunization of horses to produce one of the Mexican antivenoms. Our results demonstrate that there is variation in biological and biochemical activities among adult venoms and that there is an ontogenetic change from juvenile to adult venoms. Juvenile venoms were more lethal and had higher percentages of crotamine and crotoxin, while adult venoms had higher percentages of snake venom metalloproteases (SVMPs). Additionally, we documented crotoxin-like PLA2 variation in which specimens from Zacatecas, Sinaloa and Michoacán (except 1) lacked the neurotoxin, while the rest of the venoms had it. Finally, we evaluated the efficacy of three lots of Birmex antivenom and all three were able to neutralize the lethality of four representative venoms but were not able to neutralize crotamine. We also observed significant differences in the LD50 values neutralized per vial among the different lots. Based on these results, we recommend including venoms containing crotamine in the production of antivenom for a better immunogenic mixture and to improve the homogeneity of lots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Colis-Torres
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Edgar Neri-Castro
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Jason L Strickland
- Department of Biology, University of South Alabama, 5871 USA Dr. N, Mobile, AL, 36688, USA
| | - Alejandro Olvera-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Miguel Borja
- Facultad Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Av. Universidad s/n. Fracc. Filadelfia, C.P. 35010, Gómez Palacio, Dgo, Mexico
| | - Juan Calvete
- Laboratorio de Venómica Evolutiva y Traslacional, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Jaime Roig 11, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jason Jones
- Herp.mx A.C, Villa del Álvarez, Colima, Mexico
| | - Christopher L Parkinson
- Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Forestry, and Environmental Conservation, Clemson University, 190 Collings St. Clemson, SC, 29631, USA
| | - Jorge Bañuelos
- Herp.mx A.C, Villa del Álvarez, Colima, Mexico; Unidad Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Edificio de Biología Campus II Ave. Preparatoria S/N, Col. Agronómica, 98066, ZacatecasZacatecas, Mexico
| | - Jorge López de León
- Hospital General Norberto Treviño Zapata, Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Alagón
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
|
10
|
Janardhan B, Shrikanth VM, More VS, Melappa G, Zameer F, More SS. Bungarus caeruleus venom neutralization activity of Azima tetracantha Lam. Extract. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02163. [PMID: 31388588 PMCID: PMC6667930 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Azima tetracantha Lam. is native to Africa and India. The plant and its parts are used for treating various ailments including snake bites. The different concentrations of ethyl acetate leaf extract of A. tetracantha were used to neutralize the toxic effect of venom through dose dependent enzyme studies and in vivo studies. The extract was able to neutralize the 5’ nucleotidase, phospholipase A2, Phosphodiesterae, phosphomonoesterase, acetylcholinesterase and hyaluronidase in a dose dependent manner with concentrations ranging from 43.98 –340.1 μg/mL of extract. The extract could retain the lysis of fibrinogen at the concentration of 1:10 (venom: extract, w/w) and also the lysis of lecithin was reduced at a concentration of 1:25 (venom: extract, w/w). The extract was able to neutralize the LD50 of venom in both mice and embryo and also reduce the myotoxic and edema properties of the venom in mice models. The venom did not show any procoagulant and hemorrhagic effect. The leaf extract possess adequate compounds/phytochemicals that could neutralize the toxic properties/activity of the B. caeruleus venom.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhavya Janardhan
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Post Graduate Studies, Jain University, India
| | - Vineetha M Shrikanth
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Post Graduate Studies, Jain University, India
| | - Veena S More
- Department of Biotechnology, Sapthagiri College of Engineering, Bangalore, 57, India
| | - Govindappa Melappa
- Department of Botany Dhavangere University, Shivagangothri, Davangere-577007, India
| | - Farhan Zameer
- School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Dayananda Sagar University, Bangalore, India
| | - Sunil S More
- School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Dayananda Sagar University, Bangalore, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tan CH, Wong KY, Tan NH, Ng TS, Tan KY. Distinctive Distribution of Secretory Phospholipases A₂ in the Venoms of Afro-Asian Cobras (Subgenus: Naja, Afronaja, Boulengerina and Uraeus). Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11020116. [PMID: 30769779 PMCID: PMC6410299 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11020116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein abundances of phospholipases A2 in cobra venom proteomes appear to vary among cobra species. To determine the unique distribution of snake venom phospholipases A2 (svPLA2) in the cobras, the svPLA2 activities for 15 cobra species were examined with an acidimetric and a colorimetric assay, using egg yolk suspension and 4-nitro-3-octanoyloxy benzoic acid (NOBA) as the substrate. The colorimetric assay showed significant correlation between svPLA2 enzymatic activities with the svPLA2 protein abundances in venoms. High svPLA2 activities were observed in the venoms of Asiatic spitting cobras (Naja sputatrix, Naja sumatrana) and moderate activities in Asiatic non-spitters (Naja naja, Naja atra, Naja kaouthia), African spitters (subgenus Afronaja), and forest cobra (subgenus Boulengerina). African non-spitting cobras of subgenus Uraeus (Naja haje, Naja annulifera, Naja nivea, Naja senegalensis) showed exceptionally low svPLA2 enzymatic activities. The negligible PLA2 activity in Uraeus cobra venoms implies that PLA2 may not be ubiquitous in all snake venoms. The svPLA2 in cobra envenoming varies depending on the cobra species. This may potentially influence the efficacy of cobra antivenom in specific use for venom neutralization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Choo Hock Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Kin Ying Wong
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Nget Hong Tan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Tzu Shan Ng
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Kae Yi Tan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tan KY, Liew JL, Tan NH, Quah ESH, Ismail AK, Tan CH. Unlocking the secrets of banded coral snake (Calliophis intestinalis, Malaysia): A venom with proteome novelty, low toxicity and distinct antigenicity. J Proteomics 2018; 192:246-257. [PMID: 30243938 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The Asiatic coral snakes are basal in the phylogeny of coral snakes. Although envenoming by the Asiatic coral snakes is rarely fatal, little is known about their venom properties and variability from the American coral snakes. Integrating reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography and nano-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we showed that the venom proteome of the Malaysian banded or striped coral snake (Calliophis intestinalis) was composed of mainly phospholipases A2 (PLA2, 43.4%) and three-finger toxins (3FTx, 20.1%). Within 3FTx, the cytotoxins or cardiotoxins (CTX) dominated while the neurotoxins' content was much lower. Its subproteomic details contrasted with the 3FTx profile of most Micrurus sp., illustrating a unique dichotomy of venom phenotype between the Old and the New World coral snakes. Calliophis intestinalis venom proteome was correlated with measured enzymatic activities, and in vivo it was myotoxic but non-lethal to mice, frogs and geckos at high doses (5-10 μg/g). The venom contains species-specific toxins with distinct sequences and antigenicity, and the antibodies raised against PLA2 and CTX of other elapids showed poor binding toward its venom antigens. The unique venom proteome of C. intestinalis unveiled a repertoire of novel toxins, and the toxicity test supported the need for post-bite monitoring of myotoxic complication. SIGNIFICANCE: Malaysian banded or striped coral snake (Calliophis intestinalis) has a cytotoxin (CTX)-predominating venom proteome, a characteristic shared by its congener, the Malayan blue coral snake (Calliophis bivirgata). With little neurotoxins (NTX), it illustrates a CTX/NTX dichotomy of venom phenotype between the Old World and the New World coral snakes. The low toxicity of the venom imply that C. intestinalis bite envenoming can be managed via symptomatic relief of the mild to moderate pain with appropriate analgesia. Systemically, the serum creatine kinase level of patients should be monitored serially for potential complication of myotoxicity. The distinct antigenicity of the venom proteins implies that the empirical use of heterologous antivenom is mostly inappropriate and not recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kae Yi Tan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Jia Lee Liew
