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Farnell DJJ, Richmond S, Galloway J, Zhurov AI, Pirttiniemi P, Heikkinen T, Harila V, Matthews H, Claes P. An exploration of adolescent facial shape changes with age via multilevel partial least squares regression. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 200:105935. [PMID: 33485077 PMCID: PMC7920996 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2021.105935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Multilevel statistical models represent the existence of hierarchies or clustering within populations of subjects (or shapes in this work). This is a distinct advantage over single-level methods that do not. Multilevel partial-least squares regression (mPLSR) is used here to study facial shape changes with age during adolescence in Welsh and Finnish samples comprising males and females. METHODS 3D facial images were obtained for Welsh and Finnish male and female subjects at multiple ages from 12 to 17 years old. 1000 3D points were defined regularly for each shape by using "meshmonk" software. A three-level model was used here, including level 1 (sex/ethnicity); level 2, all "subject" variations excluding sex, ethnicity, and age; and level 3, age. The mathematical formalism of mPLSR is given in an Appendix. RESULTS Differences in facial shape between the ages of 12 and 17 predicted by mPLSR agree well with previous results of multilevel principal components analysis (mPCA); buccal fat is reduced with increasing age and features such as the nose, brow, and chin become larger and more distinct. Differences due to ethnicity and sex are also observed. Plausible simulated faces are predicted from the model for different ages, sexes and ethnicities. Our models provide good representations of the shape data by consideration of appropriate measures of model fit (RMSE and R2). CONCLUSIONS Repeat measures in our dataset for the same subject at different ages can only be modelled indirectly at the lowest level of the model at discrete ages via mPCA. By contrast, mPLSR models age explicitly as a continuous covariate, which is a strong advantage of mPLSR over mPCA. These investigations demonstrate that multivariate multilevel methods such as mPLSR can be used to describe such age-related changes for dense 3D point data. mPLSR might be of much use in future for the prediction of facial shapes for missing persons at specific ages or for simulating shapes for syndromes that affect facial shape in new subject populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J J Farnell
- School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XY, United Kingdom.
| | - S Richmond
- School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XY, United Kingdom
| | - J Galloway
- School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XY, United Kingdom
| | - A I Zhurov
- School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XY, United Kingdom
| | - P Pirttiniemi
- Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu (MRC Oulu), Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - T Heikkinen
- Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu (MRC Oulu), Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - V Harila
- Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu (MRC Oulu), Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - H Matthews
- Medical Imaging Research Center, UZ Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Facial Sciences Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - P Claes
- Medical Imaging Research Center, UZ Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Electrical Engineering, ESAT/PSI, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Farnell DJJ, Richmond S, Galloway J, Zhurov AI, Pirttiniemi P, Heikkinen T, Harila V, Matthews H, Claes P. Multilevel principal components analysis of three-dimensional facial growth in adolescents. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2020; 188:105272. [PMID: 31865094 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2019.105272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The study of age-related facial shape changes across different populations and sexes requires new multivariate tools to disentangle different sources of variations present in 3D facial images. Here we wish to use a multivariate technique called multilevel principal components analysis (mPCA) to study three-dimensional facial growth in adolescents. METHODS These facial shapes were captured for Welsh and Finnish subjects (both male and female) at multiple ages from 12 to 17 years old (i.e., repeated-measures data). 1000 "dense" 3D points were defined regularly for each shape by using a deformable template via "meshmonk" software. A three-level model was used here, namely: level 1 (sex/ethnicity); level 2, all "subject" variations excluding sex, ethnicity, and age; and level 3, age. The technicalities underpinning the mPCA method are presented in Appendices. RESULTS Eigenvalues via mPCA predicted that: level 1 (ethnicity/sex) contained 7.9% of variation; level 2 contained 71.5%; and level 3 (age) contained 20.6%. The results for the eigenvalues via mPCA followed a similar pattern to those results of single-level PCA. Results for modes of variation made sense, where effects due to ethnicity, sex, and age were reflected in modes at appropriate levels of the model. Standardised scores at level 1 via mPCA showed much stronger differentiation between sex and ethnicity groups than results of single-level PCA. Results for standardised scores from both single-level PCA and mPCA at level 3 indicated that females had different average "trajectories" with respect to these scores than males, which suggests that facial shape matures in different ways for males and females. No strong evidence of differences in growth patterns between Finnish and Welsh subjects was observed. CONCLUSIONS mPCA results agree with existing research relating to the general process of facial changes in adolescents with respect to age quoted in the literature. They support previous evidence that suggests that males demonstrate larger changes and for a longer period of time compared to females, especially in the lower third of the face. These calculations are therefore an excellent initial test that multivariate multilevel methods such as mPCA can be used to describe such age-related changes for "dense" 3D point data.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J J Farnell
- School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XY, United Kingdom.
