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Zhong Y, Zheng Q, Hu P, Huang X, Yang M, Ren G, Li J, Du Q, Liu S, Zhang K, Wu L, Zhu L, Guo Y, Li W, Xiao S, Shuai S, Zhang M. Sedative and hypnotic effects of Perilla frutescens essential oil through GABAergic system pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 279:113627. [PMID: 33246117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Traditional Chinese medicine believes that depression syndrome has become one of the core pathogenesis of insomnia. The pharmacology of traditional Chinese medicine points out that Perilla frutescens has the effect of regulating Qi and relieving depression, promoting Qi circulation to relieve pain, so Perilla frutescens may have the potential therapeutic effect on insomnia. Related studies have reported the sedative and hypnotic effects of Perilla frutescens, but these studies have not yet explored the mechanism of sedative and hypnotic effects of Perilla frutescens essential oil (PFEO) through inhalation administration. AIM OF THE STUDY The purpose of this study is to explore the underlying sedative and hypnotic mechanisms of PFEO through the GABAergic system pathways. MATERIALS AND METHODS Established the PCPA insomnia model of mice, The open field test, pentobarbital-induced falling asleep rate, latency of sleeping time, and duration of sleeping time experiments were used to evaluate the behavior of mice, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to analyze the content of 5-HT and GABA in hypothalamus and cerebral cortex. Immunohistochemical experiment, Western blot experiment and RT-PCR experiment were used to study the mechanism of PFEO through GABAergic pathway to regulate insomnia. The main volatile constituents of PFEO were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). RESULTS The inhalation of PFEO has sedative and hypnotic effects, which reduce significantly the autonomic activity of PCPA insomnia mice, increase falling asleep rate, shorten latency of sleeping time, and prolong duration of sleeping time; the results of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay show that PFEO increase the content of 5-HT and GABA in hypothalamus and cerebral cortex. The results showed that inhalation of PFEO increase the expression of GABAAα1 and GABAAα2 positive cells, increase the level of GABAAα1 and GABAAα2 protein and also increase the level of GABAAα1 mRNA and GABAAα2 mRNA in the hypothalamus and cerebral cortex. The highest content of PFEO is Perillaldehyde (54.37%), followed by 1,4-Cineole (7.42%), Acetaldehyde diethyl acetal (6.61%), D-Limonene (5.09%), Eucalyptol (4.94%), etc. CONCLUSION: The inhalation of PFEO has sedative and hypnotic effects, it is speculated that the mechanism of which may be the sedative and hypnotic effects through the GABAergic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Qin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China.
| | - Pengyi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Xiaoying Huang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China.
| | - Guilin Ren
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affliated to Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Qing Du
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Kenan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Ling Wu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Liyun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Yuanyuan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Shuai Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Shuyuan Shuai
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Mingxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
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Zhong Y, Zheng Q, Hu P, Huang X, Yang M, Ren G, Du Q, Luo J, Zhang K, Li J, Wu H, Guo Y, Liu S. Sedative and hypnotic effects of compound Anshen essential oil inhalation for insomnia. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 19:306. [PMID: 31711477 PMCID: PMC6849292 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2732-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS The chemical composition of many essential oils indicates that they have sedative and hypnotic effects, but there is still a lack of systematic studies on the sedative and hypnotic effects of essential oils. In addition, aromatherapy does not seem to have the side effects of many traditional psychotropic substances, which is clearly worthwhile for further clinical and scientific research. The clinical application of essential oils in aromatherapy has received increasing attention, and detailed studies on the pharmacological activities of inhaled essential oils are increasingly needed. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE As insomniacs are usually accompanied by symptoms of depression and anxiety of varying degrees, based on the theory of aromatherapy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, this experiment is to study a Compound Anshen essential oil that is compatible with Lavender essential oil, Sweet Orange essential oil, Sandalwood essential oil and other aromatic medicine essential oils with sedative and hypnotic effects, anti-anxiety and anti-depression effects. To study the sedative and hypnotic effects of Compound Anshen essential oil inhaled and the main chemical components of Compound Anshen essential oil, and to compare and analyze the pharmacodynamics of diazepam, a commonly used drug for insomnia. METHODS The Open field test and Pentobarbital-induced sleep latency and sleep time experiments were used to analyze and compare the sedative and hypnotic effects of inhaling Compound Anshen essential oil and the administration of diazepam on mice. The changes of 5-HT and GABA in mouse brain were analyzed by Elisa. The main volatile constituents of Compound Anshen essential oil were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). RESULTS Inhalation of Compound Anshen essential oil can significantly reduce the spontaneous activity of mice, reduce latency of sleeping time and prolong duration of sleeping time. The results of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that Compound Anshen essential oil can increase the content of 5-HT and GABA in mouse brain. The main volatile chemical constituents of the Compound Anshen essential oil are D-limonene (24.07%), Linalool (21.98%), Linalyl acetate (15.37%), α-Pinene (5.39%), and α-Santalol (4.8%). CONCLUSION The study found that the inhalation of Compound Anshen essential oil has sedative and hypnotic effect. This study provides a theoretical basis for further research and development of the sedative and hypnotic effects of Compound Anshen essential oil based on the theory of aromatherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Qin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China.
| | - Pengyi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Xiaoying Huang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China.