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Nget Hong Tan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Evan S H Quah
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Khaldun Ismail
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Choo Hock Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Elucidating the biogeographical variation of the venom of Naja naja (spectacled cobra) from Pakistan through a venom-decomplexing proteomic study. J Proteomics 2018; 175:156-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
14
|
One-pot, four-component synthesis of spiroindoloquinazoline derivatives as phospholipase inhibitors. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
15
|
Tan NH, Wong KY, Tan CH. Venomics of Naja sputatrix , the Javan spitting cobra: A short neurotoxin-driven venom needing improved antivenom neutralization. J Proteomics 2017; 157:18-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
16
|
Wong KY, Tan CH, Tan NH. Venom and Purified Toxins of the Spectacled Cobra (Naja naja) from Pakistan: Insights into Toxicity and Antivenom Neutralization. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 94:1392-9. [PMID: 27022154 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Geographical variations of snake venoms can result in suboptimal effectiveness of Indian antivenoms that are currently used in most South Asian countries. This study investigated the toxicity and neutralization profile of the venom and toxins from Pakistani spectacled cobra, Naja naja, using VINS polyvalent antivenom (VPAV, India), Naja kaouthia monovalent antivenom (NKMAV, Thailand), and neuro bivalent antivenom (NBAV, Taiwan). Cation-exchange and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography fractionations followed by toxin identification through liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (MS)/MS indicated that the venom comprised mainly of postsynaptic neurotoxins (NTXs) (long neurotoxins [LNTXs], 28.3%; short neurotoxins [SNTXs], 8%), cytotoxins (CTXs) (31.2%), and acidic phospholipases A2 (12.3%). NKMAV is the most effective in neutralizing the lethal effect of the venom (potency = 1.1 mg venom/mL) and its LNTX (potency = 0.5 mg toxin/mL), consistent with the high content of LNTX in N. kaouthia venom. VPAV was effective in neutralizing the CTX (potency = 0.4 mg toxin/mL), in agreement with the higher CTX abundance in Indian cobra venom. All the three antivenoms were weak in neutralizing the SNTX (potency = 0.03-0.04 mg toxin/mL), including NBAV that was raised from the SNTX-rich Taiwanese cobra venom. In a challenge-rescue experiment, envenomed mice were prevented from death by a maximal dose of VPAV (intravenous 200 μL) but the recovery from paralysis was slow, indicating the need for higher or repeated doses of VPAV. Our results suggest that optimal neutralization for Pakistani N. naja venom may be achieved by improving the formulation of antivenom production to enhance antivenom immunoreactivity against long and SNTXs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kin Ying Wong
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Choo Hock Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nget Hong Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tan CH, Fung SY, Yap MKK, Leong PK, Liew JL, Tan NH. Unveiling the elusive and exotic: Venomics of the Malayan blue coral snake (Calliophis bivirgata flaviceps). J Proteomics 2015; 132:1-12. [PMID: 26598790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The venom proteome of the Malayan blue coral snake, Calliophis bivirgata flaviceps from west Malaysia was investigated by 1D-SDS-PAGE and shotgun-LCMS/MS. A total of 23 proteins belonging to 11 protein families were detected from the venom proteome. For the toxin proteins, the venom consists mainly of phospholipase A2 (41.1%), cytotoxin (22.6%), SVMPs (18.7%) and vespryns (14.6%). However, in contrast to the venoms of New World coral snakes and most elapids, there was no post-synaptic α-neurotoxin detected. The proteome also revealed a relatively high level of phosphodiesterase (1.3%), which may be associated with the reported high level of adenosine in the venom. Also detected were 5'-nucleotidase (0.3%), hyaluronidase (0.1%) and cysteine-type endopeptide inhibitor (0.6%). Enzymatic studies confirmed the presence of phospholipase A2, phosphodiesterase, 5'-nucleotidase and acetylcholinesterase activities but not l-amino acid oxidase activity. The venom exhibited moderate cytotoxic activity against CRL-2648 fibroblast cell lines (IC50=62.14±0.87 μg/mL) and myotoxicity in mice, presumably due to the action of its cytotoxin or its synergistic action with phospholipase A2. Interestingly, the venom lethality could be cross-neutralized by a neurotoxic bivalent antivenom from Taiwan. Together, the findings provide insights into the composition and functions of the venom of this exotic oriental elapid snake. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE While venoms of the New World coral snake have been extensively studied, literature pertaining to the Old World or Asiatic coral snake venoms remains lacking. This could be partly due to the inaccessibility to the venom of this rare species and infrequent cases of envenomation reported. This study identified and profiled the venom proteome of the Malayan blue coral snake (C. b. flaviceps) through SDS-PAGE and a high-resolution nano-LCMS/MS method, detailing the types and abundance of proteins found in the venom. The biological and toxic activities of the venom were also investigated, offering functional correlation to the venom proteome studied. Of note, the venom contains a unique toxin profile predominated with phospholipase A2 and cytotoxin with no detectable post-synaptic neurotoxin. The venom is moderately lethal to mice and the fatal effect could be cross-neutralized by a heterologous elapid bivalent antivenom from Taiwan. The findings enrich snake toxin databases and provide insights into the composition and pathogenesis of the venom of this exotic species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Choo Hock Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Shin Yee Fung
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Michelle Khai Khun Yap
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Poh Kuan Leong
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jia Lee Liew
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nget Hong Tan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Diagnosis of snake envenomation using a simple phospholipase A2 assay. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4827. [PMID: 24777205 PMCID: PMC4003729 DOI: 10.1038/srep04827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnosis of snake envenomation is challenging but critical for deciding on antivenom use. Phospholipase A2 enzymes occur commonly in snake venoms and we hypothesized that phospholipase activity detected in human blood post-bite may be indicative of envenomation. Using a simple assay, potentially a bedside test, we detected high phospholipase activity in sera of patients with viper and elapid envenomation compared to minimal activity in non-envenomed patients.