| | - S Richmond
- School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XY, United Kingdom
| | - J Galloway
- School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XY, United Kingdom
| | - A I Zhurov
- School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XY, United Kingdom
| | - P Pirttiniemi
- Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu (MRC Oulu), Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - T Heikkinen
- Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu (MRC Oulu), Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - V Harila
- Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu (MRC Oulu), Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - H Matthews
- Medical Imaging Research Center, UZ Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; OMFS IMPATH Research Group, Department of Imaging and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Facial Sciences Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - P Claes
- Medical Imaging Research Center, UZ Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Electrical Engineering, ESAT/PSI, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Sato TS, Handa A, Priya S, Watal P, Becker RM, Sato Y. Neurocristopathies: Enigmatic Appearances of Neural Crest Cell–derived Abnormalities. Radiographics 2019; 39:2085-2102. [DOI: 10.1148/rg.2019190086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Shawn Sato
- From the Department of Radiology, Stead Family Children’s Hospital, University of Iowa, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Dr, 3889 JPP, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Atsuhiko Handa
- From the Department of Radiology, Stead Family Children’s Hospital, University of Iowa, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Dr, 3889 JPP, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Sarv Priya
- From the Department of Radiology, Stead Family Children’s Hospital, University of Iowa, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Dr, 3889 JPP, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Pankaj Watal
- From the Department of Radiology, Stead Family Children’s Hospital, University of Iowa, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Dr, 3889 JPP, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Robert M. Becker
- From the Department of Radiology, Stead Family Children’s Hospital, University of Iowa, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Dr, 3889 JPP, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Yutaka Sato
- From the Department of Radiology, Stead Family Children’s Hospital, University of Iowa, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, 200 Hawkins Dr, 3889 JPP, Iowa City, IA 52242
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Serrano F, Bernard WG, Granata A, Iyer D, Steventon B, Kim M, Vallier L, Gambardella L, Sinha S. A Novel Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Crest Model of Treacher Collins Syndrome Shows Defects in Cell Death and Migration. Stem Cells Dev 2019; 28:81-100. [PMID: 30375284 PMCID: PMC6350417 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The neural crest (NC) is a transient multipotent cell population present during embryonic development. The NC can give rise to multiple cell types and is involved in a number of different diseases. Therefore, the development of new strategies to model NC in vitro enables investigations into the mechanisms involved in NC development and disease. In this study, we report a simple and efficient protocol to differentiate human pluripotent stem cells (HPSC) into NC using a chemically defined media, with basic fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and the transforming growth factor-β inhibitor SB-431542. The cell population generated expresses a range of NC markers, including P75, TWIST1, SOX10, and TFAP2A. NC purification was achieved in vitro through serial passaging of the population, recreating the developmental stages of NC differentiation. The generated NC cells are highly proliferative, capable of differentiating to their derivatives in vitro and engraft in vivo to NC specific locations. In addition, these cells could be frozen for storage and thawed with no loss of NC properties, nor the ability to generate cellular derivatives. We assessed the potential of the derived NC population to model the neurocristopathy, Treacher Collins Syndrome (TCS), using small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown of TCOF1 and by creating different TCOF1+/- HPSC lines through CRISPR/Cas9 technology. The NC cells derived from TCOF1+/- HPSC recapitulate the phenotype of the reported TCS murine model. We also report for the first time an impairment of migration in TCOF1+/- NC and mesenchymal stem cells. In conclusion, the developed protocol permits the generation of the large number of NC cells required for developmental studies, disease modeling, and for drug discovery platforms in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Serrano
- Anne McLaren Laboratory, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - William George Bernard
- Anne McLaren Laboratory, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandra Granata
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Clifford Allbutt Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Dharini Iyer
- Anne McLaren Laboratory, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Steventon
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Kim
- Anne McLaren Laboratory, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ludovic Vallier
- Anne McLaren Laboratory, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Laure Gambardella
- Anne McLaren Laboratory, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjay Sinha
- Anne McLaren Laboratory, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Ferri J, Potier J, Maes JM, Rakotomalala H, Lauwers L, Cotelle M, Nicot R. Les arthrites de l’articulation temporomandibulaire : mise au point et attitude pratique en ODMF et ODF. Int Orthod 2018; 16:545-561. [PMID: 30017771 DOI: 10.1016/j.ortho.2018.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joël Ferri
- Département universitaire de chirurgie maxillofaciale et stomatologie, hôpital Roger-Salengro, CHU de Lille, boulevard du Prof.-Émile-Laine, 59037 Lille cedex, France; Université de Lille, U1008, médicaments et biomatériaux à liberation contrôlée, 59000 Lille, France; Association internationale de médecine orale et maxillofaciale (AIMOM), 7 bis, rue de la Créativité, 59650 Villeneuve-d'Ascq, France.
