1
|
Pujol S, Cabeen R, Sébille SB, Yelnik J, François C, Fernandez Vidal S, Karachi C, Zhao Y, Cosgrove GR, Jannin P, Kikinis R, Bardinet E. In vivo Exploration of the Connectivity between the Subthalamic Nucleus and the Globus Pallidus in the Human Brain Using Multi-Fiber Tractography. Front Neuroanat 2017; 10:119. [PMID: 28154527 PMCID: PMC5243825 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2016.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The basal ganglia is part of a complex system of neuronal circuits that play a key role in the integration and execution of motor, cognitive and emotional function in the human brain. Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurological disorder of the motor circuit characterized by tremor, rigidity, and slowness of movement. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus and the globus pallidus pars interna provides an efficient treatment to reduce symptoms and levodopa-induced side effects in Parkinson’s disease patients. While the underlying mechanism of action of DBS is still unknown, the potential modulation of white matter tracts connecting the surgical targets has become an active area of research. With the introduction of advanced diffusion MRI acquisition sequences and sophisticated post-processing techniques, the architecture of the human brain white matter can be explored in vivo. The goal of this study is to investigate the white matter connectivity between the subthalamic nucleus and the globus pallidus. Two multi-fiber tractography methods were used to reconstruct pallido-subthalamic, subthalamo-pallidal and pyramidal fibers in five healthy subjects datasets of the Human Connectome Project. The anatomical accuracy of the tracts was assessed by four judges with expertise in neuroanatomy, functional neurosurgery, and diffusion MRI. The variability among subjects was evaluated based on the fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity of the tracts. Both multi-fiber approaches enabled the detection of complex fiber architecture in the basal ganglia. The qualitative evaluation by experts showed that the identified tracts were in agreement with the expected anatomy. Tract-derived measurements demonstrated relatively low variability among subjects. False-negative tracts demonstrated the current limitations of both methods for clinical decision-making. Multi-fiber tractography methods combined with state-of-the-art diffusion MRI data have the potential to help identify white matter tracts connecting DBS targets in functional neurosurgery intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Pujol
- Surgical Planning Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
| | - Ryan Cabeen
- Department of Computer Science, Brown University, Providence RI, USA
| | - Sophie B Sébille
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle Epinière, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, University of Paris 06, UMR S 1127 Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Yelnik
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle Epinière, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, University of Paris 06, UMR S 1127 Paris, France
| | - Chantal François
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle Epinière, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, University of Paris 06, UMR S 1127 Paris, France
| | - Sara Fernandez Vidal
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle Epinière, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, University of Paris 06, UMR S 1127Paris, France; Centre de Neuro-Imagerie de Recherche, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle EpinièreParis, France
| | - Carine Karachi
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle Epinière, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, University of Paris 06, UMR S 1127Paris, France; Department of Neurosurgery, Pitié-Salpêtrière HospitalParis, France
| | - Yulong Zhao
- LTSI, Inserm UMR 1099 - Université de Rennes Rennes, France
| | - G Rees Cosgrove
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
| | - Pierre Jannin
- LTSI, Inserm UMR 1099 - Université de Rennes Rennes, France
| | - Ron Kikinis
- Surgical Planning Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
| | - Eric Bardinet
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle Epinière, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, University of Paris 06, UMR S 1127Paris, France; Centre de Neuro-Imagerie de Recherche, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle EpinièreParis, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bruce LL, Erichsen JT, Reiner A. Neurochemical compartmentalization within the pigeon basal ganglia. J Chem Neuroanat 2016; 78:65-86. [PMID: 27562515 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The goals of this study were to use multiple informative markers to define and characterize the neurochemically distinct compartments of the pigeon basal ganglia, especially striatum and accumbens. To this end, we used antibodies against 12 different neuropeptides, calcium-binding proteins or neurotransmitter-related enzymes that are enriched in the basal ganglia. Our results clarify boundaries between previously described basal ganglia subdivisions in birds, and reveal considerable novel heterogeneity within these previously described subdivisions. Sixteen regions were identified that each displayed a unique neurochemical organization. Four compartments were identified within the dorsal striatal region. The neurochemical characteristics support previous comparisons to part of the central extended amygdala, somatomotor striatum, and associational striatum of mammals, respectively. The medialmost part of the medial striatum, however, has several unique features, including prominent pallidal-like woolly fibers and thus may be a region unique to birds. Four neurochemically distinct regions were identified within the pigeon ventral striatum: the accumbens, paratubercular striatum, ventrocaudal striatum, and the ventral area of the lateral part of the medial striatum that is located adjacent to these regions. The pigeon accumbens is neurochemically similar to the mammalian rostral accumbens. The pigeon paratubercular and ventrocaudal striatal regions are similar to the mammalian accumbens shell. The ventral portions of the medial and lateral parts of the medial striatum, which are located adjacent to accumbens shell-like areas, have neurochemical characteristics as well as previously reported limbic connections that are comparable to the accumbens core. Comparisons to neurochemically identified compartments in reptiles, mammals, and amphibians indicate that, although most of the basic compartments of the basal ganglia were highly conserved during tetrapod evolution, uniquely avian compartments may exist as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Bruce
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha NE, 68178, USA.
