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Barnett SD, Buxton ILO. The role of S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) in human disease and therapy. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 52:340-354. [PMID: 28393572 PMCID: PMC5597050 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2017.1304353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR), or ADH5, is an enzyme in the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) family. It is unique when compared to other ADH enzymes in that primary short-chain alcohols are not its principle substrate. GSNOR metabolizes S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), S-hydroxymethylglutathione (the spontaneous adduct of formaldehyde and glutathione), and some alcohols. GSNOR modulates reactive nitric oxide (•NO) availability in the cell by catalyzing the breakdown of GSNO, and indirectly regulates S-nitrosothiols (RSNOs) through GSNO-mediated protein S-nitrosation. The dysregulation of GSNOR can significantly alter cellular homeostasis, leading to disease. GSNOR plays an important regulatory role in smooth muscle relaxation, immune function, inflammation, neuronal development and cancer progression, among many other processes. In recent years, the therapeutic inhibition of GSNOR has been investigated to treat asthma, cystic fibrosis and interstitial lung disease (ILD). The direct action of •NO on cellular pathways, as well as the important regulatory role of protein S-nitrosation, is closely tied to GSNOR regulation and defines this enzyme as an important therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Barnett
- a Department of Pharmacology , University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine , Reno , NV , USA
| | - Iain L O Buxton
- a Department of Pharmacology , University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine , Reno , NV , USA
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2
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Marceau G, Gallot D, Lemery D, Sapin V. Metabolism of retinol during mammalian placental and embryonic development. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2007; 75:97-115. [PMID: 17368313 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(06)75004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Retinol (vitamin A) is a fat-soluble nutrient indispensable for a harmonious mammalian gestation. The absence or excess of retinol and its active derivatives [i.e., the retinoic acids (RAs)] can lead to abnormal development of embryonic and extraembryonic (placental) structures. The embryo is unable to synthesize the retinol and is strongly dependent on the maternal delivery of retinol itself or precursors: retinyl esters or carotenoids. Before reaching the embryonic tissue, the retinol or the precursors have to pass through the placental structures. During this placental step, a simple diffusion of retinol can occur between maternal and fetal compartments; but retinol can also be used in situ after its activation into RA(1) or stored as retinyl esters. Using retinol-binding protein knockout model, an alternative way of embryonic retinol supply was described using retinyl esters incorporated into maternal chylomicrons. In the embryo, the principal metabolic event occurring for retinol is its conversion into RAs, the active molecules implicated on the molecular control of embryonic morphogenesis and organogenesis. All these placental and embryonic events of retinol transport and metabolism are highly regulated. Nevertheless, some genetic and/or environmental abnormalities in the transport and/or metabolism of retinol can be related to developmental pathologies during mammalian development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffroy Marceau
- Université d'Auvergne, JE 2447, ARDEMO, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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3
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Proteins, Life and Evolution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0069-8032(03)42006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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4
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Hedberg JJ, Backlund M, Strömberg P, Lönn S, Dahl ML, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Höög JO. Functional polymorphism in the alcohol dehydrogenase 3 (ADH3) promoter. PHARMACOGENETICS 2001; 11:815-24. [PMID: 11740346 DOI: 10.1097/00008571-200112000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The ADH3 gene encodes alcohol dehydrogenase 3 (ADH3)/glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase, the ancestral and most conserved form of alcohol dehydrogenase. ADH3 is expressed in all tissues examined and the enzyme is essential for formaldehyde scavenging. We have screened the promoter region including exon 1 and exons 5, 6 and 7 of the ADH3 gene for allelic variants. Using 80 samples of genomic DNA from Swedes as template, the various parts of the gene were PCR amplified and subsequently analyzed on single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) gels. No abnormal migration patterns could be detected by SSCP analysis of exons 5, 6 and 7 while for the promoter region, a large number of the samples displayed differences in SSCP gel migration patterns. Cloning and sequence analysis revealed four possible base pair exchanges in the promoter region. Two transitions were found at position -197 and -196, GG --> AA, one at position -79, G --> A and finally, close to the transcription start site, a fourth transition was found at position +9, C --> T. An allele specific PCR method was developed and allele frequencies were determined in three populations: Chinese, Spanish and Swedish. GG-197,-196 and AA-197,-196 alleles were common in all three populations, G-79 and A-79 were common in Swedes and Spaniards but only A-79 was found among Chinese. T+9 was the most rare allele with an allele frequency of 1.5% in Swedes. Finally, promoter activity assessments and electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrated that the C+9 --> T+9 exchange resulted in a significant transcriptional decrease in HeLa cells and a decreased binding of nuclear proteins. These base pair exchanges may have an effect on the expression of the enzyme and thereby influence the capacity of certain individuals to metabolize formaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Hedberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Hedberg JJ, Höög JO, Nilsson JA, Xi Z, Elfwing A, Grafström RC. Expression of alcohol dehydrogenase 3 in tissue and cultured cells from human oral mucosa. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2000; 157:1745-55. [PMID: 11073833 PMCID: PMC1885748 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64811-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Because formaldehyde exposure has been shown to induce pathological changes in human oral mucosa, eg, micronuclei, the potential enzymatic defense by alcohol dehydrogenase 3 (ADH3)/glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase was characterized in oral tissue specimens and cell lines using RNA hybridization and immunological methods as well as enzyme activity measurements. ADH3 mRNA was expressed in basal and parabasal cell layers of oral epithelium, whereas the protein was detected throughout the cell layers. ADH3 mRNA and protein were further detected in homogenates of oral tissue and various oral cell cultures, including, normal, SV40T antigen-immortalized, and tumor keratinocyte lines. Inhibition of the growth of normal keratinocytes by maintenance at confluency significantly decreased the amount of ADH3 mRNA, a transcript with a determined half-life of 7 hours. In contrast, decay of ADH3 protein was not observed throughout a 4-day period in normal keratinocytes. In samples from both tissue and cells, the ADH3 protein content correlated to oxidizing activity for the ADH3-specific substrate S:-hydroxymethylglutathione. The composite analyses associates ADH3 mRNA primarily to proliferative keratinocytes where it exhibits a comparatively short half-life. In contrast, the ADH3 protein is extremely stable, and consequently is retained during the keratinocyte life span in oral mucosa. Finally, substantial capacity for formaldehyde detoxification is shown from quantitative assessments of alcohol- and aldehyde-oxidizing activities including K:(m) determinations, indicating that ADH3 is the major enzyme involved in formaldehyde oxidation in oral mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Hedberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics and the Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Edenberg HJ. Regulation of the mammalian alcohol dehydrogenase genes. PROGRESS IN NUCLEIC ACID RESEARCH AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2000; 64:295-341. [PMID: 10697413 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(00)64008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the regulation of the mammalian medium-chain alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) genes. This family of genes encodes enzymes involved in the reversible oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes. Interest in these enzymes is increased because of their role in the metabolism of beverage alcohol as well as retinol, and their influence on the risk for alcoholism. There are six known classes ADH genes that evolved from a common ancestor. ADH genes differ in their patterns of expression: most are expressed in overlapping tissue-specific patterns, but class III ADH genes are expressed ubiquitously. All have proximal promoters with multiple cis-acting elements. These elements, and the transcription factors that can interact with them, are being defined. Subtle differences in sequence can affect affinity for these factors, and thereby influence the expression of the genes. This provides an interesting system in which to examine the evolution of tissue specificity. Among transcription factors that are important in multiple members of this gene family are the C/EBPs, Sp1,USF, and AP1, HNF-1, CTF/NF-1, glucocorticoid, and retinoic acid receptors, and several as-yet unidentified negative elements, are important in at least one of the genes. There is evidence that cis-acting elements located far from the proximal promoter are necessary for proper expression. Three of the genes have upstream AUGs in the 5' nontranslated regions of their mRNA, unusual for mammalian genes. The upstream AUGs have been shown to significantly affect expression of the human ADH5 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Edenberg
- Department of Biochemistry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202, USA
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7
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Duester G, Farrés J, Felder MR, Holmes RS, Höög JO, Parés X, Plapp BV, Yin SJ, Jörnvall H. Recommended nomenclature for the vertebrate alcohol dehydrogenase gene family. Biochem Pharmacol 1999; 58:389-95. [PMID: 10424757 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(99)00065-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) gene family encodes enzymes that metabolize a wide variety of substrates, including ethanol, retinol, other aliphatic alcohols, hydroxysteroids, and lipid peroxidation products. Studies on 19 vertebrate animals have identified ADH orthologs across several species, and this has now led to questions of how best to name ADH proteins and genes. Seven distinct classes of vertebrate ADH encoded by non-orthologous genes have been defined based upon sequence homology as well as unique catalytic properties or gene expression patterns. Each class of vertebrate ADH shares <70% sequence identity with other classes of ADH in the same species. Classes may be further divided into multiple closely related isoenzymes sharing >80% sequence identity such as the case for class I ADH where humans have three class I ADH genes, horses have two, and mice have only one. Presented here is a nomenclature that uses the widely accepted vertebrate ADH class system as its basis. It follows the guidelines of human and mouse gene nomenclature committees, which recommend coordinating names across species boundaries and eliminating Roman numerals and Greek symbols. We recommend that enzyme subunits be referred to by the symbol "ADH" (alcohol dehydrogenase) followed by an Arabic number denoting the class; i.e. ADH1 for class I ADH. For genes we recommend the italicized root symbol "ADH" for human and "Adh" for mouse, followed by the appropriate Arabic number for the class; i.e. ADH1 or Adh1 for class I ADH genes. For organisms where multiple species-specific isoenzymes exist within a class, we recommend adding a capital letter after the Arabic number; i.e. ADH1A, ADH1B, and ADH1C for human alpha, beta, and gamma class I ADHs, respectively. This nomenclature will accommodate newly discovered members of the vertebrate ADH family, and will facilitate functional and evolutionary studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Duester