| | - Julien Potier
- Département universitaire de chirurgie maxillofaciale et stomatologie, hôpital Roger-Salengro, CHU de Lille, boulevard du Prof.-Émile-Laine, 59037 Lille cedex, France
| | - Jean-Michel Maes
- Département universitaire de chirurgie maxillofaciale et stomatologie, hôpital Roger-Salengro, CHU de Lille, boulevard du Prof.-Émile-Laine, 59037 Lille cedex, France
| | - Hervey Rakotomalala
- Département universitaire de chirurgie maxillofaciale et stomatologie, hôpital Roger-Salengro, CHU de Lille, boulevard du Prof.-Émile-Laine, 59037 Lille cedex, France
| | - Ludovic Lauwers
- Département universitaire de chirurgie maxillofaciale et stomatologie, hôpital Roger-Salengro, CHU de Lille, boulevard du Prof.-Émile-Laine, 59037 Lille cedex, France; Association internationale de médecine orale et maxillofaciale (AIMOM), 7 bis, rue de la Créativité, 59650 Villeneuve-d'Ascq, France
| | - Mickael Cotelle
- Département universitaire de chirurgie maxillofaciale et stomatologie, hôpital Roger-Salengro, CHU de Lille, boulevard du Prof.-Émile-Laine, 59037 Lille cedex, France
| | - Romain Nicot
- Département universitaire de chirurgie maxillofaciale et stomatologie, hôpital Roger-Salengro, CHU de Lille, boulevard du Prof.-Émile-Laine, 59037 Lille cedex, France
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Abstract
Rheumatic diseases (RD) of the temporomandibular joints (TMJs) are increasingly frequent affections and unfortunately often confused with "classic" manducatory dysfunctions (disk dislocation, myofascial pain syndroms). Their diagnosis is mandatory, given the major subsequent craniofacial disorders, which may occur (mandibular condylar hypoplasia, facial hyperdivergence, remodelling of the condylar unit, ankylosis), although the clinical implementation remains unspecific. The delayed diagnosis may be explained by the embryologic, anatomical and physiological characteristics of this joint. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), scans and more recently cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) allow to diagnose its early signs (alteration of the disc-ligament complex, intra-articular effusion, osteochondral lesions). The treatment of TMJ rheumatic diseases (RD) is not consensual, and often includes a non surgical phase (hygiene and dietary rules, non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAI), occlusal splints, and/or a surgical phase for the advanced stages (joint washing, orthognathic surgery, or joint surgery), and non responding patients to the medical treatment of inflammatory rheumatism. Orthodontics will be useful to correct dento-alveolar compensations, while monitoring, however, the impact on joint function.
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Abstract
Choanal atresia is a rare malformation that represents a special challenge. While bilateral choanal atresia usually needs to be surgically treated within a few days of birth, the intervention for one-sided choanal atresia can be postponed for years. Treatment planning requires adequate imaging (CT or MRI), which also serves to exclude other skull base malformities. Surgical treatment currently focuses on transnasal endoscopic techniques. Simultaneous resection of the parts of the vomer involved in the atresia seems to be important surgical success. Postoperative stenting is still controversially discussed. Postoperative application of corticosteroid nasal sprays and saline nasal rinsing for several weeks is of great importance. Due to the rarity of the diagnosis, the absence of prospective randomized controlled trials does not allow definitive statements regarding the optimal surgical technique or stenting.