| | | | - Anton Reiner
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Villalba RM, Mathai A, Smith Y. Morphological changes of glutamatergic synapses in animal models of Parkinson's disease. Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:117. [PMID: 26441550 PMCID: PMC4585113 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The striatum and the subthalamic nucleus (STN) are the main entry doors for extrinsic inputs to reach the basal ganglia (BG) circuitry. The cerebral cortex, thalamus and brainstem are the key sources of glutamatergic inputs to these nuclei. There is anatomical, functional and neurochemical evidence that glutamatergic neurotransmission is altered in the striatum and STN of animal models of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and that these changes may contribute to aberrant network neuronal activity in the BG-thalamocortical circuitry. Postmortem studies of animal models and PD patients have revealed significant pathology of glutamatergic synapses, dendritic spines and microcircuits in the striatum of parkinsonians. More recent findings have also demonstrated a significant breakdown of the glutamatergic corticosubthalamic system in parkinsonian monkeys. In this review, we will discuss evidence for synaptic glutamatergic dysfunction and pathology of cortical and thalamic inputs to the striatum and STN in models of PD. The potential functional implication of these alterations on synaptic integration, processing and transmission of extrinsic information through the BG circuits will be considered. Finally, the significance of these pathological changes in the pathophysiology of motor and non-motor symptoms in PD will be examined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M Villalba
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA ; UDALL Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Abraham Mathai
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA ; UDALL Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yoland Smith
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA ; UDALL Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA ; Department of Neurology, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Coffey KR, Barker DJ, Gayliard N, Kulik JM, Pawlak AP, Stamos JP, West MO. Electrophysiological evidence of alterations to the nucleus accumbens and dorsolateral striatum during chronic cocaine self-administration. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 41:1538-52. [PMID: 25952463 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As drug use becomes chronic, aberrant striatal processing contributes to the development of perseverative drug-taking behaviors. Two particular portions of the striatum, the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and the dorsolateral striatum (DLS), are known to undergo neurobiological changes from acute to chronic drug use. However, little is known about the exact progression of changes in functional striatal processing as drug intake persists. We sampled single-unit activity in the NAc and DLS throughout 24 daily sessions of chronic long-access cocaine self-administration, and longitudinally tracked firing rates (FR) specifically during the operant response, an upward vertical head movement. A total of 103 neurons were held longitudinally and immunohistochemically localised to either NAc Medial Shell (n = 29), NAc Core (n = 30), or DLS (n = 54). We modeled changes representative of each category as a whole. Results demonstrated that FRs of DLS Head Movement neurons were significantly increased relative to baseline during all sessions, while FRs of DLS Uncategorised neurons were significantly reduced relative to baseline during all sessions. NAc Shell neurons' FRs were also significantly decreased relative to baseline during all sessions while FRs of NAc Core neurons were reduced relative to baseline only during training days 1-18 but were not significantly reduced on the remaining sessions (19-24). The data suggest that all striatal subregions show changes in FR during the operant response relative to baseline, but longitudinal changes in response firing patterns were observed only in the NAc Core, suggesting that this region is particularly susceptible to plastic changes induced by abused drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Coffey
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - David J Barker
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Nick Gayliard
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Julianna M Kulik
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Anthony P Pawlak
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Joshua P Stamos
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Mark O West
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Towards a primate model of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: Anatomo-behavioural correlation of disorders induced by striatal dysfunction. Cortex 2013; 49:1126-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2012.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
6
|
Franco V, Turner RS. Testing the contributions of striatal dopamine loss to the genesis of parkinsonian signs. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 47:114-25. [PMID: 22498034 PMCID: PMC3358361 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The diverse and independently-varying signs of Parkinson's disease (PD) are often attributed to one simple mechanism: degeneration of the dopaminergic innervation of the posterolateral striatum. However, growing recognition of the dopamine (DA) loss and other pathology in extra-striatal brain regions has led to uncertainty whether loss of DA in the striatum is sufficient to cause parkinsonian signs. We tested this hypothesis by infusing cis-flupenthixol (cis-flu; a broad-spectrum D1/D2 receptor antagonist) into different regions of the macaque putamen (3 hemispheres of 2 monkeys) while the animal performed a visually-cued choice reaction time task in which visual cues indicated the arm to reach with and the peripheral target to contact to obtain food reward. Following reward delivery, the animal was required to self-initiate release of the peripheral target and return of the chosen hand to its home position (i.e., without the benefit of external sensory cues or immediate rewards). Infusions of cis-flu at 15 of 26 sites induced prolongations of reaction time (9 of 15 cases), movement duration (6 