Collapse
|
19
|
Janardhan B, Shrikanth VM, Mirajkar KK, More SS. In vitro screening and evaluation of antivenom phytochemicals from Azima tetracantha Lam. leaves against Bungarus caeruleus and Vipera russelli. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2014; 20:12. [PMID: 24690426 PMCID: PMC3977903 DOI: 10.1186/1678-9199-20-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Snakebites are considered a neglected tropical disease that affects thousands of people worldwide. Although antivenom is the only treatment available, it is associated with several side effects. As an alternative, plants have been extensively studied in order to obtain an alternative treatment. In folk medicine, Azima tetracantha Lam. is usually used to treat snakebites. The present study aims to provide a scientific explanation for the use of this plant against snakebite. The extracts of shade dried leaves of A. tetracantha were tested for in vitro inhibitory activity on toxic venom enzymes like phosphomonoesterase, phosphodiesterase, acetylcholinesterase, hyaluronidase etc. from Bungarus caeruleus and Vipera russelli venoms. Results The ethylacetate extract rendered a significant inhibitory effect on the phosphomonoesterase, phosphodiesterase, phospholipase A2 and acetylcholinesterase enzymes. Conclusions The present study suggests that ethylacetate extract of A. tetracantha leaves possesses compounds that inhibit the activity of toxic enzymes from Bungarus caeruleus and Vipera russelli venom. Further pharmacological and in vivo studies would provide evidence that this substance may lead to a potential treatment against these venoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sunil S More
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Post Graduate Studies, Jain University, Jayanagar 3rd block, Bangalore, Karnataka 560011, India.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sharko O, Kisel M. 1-Acyl-2-[N-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)aminopropionyl]-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine as a chromogenic substrate for phospholipase A₂ assay. Anal Biochem 2011; 413:69-71. [PMID: 21345326 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a spectrophotometric assay for phospholipase A(2) activity using 2,4-dinitrophenyl-labeled phosphatidylcholine as substrate. The assay allows quite simple quantification of phospholipase A(2) activity by measuring the absorbance of the aqueous phase after extraction of the reaction mixture and requires neither chromatographic separation of the reaction products nor the addition of auxiliary coloring reagents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Sharko
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Kuprevich st., 5/2, 220141 Minsk, Republic of Belarus.
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tang Y, Dong W, Kong T. Effects of heating on the immunogenicity and biological toxicity of Deinagkistrodon acutus venom and its fractions. Toxicon 2010; 56:45-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Revised: 11/14/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
22
|
Caramelo JJ, Delfino JM. A subnanogram assay for phospholipase activity based on a long-chain radioiodinatable phosphatidylcholine. Anal Biochem 2004; 333:289-95. [PMID: 15450804 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2004.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Here, we introduce a radioiodinatable long-chain phosphatidylcholine (BHC12PC) which serves as the base for a very sensitive phospholipase assay. This compound has a 4-hydroxyphenyl group attached at the end of the fatty acyl chain located in position sn-2. This feature enables this phospholipid to be radioiodinated. BHC12PC was tested as a substrate of Naja naja naja PLA(2) and Bacillus cereus PLC in a mixed micellar system with Triton X-100. The detection limit for the assays was 0.25ng of PLA(2) and 0.05ng of PLC, thus becoming one of the most sensitive methods described so far. A low specific radioactivity (500microCi/mmol) suffices to achieve this level of sensitivity. In both cases, the behavior of BHC12PC was indistinguishable from that shown by phospholipids with n-acyl chains of similar length. The choice of spacer prevents any unfavorable interaction of the bulky 4-hydroxyphenyl group at the active site of the enzymes. The progress of the reaction as monitored by thin-layer chromatography is compared side by side with an alternative method based on the selective adsorption of BHC12PC to silica gel, which renders identical results in a simpler fashion. An additional advantage of BHC12PC is that the cost per Ci of the radioiodinated derivative is significantly lower than that of other labeled phospholipids ((3)H, (14)C, or (32)P).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julio J Caramelo
- Institute of Biophysics and Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Junín 956, RA-1113 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Jiménez M, Cabanes J, Gandía-Herrero F, Escribano J, García-Carmona F, Pérez-Gilabert M. A continuous spectrophotometric assay for phospholipase A(2) activity. Anal Biochem 2003; 319:131-7. [PMID: 12842116 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2697(03)00331-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a simple continuous spectrophotometric method for assaying phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) activity. The procedure is based on a coupled enzymatic assay, using dilinoleoyl phosphatidylcholine as phospholipase substrate and lipoxygenase as coupling enzyme. The linoleic acid released by phospholipase was oxidized by lipoxygenase and then phospholipase activity was followed spectrophotometrically by measuring the increase in absorbance at 234 nm due to the formation of the corresponding hydroperoxide from the linoleic acid. The optimal assay concentrations of hog pancreatic phospholipase A(2) and lipoxygenase were established. PLA(2) activity varied with pH, reaching its optimal value at pH 8.5. Scans of the deoxycholate concentration pointed to an optimal detergent concentration of 3mM. Phospholipid hydrolysis followed classical Michaelis-Menten kinetics (V(m)=1.8 microM/min, K(m)=4.5 microM, V(m)/K(m)=0.4 min(-1)). This assay also allows PLA(2) inhibitors, such as p-bromophenacyl bromide or dehydroabietylamine acetate, to be studied. This method was proved to be specific since there was no activity in the absence of phospholipase A(2). It also has the advantages of a short analysis time and the use of commercially nonradiolabeled and inexpensive substrates, which are, furthermore, natural substrates of phospholipase A(2).