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Levasseur J, Nysjö J, Sandy R, Britto JA, Garcelon N, Haber S, Picard A, Corre P, Odri GA, Khonsari RH. Orbital volume and shape in Treacher Collins syndrome. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2018; 46:305-311. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2017.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Bartzela TN, Carels C, Maltha JC. Update on 13 Syndromes Affecting Craniofacial and Dental Structures. Front Physiol 2017; 8:1038. [PMID: 29311971 PMCID: PMC5735950 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Care of individuals with syndromes affecting craniofacial and dental structures are mostly treated by an interdisciplinary team from early childhood on. In addition to medical and dental specialists that have a vivid interest in these syndromes and for whom these syndromes are of evident interest, experts of scientific background-like molecular and developmental geneticists, but also computational biologists and bioinformaticians-, become more frequently involved in the refined diagnostic and etiological processes of these patients. Early diagnosis is often crucial for the effective treatment of functional and developmental aspects. However, not all syndromes can be clinically identified early, especially in cases of absence of known family history. Moreover, the treatment of these patients is often complicated because of insufficient medical knowledge, and because of the dental and craniofacial developmental variations. The role of the team is crucial for the prevention, proper function, and craniofacial development which is often combined with orthognathic surgery. Although the existing literature does not provide considerable insight into this topic, this descriptive review aims to provide tools for the interdisciplinary team by giving an update on the genetics and general features, and the oral and craniofacial manifestations for early diagnosis. Clinical phenotyping together with genetic data and pathway information will ultimately pave the way for preventive strategies and therapeutic options in the future. This will improve the prognosis for better functional and aesthetic outcome for these patients and lead to a better quality of life, not only for the patients themselves but also for their families. The aim of this review is to promote interdisciplinary interaction and mutual understanding among all specialists involved in the diagnosis and therapeutic guidance of patients with these syndromal conditions in order to provide optimal personalized care in an integrated approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodosia N Bartzela
- Department of Orthodontics, Dentofacial Orthopedics and Pedodontics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Orthodontics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Carine Carels
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jaap C Maltha
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Kwong EML, Ho JCH, Lau MCC, You MS, Jiang YJ, Tse WKF. Restoration of polr1c in Early Embryogenesis Rescues the Type 3 Treacher Collins Syndrome Facial Malformation Phenotype in Zebrafish. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 188:336-342. [PMID: 29128566 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS) is a rare congenital birth disorder (1 in 50,000 live births) characterized by severe craniofacial defects. Recently, the authors' group unfolded the pathogenesis of polr1c Type 3 TCS by using the zebrafish model. Facial development depends on the neural crest cells, in which polr1c plays a role in regulating their expression. In this study, the authors aimed to identify the functional time window of polr1c in TCS by the use of photo-morpholino to restore the polr1c expression at different time points. Results suggested that the restoration of polr1c at 8 hours after fertilization could rescue the TCS facial malformation phenotype by correcting the neural crest cell expression, reducing the cell death, and normalizing the p53 mRNA expression level in the rescued morphants. However, such recovery could not be reproduced if the polr1c is restored after 30 hours after fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeff Cheuk Hin Ho
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Marco Chi Chung Lau
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - May-Su You
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Jin Jiang
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
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Terrazas K, Dixon J, Trainor PA, Dixon MJ. Rare syndromes of the head and face: mandibulofacial and acrofacial dysostoses. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2017; 6. [PMID: 28186364 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Craniofacial anomalies account for approximately one-third of all congenital birth defects reflecting the complexity of head and facial development. Craniofacial development is dependent upon a multipotent, migratory population of neural crest cells, which generate most of the bone and cartilage of the head and face. In this review, we discuss advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of a specific array of craniofacial anomalies, termed facial dysostoses, which can be subdivided into mandibulofacial dysostosis, which present with craniofacial defects only, and acrofacial dysostosis, which encompasses both craniofacial and limb anomalies. In particular, we focus on Treacher Collins syndrome, Acrofacial Dysostosis-Cincinnati Type as well as Nager and Miller syndromes, and animal models that provide new insights into the molecular and cellular basis of these congenital syndromes. We emphasize the etiologic and pathogenetic similarities between these birth defects, specifically their unique deficiencies in global processes including ribosome biogenesis, DNA damage repair, and pre-mRNA splicing, all of which affect neural crest cell development and result in similar tissue-specific defects. WIREs Dev Biol 2017, 6:e263. doi: 10.1002/wdev.263 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Terrazas
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Jill Dixon
- Division of Dentistry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Paul A Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Michael J Dixon
- Division of Dentistry, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Ferri J, Nicot R, Maes JM, Raoul G, Lauwers L. Résorptions condyliennes et traitements orthodontico-chirurgicaux : mise au point. Int Orthod 2016; 14:503-527. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ortho.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Ferri J, Nicot R, Maes JM, Raoul G, Lauwers L. Condylar resorptions and orthodontic-surgical treatment: State of the art. Int Orthod 2016; 14:503-527. [PMID: 27867065 DOI: 10.1016/j.ortho.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Resorption of the mandibular condyle [RMC] is a disease of the temporomandibular joints, with multifactorial origins. The clinical manifestations take the form essentially of joint pain and occlusal disorders, depending on the rate at which the condyle is affected. X-ray imaging shows that the condyle is reduced in volume, flattened and displaced backwards, with loss of cortical substance in advanced forms. The aim of this article is to recall some pathophysiological features and then to review all the diagnostic and etiological factors and discuss possible modes of management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joël Ferri
- Université de Lille, département universitaire de chirurgie maxillo-faciale et stomatologie, hôpital Roger-Salengro, CHU de Lille, U1008, médicaments et biomatériaux à libération contrôlée, 59000 Lille, France; Association internationale de médecine orale et maxillo-faciale (AIMOM), 7 bis, rue de La-Créativité, 59650 Villeneuve-d'Ascq, France
| | - Romain Nicot
- Université de Lille, département universitaire de chirurgie maxillo-faciale et stomatologie, hôpital Roger-Salengro, CHU de Lille, U1008, médicaments et biomatériaux à libération contrôlée, 59000 Lille, France; Association internationale de médecine orale et maxillo-faciale (AIMOM), 7 bis, rue de La-Créativité, 59650 Villeneuve-d'Ascq, France.