- Gene Regulation Program, Burnham Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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8
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Estonius M, Svensson S, Höög JO. Alcohol dehydrogenase in human tissues: localisation of transcripts coding for five classes of the enzyme. FEBS Lett 1996; 397:338-42. [PMID: 8955375 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(96)01204-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Tissue distribution of the five identified classes of human alcohol dehydrogenase was studied by assessment of mRNA levels in 23 adult and four fetal tissues. Alcohol dehydrogenase of class I was found in most tissues, brain and placenta excluded, but expression levels among tissues differed widely. The distribution pattern of class III transcripts was consistent with those of housekeeping enzymes while, in contrast, class IV transcripts were found only in stomach. Transcripts of multiple length were detected for most classes and were due to different gene products arising through the use of different poly-A signals or transcription from different gene loci. Both class II and class V showed a pattern of liver-enriched expression. However, low mRNA levels were detected also in stomach, pancreas and small intestine for class II, and in fetal kidney and small intestine for class V. Significantly higher levels of class V transcripts were present in fetal liver when compared with levels in adult liver, which suggests that human class V is a predominantly fetal alcohol dehydrogenase.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Estonius
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Berzelius Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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9
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Kümmerle N, Feucht HH, Kaulfers PM. Plasmid-mediated formaldehyde resistance in Escherichia coli: characterization of resistance gene. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40:2276-9. [PMID: 8891129 PMCID: PMC163518 DOI: 10.1128/aac.40.10.2276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The formaldehyde resistance mechanisms in the formaldehyde-resistant strain Escherichia coli VU3695 were investigated. A large (4.6-kb) plasmid DNA fragment encompassing the formaldehyde resistance gene was sequenced. A single 1,107-bp open reading frame encoding a glutathione- and NAD-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase was identified and sequenced, and the enzyme was expressed in an in vitro assay and purified. Amino acid sequence homology studies showed 62.4 to 63.2% identity with class III alcohol dehydrogenases isolated from horse, human, and rat livers. We demonstrated that the resistance mechanism in the formaldehyde-resistant strain E. coli VU3695 and in other formaldehyde-resistant members of the family Enterobacteriaceae is based on the enzymatic degradation of formaldehyde by a formaldehyde dehydrogenase.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kümmerle
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Immunologie, Universitäts-Krankenhaus Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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10
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Abstract
A cDNA encoding a putative alcohol dehydrogenase class III (ADH) was cloned from a cDNA library constructed from 7-day larvae RNA of the marine teleost Sparus aurata. The full length cDNA is 1350 nucleotides (nt) long and contains an ORF of 1128 nt [encoding 376 amino acid (aa) residues]. Identity of 82% was found with human class III ADH (305 of 372 aa compared), and only 62% identity with a fish (cod) ADH (234 of 375 aa compared). Northern hybridization analysis with the cDNA revealed a transcript of about 1.4-1.5 kb, which is expressed in all tissues from adult fish studied: skeletal muscle, heart muscle, kidney, gill filaments and liver, with the highest levels found in the kidney. The expression of ADH mRNA was determined also during early development of Sparus aurata by Northern blot analysis. ADH transcripts were detected in eggs and in embryos 4, 8 and 12 h after fertilization, as well as on all days post-hatching studied. The levels of expression decreased during early embryonal development, but increased 4-fold from day 1 to day 21 after hatching. The size of the transcript was identical to that of hepatic ADH. Our results suggest that maternal ADH mRNA is present in the eggs and embryos, which decreases as divisions and development occur, while after hatching ADH mRNA is expressed by the larval tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Funkenstein
- National Institute of Oceanography, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Haifa, Israel
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11