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Jiménez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Universidad de Murcia, Espinardo 30071, Murcia, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Jiménez-Atiénzar M, Cabanes J, Gandía-Herrero F, Escribano J, García-Carmona F, Pérez-Gilabert M. Determination of the phospholipase activity of patatin by a continuous spectrophotometric assay. Lipids 2003; 38:677-82. [PMID: 12934679 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-003-1114-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Patatin is a family of glycoproteins that accounts for 30-40% of the total soluble protein in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers. This protein has been reported to serve as a storage protein and also to exhibit lipid phospholipase activity. This paper describes a simple continuous spectrophotometric method for assaying patatin phospholipase activity. The procedure is based on a coupled enzymatic assay using [1,2-dilinoleoyl] PC as the phospholipase substrate and lipoxygenase as the coupling enzyme. In the procedure developed in this work, lipoxygenase oxidizes the linoleic acid released by the phospholipase activity of patatin. This activity can then be followed spectrophotometrically by recording the increase in absorbance at 234 nm that results from the formation of the corresponding hydroperoxide from linoleic acid by the action of lipoxygenase. The optimal assay concentrations of patatin and lipoxygenase were established. Phospholipase activity varied with pH, reaching its optimal value at pH 9.5. Scans of the deoxycholate concentration pointed to an optimal detergent concentration of 3 mM. Phospholipid hydrolysis followed classical Michaelis-Menten kinetics (Vm = 9.8 x 10(-3) micromol/min x microg protein, Km = 7.8 microM, Vm/Km = 1.3 min(-1) x microg protein). This method proved to be specific since there was no activity in the absence of patatin. It also had the advantages of a short analysis time and the use of commercially nonradiolabeled and inexpensive substrates, which are, furthermore, natural substrates of phospholipase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Jiménez-Atiénzar
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Universidad de Murcia, Espinardo 30071, Murcia, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Thwin MM, Gopalakrishnakone P, Kini RM, Armugam A, Jeyaseelan K. Recombinant antitoxic and antiinflammatory factor from the nonvenomous snake Python reticulatus: phospholipase A2 inhibition and venom neutralizing potential. Biochemistry 2000; 39:9604-11. [PMID: 10924158 DOI: 10.1021/bi000395z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
From the serum of the nonvenomous snake Python reticulatus, a new phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) inhibitor termed phospholipase inhibitor from python (PIP) was purified by sequential chromatography and cloned to elucidate its primary structure and fundamental biochemical characteristics. A cDNA clone encoding PIP was isolated from the liver total RNA by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). It contained a 603 bp open reading frame that encoded a 19-residue signal sequence and a 182-residue protein. PIP showed about 60% sequence homology with those PLA(2) inhibitors having a urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor-like domain structure. PIP was also functionally expressed as a fusion protein in Escherichia coli to explore its potential therapeutic significance. The recombinant PIP was shown to be identical to the native form in chromatographic behavior and biochemical characteristics. Both the native and recombinant PIP appear to exist as a hexamer of 23-kDa subunits having an apparent molecular mass of approximately 140 kDa. PIP showed ability to bind to the major PLA(2) toxin (daboiatoxin, DbTx) of Daboia russelli siamensis at 1-2-fold molar excess of inhibitor to toxin. It exhibited broad spectra in neutralizing the toxicity of various snake venoms and toxins and inhibited the formation of edema in mice. Our data demonstrate the venom neutralizing potential of the recombinant PIP and suggest that the proline-rich hydrophobic core region may play a role in binding to PLA(2).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M M Thwin
- Venom and Toxin Research Program, Departments of Anatomy and Biochemistry, and Bioscience Centre, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Guhathakurta B, Sasmal D, Ghosh AN, Kumar R, Saha P, Biswas D, Khetawat D, Datta A. Adhesion and invasion of a mutant Shigella flexneri to an eukaryotic cell line in absence of the 220-kb virulence plasmid. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1999; 181:267-75. [PMID: 10585548 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb08854.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A Shigella flexneri strain, cured of the large 220-kb virulence plasmid, expresses adhering and invading ability in confluent monolayers of HeLa cells similar to its parent strain. Invasion by both the parent and the cured strains resulted in alteration of the monomeric actin (G) in the total actin pool of HeLa cells. Other indicators of invasive characteristics of virulent Shigella strains such as production of keratoconjunctivitis in guinea pig eye in vivo, Congo red binding and expression of contact hemolysin however, indicated loss of invasive properties in the plasmid cured strain. Further, pretreatment of bacterial cells with para-bromophenacyl bromide (p-BPB), a specific chemical inhibitor of phospholipase A, adversely affected adhesion to and invasion of HeLa cells in vitro, irrespective of the presence of the 220-kb plasmid indicating the possible involvement of the enzyme phospholipase A in the invasion process. Adherence of both the strains to guinea pig colonic epithelial cells (CECs) in vitro was reduced significantly on pretreatment of bacteria or CECs with p-BPB. Expression of exocellular enzymes viz. protease, elastase, phospholipase A and phospholipase C were not related to the large plasmid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Guhathakurta
- Division of Biochemistry, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Calcutta, India.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Guhathakurta B, Sasmal D, Pal S, Chakraborty S, Nair GB, Datta A. Comparative analysis of cytotoxin, hemolysin, hemagglutinin and exocellular enzymes among clinical and environmental isolates of vibrio cholerae O139 and non-O1, non-O139. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1999; 179:401-7. [PMID: 10518743 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb08755.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of three major virulence genes toxR, tcpA and ctxA as well as expression of several putative virulence factors were compared in 12 Vibrio cholerae O139 and non-O1,non-O139 strains of clinical and environmental origin. All the strains possessed the gene encoding the regulatory protein TOXR. None of the non-O1, non-O139 strains as well as one of the O139 environmental strains carried the genes for ctxA and tcpA. Statistically significant differences in hemagglutinin and hemolysin production were observed amongst the strains depending on the source of their isolation. Expression of extracellular enzymes such as protease, elastase, neuraminidase, phospholipase A and phospholipase C, however, did not vary significantly from the groups of strains isolated from different sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Guhathakurta
- Department of Biochemistry, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, P-33, CIT Road, Scheme-XM, Beliaghata, Calcutta, India.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Armugam A, Earnest L, Chung MC, Gopalakrishnakone P, Tan CH, Tan NH, Jeyaseelan K. Cloning and characterization of cDNAs encoding three isoforms of phospholipase A2 in Malayan spitting cobra (Naja naja sputatrix) venom. Toxicon 1997; 35:27-37. [PMID: 9028006 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(96)00071-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
cDNAs encoding three phospholipase A2 (PLA2) isoforms in Naja naja sputatrix were cloned and characterized. One of them encoded an acidic PLA2 (APLA) while the others encoded neutral PLA2 (NPLA-1 and NPLA-2). The specific characteristics of APLA and NPLA were attributed to mutations at nt139 and nt328 from G to C and G to A, respectively, resulting in amino acid substitutions from Asp20 and 83 in APLA to His20 and Asn83 in NPLA. Amino acid sequencing of purified protein also showed the presence of this Asp20 and His20 in APLA and NPLA, respectively. The cDNA encoding one of the PLA2 (NAJPLA-2A), when expressed in Escherichia coli, yielded a protein that exhibited PLA2 activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Armugam