| | - Guilin Ren
- Traditional Chinese Medicine hospital Affliated to Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Qing Du
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Jun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Kenan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Haixia Wu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Yuanyuan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, State Key Lab.of Innovation Drug and Effcient Energy-Saving Pharmaceutical Equipment, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
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van Dalfsen JH, Markus CR. The serotonin transporter gene-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) and the sleep-promoting effects of tryptophan: A randomized placebo-controlled crossover study. J Psychopharmacol 2019; 33:948-954. [PMID: 31237183 PMCID: PMC6628462 DOI: 10.1177/0269881119855978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The low-expressive short (S) allele of a functional polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) within the serotonin (5-hydroxytriptamine; 5-HT) transporter gene (SLC6A4) has been associated with a reduced functioning of the brain 5-HT system relative to the long (L) allele. As a consequence, the S-allele is found to predispose individuals to a higher risk of sleep quality reduction and clinical insomnia. AIMS The present study investigated whether subchronic pre-sleep tryptophan administration could compensate for this predisposition by improving sleep in 5-HTTLPR S-allele carriers. METHODS In a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover design a sample of homozygous 5-HTTLPR S-allele (n = 47) and L-allele (n = 51) carriers were assessed for subjective (sleep diary) and objective (actigraphy) sleep during a treatment protocol consisting of 1 week of placebo (1000 mg/day) and 1 week of tryptophan administration (1000 mg/day). RESULTS The results support the sleep-promoting effects of tryptophan. Tryptophan improved objective sleep efficiency and objective wake after sleep onset irrespective of allelic variation. There was a marginally significant improvement of subjective sleep quality in the 5-HTTLPR S-allele group but not in the L-allele group following tryptophan relative to placebo intake. In contrast, a significantly poorer sleep quality in the S-allele as opposed to the L-allele group in the placebo condition was not observed in the tryptophan condition. CONCLUSIONS Tryptophan augmentation promises to be a valuable treatment strategy for sleep impairments related to genetic deficiencies in 5-HT functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens H van Dalfsen
- Jens H van Dalfsen, Department of Neuropsychology
and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University,
Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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Sedative and hypnotic effects of Vaccinium bracteatum Thunb. through the regulation of serotonegic and GABAA-ergic systems: Involvement of 5-HT1A receptor agonistic activity. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 109:2218-2227. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Zhang X, Yan H, Luo Y, Huang Z, Rao Y. Thermoregulation-Independent Regulation of Sleep by Serotonin Revealed in Mice Defective in Serotonin Synthesis. Mol Pharmacol 2018; 93:657-664. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.117.111229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Murray NM, Buchanan GF, Richerson GB. Insomnia Caused by Serotonin Depletion is Due to Hypothermia. Sleep 2015; 38:1985-93. [PMID: 26194567 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.5256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) neurons are now thought to promote wakefulness. Early experiments using the tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor para-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) had led to the opposite conclusion, that 5-HT causes sleep, but those studies were subsequently contradicted by electrophysiological and behavioral data. Here we tested the hypothesis that the difference in conclusions was due to failure of early PCPA experiments to control for the recently recognized role of 5-HT in thermoregulation. DESIGN Adult male C57BL/6N mice were treated with PCPA (800 mg/kg intraperitoneally for 5 d; n = 15) or saline (n = 15), and housed at 20 °C (normal room temperature) or at 33 °C (thermoneutral for mice) for 24 h. In a separate set of experiments, mice were exposed to 4 °C for 4 h to characterize their ability to thermoregulate. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS PCPA treatment reduced brain 5-HT to less than 12% of that of controls. PCPA-treated mice housed at 20 °C spent significantly more time awake than controls. However, core body temperature decreased from 36.5 °C to 35.1 °C. When housed at 33 °C, body temperature remained normal, and total sleep duration, sleep architecture, and time in each vigilance state were the same as controls. When challenged with 4 °C, PCPA-treated mice experienced a precipitous drop in body temperature, whereas control mice maintained a normal body temperature. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that early experiments using para-chlorophenylalanine that led to the conclusion that 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) causes sleep were likely confounded by hypothermia. Temperature controls should be considered in experiments using 5-HT depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Murray
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA
| | - Gordon F Buchanan
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA.,Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Haven, CT
| | - George B Richerson
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA
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Ye MF, Liu Z, Lou SF, Chen ZY, Yu AY, Liu CY, Yu CY, Zhang HF, Zhang J. Flos Albiziae aqueous extract and its active constituent quercetin potentiate the hypnotic effect of pentobarbital via the serotonergic system. Biomed Rep 2015; 3:835-838. [PMID: 26623026 DOI: 10.3892/br.2015.518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Flos albiziae (FA) is reportedly used for treatment of insomnia and anxiety in traditional medicine. The hypnotic effect of an extract of FA (FAE) and its constituent quercetin [2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one, QR] was examined in mice. QR is a widely distributed natural flavonoid abundant in FA flowers and other tissues. The possible mechanisms underlying the hypnotic effects of FAE and QR were investigated using behavioral pharmacology. FAE and QR significantly potentiated pentobarbital-induced [50 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (ip)] sleep (prolonged sleeping time; shortened sleep latency) in a dose-dependent manner, and these effects were augmented by administration of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), a precursor of 5-hydroxytryptamine. With a sub-hypnotic dose of pentobarbital (28 mg/kg, ip), FAE and QR significantly increased the rate of sleep onset and were synergistic with 5-HTP (2.5 mg/kg, ip). Pretreatment with p-chlorophenylalanine, an inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, significantly decreased sleeping time and prolonged sleep latency in pentobarbital-treated mice, whereas FAE and QR significantly reversed this effect. Data show that FAE and QR have hypnotic activity, possibly mediated by the serotonergic system. The present study offers a rationale for the use of FA in treating sleep disorders associated with serotonin system dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Fei Ye
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, P.R. China ; Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, Judicial Identification Center of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Fang Lou
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, P.R. China
| | - Zhen-Yong Chen
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, P.R. China
| | - Ai-Yue Yu
- Department of Basic Course, Shaoxing University Yuanpei College, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Yan Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, P.R. China
| | - Chao-Yang Yu
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, P.R. China
| | - Hua-Fang Zhang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, P.R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, P.R. China
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Gura YV, Bagatskaya YV. Role of the Serotonergic System in Suppression of Visceral Pain Induced in Mice by Preliminary Microwave Irradiation of an Acupuncture Point. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-015-9527-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Zhang J, Yu B, Zhang XQ, Sheng ZF, Li SJ, Wang ZJ, Cui XY, Cui SY, Zhang YH. Tetrandrine, an antihypertensive alkaloid, improves the sleep state of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 151:729-732. [PMID: 24269338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Radix of Stephania tetrandrae S. Moore has been used since antiquity in China as an antirheumatic, antihypertension, analgesic and antipyretic agent. Tetrandrine is the major component of Stephania tetrandrae. This study aims to evaluate the antihypertensive and hypnotic effect of tetrandrine on spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and the possible mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Electroencephalography (EEG) and electromyography (EMG) were recorded in freely moving rats and the sleep parameters were analyzed with SleepSign software. The levels of serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA) and their metabolites were examined to investigate the underlying mechanisms by using HPLC-ECD. Blood pressure was measured by noninvasive blood pressure tail cuff test. RESULTS Tetrandrine (100mg/kg, i.g.) significantly suppressed blood pressure of SHR rats day by day during three days treatment. Meanwhile, tetrandrine remarkably improved the sleep efficiency by increasing total sleep time, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-REM (NREM) sleep (including deep sleep and light sleep) time from the first day. Three days treatment of tetrandrine induced 5-HT concentration decrease in DRN, 5-HIAA concentration increase in LC and 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio increase in VTA and LC. In contrast, no changes in NE and DA concentrations in the DRN, VTA and LC occurred in SHR after tetrandrine treatment. These results indicate that modulation of 5-HT, its metabolite 5-HIAA and the 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio in DRN, VTA and LC are likely the mechanism of antihypertensive and hypnotic effects of tetrandrine at least in part. CONCLUSION This is the first observation that tetrandrine possesses both anti-hypertension and hypnotic effects in SHR and suggested that tetrandrine may be useful for the treatment of hypertension patients who accompanied with short sleep time and poor sleep efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhang
- Department Of Pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, 38 Xueyuan Lu, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Department Of Pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, 38 Xueyuan Lu, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xue-Qiong Zhang
- Department Of Pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, 38 Xueyuan Lu, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhao-Fu Sheng
- Department Of Pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, 38 Xueyuan Lu, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Sheng-Jie Li
- Department Of Pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, 38 Xueyuan Lu, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zi-Jun Wang
- Department Of Pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, 38 Xueyuan Lu, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Cui
- Department Of Pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, 38 Xueyuan Lu, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Su-Ying Cui
- Department Of Pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, 38 Xueyuan Lu, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yong-He Zhang
- Department Of Pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, 38 Xueyuan Lu, Beijing 100191, China.
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Wang LE, Zhang XQ, Yin YQ, Zhang YH. Augmentative effect of spinosin on pentobarbital-induced loss of righting reflex in mice associated with presynaptic 5-HT1A receptor. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 64:277-82. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2011.01400.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
This study investigated whether spinosin potentiates pentobarbital-induced loss of righting reflex (LORR) in mice via 5-HT1A receptors.