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Foglio MH, Duester G. Characterization of the functional gene encoding mouse class III alcohol dehydrogenase (glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase) and an unexpressed processed pseudogene with an intact open reading frame. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1996; 237:496-504. [PMID: 8647091 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.0496k.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Multiple forms of vertebrate alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) have been identified, but only one form, class III ADH, has been conserved in all organisms studied. Class III ADH functions in vitro as a glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase, which suggests that this was the original function that drove the evolution of ADH. Genetic analysis of class III ADH in yeast supports this view, but such studies are lacking in higher eukaryotes. The mouse ADH family has been previously analyzed and it contains three forms of ADH including the class III enzyme. We have initiated a molecular genetic analysis of the mouse class III ADH gene (Adh-2) by screening a genomic library with a full-length cDNA. Two overlapping clones contained the complete Adh-2 gene composed of nine exons in a 12-kb region, with the placement of introns matching that observed in other mammalian ADH genes. In this screening, we also isolated a clone (psi Adh-2) that lacks introns and which resembles a processed pseudogene. psi Adh-2 contained 25 point mutations relative to the previously analyzed Adh-2 cDNA, but still retained an intact open reading frame. Northern blot analysis using gene-specific probes provided evidence that psi Adh-2 does not produce a mRNA in either liver or kidney, whereas Adh-2 does. The functionality of the two genes was also compared by fusion of their 5'-flanking regions to a lacZ reporter gene. Reporter gene expression following transfection into mouse F9 embryonal carcinoma cells indicated that only Adh-2 possesses promoter activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Foglio
- La Jolla Cancer Foundation Research Foundation, CA 92037, USA
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12
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Barber RD, Rott MA, Donohue TJ. Characterization of a glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase from Rhodobacter sphaeroides. J Bacteriol 1996; 178:1386-93. [PMID: 8631716 PMCID: PMC177813 DOI: 10.1128/jb.178.5.1386-1393.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenases (GSH-FDH) represent a ubiquitous class of enzymes, found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. During the course of studying energy-generating pathways in the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides, a gene (adhI) encoding a GSH-FDH homolog has been identified as part of an operon (adhI-cycI) that also encodes an isoform of the cytochrome c2 family of electron transport proteins (isocytochrome c2). Enzyme assays with crude Escherichia coli extracts expressing AdhI show that this protein has the characteristic substrate preference of a GSH-FDH. Ferguson plot analysis with zymograms suggests that the functional form of AdhI is a homodimer of approximately40-kDa subunits, analogous to other GSH-FDH enzymes. These properties of AdhI were used to show that mutations which increase or decrease adhI expression change the specific activity of GSH-FDH in R. sphaeroides extracts. In addition, expression of the presumed adhI-cycI operon appears to be transcriptionally regulated, since the abundance of the major adhI-specific primer extension product is increased by the trans-acting spd-7 mutation, which increases the level of both isocytochrome c2 and AdhI activity. While transcriptional linkage of adhI and cycI could suggest a function in a common metabolic pathway, isocytochrome c2 (periplasm) and AdhI (cytoplasm) are localized in separate compartments of R. sphaeroides. Potential roles for AdhI in carbon and energy generation and the possible relationship of GSH-FDH activity to isocytochrome c2 will be discussed based on the commonly accepted physiological functions of GSH-FDH enzymes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Barber
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706, USA
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13
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Fernández MR, Biosca JA, Norin A, Jörnvall H, Parés X. Class III alcohol dehydrogenase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae: structural and enzymatic features differ toward the human/mammalian forms in a manner consistent with functional needs in formaldehyde detoxication. FEBS Lett 1995; 370:23-6. [PMID: 7649298 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(95)00788-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol dehydrogenase class III (glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was purified and analyzed structurally and enzymatically. The corresponding gene was also analyzed after cloning from a yeast genome library by screening with a probe prepared through PCR amplification. As with class III alcohol dehydrogenase from other sources, the yeast protein was obtained in two active forms, deduced to reflect different adducts/modifications. Protein analysis established N-terminal and C-terminal positions, showing different and specific patterns in protein start positions between the human/mammalian, yeast, and prokaryotic forms. Km values with formaldehyde differ consistently, being about 10-fold higher in the yeast than the human/mammalian enzymes, but compensated for by similar changes in kcat values. This is compatible with the different functional needs, emphasizing low formaldehyde concentration in the animal cells but efficient formaldehyde elimination in the microorganisms. This supports a general role of the enzyme in formaldehyde detoxication rather than in long-chain alcohol turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Fernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Plomin R, McClearn GE, Smith DL, Skuder P, Vignetti S, Chorney MJ, Chorney K, Kasarda S, Thompson LA, Detterman DK, Petrill SA, Daniels J, Owen MJ, McGuffin P. Allelic associations between 100 DNA markers and high versus low IQ. INTELLIGENCE 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0160-2896(95)90037-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Hur MW, Edenberg HJ. Cell-specific function of cis-acting elements in the regulation of human alcohol dehydrogenase 5 gene expression and effect of the 5'-nontranslated region. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:9002-9. [PMID: 7721811 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.15.9002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The human alcohol dehydrogenase 5 gene (ADH5) differs from all other human alcohol dehydrogenase genes in its ubiquitous expression, although there are tissue-specific differences in the level of expression. To understand the expression of ADH5, we characterized the structure and function of its 5' region by DNase I foot-printing and transient transfection assays. The region from base pair (bp) -34 to +61, flanking the major transcription start site, had strong promoter activity in three different cell lines: HeLa, H4IIE-C3, and CV-1, and could explain the ubiquitous expression. Two Sp1 sites within that region are footprinted by nuclear extracts from all tissues and cells tested. There are sites further upstream that show cell- and tissue-specific differences in both their patterns of occupancy and their effects on promoter activity. The region between bp -34 and -64 strongly increases promoter activity in H4IIE-C3 cells, weakly activates in CV-1 cells, but has no effect in HeLa cells. The region between bp -127 and -163 is a positive element in both HeLa cells and CV-1 cells, but is a negative regulatory element in H4IIE-C3 cells. These differences in part explain the levels of expression of ADH5 in various tissues. Two regions (bp -64 to -127 and bp -163 to -365) contain negative regulatory elements that reduce promoter activity in all three cells. The 5'-nontranslated region of ADH5 contains two upstream ATGs. Insertion of 12 bp within the putative coding region of these upstream ATGs led to a 1.6-2.3-fold increase in activity. This suggests that the 5'-nontranslated region has regulatory significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Hur
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202-5122, USA
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16
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Karlsson C, Jörnvall H, Höög JO. Zinc binding of alcohol and sorbitol dehydrogenases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1995; 372:397-406. [PMID: 7484403 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1965-2_47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Karlsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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17
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Ras J, Van Ophem PW, Reijnders WN, Van Spanning RJ, Duine JA, Stouthamer AH, Harms N. Isolation, sequencing, and mutagenesis of the gene encoding NAD- and glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase (GD-FALDH) from Paracoccus denitrificans, in which GD-FALDH is essential for methylotrophic growth. J Bacteriol 1995; 177:247-51. [PMID: 7798140 PMCID: PMC176581 DOI: 10.1128/jb.177.1.247-251.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
NAD- and glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase (GD-FALDH) of Paracoccus denitrificans has been purified as a tetramer with a relative molecular mass of 150 kDa. The gene encoding GD-FALDH (flhA) has been isolated, sequenced, and mutated by insertion of a kanamycin resistance gene. The mutant strain is not able to grow on methanol, methylamine, or choline, while heterotrophic growth is not influenced by the mutation. This finding indicates that GD-FALDH of P. denitrificans is essential for the oxidation of formaldehyde produced during methylotrophic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ras
- Department of Microbiology, Biological Laboratory, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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18
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Edenberg HJ, Ho WH, Hur MW. Promoters of the mammalian class III alcohol dehydrogenase genes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1995; 372:295-300. [PMID: 7484390 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1965-2_35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H J Edenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202-5122, USA
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19
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Estonius M, Höög JO, Danielsson O, Jörnvall H. Mutations of human class III alcohol dehydrogenase. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1995; 372:327-30. [PMID: 7484394 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1965-2_39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Estonius
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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Jeloková J, Karlsson C, Estonius M, Jörnvall H, Höög JO. Features of structural zinc in mammalian alcohol dehydrogenase. Site-directed mutagenesis of the zinc ligands. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1994; 225:1015-9. [PMID: 7957193 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.1015b.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
All four cysteine ligands to the structural zinc atom of human class-I and class-III alcohol dehydrogenase have been exchanged by site-directed mutagenesis in order to study the importance of the metal in the mammalian enzymes. The cysteine residues were replaced with Ala and Ser, residues that are not able to ligand zinc. All mutations resulted in inactive, unstable enzymes, in contrast to the non-mutated human alcohol dehydrogenases that are easily isolated. Northern-blot analysis revealed the presence of the expected mRNAs from expression plasmids constructed with the different mutated and non-mutated alcohol dehydrogenases, and Western-blot analysis gave faint signals for the mutated recombinant proteins from crude extracts. This verifies that the plasmid constructs are correct, but that the translated, mutated proteins lacking the zinc-stabilized local fold, are subject to rapid degradation. Hence, the results directly illustrate the importance of the structural zinc atom in mammalian alcohol dehydrogenase and confirm it as a component with 'structural' properties. The results are compatible with those from sensitivities to proteases and from the structures of other proteins within the super-family, indicating that the structural role of the zinc atom may involve conservation of interfaces regulating the enzyme quaternary structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jeloková