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Lloret S, Moreno JJ. Oedema formation and degranulation of mast cells by phospholipase A2 purified from porcine pancreas and snake venoms. Toxicon 1993; 31:949-56. [PMID: 8212047 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(93)90254-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 is ubiquitous in nature, with the highest concentrations occurring in pancreatic juice and in the venom of snakes. Local oedema formation is a common feature of the effects caused by snakebite, and indicates an increase in vascular permeability that could be produced by lipid mediators such as lysophospholipids, eicosanoids or PAF release by the enzymatic activity of PLA2. Desalted porcine pancreatic PLA2 exhibited strong oedema-inducing activity in a similar form to PLA2 venom from Naja naja or Crotalus durissus terrificus. Furthermore, all three PLA2S caused the release of histamine from rat peritoneal mast cells. However, non-desalted pancreatic PLA2 that was presented as an ammonium sulphate suspension (3.2 M) had no proinflammatory activity and clearly did not release histamine in vitro. When the enzymatic activity of PLA2 on mast cell membranes prelabelled with [3H] arachidonic acid was determined, a relationship between the enzymatic activity and mast cell degranulation and the minimum oedema dose was observed. However, non-desalted porcine pancreatic PLA2 had the same enzymatic activity as the desalted enzyme but had little proinflammatory activity. This may be due to decreased histamine secretion caused by the presence of ammonium sulphate. Our study supports the idea that the proinflammatory activity of extracellular phospholipases could depend on their ability to cause mast cell degranulation. Moreover, the biological effects of PLA2 are correlated with the specific activities of the enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Lloret
- Departamento Ciencias Fisiológicas Humanas y de la Nutrición, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Tan NH, Ponnudurai G, Mirtschin PJ. A comparative study of the biological properties of venoms from juvenile and adult inland taipan (Oxyuranus microlepidotus) snake venoms. Toxicon 1993; 31:363-7. [PMID: 8470140 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(93)90155-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The biological properties of adult and juvenile inland taipan (Oxyuranus microlepidotus) snake venoms were examined. The enzymatic activities, intravenous median lethal dose and procoagulant activity of the juvenile venom samples were not significantly different from those of the adult venom samples. Also, the juvenile and adult venoms exhibited similar electrophoretic patterns, indicating that they possessed similar protein composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N H Tan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Bhat MK, Mueller-Harvey I, Sumner IG, Goodenough PW. Simplified methods for the synthesis of 2-hexadecanoylthio-1-ethylphosphorylcholine and for the determination of phospholipase A2 activity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1993; 1166:244-50. [PMID: 8443243 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(93)90104-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A simple and straight forward method was developed for the synthesis of 2-hexadecanoylthio-1-ethyl phosphorylcholine (HEPC). The new procedure, which used p-toulenesulfonate instead of 2-bromoethyl phosphorylcholine, not only reduced the reaction time but also allowed the reaction to proceed under mild conditions. Using HEPC as a substrate, we have also developed a microplate assay for measuring phospholipase A2 activity which is rapid and will be useful for analyzing a large number of samples in a very short time. The applicability of this assay method for assessing phospholipases A2 from two different sources and determining their kinetic constants is also demonstrated. This method can also be extended for measuring lipases and lysophospholipases using a suitable thioester. Thus, both synthesis and assay methods will be useful in basic and applied research on phospholipases and related enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M K Bhat
- AFRC Institute of Food Research, Department of Protein Engineering, Reading Laboratory, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Tan NH, Armugam A, Mirtschin PJ. The biological properties of venoms from juvenile and adult taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus) snakes. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1992; 103:585-8. [PMID: 1458834 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(92)90375-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
1. The biological properties of four venom pooled samples from adult taipan (Oxyuranus scutellatus) snakes and one pooled venom sample from six juvenile taipan snakes (11 months old) were compared. 2. The intravenous LD50 (median lethal dose), procoagulant activity and enzymatic activities of the juvenile venom were not significantly different from those of the adult venoms. 3. The juvenile and adult venoms exhibited similar polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic (PAGE) and SDS-PAGE patterns, indicating that they possessed a similar protein composition. 4. The results suggest that there is no significant age-dependency in the biological properties of taipan venom.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N H Tan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Nget-Hong T, Gnanajothy P. Comparative study of the enzymatic, hemorrhagic, procoagulant and anticoagulant activities of some animal venoms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(92)90011-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
34
|
Kochhar N, Kaul D. Molecular link between membrane cholesterol and Na+/H+ exchange within human platelets. FEBS Lett 1992; 299:19-22. [PMID: 1312031 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(92)80090-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Incubation of human platelets with cholesterol-poor, cholesterol-normal and cholesterol-rich liposomes revealed that: (i) acquisition or depletion of platelet membrane cholesterol was highly selective; (ii) variation in membrane cholesterol was highly selective. Variation in membrane cholesterol content (cholesterol-to-phospholipid molar ratio from 0.15-1.2) with respect to values found in unmodified normal platelets, was paralleled by the observed changes in amiloride-sensitive cytoplasmic pH, as well as phospholipase A2 activity. However, a decrease in cytoplasmic pH was accompanied by an increase in phospholipase A2 activity; (iii) membrane cholesterol-modulated changes in intra-platelet pH, as well as phospholipase A2 activity, was completely inhibited when platelets were pretreated with quinacrine (a specific phospholipase A2 inhibitor) before exposure to various types of liposomes. Although exposure of platelets (pretreated with amiloride) with various types of liposomes resulted in the inhibition of Na+/H+ exchange it had no noticeable effect upon the observed phospholipase A2 activity. Based upon these results we suggest that membrane cholesterol-modulated phospholipase A2 activity may be the basic mechanism responsible for the nature of Na+/H+ exchanger activity observed in cholesterol-enriched platelets, leading these platelets to a hypersensitized state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Kochhar