| | - Jean-Michel Maes
- Département universitaire de chirurgie maxillo-faciale et stomatologie, hôpital Roger-Salengro, CHU de Lille, 59000 Lille, France; Association internationale de médecine orale et maxillo-faciale (AIMOM), 7 bis, rue de La-Créativité, 59650 Villeneuve-d'Ascq, France
| | - Gwénael Raoul
- Université de Lille, département universitaire de chirurgie maxillo-faciale et stomatologie, hôpital Roger-Salengro, CHU de Lille, U1008, médicaments et biomatériaux à libération contrôlée, 59000 Lille, France; Association internationale de médecine orale et maxillo-faciale (AIMOM), 7 bis, rue de La-Créativité, 59650 Villeneuve-d'Ascq, France
| | - Ludovic Lauwers
- Département universitaire de chirurgie maxillo-faciale et stomatologie, hôpital Roger-Salengro, CHU de Lille, 59000 Lille, France; Association internationale de médecine orale et maxillo-faciale (AIMOM), 7 bis, rue de La-Créativité, 59650 Villeneuve-d'Ascq, France
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Mutational Analysis of TCOF1, GSC, and HOXA2 in Patients With Treacher Collins Syndrome. J Craniofac Surg 2016; 27:e583-6. [PMID: 27526242 PMCID: PMC5023764 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000002934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Treacher Collins syndrome is an autosomal dominant craniofacial malformation mainly caused by mutations in the TCOF1 gene. Few cases have been observed in the Chinese population. Herein, the authors report the mutational analysis of TCOF1, GSC, and HOXA2 to determine the mutational features of the 3 genes in Chinese patients with Treacher Collins syndrome. Genomic DNA of the patients and their parents was extracted from peripheral blood following a standard protocol. DNA sequencing analysis was performed on all exons and the exon-intron borders of TCOF1, GSC, and HOXA2 in addition to the 1200-bp upstream of TCOF1. Four novel single nucleotide polymorphisms were detected in TCOF1, one of which was in the promoter region. Mutations in GSC and HOXA2 were not found in the 3 patients. Our results suggest the possibility of genetic heterogeneity or different mechanisms leading to the disease. Further functional study of the alteration is necessary to obtain more definitive information.
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Sharma R, Sharma B, Babber M, Singh S, Jain G. Treacher Collins syndrome: A case report and review of ophthalmic features. Taiwan J Ophthalmol 2016; 6:206-209. [PMID: 29018745 PMCID: PMC5525627 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjo.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Treacher Collins syndrome is a congenital disorder with bilaterally symmetric anomalies of the structures developing from the first and second branchial arches. The ocular and orbital features are an obligatory component for the diagnosis. We presented a case of typical, complete syndrome and also reviewed the varied ophthalmological manifestations of the disease in the literature. Antimongoloid slanting of palpebral fissures and lower lid colobomas are constant features of the syndrome. However, varied ocular and lacrimal drainage anomalies are also associated. TCS is a syndrome with multiple ocular and orbital features, a knowledge of which will help in the diagnosis of incomplete forms of the syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Sharma
- UP Rural Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Saifai, Etawah, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Brahmadeo Sharma
- UP Rural Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Saifai, Etawah, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Meenu Babber
- UP Rural Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Saifai, Etawah, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sonali Singh
- UP Rural Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Saifai, Etawah, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gunjan Jain
- UP Rural Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Saifai, Etawah, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Sakai D, Trainor PA. Face off against ROS: Tcof1/Treacle safeguards neuroepithelial cells and progenitor neural crest cells from oxidative stress during craniofacial development. Dev Growth Differ 2016; 58:577-85. [PMID: 27481486 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
One-third of all congenital birth defects affect the head and face, and most craniofacial anomalies are considered to arise through defects in the development of cranial neural crest cells. Cranial neural crest cells give rise to the majority of craniofacial bones, cartilages and connective tissues. Therefore, understanding the events that control normal cranial neural crest and subsequent craniofacial development is important for elucidating the pathogenetic mechanisms of craniofacial anomalies and for the exploring potential therapeutic avenues for their prevention. Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS) is a congenital disorder characterized by severe craniofacial anomalies. An animal model of TCS, generated through mutation of Tcof1, the mouse (Mus musculus) homologue of the gene primarily mutated in association with TCS in humans, has recently revealed significant insights into the pathogenesis of TCS. Apoptotic elimination of neuroepithelial cells including neural crest cells is the primary cause of craniofacial defects in Tcof1 mutant embryos. However, our understanding of the mechanisms that induce tissue-specific apoptosis remains incomplete. In this review, we describe recent advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis TCS. Furthermore, we discuss the role of Tcof1 in normal embryonic development, the correlation between genetic and environmental factors on the severity of craniofacial abnormalities, and the prospect for prenatal prevention of craniofacial anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Sakai
- Doshisha University, Graduate School of Brain Science, HC301 1-3 Tataramiyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0394, Japan.