Methods
Our primary endpoint for sedation was LORR. In addition, the basal rectal temperature was measured.
Key findings
The results demonstrated that the 5-HT1A agonist 8-OH-DPAT (s.c.) induced reductions in duration of LORR at 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg (P < 0.01), and prolongation of LORR latency at 0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg (s.c., P < 0.01) in pentobarbital (45 mg/kg, i.p.)-treated mice. This effect of 8-OH-DPAT was antagonized either by 5-HT1A antagonist p-MPPI (5 mg/kg, i.p.) or by spinosin (15 mg/kg, i.g.) with significance, respectively. Co-administration of spinosin and p-MPPI both at ineffective doses (spinosin at 5.0 mg/kg, i.g. and p-MPPI at 1.0 mg/kg, i.p.) showed significant augmentative effects in reducing latency to LORR, and increasing LORR duration (P < 0.01) in pentobarbital-treated mice. On the other hand, spinosin inhibited 8-OH-DPAT-induced hypothermia, which has been generally attributed to the activation of somatodendritic 5-HT1A autoreceptors in mice.
Conclusions
Based on our previous results and the present data, it should be presumed that presynaptic 5-HT1A autoreceptor mechanisms may be involved in the inhibitory effect of spinosin on 8-OH-DPAT-induced hypothermia and also in the potentiating effect of spinosin on pentobarbital-induced LORR in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-En Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Qiong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Qi Yin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-He Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Gottschlich MM, Khoury J, Warden GD, Kagan RJ. An evaluation of the neuroendocrine response to sleep in pediatric burn patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2009; 33:317-26. [PMID: 19223527 DOI: 10.1177/0148607108325180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous work demonstrated reduced stage 3+4 and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep following burn injury. This study evaluated the hormonal effects of drug intervention on measures of endocrine status. A secondary objective examined the relationship between hormones and sleep stage distribution. METHODS Forty patients 3-18 years of age with a mean percent total body surface area burn of 50.1 +/- 2.9 were randomly assigned to zolpidem or haloperidol utilizing a blinded crossover design. Polysomnography was performed 6 nights, 3/week over 2 weeks. Each week's first night of monitoring was conducted without medication, serving as a baseline. Hormonal levels (epinephrine, norepinephrine, growth hormone, melatonin, dehydroepiandrosterone [DHEA], serotonin, cortisol) were obtained at 0600 h each study day. RESULTS Both drugs were associated with increased DHEA levels (P < .03); no other hormones were affected by medication. Significant inverse correlation was observed between REM sleep and epinephrine (r = -.34, P = .004) and norepinephrine levels (r = -.45, P = .02). A positive relationship existed between serotonin and sleep stage 3+4 (r = 0.24, P = .01) and REM (r = 0.48, P = .01). No other significant associations were identified between hormones and sleep. CONCLUSIONS This work characterizes the relationship between sleep deprivation and select endocrine parameters postburn. Drug interventions utilized in this study were either ineffective or insufficient in modulating improved hormonal response. Significance of zolpidem's and haloperidol's effect on serum levels of DHEA is unclear. The inverse correlation of epinephrine with REM may suggest that hypermetabolism associated with burns is partly due to lack of REM sleep. Questions remain regarding the effects of sleep deprivation on metabolism and clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele M Gottschlich
- Department of Nutrition, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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12
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Spinosin, a C-glycoside flavonoid from semen Zizhiphi Spinozae, potentiated pentobarbital-induced sleep via the serotonergic system. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2008; 90:399-403. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2008.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Revised: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Yi PL, Lin CP, Tsai CH, Lin JG, Chang FC. The involvement of serotonin receptors in suanzaorentang-induced sleep alteration. J Biomed Sci 2007; 14:829-40. [PMID: 17657585 DOI: 10.1007/s11373-007-9197-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2007] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sedative-hypnotic medications, including benzodiazepines and non-benzodiazepines, are usually prescribed for the insomniac patients; however, the addiction, dependence and adverse effects of those medications have drawn much attention. In contrast, suanzaorentang, a traditional Chinese herb remedy, has been efficiently used for insomnia relief in China, although its mechanism remains unclear. This study was designed to further elucidate the underlying mechanism of suanzaorentang on sleep regulation. One ingredient of suanzaorentang, zizyphi spinosi semen, exhibits binding affinity for serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) receptors, 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(2), and for GABA receptors. Our previous results have implicated that GABA(A) receptors, but not GABA(B), mediate suanzaorentang-induced sleep alteration. In current study we further elucidated the involvement of serotonin. We found that high dose of suanzaorentang (4 g/kg/2 ml) significantly increased non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) when comparing to that obtained after administering starch placebo, although placebo at dose of 4 g/kg also enhanced NREMS comparing with that obtained from baseline recording. Rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) was not altered. Administration of either 5-HT(1A) antagonist (NAN-190), 5-HT(2) antagonist (ketanserin) or 5-HT(3 )antagonist (3-(4-Allylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-quinoxalinecarbonitrile) blocked suanzaorentang-induced NREMS increase. These results implicate the hypnotic effect of suanzaorentang and its effects may be mediated through serotonergic activation, in addition to GABAergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Lu Yi
- Department of Medical Technology, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli, Taiwan
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14
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Zhao X, Cui XY, Chu QP, Chen BQ, Wang XM, Lin ZB, Li XJ, Ku BS, Zhang YH. Potentiating effects of L-type Ca2+ channel blockers on pentobarbital-induced hypnosis are influenced by serotonergic system. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2006; 113:1395-402. [PMID: 16465463 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-005-0422-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2005] [Accepted: 10/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In order to elucidate the mechanism(s) behind the interactions between barbiturates and Ca(2+) antagonists, the effects of three structurally diverse types of Ca(2+) antagonists combined or not with 5-HT on pentobarbital-induced hypnosis in mice were investigated. The results showed that dihydropyridine derivative nifedipine (10.0 and 20.0 mg/kg, p.o.) and other types of Ca(2+) antagonist, verapamil (5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg, p.o.) and diltiazem (2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg, p.o.) increased both the sleeping time in hypnotic dosage of pentobarbital (45 mg/kg, i.p.) treated mice and the rate of sleep onset in the sub-hypnotic dosage of pentobarbital (28 mg/kg, i.p.) treated mice in a dose-dependent manner, respectively, and these effects were significantly augmented by 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), the immediate precursor of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). Pretreatment with p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA, 300 mg/kg, s.c.), an inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, significantly decreased pentobarbital-induced sleeping time and nifedipine (10.0 mg/kg, p.o.), verapamil (5.0 mg/kg, p.o.) and diltiazem (2.5 mg/kg, p.o.) abolished this effect. From these results, it should be presumed that the augmentative effect of L-type Ca(2+) channel blockers on pentobarbital-induced sleep may be influenced by serotonergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University, Beijing, China