- Department of Experimental Medicine, P.G.I.M.E.R., Chandigarh, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Tan NH, Ponnudurai G. The biological properties of venoms of some American coral snakes (Genus micrurus). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1992; 101:471-4. [PMID: 1582185 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(92)90029-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
1. The biological properties of nine venom samples from six taxa of Micrurus were investigated. The venoms exhibited low protease, phosphodiesterase and 5'-nucleotidase activities, moderate to strong phospholipase A and hyaluronidase activities, variable L-amino acid oxidase activity and were devoid of arginine ester hydrolase and thrombin-like activities. Some venom samples exhibited strong acetylcholinesterase activity. Venoms of M. c. dumerili and M. frontalis exhibited exceptionally high alkaline phosphomonoesterase activity while two of the M. f. fulvius venom samples tested exhibited strong hemorrhagic activity in mice. 2. The polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic patterns of the venoms indicate that most of the Micrurus venom proteins are basic proteins. All Micrurus venoms tested exhibited similar SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic patterns, with an intense low mol. wt protein band. 3. The Micrurus venoms appear to exhibit biological properties similar to other elapid venoms found in Asia and Africa. There are, however, no common characteristics in the biological properties of the venoms examined at the generic level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N H Tan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Tan NH, Ponnudurai G. A comparative study of the biological properties of venoms of some old world vipers (subfamily viperinae). THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1992; 24:331-6. [PMID: 1733799 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(92)90266-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
1. The hemorrhagic, procoagulant, anticoagulant, phosphodiesterase, hyaluronidase, alkaline phosphomonoesterase, 5'-nucleotidase, arginine ester hydrolase, phospholipase A, L-amino acid oxidase and protease activities of 30 samples of venoms from nine species (12 taxa) of the old world vipers (Subfamily Viperinae) including snakes from the genera Bitis, Causus, Cerastes, Echis, Eristicophis and Pseudocerastes, were determined and the Sephadex G-75 gel filtration patterns for some of the venoms were also examined. 2. Examination of the biological properties of the venoms of the Viperinae tested indicates the presence of common venom biological characteristics at the various phylogenic levels. 3. Venoms of most species of the Viperinae examined exhibited characteristic biological properties at the species level, and this allows the differentiation of the Viperinae species by differences in their biological properties. 4. Particularly useful for this purpose, are the effects of venom on kaolin-cephalin clotting time of platelet poor rabbit plasma and the Sephadex G-75 gel filtration pattern and arginine ester hydrolase activity of the venom.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N H Tan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Khoo HE, Yuen R, Poh CH, Tan CH. Biological activities ofSynanceja horrida (stonefish) venom. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992; 1:54-60. [PMID: 1364268 DOI: 10.1002/nt.2620010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Some biological and neurochemical properties of the venom of stonefish (Syanceja horrida) were investigated. The venom exhibited oedema-inducing, haemolytic, hyaluronidase, thrombin-like, alkaline phosphomonoesterase, 5' nucleotidase, acetylcholinesterase, phosphodiesterase, arginine esterase, and arginine amidase activities. Recalcification clotting time, prothrombin, and kaolin-cephalin clotting times were increased 1.7-2.3- and 2.4-fold respectively. The LD50 (i.v. mouse) was 300 micrograms/Kg. Its effects on uptake and stimulation of neurotransmitter synthesis and release were observed in rat brain synaptosomes. In the presence of 100 micrograms venom, uptake of [methyl-3H] choline in rat brain synaptosomes was inhibited 70%, while that of 4-amino-n-[U-14C] butyric acid was inhibited 20%. The toxin also stimulated the release of [3H]-acetylcholine from the synaptosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H E Khoo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Poh CH, Yuen R, Khoo HE, Chung M, Gwee M, Gopalakrishnakone P. Purification and partial characterization of stonustoxin (lethal factor) from Synanceja horrida venom. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1991; 99:793-8. [PMID: 1790672 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(91)90143-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
1. The lethal factor of the stonefish (Synanceja horrida) venom, designated as the stonustoxin, was purified to homogeneity by a two-step procedure on Sephacryl S-200 High Resolution (HR) gel permeation and DEAE Bio-Gel A anion exchange chromatography. 2. Stonustoxin has a native mol. wt of 148,000 and an isoelectric point of 6.9. 3. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed two subunits (designated alpha and beta) with mol. wts of 71,000 and 79,000, respectively. 4. The amino acid composition of both subunits and the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the beta subunit were also determined. 5. Purified stonustoxin had an LD50 of 0.017 microgram/g which is 22-fold more potent than that of the crude venom. 6. The toxin exhibited potent haemolytic activity in vitro and edema-inducing activity with a minimum edema dose (MED) of 0.15 micrograms in mouse paw. The edema effect was not antagonized by diphenhydramine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C H Poh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Tan NH, Ponnudurai G. A comparative study of the biological activities of rattlesnake (genera Crotalus and Sistrurus) venoms. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. C, COMPARATIVE PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 1991; 98:455-61. [PMID: 1676959 DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(91)90233-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
1. The hemorrhagic, procoagulant, anticoagulant, protease, arginine ester hydrolase, phosphodiesterase, alkaline phosphomonoesterase, 5'-nucleotidase, hyaluronidase, phospholipase A and L-amino acid oxidase activities of 50 venom samples from 20 taxa of rattlesnake (genera Crotalus and Sistrurus) were examined. 2. The results show that notwithstanding individual variations in the biological activities of Crotalus venoms and the wide ranges of certain biological activities observed, there are some common characteristics at the genus and species levels. 3. The differences in biological activities of the venoms compared can be used for differentiation of the species. Particularly useful for this purpose are the thrombin-like enzyme, protease, arginine ester hydrolase, hemorrhagic and phospholipase A activities and kaolin-cephalin clotting time measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N H Tan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Tan NH, Arunmozhiarasi A, Ponnudurai G. A comparative study of the biological properties of Dendroaspis (mamba) snake venoms. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. C, COMPARATIVE PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 1991; 99:463-6. [PMID: 1685421 DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(91)90272-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