cases), and/or dwell time of the hand at the peripheral target (8 cases). Dwell times were affected more severely (+95%) than visually-triggered reaction times or movement durations (+25% and +15%, respectively). Specifically, the animal's hand often 'froze' at the peripheral target for up to 25-s, similar to the akinetic freezing episodes observed in PD patients. Across injections, slowing of self-initiation did not correlate in severity with prolongations of visually-triggered reaction time or movement duration, although the latter two were correlated with each other. Episodes of slowed self-initiation appeared primarily in the arm contralateral to the injected hemisphere and were not associated with increased muscle co-contraction or global alterations in behavioral state (i.e., inattention or reduced motivation), consistent with the idea that these episodes reflected a fundamental impairment of movement initiation. We found no evidence for an anatomic topography within the putamen for the effects elicited. We conclude that acute focal blockade of DA transmission in the putamen is sufficient to induce marked akinesia-like impairments. Furthermore, different classes of impairments can be induced independently, suggesting that specific parkinsonian signs have unique pathophysiologic substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Franco
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261-0001, USA
| | - Robert S. Turner
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261-0001, USA
- Department of Neurobiology and Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261-0001, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Baunez C, Yelnik J, Mallet L. Six questions on the subthalamic nucleus: lessons from animal models and from stimulated patients. Neuroscience 2011; 198:193-204. [PMID: 22001680 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Baunez
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie de la Cognition-LNC, UMR6155 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-CNRS, 3 Place Victor Hugo, F-13000 Marseille, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Worbe Y, Epinat J, Feger J, Tremblay L. Discontinuous Long-Train Stimulation in the Anterior Striatum in Monkeys Induces Abnormal Behavioral States. Cereb Cortex 2011; 21:2733-41. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhr063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
9
|
Villalba RM, Smith Y. Striatal spine plasticity in Parkinson's disease. Front Neuroanat 2010; 4:133. [PMID: 21179580 PMCID: PMC3004242 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2010.00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Striatal dopamine (DA) denervation results in a significant loss of dendritic spines on medium spiny projection neurons in Parkinson's disease. In 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated parkinsonian monkeys, spines contacted either by cortical or thalamic glutamatergic terminals are severely affected on both direct and indirect striatofugal neurons. In rodents, indirect pathway neurons appear to be more sensitive, at least in early stages of acute dopamine denervation. The remaining corticostriatal and thalamostriatal axo-spinous synapses undergo complex ultrastructural remodeling consistent with increased synaptic activity in the DA-denervated primate striatum, which may explain the pathophysiological overactivity of the corticostriatal system reported in various animal models of parkinsonism. The calcium-mediated regulation of the transcription factor myocyte enhancer factor 2 was recognized as a possible underlying mechanism for striatal spine plasticity. Future studies to determine how alterations in striatal spine plasticity contribute to the symptomatology of parkinsonism are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M. Villalba
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory UniversityAtlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yoland Smith
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory UniversityAtlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory UniversityAtlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Immunohistochemical localization of AMPA-type glutamate receptor subunits in the striatum of rhesus monkey. Brain Res 2010; 1344:104-23. [PMID: 20460117 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Revised: 04/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Corticostriatal and thalamostriatal projections utilize glutamate as their neurotransmitter. Their influence on striatum is mediated, in part, by ionotropic AMPA-type glutamate receptors, which are heteromers composed of GluR1-4 subunits. While the cellular localization of AMPA-type subunits in the basal ganglia has been well characterized in rodents, the cellular localization of AMPA subunits in primate basal ganglia is not. We thus carried out immunohistochemical studies of GluR1-4 distribution in rhesus monkey basal ganglia in conjunction with characterization of each major neuron type. In striatum, about 65% of striatal neurons immunolabeled for GluR1, 75%-79% immunolabeled for GluR2 or GluR2/3, and only 2.5% possessed GluR4. All neurons the large size of cholinergic interneurons (mean diameter 26.1 microm) were moderately labeled for GluR1, while all neurons in the size range of parvalbuminergic interneurons (mean diameter 13.8 microm) were intensely rich in GluR1. Additionally, somewhat more than half of the neurons in the size range of projection neurons (mean diameter 11.6 microm) immunolabeled for GluR1, and about one third of these were very rich in GluR1. About half of the neurons the size of cholinergic interneurons were immunolabeled for GluR2, and the remainder of the neurons that were immunolabeled for GluR2 coincided with projection neurons in size and shape (GluR2 diameter=10.7 microm), indicating that the vast majority of striatal projection neurons possess immunodectible GluR2. Similar results were observed with GluR2/3 immunolabeling. Half of the neurons the size of cholinergic interneurons immunolabeled for GluR4 and seemingly all neurons in the size range of parvalbuminergic interneurons possessed GluR4. These results indicate that AMPA receptor subunit combinations for striatal projection neurons in rhesus monkey are similar to those for the corresponding neuron types in rodents, and thus their AMPA responses to glutamate are likely to be similar to those demonstrated in rodents.