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15
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Bercovici E, Cortez MA, Wang X, Snead OC. Serotonin Depletion Attenuates AY-9944-Mediated Atypical Absence Seizures. Epilepsia 2006; 47:240-6. [PMID: 16499747 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2006.00415.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To test the hypothesis that serotonin (5-HT) plays a role in the modulation of experimental atypical absence seizures. METHODS Male Long-Evans hooded rats were treated from postnatal day (P) 2 to P20 with the cholesterol inhibitor AY-9944 (AY). Epidural electrodes were implanted for electrocorticography (ECoG) followed by serotonin depletion by using para-cholorophenylalanine (PCPA). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to measure the levels of serotonin and its metabolite (5-HIAA) in various brain regions. Serotonin metabolism was computed by using the 5-HIAA/5-HT ratio and used to ascertain differences between groups. RESULTS PCPA treatment was associated with a significant decrease in the total slow spike-and-wave discharge (SSWD) duration in AY-treated rats compared with controls (p < 0.01). HPLC data confirmed the PCPA depletion of 5-HT and 5-HIAA in cortex, thalamus, hippocampus, and brainstem compared with naïve rats. AY-treated rats showed higher levels of 5-HIAA and 5-HT in the same brain regions, with a concomitant decrease in rates of serotonin turnover. CONCLUSIONS The data indicate that serotonin depletion protects against experimental atypical absence seizures. The increased levels of 5-HIAA and 5-HT and altered rates of serotonin turnover suggest that the serotonergic neurotransmission may be perturbed in the AY rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Bercovici
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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16
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Analgesia Induced by Microwave Irradiation of an Acupuncture Point under Conditions of Visceral Pain in Mice: Role of the Serotonergic Cerebral System. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-005-0068-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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17
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Zhao X, Cui XY, Chen BQ, Chu QP, Yao HY, Ku BS, Zhang YH. Tetrandrine, a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid from Chinese herb Radix, augmented the hypnotic effect of pentobarbital through serotonergic system. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 506:101-5. [PMID: 15588729 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2004] [Accepted: 10/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This is the first study of hypnotic activity of tetrandrine (a major component of Stephania tetrandrae) in mice by using synergism with pentobarbital as an index for the hypnotic effect. The results showed that tetrandrine potentiated pentobarbital (45 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced hypnosis significantly by reducing sleep latency and increasing sleeping time in a dose-dependent manner, and this effect was potentiated by 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP). In the subhypnotic dosage of pentobarbital (28 mg/kg, i.p.)-treated mice, tetrandrine (60 and 30 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly increased the rate of sleep onset and also showed synergic effect with 5-HTP. Pretreatment of p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA, 300 mg/kg, s.c.), an inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, significantly decreased pentobarbital-induced sleeping time and tetrandrine abolished this effect. From these results, it should be presumed that serotonergic system may be involved in the augmentative effect of tetrandrine on pentobarbital-induced sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Peking University, School of Basic Medical Science, 38 Xueyuan Lu, Beijing 100083, PR China
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18
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Kennedy JS, Gwirtsman HE, Schmidt DE, Johnson BW, Fielstein E, Salomon RM, Shiavi RG, Ebert MH, Parris WCV, Loosen PT. Serial cerebrospinal fluid tryptophan and 5-hydroxy indoleacetic acid concentrations in healthy human subjects. Life Sci 2002; 71:1703-15. [PMID: 12137916 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(02)01899-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The role of the serotonergic system in the pathogenesis of behavioral disorders such as depression, alcoholism, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and violence is not completely understood. Measurement of the concentration of neurotransmitters and their metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is considered among the most valid, albeit indirect, methods of assessing central nervous system function in man. However, most studies in humans have measured lumbar CSF concentrations only at single time points, thus not taking into account rhythmic or episodic variations in levels of neurotransmitters, precursors, or metabolites. We have continuously sampled lumbar CSF via subarachnoid catheter in 12 healthy volunteers, aged 20-65 years. One ml (every 10 min) CSF samples were collected at a rate of 0.1ml/min for 24-hour (h), and the levels of tryptophan (TRP) and 5-hydroxy indoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were measured. Variability across all 12 subjects was significantly greater (P < 0.0001) than the variability seen in repeated analysis of a reference CSF sample for both 5-HIAA (32.0% vs 7.9%) and TRP (25.4% vs 7.0%), confirming the presence of significant biological variability during the 24-hr period examined. This variability could not be explained solely by meal related effects. Cosinor analysis of the 24-hr TRP concentrations from all subjects revealed a significant diurnal pattern in CSF TRP levels, whereas the 5-HIAA data were less consistent. These studies indicate that long-term serial CSF sampling reveals diurnal and biological variability not evident in studies based on single CSF samples.
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19
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Chilmonczyk Z, Mazgajska M, Iskra-Jopa J, Chojnacka-Wójcik E, Tatarczyńska E, Kłodziriska A, Nowak JZ. Pharmacological properties and SAR of new 1,4-disubstituted piperazine derivatives with hypnotic-sedative activity. J Pharm Pharmacol 2002; 54:689-98. [PMID: 12005364 DOI: 10.1211/0022357021778844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Preparation, pharmacological properties and structure-activity relationships of new pyrimidyl-piperazine derivatives, exhibiting sedative and hypnotic activity in mice, are reported. The hypnotic activity of the compounds was comparable with that of zopiclone (the known hypnotic-sedative agent), their interaction with ethanol, however, being much lower. The obtained results suggested that zopiclone and pyrimidylpiperazines 2, 4 and 5 exerted their pharmacological activity through a different mechanism - zopiclone through the interaction with benzodiazepine receptors and compounds 2, 4 and 5 through an unidentified molecular target. The pharmacological properties of compound 3 could be the result of a mixed mechanism of action, combining the properties of zopiclone and those of compounds 2, 4 and 5. A common feature of zopiclone and compounds 2 and 3 was that, after their systemic administration, independently of mechanism of action, together with the hypnotic effect a reduction of the 5-HT turnover in the mouse brain was observed. Minimum structural requirements for the hypnotic activity were formulated. Structural considerations have shown that removing the alpha-carbonyl group did not influence the drug's ability to inhibit the locomotor activity. However, it did influence its ability to disturb motor coordination or abolish the righting reflex within non-lethal doses.