1. The biological properties of twelve samples of venoms from all four species of Dendroaspis (mamba) were investigated. 2. Dendroaspis venoms generally exhibited very low levels of protease, phosphodiesterase and alkaline phosphomonoesterase; low to moderately low level of 5'-nucleotidase and very high hyaluronidase activities, but were devoid of L-amino acid oxidase, phospholipase A, acetylcholinesterase and arginine ester hydrolase activities. The unusual feature in venom enzyme content can be used to distinguish Dendroaspis venoms from other snake venoms. 3. All Dendroaspis venoms did not exhibit hemorrhagic or procoagulant activity. Some Dendroaspis venoms, however, exhibited strong anticoagulant activity. The intravenous median lethal dose of the venoms ranged from 0.5 microgram/g mouse to 4.2 micrograms/g mouse. 4. Venom biological activities are not very useful for the differentiation of the Dendroaspis species. The four Dendroaspis venoms, however, can be differentiated by their venom SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N H Tan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Tan NH, Ponnudurai G. A comparative study of the biological properties of some venoms of snakes of the genus Bothrops (American lance-headed viper). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1991; 100:361-5. [PMID: 1799979 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(91)90387-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
1. The hemorrhagic, procoagulant, anticoagulant, phosphodiesterase, alkaline phosphomonoesterase, 5'-nucleotidase, hyaluronidase, arginine ester hydrolase, phospholipase A, L-amino acid oxidase and protease activities of 26 samples of venoms from 13 species of Bothrops were determined, and the Sephadex G-75 gel filtration patterns for some of the venoms also examined. 2. The results show that while there are considerable individual variations in the biological activities of many of the Bothrops venoms tested, there are some common characteristics at the genus and species levels. 3. The differences in the biological properties of the Bothrops venoms tested can be used for the differentiation of most Bothrops species examined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N H Tan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Tan NH, Ponnudurai G. A comparative study of the biological properties of some sea snake venoms. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1991; 99:351-4. [PMID: 1764914 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(91)90054-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
1. The protease, phosphodiesterase, alkaline phosphomonoesterase, L-amino acid oxidase, acetylcholinesterase, phospholipase A, 5'-nucleotidase, hyaluronidase, arginine ester hydrolase, procoagulant, anticoagulant and hemorrhagic activities of ten samples of venoms from seven taxa of sea snakes were examined. 2. The results show that venoms of sea snakes of both subfamilies of Hydrophiinae and Laticaudinae are characterized by a very low level of enzymatic activities, except phospholipase A activity and, for some species, hyaluronidase activity. 3. Because of the low levels of enzymatic activities and the total lack of procoagulant and hemorrhagic activities, venom biological properties are not useful for the differentiation of species of sea snakes. Nevertheless, the unusually low levels of enzymatic activities of sea snake venoms may be used to distinguish sea snake venoms from other elapid or viperid venoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N H Tan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Malaya, Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Tan NH, Ponnudurai G. A comparative study of the biological activities of venoms from snakes of the genus Agkistrodon (moccasins and copperheads). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1990; 95:577-82. [PMID: 2158874 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(90)90024-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
1. The hemorrhagic, procoagulant, anticoagulant, phosphodiesterase, alkaline phosphomonoesterase, 5'-nucleotidase, hyaluronidase, arginine ester hydrolase, phospholipase A, L-amino acid oxidase and protease activities of 31 samples of venom from three species of Agkistrodon (A. bilineatus, A. contortrix and A. piscivorus) and 10 venom samples from five other related species belonging to the same tribe of Agkistrodontini were examined. 2. The results indicate that interspecific differences in certain biological activities of the Agkistrodon venoms are more marked than individual variations of the activities, and that these differences can be used for differentiation of the species. Particularly useful for this purpose are the phosphodiesterase, arginine ester hydrolase and anticoagulant activities of the venoms. 3. Venoms of the subspecies of A. contortrix and A. piscivorus do not differ significantly in their biological activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N H Tan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Tan NH, Ponnudurai G. A comparative study of the biological properties of venoms from snakes of the genus Vipera (true adders). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1990; 96:683-8. [PMID: 2171867 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(90)90214-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
1. The hemorrhagic, procoagulant, anticoagulant, phosphodiesterase, hyaluronidase, alkaline phosphomonoesterase, 5'-nucleotidase, arginine ester hydrolase, phospholipase A, L-amino acid oxidase and protease activities of 26 samples of venoms of 13 taxa of Vipera were determined and the Sephadex G-75 gel filtration patterns for some of the venoms were also examined. 2. The results indicate the presence of certain common characteristics among the venoms, particularly if V. russelli is excluded from the comparison. The results also support the recently proposed reassignment of V. russelli to a separate genus. 3. The data show that information on venom biological properties can be used for differentiation of venoms of many species of Vipera. Particularly useful for this purpose are the protease, phosphodiesterase, phospholipase A and the procoagulant activities and the Sephadex G-75 gel filtration patterns of the venoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N H Tan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Malaya, Malaysia
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Tan NH, Saifuddin MN. Purification and characterization of two acidic phospholipase A2 enzymes from king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) snake venom. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1990; 22:481-7. [PMID: 2347427 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(90)90261-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
1. The two major phospholipase A2 enzymes (OHPLA-DE1 and OHPLA-DE2) of king cobra (Ophiophagus hannah) venom have been purified to electrophoretic homogeneity. 2. The isoelectric points of OHPLA-DE1 and OHPLA-DE2 were 3.81 and 3.89, respectively and the Mws were 14,000 and 15,000, respectively, as estimated by Sephadex G-75 gel filtration chromatography; and 14,000 as estimated by SDS-PAGE. 3. The enzymes were not lethal to mice at a dosage of 10 micrograms/g body wt by i.v. route. Both phospholipase A2 enzymes, however, exhibited moderate edema-inducing and anti-coagulant activities. 4. Bromophenacylation of the enzymes reduced the enzymatic activity drastically but did not affect the edema-inducing activity of the enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N H Tan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Tan NH, Ponnudurai G. A comparative study of the biological properties of Australian elapid venoms. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. C, COMPARATIVE PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 1990; 97:99-106. [PMID: 1981349 DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(90)90178-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