Collapse
|
11
|
Ashwell KWS. Topography and chemoarchitecture of the striatum and pallidum in a monotreme, the short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus). Somatosens Mot Res 2009; 25:171-87. [DOI: 10.1080/08990220802377621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
12
|
Smith Y, Villalba R. Striatal and extrastriatal dopamine in the basal ganglia: an overview of its anatomical organization in normal and Parkinsonian brains. Mov Disord 2009; 23 Suppl 3:S534-47. [PMID: 18781680 DOI: 10.1002/mds.22027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system is the characteristic neuropathological feature of Parkinson's disease and therapy is primarily based on a dopamine replacement strategy. Dopamine has long been recognized to be a key neuromodulator of basal ganglia function, essential for normal motor activity. The recent years have witnessed significant advances in our knowledge of dopamine function in the basal ganglia. Although the striatum remains the main functional target of dopamine, it is now appreciated that there is dopaminergic innervation of the pallidum, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra. A new dopaminergic- thalamic system has also been uncovered, setting the stage for a direct dopamine action on thalamocortical activity. The differential distribution of D1 and D2 receptors on neurons in the direct and indirect striato-pallidal pathways has been re-emphasized, and cholinergic interneurons are recognized as an intermediary mediator of dopamine-mediated communication between the two pathways. The importance and specificity of dopamine in regulating morphological changes in striatal projection neurons provides further evidence for the complex and multifarious mechanisms through which dopamine mediates its functional effects in the basal ganglia. In this review, the role of basal ganglia dopamine and its functional relevance in normal and pathological conditions will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoland Smith
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Worbe Y, Baup N, Grabli D, Chaigneau M, Mounayar S, McCairn K, Féger J, Tremblay L. Behavioral and Movement Disorders Induced by Local Inhibitory Dysfunction in Primate Striatum. Cereb Cortex 2008; 19:1844-56. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhn214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
14
|
High-frequency stimulation of the anterior subthalamic nucleus reduces stereotyped behaviors in primates. J Neurosci 2008; 28:8785-8. [PMID: 18753380 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2384-08.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence shows that dysfunction of the limbic basal ganglia (BG) network is implicated in repetitive behaviors, such as obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and Tourette's syndrome (TS), in humans. Because deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the posterior subthalamic nucleus (STN), which modulates the sensorimotor BG network, is beneficial in movement disorders, stimulation of the anterior, limbic STN might improve intractable behavioral disorders. We therefore evaluated the effect of anterior STN stimulation on the repetitive behaviors induced in two monkeys after bicuculline-induced dysfunction of the limbic external globus pallidus. DBS in the anterior STN dramatically reduced the stereotypies, but had no effect on the performance of a simple food retrieval task. Stimulations outside the STN were less effective in reducing the stereotypies. Electrode trajectories, reconstructed postmortem, confirmed that the effective contacts were in the anterior STN. DBS in the limbic STN might therefore provide relief from the severe stereotyped behaviors observed in OCD and TS.
Collapse
|
15
|
Akkal D, Dum RP, Strick PL. Supplementary motor area and presupplementary motor area: targets of basal ganglia and cerebellar output. J Neurosci 2007; 27:10659-73. [PMID: 17913900 PMCID: PMC6672811 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3134-07.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2006] [Revised: 08/09/2007] [Accepted: 08/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We used retrograde transneuronal transport of neurotropic viruses in Cebus monkeys to examine the organization of basal ganglia and cerebellar projections to two cortical areas on the medial wall of the hemisphere, the supplementary motor area (SMA) and the pre-SMA. We found that both of these cortical areas are the targets of disynaptic projections from the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum and from the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi). On average, the number of pallidal neurons that project to the SMA and pre-SMA is approximately three to four times greater than the number of dentate neurons that project to these cortical areas. GPi neurons that project to the pre-SMA are located in a rostral, "associative" territory of the nucleus, whereas GPi neurons that project to the SMA are located in a more caudal and ventral "sensorimotor" territory. Similarly, dentate neurons that project to the pre-SMA are located in a ventral, "nonmotor" domain of the nucleus, whereas dentate neurons that project to the SMA are located in a more dorsal, "motor" domain. The differential origin of subcortical projections to the SMA and pre-SMA suggests that these cortical areas are nodes in distinct neural systems. Although both systems are the target of outputs from the basal ganglia and the cerebellum, these two cortical areas seem to be dominated by basal ganglia input.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dalila Akkal
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition and Department of Neurobiology, and
| | - Richard P. Dum
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition and Department of Neurobiology, and
| | - Peter L. Strick
- Pittsburgh Veterans Affairs Medical Center
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition and Department of Neurobiology, and
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sudhyadhom A, Bova FJ, Foote KD, Rosado CA, Kirsch-Darrow L, Okun MS. Limbic, associative, and motor territories within the targets for deep brain stimulation: Potential clinical implications. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2007; 7:278-89. [PMID: 17618533 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-007-0043-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The use of deep brain stimulation (DBS) has recently been expanding for the treatment of many neurologic disorders such as Parkinson disease, dystonia, essential tremor, Tourette's syndrome, cluster headache, epilepsy, depression, and obsessive compulsive disorder. The target structures for DBS include specific segregated territories within limbic, associative, or motor regions of very small subnuclei. In this review, we summarize current clinical techniques for DBS, the cognitive/mood/motor outcomes, and the relevant neuroanatomy with respect to functional territories within specific brain targets. Future development of new techniques and technology that may include a more direct visualization of "motor" territories within target structures may prove useful for avoiding side effects that may result from stimulation of associative and limbic regions. Alternatively, newer procedures may choose and specifically target non-motor territories for chronic electrical stimulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atchar Sudhyadhom