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20
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Abstract
For 50 years, serotonin has been in the centre of the search for the mechanisms and control of sleep. Serotonergic neurotransmission is related to the behavioural state of the animal and plays an important role in modulation of the behavioural state, by interacting with other brain areas modulating circadian rhythm, sleep and waking. Serotonergic activity may be accompanied by waking or sleep depending on the brain area and receptor type involved in the response, on the current behavioural state and on the concomitant agonism/antagonism of other neurotransmitter systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reidun Ursin
- Department of Physiology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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21
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Portas CM, Bjorvatn B, Ursin R. Serotonin and the sleep/wake cycle: special emphasis on microdialysis studies. Prog Neurobiol 2000; 60:13-35. [PMID: 10622375 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0082(98)00097-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Several areas in the brainstem and forebrain are important for the modulation and expression of the sleep/wake cycle. Even if the first observations of biochemical events in relation to sleep were made only 40 years ago, it is now well established that several neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and neurohormones are involved in the modulation of the sleep/wake cycle. Serotonin has been known for many years to play a role in the modulation of sleep, however, it is still very controversial how and where serotonin may operate this modulation. Early studies suggested that serotonin is necessary to obtain and maintain behavioral sleep (permissive role on sleep). However, more recent microdialysis experiments provide evidence that the level of serotonin during W is higher in most cortical and subcortical areas receiving serotonergic projections. In this view the level of extracellular serotonin would be consistent with the pattern of discharge of the DRN serotonergic neurons which show the highest firing rate during W, followed by a decrease in slow wave sleep and by virtual electrical silence during REM sleep. This suggests that during waking serotonin may complement the action of noradrenaline and acetylcholine in promoting cortical responsiveness and participate to the inhibition of REM-sleep effector neurons in the brainstem (inhibitory role on REM sleep). The apparent inconsistency between an inhibitory and a facilitatory role played by serotonin on sleep has at least two possible explanations. On the one hand serotonergic modulation on the sleep/wake cycle takes place through a multitude of post-synaptic receptors which mediate different or even opposite responses; on the other hand the achievement of a behavioral state depends on the complex interaction between the serotonergic and other neurotransmitter systems. The main aim of this commentary is to review the role of brain serotonin in relation to the sleep/wake cycle. In particular we highlight the importance of microdialysis for on-line monitoring of the level of serotonin in different areas of the brain across the sleep/wake cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Portas
- Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, UK
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22
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Huitrón-Reséndiz S, Ríos C, Rojas P, Mexicano G, Ayala-Guerrero F. Effect of p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) on sleep and monoamines content in the brain of a lizard species. Brain Res 1997; 761:19-24. [PMID: 9247062 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(97)00286-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Administration of PCPA, a specific inhibitor of serotonin synthesis, induced a significant decrease of total sleep time in the lizard Ctenosaura pectinata. This effect was exerted on both quiet sleep and active sleep, but it was more intense on active sleep. Reduction in the amount of active sleep was due to a decrease in the number of the episodes not in their mean duration, since this parameter increased significantly from 5.97 s, under control conditions, to 11.77 s, 10.66 s and 8.85 s at 24, 48 and 72 h after PCPA injection, respectively. Neurochemical analysis showed a significant decrease in the amount of serotonin in the analyzed brain stem structures 12 h after PCPA administration. The possible participation of serotonergic mechanisms in the regulation of reptilian sleep is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Huitrón-Reséndiz
- Depto. de Neurofisiología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico, D.F
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23
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Vertes RP, Kocsis B. Projections of the dorsal raphe nucleus to the brainstem: PHA-L analysis in the rat. J Comp Neurol 1994; 340:11-26. [PMID: 8176000 DOI: 10.1002/cne.903400103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Early studies that used older tracing techniques reported exceedingly few projections from the dorsal raphe nucleus (DR) to the brainstem. The present report examined DR projections to the brainstem by use of the anterograde anatomical tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L). DR fibers were found to terminate relatively substantially in several structures of the midbrain, pons, and medulla. The following pontine and midbrain nuclei receive moderate to dense projections from the DR: pontomesencephalic central gray, mesencephalic reticular formation, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, medial and lateral parabrachial nuclei, nucleus pontis oralis, nucleus pontis caudalis, locus coeruleus, laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, and raphe nuclei, including the central linear nucleus, median raphe nucleus, and raphe pontis. The following nuclei of the medulla receive moderately dense projections from the DR: nucleus gigantocellularis, nucleus raphe magnus, nucleus raphe obscurus, facial nucleus, nucleus gigantocellularis-pars alpha, and the rostral ventrolateral medullary area. DR fibers project lightly to nucleus cuneiformis, nucleus prepositus hypoglossi, nucleus paragigantocellularis, nucleus reticularis ventralis, and hypoglossal nucleus. Some differences were observed in projections from rostral and caudal parts of the DR. The major difference was that fibers from the rostral DR distribute more widely and heavily than do those from the caudal DR to structures of the medulla, including raphe magnus and obscurus, nucleus gigantocellularis-pars alpha, nucleus paragigantocellularis, facial nucleus, and the rostral ventrolateral medullary area. A role for the dorsal raphe nucleus in several brainstem controlled functions is discussed, including REM sleep and its events, nociception, and sensory motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P Vertes
- Center for Complex Systems, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton 33431
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Imeri L, De Simoni MG, Giglio R, Clavenna A, Mancia M. Changes in the serotonergic system during the sleep-wake cycle: simultaneous polygraphic and voltammetric recordings in hypothalamus using a telemetry system. Neuroscience 1994; 58:353-8. [PMID: 7512239 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(94)90042-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the serotonergic system in the posterior hypothalamus of freely moving rats were related to sleep and wakefulness using in vivo voltammetry (with carbon fiber microelectrodes) and polygraphic recordings. By using an optoelectronic telemetry system for the voltammetric signals, electrical cross-talk between the two settings was avoided and simultaneous neurochemical and electro-physiological recordings could be made so that a detailed time course of events could be obtained. Extracellular levels of the serotonin metabolite, 5-hydroxy-indoleacetic acid, measured every 2 min, increased with wakefulness and decreased with sleep: levels were significantly lower during desynchronized sleep than slow wave sleep. In vivo voltammetry associated with the optoelectronic telemetry system appears to be a useful tool for studying the relationship between neurochemical changes and electrophysiological events.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Imeri
- Istituto di Fisiologia Umana II, Milan, Italy
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25
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Abstract
Sleep/waking and body temperature (Tb) were recorded in male rats in a 12:12 light-dark photoperiod at one of 3 ambient temperatures (Ta's): 20, 30, or 32 degrees C. After adaptation to the sleep recording chamber for at least 48 h, the rats were injected with saline at the beginning of lights-on (day S1). Twenty-four hours later (day P1), they were injected with PCPA (300 mg/kg, i.p.) and recordings continued for 4 more days (P2-P5). At these Ta's, hypothalamic 5-HT was depleted by 66-75% 30 h post-PCPA. Changes in both amplitude and acrophase of Tb depended on Ta. Compared to S1, amplitude was reduced on P2-P4 at 20 degrees C and on P3-P4 at 30 degrees C. Acrophase was advanced on P1-P3 at Ta 20 degrees C only. Sleep variables were generally independent of Ta and largely unchanged in the dark. In the light, amounts of slow-wave sleep (SWS) were depressed on P2-P4, number of bouts decreased on P3-P5 and percent nocturnality decreased on P2-P5. Bout length was depressed on P2 and lengthened on P4-P5. Acrophase was delayed on P2-P4 at Ta 30 degrees C. Amounts of rapid-eye-movement sleep (REMS) were depressed on P1-P3. REMS bout length decreased on P1-P3. The decreases in number of REMS bouts seen on P1-P3 depended on Ta. Changes in percent nocturnality and acrophase of REMS were minor. Waking----SWS transitions decreased on P3-P5 while SWS----REMS transitions were reduced on P1-P2. These results suggest that PCPA affects circadian aspects of both Tb and sleep, that 5-HT is important in the initiation of SWS bouts, and finally that the mechanisms by which 5-HT depletion affects Tb, SWS and REMS are different.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Li