1. The hemorrhagic, procoagulant, anticoagulant, protease, phosphodiesterase, alkaline phosphomonoesterase, L-amino acid oxidase, acetylcholinesterase, arginine ester hydrolase, phospholipase A, 5'-nucleotidase and hyaluronidase activities of 39 samples of venoms from 13 species (15 taxa) of Australian elapids were determined and the Sephadex G-75 gel filtration patterns for some of the venoms were also examined. 2. The results indicate that Australian elapid venoms can be divided into two groups: procoagulant Australian venoms (including N. scutatus, N. ater, O. scutellatus, O. microlepidotus, P. porphyriacus, T. carinatus, H. stephensii and P. textilis) and non-procoagulant Australian venoms (including A. superbus, P. colletti, P. australis, P. guttatus and A. antarcticus). 3. The non-procoagulant Australian venoms exhibited biological properties similar to other elapid venoms, while the procoagulant Australian venoms exhibited some properties characteristic of viperid venoms. 4. The data show that information on venom biological properties can be used for differentiation of many species of Australian elapids. 5. Particularly useful for this purpose are the hyaluronidase, alkaline phosphomonoesterase, acetylcholinesterase, and the procoagulant activities and the Sephadex G-75 gel filtration patterns of the venoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N H Tan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Tan NH, Ponnudurai G. A comparative study of the biological properties of krait (genus Bungarus) venoms. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. C, COMPARATIVE PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 1990; 95:105-9. [PMID: 1971550 DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(90)90089-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
1. The intravenous median lethal doses (LD50), protease, phosphodiesterase, alkaline phosphomonoesterase, L-amino acid oxidase, acetylcholinesterase, phospholipase A, 5'-nucleotidase, hyauronidase and anticoagulant activities of fourteen samples of venoms from the four common species of krait (Bungarus caeruleus, Bungarus candidus, Bungarus multicinctus and Bungarus fasciatus) were examined. 2. The results indicate that even though there are individual variations in the biological properties of the krait venoms, interspecific differences in the properties can be used for differentiation of the venoms from the four species of Bungarus. Particularly useful for this purpose are the LD50's and the contents of 5'-nucleotidase and hyaluronidase of the venoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N H Tan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Tan NH, Armugam A, Tan CS. A comparative study of the enzymatic and toxic properties of venoms of the Asian lance-headed pit viper (Genus Trimeresurus). COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1989; 93:757-62. [PMID: 2553329 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(89)90042-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
1. The lethalities, anticoagulant effects, hermorrhagic, thrombin-like enzyme, hyaluronidase, protease, arginine ester hydrolase, 5'-nucleotidase, L-amino acid oxidase, alkaline phosphomonoesterase, phosphodiesterase and phospholipase A activities of twenty-three samples of venoms from twelve species of Asian lance-headed pit vipers (genus Trimeresurus) were examined. 2. The results indicate that notwithstanding individual variations in venom properties, the differences in biological properties of the Trimeresurus venoms can be used for the differentiation of venoms from different species of Trimeresurus. 3. The results also suggest that differences in the biological properties of snake venoms are useful parameters in the classification of snake species. 4. Our results indicate that venoms from the species T. okinavensis exhibited biological properties markedly different from other Trimeresurus venoms examined. This observation supports the recently proposed reclassification of T. okinavensis as a member of the genus Ovophis, rather than the genus Trimeresurus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N H Tan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Tan NH, Tan CS. The enzymatic activities and lethal toxins of Trimeresurus wagleri (speckled pit viper) venom. Toxicon 1989; 27:349-57. [PMID: 2543103 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(89)90182-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Trimeresurus wagleri (speckled pit viper) venom exhibited the usual set of enzyme activities occurring in pit viper venoms but the content of alkaline phosphomonoesterase was unusually high, whereas the proportions of protease and arginine ester hydrolase were very low. The venom also exhibited weak thrombin-like activity but did not exhibit hemorrhagic or anticoagulant activity. Analysis of the Sephadex G-200 gel filtration fractions of the venom indicated that the lethal fraction was a low mol.wt protein, and that fractions exhibiting phosphodiesterase, phosphomonoesterase, arginine ester hydrolase, thrombin-like enzyme, L-amino acid oxidase and phospholipase A activities were not lethal. Two lethal toxins, designated as wagleri toxins 1 and 2, were isolated from the venom using Sephadex G-50 gel filtration chromatography followed by SP-Sephadex C-25 ion exchange chromatography. The mol.wts of the two toxins were 8900 by gel filtration. The LD50 (i.v.) values in mice for wagleri toxins 1 and 2 are 0.17 microgram/g and 0.19 microgram/g, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N H Tan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Nget Hong Tan, Chon Seng Tan, Hun Teck Khor. Isolation and characterization of the major phospholipase A2 from the venom of Trimeresurus purpureomaculatus (shore pit viper). THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1989; 21:1421-6. [PMID: 2612728 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(89)90165-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
1. The major phospholipase A2 (PLA-DE4) of the venom of Trimeresurus purpureomaculatus (shore pit viper) has been purified to electrophoretic homogeneity. 2. The isoelectric point of the purified enzyme was determined to be 4.20, and the mol. wt was 31,700 as estimated by Sephadex G-75 gel filtration chromatography; and 14,000 as estimated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The purified enzyme hydrolyzed phosphatidylcholine (PC) faster than phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), whereas phosphatidylserine (PS) was not hydrolyzed at all (PC greater than PE greater than PS =0). However, in reaction system consisted of mixtures of PC and PS, phosphatidylserine was effectively hydrolyzed by the enzyme. 4. The phospholipase A2 exhibited edema-forming activity but not hemolytic, hemorrhagic or anticoagulant activities. It was not lethal to mice at a dosage of 10 micrograms/g by i.v. route.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nget Hong Tan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|