- Department of Neurology, McKnight Brain Institute, 100 South Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yelnik J, Bardinet E, Dormont D, Malandain G, Ourselin S, Tandé D, Karachi C, Ayache N, Cornu P, Agid Y. A three-dimensional, histological and deformable atlas of the human basal ganglia. I. Atlas construction based on immunohistochemical and MRI data. Neuroimage 2006; 34:618-38. [PMID: 17110133 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2005] [Revised: 07/13/2006] [Accepted: 09/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes the construction of an atlas of the human basal ganglia. The successive steps of the construction were as follows. First a postmortem specimen was subjected to a MRI acquisition prior to extraction of the brain from the skull. The brain was then cryosectioned (70 microm thickness). One section out of ten (80 sections) was Nissl-stained with cresyl violet, another series of 80 sections was immunostained for the calcium binding protein calbindin. Contours of basal ganglia nuclei including their calbindin-stained functional subdivisions, fiber bundles and ventricles (n=80 structures) were traced from histological sections and digitized. A novelty of this atlas is the MRI acquisition, which represents the core data element of the study. MRI was used for the coregistration of the atlas data and permitted, through multimodal (Nissl, calbindin, images of cryosectioning, T1 and T2 MRI) and 3D optimization, the production of anatomically and geometrically consistent 3D surfaces, which can be sliced through any desired orientation. The atlas MRI is also used for its deformation to provide accurate conformation to the MRI of living patients, thus adding information at the histological level to the patient's MRI volume. This latter aspect will be presented in a forthcoming paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Yelnik
- INSERM U679, Neurologie et Thérapeutique Expérimentale, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang HB, Laverghetta AV, Foehring R, Deng YP, Sun Z, Yamamoto K, Lei WL, Jiao Y, Reiner A. Single-cell RT-PCR, in situ hybridization histochemical, and immunohistochemical studies of substance P and enkephalin co-occurrence in striatal projection neurons in rats. J Chem Neuroanat 2006; 31:178-99. [PMID: 16513318 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2006.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2005] [Revised: 01/12/2006] [Accepted: 01/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Single-cell RT-PCR studies in 3-4-week-old rats have raised the possibility that as many as 20% of striatal projection neurons may be a unique type that contains both substance P (SP) and enkephalin (ENK). We used single-cell RT-PCR, retrograde labeling, in situ hybridization histochemistry, and immunolabeling to characterize the abundance of this cell type, its projection target(s), and any developmental changes in its frequency. We found by RT-PCR that 11% of neurons containing either SP or ENK contained both in 4-week-old rats, while in 4-month-old rats SP/ENK colocalization was only 3%. SP-only neurons tended to co-contain dynorphin and ENK-only neurons neurotensin, while SP/ENK neurons tended to contain dynorphin. Single-cell RT-PCR showed SP/ENK co-occurrence in 4-week-old rats to be no more common among striatal neurons retrogradely labeled from the substantia nigra than among those retrogradely labeled from globus pallidus. Double-label in situ hybridization showed SP/ENK perikarya to be scattered throughout striatum, making up 8% of neurons containing either SP or ENK at 4 weeks, but only 4% at 4 months. Immunolabeling showed that presumptive striatal terminals in globus pallidus externus, globus pallidus internus and substantia nigra pars reticulata that colocalized SP and ENK were scarce. Terminals colocalizing SP and ENK were, however, abundant in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Thus, SP-only and ENK-only neurons make up the vast majority of striatal projection neurons in rats, the frequency of SP/ENK colocalizing striatal neurons is low in adult rats (3-4%), and SP/ENK colocalizing neurons primarily project to SNc but do not appear to be confined to striosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H B Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Karachi C, Yelnik J, Tandé D, Tremblay L, Hirsch EC, François C. The pallidosubthalamic projection: An anatomical substrate for nonmotor functions of the subthalamic nucleus in primates. Mov Disord 2004; 20:172-80. [PMID: 15382210 DOI: 10.1002/mds.20302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The subthalamic nucleus (STN) is the best target for correcting motor disability in parkinsonian patients with high-frequency stimulation. However, STN stimulation has also been reported to modify cognitive, emotional, and motivational functions. The aim of this study was to analyze the topographic organization of the STN according to its inputs coming from the sensorimotor, associative, and limbic territories of the external globus pallidus (GPe) in monkeys, with special reference to the limbic projection. Axonal tracers were injected into the different functional territories of the GPe. Injection performed in the limbic GPe resulted in labeling of cell bodies in the dorsal nucleus accumbens and in a dense labeling of axons in the anterior and medioventral portion of the STN. In comparison, injections in the associative and sensorimotor GPe led to labeling in the central and dorsolateral parts of the STN, respectively. Individual pallidosubthalamic axons ramified into numerous varicose branches, which were restricted to a given territory in the STN. These data provide a functional cartography of this structure in primates and suggest that behavioral disorders observed in stimulated parkinsonian patients could result from a dysfunction of the limbic part of the STN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carine Karachi
- INSERM U289, Neurologie et Thérapeutique Expérimentale, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
|
21
|