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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Farrés J, Moreno A, Crosas B, Peralba JM, Allali-Hassani A, Hjelmqvist L, Jörnvall H, Parés X. Alcohol dehydrogenase of class IV (sigma sigma-ADH) from human stomach. cDNA sequence and structure/function relationships. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1994; 224:549-57. [PMID: 7925371 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.00549.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Human stomach mucosa contains a characteristic alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) enzyme, sigma sigma-ADH. Its cDNA has been cloned from a human stomach library and sequenced. The deduced amino acid sequence shows 59-70% identities with the other human ADH classes, demonstrating that the stomach enzyme represents a distinct structure, constituting class IV, coded by a separate gene, ADH7. The amino acid identity with the rat stomach class IV ADH is 88%, which is intermediate between constant and variable dehydrogenases. This value reflects higher conservation than for the classical liver enzymes of class I, compatible with a separate functional significance of the class IV enzyme. Its enzymic features can be correlated with its structural characteristics. The residues lining the substrate-binding cleft are bulky and hydrophobic, similar to those of the class I enzyme; this explains the similar specificity of both classes, compatible with the origin of class IV from class I. Position 47 has Arg, in contrast to Gly in the rat class IV enzyme, but this Arg is still associated with an extremely high activity (kcat = 1510 min-1) and weak coenzyme binding (KiaNAD+ = 1.6 mM). Thus, the strong interaction with coenzyme imposed by Arg47 in class I is probably compensated for in class IV by changes that may negatively affect coenzyme binding: Glu230, His271, Asn260, Asn261, Asn363. The still higher activity and weaker coenzyme binding of rat class IV (kcat = 2600 min-1, KiaNAD = 4 mM) can be correlated to the exchanges to Gly47, Gln230 and Tyr363. An important change at position 294, with Val in human and Ala in rat class IV, is probably responsible for the dramatic difference in Km values for ethanol between human (37 mM) and rat (2.4 M) class IV enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Farrés
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
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22
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Satre M, Zgombić-Knight M, Duester G. The complete structure of human class IV alcohol dehydrogenase (retinol dehydrogenase) determined from the ADH7 gene. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)40724-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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23
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Estonius M, Danielsson O, Karlsson C, Persson H, Jörnvall H, Höög JO. Distribution of alcohol and sorbitol dehydrogenases. Assessment of mRNA species in mammalian tissues. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1993; 215:497-503. [PMID: 8344317 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb18059.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The tissue distribution of mRNA of alcohol dehydrogenases of classes I, II and III, and sorbitol dehydrogenase, was studied. mRNA from 19 different rat tissues was purified and analyzed by Northern blots, utilizing cDNA probes specific for the four dehydrogenases. Class-I alcohol-dehydrogenase mRNA was shown to be of widespread occurrence, detectable in all tissues including brain, but with pronounced differences in amounts. Hybridization revealed the pattern of occurrence of class-II alcohol-dehydrogenase mRNA to be unique, with transcripts only in the liver, duodenum, kidney, stomach, spleen and testis. Abundant levels of class-III alcohol-dehydrogenase (glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase) mRNA were present in all tissues analyzed, reflecting the general need for scavenging of formaldehyde in physiological cytoprotection. Sorbitol dehydrogenase mRNA was detected in all tissues except small intestine, in agreement with sorbitol resorbtion by passive diffusion in this tissue. In addition, evidence for a sex-specific expression, in the liver, of class-II alcohol dehydrogenase was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Estonius
- Department of Chemistry I, Karolinska Instituet, Stockholm, Sweden
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24
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Holmquist B, Moulis JM, Engeland K, Vallee BL. Role of arginine 115 in fatty acid activation and formaldehyde dehydrogenase activity of human class III alcohol dehydrogenase. Biochemistry 1993; 32:5139-44. [PMID: 8494891 DOI: 10.1021/bi00070a024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Modification of class III alcohol dehydrogenase (chi chi-ADH) with phenylglyoxal eliminates fatty acid activation by pentanoate and octanoate and concomitantly increases specific activity toward ethanol and 3-methylcrotyl alcohol 2-3-fold. In contrast, chemical modification decreases activity toward S-(hydroxymethyl)glutathione (FDH activity) and 12-hydroxydodecanoic acid by increasing Km, pointing to a role for arginine in binding anionic substrates. Modification with [7-14C]phenylglyoxal indicates that only one arginine residue per subunit is modified. Sequence analysis of tryptic peptides indicates that Arg-115 is modified. Site-directed mutation of this residue to alanine eliminates both fatty acid activation and FDH activity, thus confirming the identity of the modified residue and its function. These results account in part for the unique specificity of chi chi-ADH relative to other human ADH isozymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Holmquist
- Center for Biochemical and Biophysical Sciences and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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25