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Champaign 61820
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26
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Kodama T, Mushiake H, Shima K, Hayashi T, Yamamoto M. Slow fluctuations of single unit activities of hippocampal and thalamic neurons in cats. II. Role of serotonin on the stability of neuronal activities. Brain Res 1989; 487:35-44. [PMID: 2526677 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(89)90937-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A series of experiments was carried out both in the hippocampal pyramidal and thalamic ventrobasal neurons to investigate the effect of serotonin level in the brain on slow fluctuations of neuronal discharges. Single neuronal activities were recorded in the following two pharmacologically treated states: (1) a 5-hydroxytryptamine depleted state by p-chlorophenylalanine administration (PCPA phase) and (2) a 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine administered state under the PCPA pretreatment (5-MeODMT phase). The slow fluctuations of neuronal activities in the frequency range of 0.02-1.0 Hz in both nuclei were prominent during the PCPA phase and were similar to those during the paradoxical sleep. In contrast, slow fluctuations were suppressed during the 5-MeODMT phase and neuronal activities during this phase were similar to those during slow wave sleep (SWS). The results show that serotonin in the brain definitely plays a role in stabilizing single neuronal activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kodama
- Department of Neurophysiology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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27
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Denoyer M, Sallanon M, Kitahama K, Aubert C, Jouvet M. Reversibility of para-chlorophenylalanine-induced insomnia by intrahypothalamic microinjection of L-5-hydroxytryptophan. Neuroscience 1989; 28:83-94. [PMID: 2527339 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(89)90234-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Para-chlorophenylalanine, a blocker of serotonin biosynthesis by inhibiting tryptophan hydroxylase, induced total insomnia which was accompanied in cat by a permanent discharge of ponto-geniculo-occipital activity. L-5-Hydroxytryptophan microinjection (1-4 micrograms/0.5 microliters) in the anterior hypothalamus 72 h after para-chlorophenylalanine administration, restored both slow wave sleep and paradoxical sleep with variable latencies for each state of sleep. On the contrary, ponto-geniculo-occipital activity was never suppressed. The hypnogenic effects of L-5-hydroxytryptophan were always followed by a return of the para-chlorophenylalanine-induced insomnia. On the other hand, the temperature recording did not show any alteration of the cerebral temperature after para-chlorophenylalanine treatment but the subsequent L-5-hydroxytryptophan microinjection was followed by hyperthermia. Using immunohistochemistry for serotonin after intrahypothalamic L-5-hydroxytryptophan microinjection in parachlorophenylalanine-pretreated cat, we defined a restricted region of the anterior hypothalamus possibly responsible for the hypnogenic effect. This region included the lateral hypothalamus and the anterior hypothalamic area. It is suggested that the reversible hypersomnia after L-5-hydroxytryptophan microinjection in the anterior hypothalamus in para-chlorophenylalanine-pretreated cat is due to a neurohormonal action of serotonin: serotonin could act upon the anterior hypothalamus which secondarily inhibits a waking system located in the ventrolateral hypothalamus leading to the appearance of paradoxical sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Denoyer
- Département de Médecine Expérimentale, INSERM U52, CNRS UA1195, Faculté de Médecine, Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, France
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28
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Denoyer M, Kitahama K, Sallanon M, Touret M, Jouvet M. 5-Hydroxytryptophan uptake and decarboxylating neurons in the cat hypothalamus. Neuroscience 1989; 31:203-11. [PMID: 2788831 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(89)90042-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Parachlorophenylalanine, an inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, induced a virtually total disappearance of serotonin-immunoreactivity in the hypothalamus of the cat. After intrahypothalamic injection of 5-hydroxytryptophan, an immediate precursor of serotonin in cats pretreated with parachlorophenylalanine, serotonin-immunoreactivity was detected in many fibers surrounding the injection site. Furthermore, when 5-hydroxytryptophan was injected with inhibitor of monoamine oxidase, a large number of small neurons immunoreactive to serotonin was identified in many discrete regions: the anterior and lateral hypothalamic areas, preoptic area, suprachiasmatic nucleus, dorsal hypothalamic area, dorsomedial nucleus, posterior hypothalamic area and nucleus of the fields of Forel. Serotonin-immunoreactivity was also evident in the thick axon bundles in the lateral hypothalamus. The distribution pattern of these cells was quite similar to that of aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, which catalyses the conversion of 5-hydroxytryptophan to serotonin and that of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine to dopamine. However, we failed to demonstrate serotonin-immunoreactivity in these parvocellular neurons without monoamine oxidase inhibitor. It is possible that 5-hydroxytryptophan is decarboxylated to serotonin by aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase but rapidly degraded by monoamine oxidase-A, the enzyme which preferentially deaminates serotonin. In contrast, serotonin-immunostaining was always demonstrable after intrahypothalamic injection of 5-hydroxytryptophan without monoamine oxidase inhibitor in magnocellular neurons located in the ventrolateral posterior hypothalamus and which contain exclusively monoamine oxidase-B and histidine decarboxylase. It appears that in these cells and axons, serotonin, possibly formed by histidine decarboxylase, is not rapidly oxidized by monoamine oxidase-B. Possible roles of serotonin as a neurohormone in sleep-waking regulation and of trace amines in the brain are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Denoyer
- INSERM U52, CNRS UA1195, Département de Médecine Expérimentale, Faculté de Médecine, Lyon, France
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Role of the serotoninergic system in inhibition of jaw-opening reflex induced by stimulating the midbrain central gray matter. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01059100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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30
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Sommerfelt L, Ursin R. The effects of zimeldine and alaproclate combined with a small dose of 5-HTP on waking and sleep stages in cats. Behav Brain Res 1987; 24:1-10. [PMID: 2953350 DOI: 10.1016/0166-4328(87)90031-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Sleep and waking stages in cats were studied 8 h following administration of zimeldine and alaproclate, in combination with saline or 5-hydroxy-1-tryptophan (5-HTP). Both drugs in combination with saline reduced rapid eye movement sleep and ponto-geniculo-occipital wave activity, and the effects were potentiated with 5-HTP. After administration of zimeldine in combination with 5-HTP there was an increase in synchronized waking (W-2), followed by an increase in slow wave sleep (SWS), at first SWS-1 with spindles and then highly synchronized SWS-2. The changes were interpreted as reflecting a serotonergic deactivating effect expressed by an electroencephalographic synchronizing effect. This is consistent with earlier studies following serotonin depletion and serotonin precursor loading. After alaproclate in combination with 5-HTP there were changes in W-2 and SWS-1 suggestive of the same process but much less pronounced. The difference between the two serotonin uptake inhibitors is interpreted as being due to regional differences in their uptake inhibition.
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31
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Sommerfelt L, Hauge ER, Ursin R. Similar effect on REM sleep but differential effect on slow wave sleep of the two 5-HT uptake inhibitors zimeldine and alaproclate in cats and rats. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 1987; 68:127-44. [PMID: 2949058 DOI: 10.1007/bf01244644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Sleep and waking in cats and rats were studied 6-10 hours following acute administration of zimeldine, alaproclate or saline. The effects on slow wave sleep of the two compounds markedly differed in the cats. Following zimeldine, sleep with a high amount of synchronized slow waves (SWS-2) was increased, and total sleep was unchanged. Following alaproclate, SWS-2 did not increase, and total sleep was reduced. In the rats, zimeldine increased SWS-2 during the first 4 hours after administration, while there was no change in SWS following alaproclate. Both zimeldine and alaproclate increased REM latency and reduced REM sleep in both species with somewhat more pronounced effects in cats than in rats. The results on SWS-2 following zimeldine are consistent with earlier results following serotonin depletion in both species. The differential effects on SWS-2 are discussed in terms of regional differences in uptake inhibition and other differences between the two uptake inhibitors. The results on REM sleep confirm earlier results involving serotonin uptake inhibitors and serotonin precursor loading and indicate that increased synaptic serotonin concentrations suppress REM sleep.