Pessiglione M, Guehl D, Jan C, François C, Hirsch EC, Féger J, Tremblay L. Disruption of self-organized actions in monkeys with progressive MPTP-induced parkinsonism: II. Effects of reward preference. Eur J Neurosci 2004; 19:437-46. [PMID: 14725638 DOI: 10.1111/j.0953-816x.2003.03089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The motor and cognitive symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) are well documented, but little is known about the functionality of motivational processes mediated by the limbic circuits of basal ganglia. The aim of this study was to test the ability of motivational processes to direct and to urge behaviour, in four vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) progressively intoxicated with systemic 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) injections (0.3-0.4 mg/kg every 4-7 days). In the food preference task, the monkeys had to retrieve two types of directly visible food, simultaneously available in the wells of a reward board. At all stages of MPTP-induced parkinsonism, the monkeys continued to take their favourite food first. In the symbol discrimination task, the wells were covered with sliding plaques cued by symbols indicating the absence or presence of a reward, and the different types of food were blocked in separate sessions. Monkeys with mild or moderate parkinsonism made fewer attempts and took longer to retrieve non-preferred compared with preferred rewards. These results indicate that motivational processes are still able to direct (food preference task) and to urge (symbol discrimination task) behaviour in MPTP-lesioned monkeys. Such a functional preservation may be related to the relatively spared dopaminergic innervation of the limbic circuits that we found in our monkeys, in agreement with the literature on humans. Furthermore, the frequency of executive disorders (such as hesitations and freezing) appeared to be much lower with the preferred rewards. Thus, the preserved motivational processes may help to overcome executive dysfunction in the early stages of human PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Pessiglione
- Neurologie et Thérapeutique expérimentale (INSERM U289), Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
|
23
|
Karachi C, François C, Parain K, Bardinet E, Tandé D, Hirsch E, Yelnik J. Three-dimensional cartography of functional territories in the human striatopallidal complex by using calbindin immunoreactivity. J Comp Neurol 2002; 450:122-34. [PMID: 12124757 DOI: 10.1002/cne.10312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This anatomic study presents an analysis of the distribution of calbindin immunohistochemistry in the human striatopallidal complex. Entire brains were sectioned perpendicularly to the mid-commissural line into 70-microm-thick sections. Every tenth section was immunostained for calbindin. Calbindin labeling exhibited a gradient on the basis of which three different regions were defined: poorly labeled, strongly labeled, and intermediate. Corresponding contours were traced in individual sections and reformatted as three-dimensional structures. The poorly labeled region corresponded to the dorsal part of the striatum and to the central part of the pallidum. The strongly labeled region included the ventral part of the striatum, the subcommissural part of the external pallidum but also the adjacent portion of its suscommissural part, and the anterior pole of the internal pallidum. The intermediate region was located between the poorly and strongly labeled regions. As axonal tracing and immunohistochemical studies in monkeys show a similar pattern, poorly, intermediate, and strongly labeled regions were considered as the sensorimotor, associative, and limbic territories of the human striatopallidal complex, respectively. However, the boundaries between these territories were not sharp but formed gradients of labeling, which suggests overlapping between adjacent territories. Similarly, the ventral boundary of the striatopallidal complex was blurred, suggesting a structural intermingling with the substantia innominata. This three-dimensional partitioning of the human striatopallidal complex could help to define functional targets for high-frequency stimulation with greater accuracy and help to identify new stimulation sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carine Karachi
- INSERM U289, Neurologie et Thérapeutique Expérimentale, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Morel A, Loup F, Magnin M, Jeanmonod D. Neurochemical organization of the human basal ganglia: anatomofunctional territories defined by the distributions of calcium-binding proteins and SMI-32. J Comp Neurol 2002; 443:86-103. [PMID: 11793349 DOI: 10.1002/cne.10096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of the calcium-binding proteins calbindin-D28K (CB), parvalbumin (PV) and calretinin (CR), and of the nonphosphorylated neurofilament protein (with SMI-32) was investigated in the human basal ganglia to identify anatomofunctional territories. In the striatum, gradients of neuropil immunostaining define four major territories: The first (T1) includes all but the rostroventral half of the putamen and is characterized by enhanced matriceal PV and SMI-32 immunoreactivity (-ir). The second territory (T2) encompasses most part of the caudate nucleus (Cd) and rostral putamen (PuT), which show enhanced matriceal CB-ir. The third and fourth territories (T3 and T4) comprise rostroventral parts of Cd and PuT characterized by complementary patch/matrix distributions of CB- and CR-ir, and the accumbens nucleus (Acb), respectively. The latter is separated into lateral (prominently enhanced in CB-ir) and medial (prominently enhanced in CR-ir) subdivisions. In the pallidum, parallel gradients also delimit four territories, T1 in the caudal half of external (GPe) and internal (GPi) divisions, characterized by enhanced PV- and SMI-32-ir; T2 in their rostral half, characterized by enhanced CB-ir; and T3 and T4 in their rostroventral pole and in the subpallidal area, respectively, both expressing CB- and CR-ir but with different intensities. The subthalamic nucleus (STh) shows contrasting patterns of dense PV-ir (sparing only the most medial part) and low CB-ir. Expression of CR-ir is relatively low, except in the medial, low PV-ir, part of the nucleus, whereas SMI-32-ir is moderate across the whole nucleus. The substantia nigra is characterized by complementary patterns of high neuropil CB- and SMI-32-ir in pars reticulata (SNr) and high CR-ir in pars compacta (SNc) and in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). The compartmentalization of calcium-binding proteins and SMI-32 in the human basal ganglia, in particular in the striatum and pallidum, delimits anatomofunctional territories that are of significance for functional imaging studies and target selection in stereotactic neurosurgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Morel