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Engeland K, Höög JO, Holmquist B, Estonius M, Jörnvall H, Vallee BL. Mutation of Arg-115 of human class III alcohol dehydrogenase: a binding site required for formaldehyde dehydrogenase activity and fatty acid activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90:2491-4. [PMID: 8460164 PMCID: PMC46113 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.6.2491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The origin of the fatty acid activation and formaldehyde dehydrogenase activity that distinguishes human class III alcohol dehydrogenase (alcohol:NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.1) from all other alcohol dehydrogenases has been examined by site-directed mutagenesis of its Arg-115 residue. The Ala- and Asp-115 mutant proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified by affinity chromatography and ion-exchange HPLC. The activities of the recombinant native and mutant enzymes toward ethanol are essentially identical, but mutagenesis greatly decreases the kcat/Km values for glutathione-dependent formaldehyde oxidation. The catalytic efficiency for the Asp variant is < 0.1% that of the unmutated enzyme, due to both a higher Km and a lower kcat value. As with the native enzyme, neither mutant can oxidize methanol, be saturated by ethanol, or be inhibited by 4-methylpyrazole; i.e., they retain these class III characteristics. In contrast, however, their activation by fatty acids, another characteristic unique to class III alcohol dehydrogenase, is markedly attenuated. The Ala mutant is activated only slightly, but the Asp mutant is not activated at all. The results strongly indicate that Arg-115 in class III alcohol dehydrogenase is a component of the binding site for activating fatty acids and is critical for the binding of S-hydroxymethylglutathione in glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Engeland
- Center for Biochemical and Biophysical Sciences and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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26
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Edman K, Maret W. Alcohol dehydrogenase genes: restriction fragment length polymorphisms for ADH4 (pi-ADH) and ADH5 (chi-ADH) and construction of haplotypes among different ADH classes. Hum Genet 1993; 90:395-401. [PMID: 1362387 DOI: 10.1007/bf00220466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Of the five human alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) genes located in the region q21-25 of chromosome 4, genetic markers have been reported previously only for class I enzymes, ADH1-3. Here, new restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) are described for the genes of two other classes, ADH4 (pi) and ADH5 (chi or formaldehyde dehydrogenase, FDH). The frequencies and modes of inheritance of these RFLPs were determined with DNA both from unrelated individuals and from families. A polymorphic PstI site is assigned to the fourth intron of the ADH4 gene. Pairwise linkage disequilibrium calculations for these new RFLPs and already known RFLPs at the ADH2 and ADH3 loci establish strong linkage disequilibria between polymorphic MspI and BstXI sites in the ADH5 gene as well as between XbaI and MspI sites in the ADH3 gene. Furthermore, linkage disequilibria were detected between RFLPs of the ADH2 and ADH3 genes as well as between those of the ADH4 and ADH5 genes. The latter disequilibrium implies a hitherto unknown physical proximity of two genes belonging to different ADH classes. The RFLPs were used to construct chromosomal haplotypes that include three ADH classes. Of the 16 possible haplotypes for four RFLP markers used here, 10 were experimentally detected. The potential application of the ADH RFLPs and haplotypes in linkage or association studies of inherited diseases such as familial "alcoholism" is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Edman
- Center for Biochemical and Biophysical Sciences and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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27
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Estonius M, Danielsson O, Höög JO, Persson H, Jörnvall H. Tissue distribution of alcohol and sorbitol dehydrogenase mRNAs. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1993; 328:545-53. [PMID: 8493934 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2904-0_57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Estonius
- Department of Chemistry I, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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28
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Sasnauskas K, Jomantiene R, Januska A, Lebediene E, Lebedys J, Janulaitis A. Cloning and analysis of a Candida maltosa gene which confers resistance to formaldehyde in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Gene 1992; 122:207-11. [PMID: 1339376 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(92)90052-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A gene (FDH1) of Candida maltosa which confers resistance to formaldehyde in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was cloned and its nucleotide sequence determined. The gene has a single intron which possesses the highly conserved splicing signals found in S. cerevisiae introns. We demonstrated that processing of the pre-mRNA of the cloned gene occurred identically in both S. cerevisiae and C. maltosa. The predicted amino acid sequence from the cloned gene showed 65.5% identity to human alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) class III and 23.9% identity to S. cerevisiae ADH1. The most probable mechanism of resistance to formaldehyde is thought to be the glutathione-dependent oxidation of formaldehyde which is characteristic for ADH class III. The cloned FDH1 gene was successfully employed as a dominant selectable marker in the transformation of S. cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sasnauskas
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius, Lithuania
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29