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Drucker-Colín R, Aguilar-Roblero R, Arankowsky-Sandoval G. Sleep factors released from brain of unrestrained cats: a critical appraisal. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1986; 473:449-60. [PMID: 3541739 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1986.tb23635.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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33
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Genot G, Conan GY, Barthelemy L, Peyraud C. Effects of 5-HT serotonin on spontaneous locomotor activity of eels. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. C, COMPARATIVE PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 1984; 79:189-92. [PMID: 6149866 DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(84)90184-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The swimming activity of eels maintained in tap water at 8-12 degrees C is significantly decreased after i.p. para-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA) administration at dose of 200 mg/kg (p less than 0.005 to respective control value). 5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) restored transitory swimming activity of eels. These results suggest that 5-HT has an important part in locomotor activity of eels.
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Abstract
The administration of p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA), an inhibitor of serotonin (5-HT) biosynthesis, at the end of a 48 h sleep deprivation does not impair the subsequent rebound of deep slow wave sleep (SWS2) and paradoxical sleep (PS). On the contrary, the administration of PCPA during a 48 h sleep deprivation is followed by a great decrease of light slow wave sleep (SWS1) and by total disappearance of SWS2 while some rebound of PS still occurs in narcoleptic-like attacks. These experiments provide evidence that sleep inducing materials are accumulated during sleep deprivation. Serotoninergic processes appear to be involved in the regulatory mechanisms of the biosynthesis and the accumulation of SWS2 and PS factors.
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Jones TA, Lawrence AF, Bickford RG. Serotonin depletion prevents electrocortical synchronization following acute midbrain deactivation. ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY AND CLINICAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 1983; 55:203-211. [PMID: 6185319 DOI: 10.1016/0013-4694(83)90189-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Bilateral midbrain cooling (5-15 degrees C) was performed in cats pretreated with p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA). This was done in order to examine the possible role of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) systems in the process of electrocortical synchronization which normally accompanies midbrain reticular deactivation. Prior to treatment with PCPA, midbrain cooling always produced tonic electrocortical synchronization and behavioral unresponsiveness. Cooling following PCPA treatment on the other hand produced behavioral unresponsiveness which was not accompanied by tonic electrocortical synchronization; in that case electrocortical desynchronization persisted in spite of midbrain reticular deactivation. These results lead to the hypothesis that two distinct, tonically active, desynchronizing systems exist. During the acute blockade of the classical midbrain reticular activating system it is proposed that 5-HT systems normally operate to inhibit or otherwise prevent the expression of the second brain stem electrocortical desynchronizing mechanism. It is proposed, therefore, that 5-HT acts indirectly to produce electrocortical synchronization. In the absence of 5-HT, midbrain deactivation is not sufficient to guarantee synchronization is assured only when both desynchronizing systems are inactivated as would be the case in the acute cerveau isolé.
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Wambebe C. Influence of some serotoninergic agents on nitrazepam-induced sleep in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus). GENERAL PHARMACOLOGY 1983; 14:491-5. [PMID: 6227520 DOI: 10.1016/0306-3623(83)90108-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The influence of some serotoninergic agents on nitrazepam-induced sleep was studied in 5-8-day-old chicks. Nitrazepam (0.4-51.2 mg/kg) induced behavioural sleep in chicks dose-dependently. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; 10-20 mg/kg) hypnotised young chicks. Similarly, 5-HT (5-20 mg/kg) shortened the onset and significantly prolonged the duration of nitrazepam-induced sleep in chicks and increased the proportion of chicks that were hypnotized by nitrazepam; these effects were dose-dependent. 5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP; 2-8 mg/kg) did not induce sleep but dose-dependently shortened the onset and profoundly prolonged the duration of nitrazepam (1.6 mg/kg)-induced sleep. Cyproheptadine (0.5-2 mg/kg) delayed the onset of nitrazepam sleep and reduced the proportion of chicks that were hypnotized by nitrazepam. Parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA, 200 mg/kg) completely blocked nitrazepam-induced sleep. Nitrazepam sleep was associated with synchronization of the electroencephalogram (EEG) of the hyperstriatum, optic tectum and pontine reticular formation. 5-HT synchronized the EEG of the hyperstriatum and the pontine reticular formation while the electromyograph (EMG) activity was profoundly reduced. These behavioural and electrocortical data suggest that 5-HT may be involved in nitrazepam-induced sleep in young chicks.
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Abstract
In adult rats an anterodorsal bilateral hippocampectomy produced an increase in motor activity without modification of the amount of the different sleep stages. In hippocampectomized rats p-chlorophenylalanine produced an insomnia which can be reversed by 5-HTP. These results show that the insomnia produced by brain serotonin depletion is not a result of the hyperactivity produced by the treatments which cause such depletion.
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Carstens E, Fraunhoffer M, Zimmermann M. Serotonergic mediation of descending inhibition from midbrain periaqueductal gray, but not reticular formation, or spinal nociceptive transmission in the cat. Pain 1981; 10:149-167. [PMID: 6267541 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3959(81)90191-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Electrical stimulation in the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) and lateral midbrain reticular formation (LRF) strongly suppresses the responses of spinal dorsal horn neurons to noxious heating of the skin. The possible role of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) was investigated by quantitatively comparing certain parameters of descending inhibition from PAG and LRF in normal cats [14,15] and cats whose central 5-HT levels had been reduced by pretreatment with p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA, 300 or 500 mg/kg i.p., 72 h prior to acute experiment). Single lumbar dorsal horn neuronal responses to noxious radiant heating of glabrous footpad skin(50 degrees C, 10 sec, 1/3 min) were recorded in normal and PCPA-pretreated cats anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital and N2O. Inhibition of neuronal heat-evoked responses during midbrain stimulation (mean frequency 30 Hz, up to 800 microA current intensity) was expressed as percent of the unit's control response in the absence of midbrain stimulation. Inhibition by PAG stimulation of units from cats pretreated with 300 mg/kg PCPA (mean inhibition at 450 microA to 60% of control in 12 units) was not detectably different from that in control (non-pretreated) cats. However, inhibition by PAG stimulation was significantly weaker in units from cats pretreated with 500 mg/kg PCPA (mean to 83.4% of control in 9 units). In the latter group, mean current threshold for inhibition was higher, and slope of current-intensity plots lower, than in the control and 300 mg/kg PCPA pretreatment groups. In contrast, mean inhibition by LRF stimulation was enhanced in the 300 and 500 mg/kg PCPA treatment groups in a dose-related manner. In normal (non-pretreated) cats, systemic administration of the putative 5-HT antagonist methysergide (0.07--1 mg/kg) reduced or abolished inhibition by PAG stimulation in each of 8 units. Low doses of methysergide had little or no effect on inhibition produced by LRF stimulation in 6 units. The results suggest pharmacologically distinct mechanisms of inhibition produced by stimulation in PAG and LRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Carstens
- II. Physiologisches Institut der Universität Abteilung Zentralnervensystem, Im Neuenheimer Feld 326, D-69 Heidelberg G.F.R
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Millhorn DE, Eldridge FL, Waldrop TG. Prolonged stimulation of respiration by endogenous central serotonin. RESPIRATION PHYSIOLOGY 1980; 42:171-88. [PMID: 6452673 DOI: 10.1016/0034-5687(80)90113-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We have recently reported a new neural brainstem mechanism which is uniquely activated by stimulation of carotid body afferent input to the brain and which facilitates respiration for hours after the immediate affects of the stimulation have dissipated (Millhorn, Eldridge and Waldrop, 1980). In the present study respiratory responses to carotid body or carotid sinus nerve stimulation were measured in vagotomized, anesthetized, and paralyzed cats whose end-tidal PCO2 and temperature were servo-controlled and kept constant. The responses of animals pretreated with various serotonin antagonists and a dopamine-norepinephrine antagonist were compared to the responses of untreated control animals. All three differently acting serotonin antagonists (methysergide, parachlorophenylalanine, and 5, 7-dihydroxytryptamine) either prevented or significantly reduced the magnitude of the long-lasting respiratory response whereas the dopamine-norepinephrine antagonist (alpha-methyltyrosine) failed to alter it. We conclude that the long-lasting increase of respiratory activity following stimulation of carotid body afferents is due to activation of an endogenous central serotoninergic mechanism which facilitates respiration.