- Laboratory for Functional Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Clinic, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Graybiel AM, Penney JB. Chemical architecture of the basal ganglia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-8196(99)80025-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
|
26
|
Hontanilla B, Parent A, de las Heras S, Giménez-Amaya JM. Distribution of calbindin D-28k and parvalbumin neurons and fibers in the rat basal ganglia. Brain Res Bull 1998; 47:107-16. [PMID: 9820727 DOI: 10.1016/s0361-9230(98)00035-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
This review deals with the distribution of immunoreactivity for calbindin D-28k (CB) and parvalbumin (PV) in the different nuclei of the rodent basal ganglia analyzed with the data available after the use of single and double antigen procedures applied to single sections. These findings reveal that CB and PV are distributed according to a highly heterogeneous pattern in the caudate putamen complex (CPu), globus pallidus (GP), entopeduncular nucleus (EP), subthalamic nucleus (STh) and substantia nigra (SN) of the rat. In each basal ganglia structure, the two calcium-binding proteins label different neuronal subsets. Therefore, the use of CB and PV immunohistochemistry may be considered as an excellent tool to define distinct chemoarchitectonic and functional domains within the complex organization of the basal ganglia. Double immunohistochemical methods are also useful to illustrate the relationships between the different chemical subdivisions of the CPu, GP, EP, STh and SN and the chemically characterized connections with each other and with other forebrain and brainstem structures. However, specific rules should be followed when combining single and double immunostaining procedures, and the results of such studies must be evaluated with caution. When they are used properly, these methods can reveal hitherto unknown principles of organization of the basal ganglia and thus shed new light on the anatomical and functional organization of this set of subcortical structures involved in the control of motor behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Hontanilla
- Departamento de Cirugía Plástica y Reparadora, Clínica Universitaria, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Brown LL, Smith DM, Goldbloom LM. Organizing principles of cortical integration in the rat neostriatum: Corticostriate map of the body surface is an ordered lattice of curved laminae and radial points. J Comp Neurol 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19980323)392:4<468::aid-cne5>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
28
|
|
29
|
Abstract
This paper describes the distribution of the calcium-binding proteins calbindin-D28k. Parvalbumin and calretinin in primate basal ganglia. The data derive from immunocytochemical studies undertaken in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) and in normal human individuals. In the striatum, calbindin labels medium-sized spiny projection neurons whereas parvalbumin and calretinin mark two separate classes of aspiny interneurons. The striatal matrix compartment is markedly enriched with calbindin while striatal patches (striosomes) display a calretinin-rich neuropil. In the pallidum, virtually all neurons contain parvalbumin but none express calbindin. Calretinin occurs only in a small subpopulation of both large and small pallidal neurons. In the subthalamic nucleus, there exists a multitude of parvalbumun-positive cells and fibers but the number of calretinin and calbindin-positive neuronal elements is small. In the substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area complex, calbindin and calretinin occur principally in dopaminergic neurons of the dorsal tier of the pars compacta and in those of the ventral tegmental area. Parvalbumin is strictly confined to the GABAergic neurons of the pars reticulata and lateralis. Calbindin-rich fibers abound in the pars reticulata and lateralis, while calretinin-positive axons are confined to the pars compacta. These results indicate that calbindin and parvalbumin are distributed according to a strikingly complementary pattern in primate basal ganglia. Calretinin is less ubiquitous but occurs in all basal ganglia components where it labels distinct subsets of neurons. Such highly specific patterns of distribution indicate that calbindin, parvalbumin and calretinin may work in synergy within primate basal ganglia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Parent
- Centre de recherche en Neurobiologie, Hôpital de I'Enfant-Jésus, Québec, Canada.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Pickel VM, Heras A. Ultrastructural localization of calbindin-D28k and GABA in the matrix compartment of the rat caudate-putamen nuclei. Neuroscience 1996; 71:167-78. [PMID: 8834400 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(95)00441-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The calcium binding protein, Calbindin-D28k, is known to be localized within spiny neurons of the matrix of the dorsal striatum, caudate-putamen nuclei. This compartment is also known to contain an abundance of GABAergic neurons and to receive extensive input from excitatory limbic and cortical afferents whose activation produces rapid influxes of calcium in neuronal targets. We used electron microscopic immunocytochemistry to examine a potential role for calbindin in GABAergic neurons in the caudate-putamen nuclei. Sections of striatal tissue from acrolein-fixed adult rat brains were dual-labeled using immunoperoxidase for the localization of rabbit anti-calbindin and immunogold-silver for the localization of rat anti-GABA antibodies. Calbindin-D28k and GABA were mainly co-localized in somata and large dendrites. The peroxidase reaction product for calbindin was diffusely distributed throughout the neuronal cytoplasm, but appeared more densely localized along asymmetric, excitatory-type, postsynaptic junctions of dendritic spines, as well as saccules of smooth endoplasmic reticulum near dendritic appositions. In contrast, the immunogold-silver labeling for GABA was largely restricted to perikarya and large dendrites. Axon terminals forming symmetric junctions were also sometimes dual-labeled for calbindin and GABA. However, the majority of the calbindin-immunoreactive terminals did not contain GABA and many formed asymmetric excitatory-type synapses with either unlabeled or calbindin-labeled dendritic spines. These results suggest that, in the striatal matrix, Calbindin-D28k contributes to the immobilization of calcium (i) in selectively activated postsynaptic spines of GABAergic and possibly non-GABAergic neurons and (ii) in terminals containing GABA as well as other excitatory and inhibitory transmitters. The extent to which calbindin is able to restrict the cytosolic increases in calcium to selective sites of utilization in these neurons may have important consequences for normal synaptic function and for neuroprotection against excitoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V M Pickel