| | - Paul A Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, 64110, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, 66160, USA
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Noack Watt KE, Achilleos A, Neben CL, Merrill AE, Trainor PA. The Roles of RNA Polymerase I and III Subunits Polr1c and Polr1d in Craniofacial Development and in Zebrafish Models of Treacher Collins Syndrome. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006187. [PMID: 27448281 PMCID: PMC4957770 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosome biogenesis is a global process required for growth and proliferation of all cells, yet perturbation of ribosome biogenesis during human development often leads to tissue-specific defects termed ribosomopathies. Transcription of the ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) by RNA polymerases (Pol) I and III, is considered a rate limiting step of ribosome biogenesis and mutations in the genes coding for RNA Pol I and III subunits, POLR1C and POLR1D cause Treacher Collins syndrome, a rare congenital craniofacial disorder. Our understanding of the functions of individual RNA polymerase subunits, however, remains poor. We discovered that polr1c and polr1d are dynamically expressed during zebrafish embryonic development, particularly in craniofacial tissues. Consistent with this pattern of activity, polr1c and polr1d homozygous mutant zebrafish exhibit cartilage hypoplasia and cranioskeletal anomalies characteristic of humans with Treacher Collins syndrome. Mechanistically, we discovered that polr1c and polr1d loss-of-function results in deficient ribosome biogenesis, Tp53-dependent neuroepithelial cell death and a deficiency of migrating neural crest cells, which are the primary progenitors of the craniofacial skeleton. More importantly, we show that genetic inhibition of tp53 can suppress neuroepithelial cell death and ameliorate the skeletal anomalies in polr1c and polr1d mutants, providing a potential avenue to prevent the pathogenesis of Treacher Collins syndrome. Our work therefore has uncovered tissue-specific roles for polr1c and polr1d in rRNA transcription, ribosome biogenesis, and neural crest and craniofacial development during embryogenesis. Furthermore, we have established polr1c and polr1d mutant zebrafish as models of Treacher Collins syndrome together with a unifying mechanism underlying its pathogenesis and possible prevention. Ribosomes synthesize all proteins, and are therefore critical for cell growth and proliferation. Ribosome biogenesis, or the process of making ribosomes, is one of the most energy consuming processes within a cell, and disruptions in ribosome biogenesis can lead to congenital disorders termed ribosomopathies. Interestingly, individual ribosomopathies are characterized by tissue-specific phenotypes, which is surprising given the universal importance of ribosomes. Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS) for example, is a ribosomopathy characterized by anomalies of facial bones, palate, eyes and ears. Mutations in TCOF1, POLR1C, and POLR1D are associated with the underlying etiology of TCS. TCOF1 plays an important role in the synthesis of ribosomal RNA, one of the rate-limiting steps of ribosome biogenesis. Consequently, TCOF1 is essential for the survival and proliferation of neural crest cell progenitors, which are the precursors of craniofacial bone, cartilage and connective tissue. In contrast, the functions of POLR1C and POLR1D, which are subunits of RNA Polymerases I and III remain unknown. Here we examined the function of polr1c and polr1d during zebrafish development and discovered that these genes display dynamic spatiotemporal activity during embryogenesis with enriched expression in craniofacial tissues. Furthermore, we observed that polr1c and polr1d loss-of-function zebrafish exhibit anomalies in craniofacial cartilage development, which reflects the characteristic features of TCS. An examination of polr1c-/- and polr1d-/- mutants revealed that diminished ribosome biogenesis results in neuroepithelial cell death and a deficiency of migrating neural crest cells, which are the progenitors of the craniofacial skeleton. Moreover, the cell death observed in polr1c-/- and polr1d-/- mutants is Tp53-dependent, and inhibition of tp53 is sufficient to repress cell death and rescue cranioskeletal cartilage formation in polr1c-/- and polr1d-/- mutant embryos. These studies provide evidence for tissue-specific functions of polr1c and polr1d during embryonic development, while also establishing polr1c and polr1d loss-of-function zebrafish mutants as models of Treacher Collins syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin E. Noack Watt
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Annita Achilleos
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Cynthia L. Neben
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Amy E. Merrill