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Nakazawa Y, Hasuzawa H, Kotorii T, Ohkawa T, Sakurada H, Nonaka K, Dainoson K. Study on the effects of L-5HTP on the stages of sleep in man as evaluated by using sleep deprivation. FOLIA PSYCHIATRICA ET NEUROLOGICA JAPONICA 1980; 34:83-7. [PMID: 6970155 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.1980.tb01516.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The effects of L-5HTP 200 mg on the EEG sleep pattern were investigated in normal subjects. When L-5HTP 200 mg was orally administered, only % S1 significantly decreased in comparison with the baseline. There was no change in any sleep stage on the first recovery night. On the second recovery night, % S1 significantly decreased, while % SR increased significantly. SWS did not show any change. The effects of L-5HTP 200 mg were investigated on the first recovery night after one night of sleep deprivation. SWS significantly increased on the first recovery night when a placebo was given, while this rebound increase of SWS disappeared and % S2 significantly increased on the first recovery night when L-5HTP was given. % SR significantly increased on the next night after the L-5HTP night.
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Cespuglio R, Gomez ME, Walker E, Jouvet M. [Effect of cooling and electrical stimulation of nuclei of raphe system on states of alertness in cat]. ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY AND CLINICAL NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 1979; 47:289-308. [PMID: 90600 DOI: 10.1016/0013-4694(79)90281-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In cats prepared in a 'semi-chronic' manner (spinal cord transected, brachial plexus sectioned bilaterally) all states of alertness are present; their quantitative evolution is characterized by an immediate postoperative period with continuous wakefulness and a secondary period of recovery of the states of sleep, which are then maintained. In such a preparation, localized moderate cooling (+10 degrees C) of the nucleus raphe dorsalis induces slow wave sleep and paradoxical sleep; the same type of cooling of the nucleus raphe magnus induces wakefulness; however, the electrical stimulation of these two nuclei always induces wakefulness. Cooling of the nuclei raphe centralis or pontis suppresses only the 'ponto-geniculo-occipital' (PGO) waves. Colling of the nuclei raphe obscurus and pallidus induces wakedfulness, but stage I of slow wave sleep may occur. Treatment with p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) before making the semi-chronic preparation produces the classical syndrome characterized by cortical activation and continuous discharge of PGO waves; in this case cooling of the nucleus raphe dorsalis no longer induces slow wave sleep but only paradoxical sleep; after injection of DL-5-HTP, slow wave sleep is obtained again through cooling; this effect diminishes progressively.
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Trulson ME, Jacobs BL. Raphe unit activity in freely moving cats: correlation with level of behavioral arousal. Brain Res 1979; 163:135-50. [PMID: 218676 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(79)90157-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 576] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dorsal raphe unit activity in freely moving cats showed a slow, rhythmic discharge rate during quiet waking (X=2.82 +/- 0.17 spikes/sec), and displayed a strong positive correlation with level of behavioral arousal. Presentation of an auditory stimulus during quiet waking resulted in significant increases in unit activity of 112% and 39% during the first sec and first 10 sec after the stimulus, respectively. This effect rapidly habituated with repeated stimulus presentations. During active waking, unit activity was significantly increased by 22% as compared to quiet waking, but there was no correlation between unit activity and gross body movements. Raphe unit activity showed a significant decrease of 17% during drowsiness (first appearance of EEG synchronization) as compared to quiet waking, and then progressive decreases during the early (--34%), middle (--52%) and late (--68%) phases of slow wave sleep. During all phases of slow wave sleep, the occurrence of sleep spindles was frequently associated with a transitory decrease in unit activity. The discharge rate would typically decrease during the few seconds immediately preceding the spindle, remains at this low level during the occurrence of the spindle, and then increase immediately after the spindle. Raphe unit activity showed decreases of 81% during pre-REM (the 60 sec immediately before REM onset) and 98% during REM, as compared to quiet waking. Unit activity reappeared 3.2 sec before the end of REM, with significant increases in unit activity of 83% and 17% during the first sec and first 10 sec of unit activity, respectively, as compared to quiet waking. The results of these studies are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that serotonin may play a modulatory, rather than mediative, role in behavioral and physiological processes.
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Neal H, Bradley PB. Electrophysiological studies with a new anti-depressant drug: comparison of the effects of viloxazine (ICI 58,834) with three tricyclic anti-depressants in the encéphale isolé. Neuropharmacology 1978; 17:835-49. [PMID: 154621 DOI: 10.1016/0028-3908(78)90072-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
Sleep parameters were monitored following (1) a single 2 g/kg oral dose of ethanol, (2) an oral dose of L-tryptophan (600 mg/kg), and (3) administration of both drugs simultaneously. Ethanol reduced REM and increased slow wave significantly. The effects of L-tryptophan were apparent only in the case of one parameter, REM latency. Administration of both drugs resulted in a significantly shorter REM latency than that observed for ethanol alone. Results are discussed in terms of possible changes in the biosynthesis of 5-HT.
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Adrien J. Ontogenesis of some sleep regulations: early postnatal impairment of the monoaminergic systems. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1978; 48:393-405. [PMID: 34197 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61037-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Clancy JJ, Caldwell DF, Oberleas D, Sangiah S, Villeneuve MJ. Effect of a chronic tryptophan dietary deficiency on the rat's sleep-wake cycle. Brain Res Bull 1978; 3:83-7. [PMID: 204399 DOI: 10.1016/0361-9230(78)90064-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The sleep-wake cycle of 12 tryptophan dietary deficient rats and their non-deficient paired controls were observed for a 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. period. EEG, EMG and body activity were continuously monitored on polygraphic recordings throughout the 12 hr observation period. The results indicate no significant difference between the tryptophan deficient and sufficient animals in time spent awake, slow-wave or parodoxical sleep. There was a non-significant trend among the tryptophan deficient animals to be less active and spend more time in both slow-wave and paradoxical sleep, which is in contrast to an expected insomnia effect. The results do not support the suggested relationship between reduced serotonin levels and the occurrence of insomnia, questioning the serotonergic theory of sleep.
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