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Cornell University Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Meredith GE, Pattiselanno A, Groenewegen HJ, Haber SN. Shell and core in monkey and human nucleus accumbens identified with antibodies to calbindin-D28k. J Comp Neurol 1996; 365:628-39. [PMID: 8742307 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19960219)365:4<628::aid-cne9>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The neurochemical division of the rodent nucleus accumbens into shell and core is now a widely accepted concept. However, such divisions in the primate nucleus accumbens have yet to be fully clarified and described. In the present study, the forebrains of three primates--marmoset, rhesus monkey, and human--and a Wistar rat, were immunoreacted with antibodies directed against calbindin-D28k. The patterns of immunoreactivity in the primates' ventral striatum were mapped and compared to that of rat. Calbindin staining was uneven in all species and there was no evidence of a bicompartmental organization, i.e., striosome/patch and matrix, in central parts of the nucleus. Nucleus accumbens in primates, as in rat, could be divided immunohistochemically into a crescent-shaped outer shell--medially, ventrally and laterally--and an inner core. In general, medial parts of the shell stained less intensely for calbindin than did lateral parts. However, interspecific variation in the intensity of the immunoreactive staining and the mediolateral extent of the shell was obvious. The core, which immunostained unevenly, was consistently more intensely immunoreactive than either medial or lateral shell in all species except the marmoset. These results suggest that the neurochemical subdivisions of shell and core established for nucleus accumbens of rodents are also present in primates. However, further work is needed to establish whether these territories are homologous and, if so, the full extent of that homology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G E Meredith
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Vrije Universiteit Faculty of Medicine, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Chapter 28 Theories of basal forebrain organization and the “emotional motor system”. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61882-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
33
|
Mengual E, Casanovas-Aguilar C, Pérez-Clausell J, Giménez-Amaya JM. Heterogeneous and compartmental distribution of zinc in the striatum and globus pallidus of the rat. Neuroscience 1995; 66:523-37. [PMID: 7644017 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(94)00592-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of vesicular or chelatable zinc was analysed in the dorsal and ventral subdivisions of the striatum and globus pallidus of the rat with Danscher's selenium method. Acetylcholinesterase and Calbindin-D28k were used as striatal and pallidal markers in order to analyse the possible compartmentalization of the distribution of zinc in the striatum and globus pallidus. The main findings of this study are the following: (1) The distribution of vesicular zinc in the dorsal striatum was heterogeneous. A peripheral rim of tissue heavily stained for zinc was detected in the medial, dorsal and lateral striatal areas, along most of the rostrocaudal extent of the striatum. addition, patch-like zones intensely stained for zinc were prominent in the rostral half of the caudate-putamen complex. (2) In some regions of the rostral half of the caudate-putamen complex, the staining for zinc appeared to follow the well-known striatal patches (striosomes)/matrix organization. However, in other regions of the rostral half of the striatum such a relation was not detected. (3) The ventral striatum also showed a heterogeneous staining for zinc. Thus, in the most ventral part of the caudate-putamen complex, both subdivisions of the nucleus accumbens and parts of the olfactory tubercle displayed different patterns of compartmentalized distribution of zinc. In the dorsal half of the shell of the nucleus accumbens, some patches with an intense reaction for zinc seemed to overlap with acetylcholinesterase-poor patches. (4) There was a remarkable absence of staining for zinc in the globus pallidus. This histochemical study illustrates, on the one hand, the high content of vesicular zinc in the dorsal and ventral subdivisions of the striatum, which was distributed following different patterns of chemical compartmentalization, and on the other hand, the absence of vesicular zinc in the globus pallidus of the rat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Mengual
- Departamento de Morfología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
François C, Yelnik J, Percheron G, Fénelon G. Topographic distribution of the axonal endings from the sensorimotor and associative striatum in the macaque pallidum and substantia nigra. Exp Brain Res 1994; 102:305-18. [PMID: 7705508 DOI: 10.1007/bf00227517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The striatopallidonigral connection was studied by injecting anterograde tracers into either the associative or the sensorimotor striatum in ten macaques. The results were analyzed using a precise cartographic method. Injections into various parts of the associative striatum (caudate nucleus and ventromedial putamen) produced a labeling of axons in the dorsomedial and ventral pallidal regions. These associative regions occupied two-thirds of the lateral pallidum and one-third of the medial pallidum. Bands of labeled axons from the sensorimotor striatum (dorsolateral putamen) were found in the remaining, central part of the two pallidal nuclei. In the substantia nigra, the rostal associative striatum projected medially to the pars reticulata, while the caudal parts projected laterally. The whole pars reticulata and lateralis thus appeared to receive associative striatal inputs. The sensorimotor striatal territory projected to the central part of the pars reticulata/lateralis. It was concluded that the two functional territories remain separate in the two pallidal nuclei but overlap in the middle third of the substantia nigra. However, due to their great size, the pallidal neurons located at the border of the two territories may receive striatal inputs from both the associative and the sensorimotor components in the same way that nigral neurons do.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C François
- Laboratoire de Neurologie informationnelle, INSERM U106, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|