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Paul A. Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lau MCC, Kwong EML, Lai KP, Li JW, Ho JCH, Chan TF, Wong CKC, Jiang YJ, Tse WKF. Pathogenesis of POLR1C-dependent Type 3 Treacher Collins Syndrome revealed by a zebrafish model. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1862:1147-58. [PMID: 26972049 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Treacher Collins Syndrome (TCS) is a rare congenital birth disorder (1 in 50,000 live births) characterized by severe craniofacial defects, including the downward slanting palpebral fissures, hypoplasia of the facial bones, and cleft palate (CP). Over 90% of patients with TCS have a mutation in the TCOF1 gene. However, some patients exhibit mutations in two new causative genes, POLR1C and POLR1D, which encode subunits of RNA polymerases I and III, that affect ribosome biogenesis. In this study, we examine the role of POLR1C in TCS using zebrafish as a model system. Our data confirmed that polr1c is highly expressed in the facial region, and dysfunction of this gene by knockdown or knock-out resulted in mis-expression of neural crest cells during early development that leads to TCS phenotype. Next generation sequencing and bioinformatics analysis of the polr1c mutants further demonstrated the up-regulated p53 pathway and predicted skeletal disorders. Lastly, we partially rescued the TCS facial phenotype in the background of p53 mutants, which supported the hypothesis that POLR1C-dependent type 3 TCS is associated with the p53 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Keng Po Lai
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jing-Woei Li
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | | | - Ting-Fung Chan
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | | | - Yun-Jin Jiang
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan
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Igarashi T, Miyazaki A, Nakamori K, Dehari H, Ogi K, Nagai I, Sonoda T, Uji M, Yotsuyanagi T, Hiratsuka H. Quantitative analysis of frontal facial asymmetry for patients with hemifacial microsomia. JOURNAL OF ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY, MEDICINE, AND PATHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoms.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Yelick PC, Trainor PA. Ribosomopathies: Global process, tissue specific defects. Rare Dis 2015; 3:e1025185. [PMID: 26442198 PMCID: PMC4590025 DOI: 10.1080/21675511.2015.1025185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruptions in ribosomal biogenesis would be expected to have global and in fact lethal effects on a developing organism. However, mutations in ribosomal protein genes have been shown in to exhibit tissue specific defects. This seemingly contradictory finding - that globally expressed genes thought to play fundamental housekeeping functions can in fact exhibit tissue and cell type specific functions - provides new insight into roles for ribosomes, the protein translational machinery of the cell, in regulating normal development and disease. Furthermore it illustrates the surprisingly dynamic nature of processes regulating cell type specific protein translation. In this review, we discuss our current knowledge of a variety of ribosomal protein mutations associated with human disease, and models to better understand the molecular mechanisms associated with each. We use specific examples to emphasize both the similarities and differences between the effects of various human ribosomal protein mutations. Finally, we discuss areas of future study that are needed to further our understanding of the role of ribosome biogenesis in normal development, and possible approaches that can be used to treat debilitating ribosomopathy diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul A Trainor
- Stowers Institute ; Kansas City, MO USA ; University of Kansas Medical Center ; Kansas City, KS USA
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Affiliation(s)
- David Alfi
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Houston Methodist Specialty Physician Group, Weill Medical College Cornell University, New York, 6560 Fannin Suite 1280, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Din Lam
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jaime Gateno
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Houston Methodist Specialty Physician Group, Weill Medical College Cornell University, New York, 6560 Fannin Suite 1280, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Cobb AR, Green B, Gill D, Ayliffe P, Lloyd TW, Bulstrode N, Dunaway DJ. The surgical management of Treacher Collins syndrome. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2014; 52:581-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Ross AP, Zarbalis KS. The emerging roles of ribosome biogenesis in craniofacial development. Front Physiol 2014; 5:26. [PMID: 24550838 PMCID: PMC3912750 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural crest cells (NCCs) are a transient, migratory cell population, which originates during neurulation at the neural folds and contributes to the majority of tissues, including the mesenchymal structures of the craniofacial skeleton. The deregulation of the complex developmental processes that guide migration, proliferation, and differentiation of NCCs may result in a wide range of pathological conditions grouped together as neurocristopathies. Recently, due to their multipotent properties neural crest stem cells have received considerable attention as a possible source for stem cell based regenerative therapies. This exciting prospect underlines the need to further explore the developmental programs that guide NCC differentiation. This review explores the particular importance of ribosome biogenesis defects in this context since a specific interface between ribosomopathies and neurocristopathies exists as evidenced by disorders such as Treacher-Collins-Franceschetti syndrome (TCS) and Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam P Ross
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Konstantinos S Zarbalis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis Sacramento, CA, USA
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Hawgood BJ. Professor David Poswillo CBE (1927-2003): Skilled oral and maxillofacial surgeon, influential scientist, teacher and adviser. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL BIOGRAPHY 2014; 22:47-55. [PMID: 24585846 DOI: 10.1177/0967772013479511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