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Hur MW, Edenberg HJ. Cloning and characterization of the ADH5 gene encoding human alcohol dehydrogenase 5, formaldehyde dehydrogenase. Gene 1992; 121:305-11. [PMID: 1446828 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(92)90135-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Human chi-alcohol dehydrogenase (chi-ADH) is a zinc-containing dimeric enzyme responsible for the oxidation of long-chain alcohols and omega-hydroxyfatty acids. Class-III ADHs, of which chi-ADH is the prototype, are widely produced and well conserved during evolution. This suggests that they fulfill important housekeeping roles in cellular metabolism. Recent evidence suggests that class-III ADH and formaldehyde dehydrogenase (FDH) are the same enzyme. We have isolated and characterized two overlapping genomic clones that cover the entire ADH5 (FDH) gene. ADH5 is composed of nine exons and eight introns. Two major transcription start points were identified by primer extension. The 5' nontranslated region is unusual in that it contains two additional upstream ATG codons, which would encode peptides of 20 and 10 amino acids. Neither of the upstream ATGs is in a good context for translation initiation, whereas the ATG initiating &khgr;-ADH is in a favorable context. The 5' region of ADH5 is a CpG island; it is extremely G+C rich and has many CpG doublets. It does not contain either a TATA box or a CAAT box. This is consistent with ubiquitous expression, and contrasts with the promoters of all previously cloned ADH genes, which are expressed in a tissue-specific manner. The 5' region of ADH5 contains consensus binding sites for the transcriptional regulatory proteins, Sp1, AP2, LF-A1, NF-1, NF-A2, and NF-E1. A 1.5-kb upstream fragment from ADH5 was able to drive the transcription of a cat reporter gene at high levels in monkey kidney cells (CV-1). Several processed pseudogenes were also isolated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Hur
- Department of Biochemistry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202-5122
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30
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Hur MW, Ho WH, Brown CJ, Goldman D, Edenberg HJ. Molecular cloning of mouse alcohol dehydrogenase-B2 cDNA: nucleotide sequences of the class III ADH genes evolve slowly even for silent substitutions. DNA SEQUENCE : THE JOURNAL OF DNA SEQUENCING AND MAPPING 1992; 3:167-75. [PMID: 1472709 DOI: 10.3109/10425179209034012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We have cloned and sequenced a cDNA encoding the mouse class III alcohol dehydrogenase, Adh-B2. Adh-B2 mRNA is detectable in all the mouse tissues tested. Class III ADHs are highly conserved: the deduced amino acid sequence of the mouse Adh-B2 is 91 to 97% identical to the human, horse and rat liver enzymes. The mouse Adh-B2 cDNA is 87% identical in nucleotide sequence to the human chi-ADH cDNA. Previously, a slower rate of evolutionary divergence of the amino acid sequences of class III ADH proteins was detected and ascribed to functional constraints upon the protein. Our analysis of the nucleotide sequences demonstrates that this cannot be the entire explanation, since the rate of silent (synonymous) nucleotide substitutions is also lower in the class III ADHs than in the class I ADHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Hur
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202-5122
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31
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Kaiser R, Holmquist B, Vallee BL, Jörnvall H. Human class III alcohol dehydrogenase/glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase. JOURNAL OF PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 1991; 10:69-73. [PMID: 2054065 DOI: 10.1007/bf01024657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The class III human liver alcohol dehydrogenase, identical to glutathione-dependent formaldehyde dehydrogenase, separates electrophoretically into a major anodic form (chi 1) of known structure, and at least one minor, also anodic but a slightly faster migrating form (chi 2). The primary structure of the minor form isolated by ion-exchange chromatography has now been determined. Results reveal an amino acid sequence identical to that of the major form, suggesting that the two derive from the same translation product, with the minor form modified chemically in a manner not detectable by sequence analysis. This pattern resembles that for the classical alcohol dehydrogenase (class I). Hence, the chi 1/chi 2 multiplicity does not add further primary forms to the complex alcohol dehydrogenase system but shows the presence of modified forms also in class III.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry I, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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32
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Abstract
Human tissue factor (TF), the membrane-bound glycoprotein receptor for the blood-clotting factor VII/VIIa, contains in its extracellular domain three repeats of the rare motif, tryptophan-lysine-serine (WKS). Murine tissue factor, which binds human factor VII/VIIa poorly, contains only one WKS motif suggesting that the WKS motif may be involved in the binding of human factor VII/VIIa to human TF. Sequence analysis has revealed a WKS motif in 23 human proteins, seven of which are involved in the coagulation process. Another five WKS-containing proteins share some functional properties with the coagulation proteins. Analysis of the properties of these proteins provides some insight into the possible functional role of the WKS motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Andrews
- Department of Medicine and Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine 92717
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- K Edman
- Center for Biochemical and Biophysical Sciences and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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34
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Edenberg HJ, Brown CJ, Carr LG, Ho WH, Hur MW. Alcohol dehydrogenase gene expression and cloning of the mouse chi-like ADH. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1990; 284:253-62. [PMID: 2053480 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5901-2_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H J Edenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis 46202-5122
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