David Poswillo trained at Otago University Dental School, Dunedin, New Zealand (BDS) and the Royal College of Surgeons of England (FDSRCS). His great interest became the genesis and repair of cleft lip and palate and, in addition to clinical work, he undertook an experimental study of the embryology of cleft palate in pregnant rats exposed to three teratogenic agents. The microscopic work was carried out in his garden shed in Christchurch. His groundbreaking work on amniotic puncture at a critical period came to international notice and he was given the first Chair in Teratology of the Royal College of Surgeons. In experimental studies he showed that thalidomide induced focal haemorrhage in the developing embryo. Poswillo was also Consultant Oral Surgeon at Queen Victoria Hospital, East Grinstead and his skills as surgeon and teacher attracted numerous trainee surgeons. He was Professor of Oral Surgery in Adelaide and then in London. Poswillo was Chairman of two advisory committees whose lucid reports on anaesthesia, sedation and resuscitation in dentistry (Poswillo Report) and on tobacco and health were far-reaching and influential. David Poswillo had immense energy and enthusiasm and is remembered by many for his personal interest and stimulating guidance.
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Trainor PA, Merrill AE. Ribosome biogenesis in skeletal development and the pathogenesis of skeletal disorders. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1842:769-78. [PMID: 24252615 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The skeleton affords a framework and structural support for vertebrates, while also facilitating movement, protecting vital organs, and providing a reservoir of minerals and cells for immune system and vascular homeostasis. The mechanical and biological functions of the skeleton are inextricably linked to the size and shape of individual bones, the diversity of which is dependent in part upon differential growth and proliferation. Perturbation of bone development, growth and proliferation, can result in congenital skeletal anomalies, which affect approximately 1 in 3000 live births [1]. Ribosome biogenesis is integral to all cell growth and proliferation through its roles in translating mRNAs and building proteins. Disruption of any steps in the process of ribosome biogenesis can lead to congenital disorders termed ribosomopathies. In this review, we discuss the role of ribosome biogenesis in skeletal development and in the pathogenesis of congenital skeletal anomalies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Role of the Nucleolus in Human Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
| | - Amy E Merrill
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Planning Surgical Reconstruction in Treacher-Collins Syndrome Using Virtual Simulation. Plast Reconstr Surg 2013; 132:790e-805e. [DOI: 10.1097/prs.0b013e3182a48d33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Trainor PA, Andrews BT. Facial dysostoses: Etiology, pathogenesis and management. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2013; 163C:283-94. [PMID: 24123981 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 1% of all live births exhibit a minor or major congenital anomaly. Of these approximately one-third display craniofacial abnormalities which are a significant cause of infant mortality and dramatically affect national health care budgets. To date, more than 700 distinct craniofacial syndromes have been described and in this review, we discuss the etiology, pathogenesis and management of facial dysostoses with a particular emphasis on Treacher Collins, Nager and Miller syndromes. As we continue to develop and improve medical and surgical care for the management of individual conditions, it is essential at the same time to better characterize their etiology and pathogenesis. Here we describe recent advances in our understanding of the development of facial dysostosis with a view towards early in utero identification and intervention which could minimize the manifestation of anomalies prior to birth. The ultimate management for any craniofacial anomaly however, would be prevention and we discuss this possibility in relation to facial dysostosis.
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van Gijn DR, Tucker AS, Cobourne MT. Craniofacial development: current concepts in the molecular basis of Treacher Collins syndrome. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2013; 51:384-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Tripathy R, Mishra S, Sabhlok SS. Accessory maxilla with a lateral cleft lip: A rare case report. JOURNAL OF ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY MEDICINE AND PATHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoms.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Novel Application of Human Morphomics to Quantify Temporal Soft Tissues in Pierre Robin and Treacher Collins. J Craniofac Surg 2013; 24:158-62. [DOI: 10.1097/scs.0b013e3182646411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Treacher Collins syndrome: clinical implications for the paediatrician--a new mutation in a severely affected newborn and comparison with three further patients with the same mutation, and review of the literature. Eur J Pediatr 2012; 171:1611-8. [PMID: 22729243 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-012-1776-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS) is the most common and well-known mandibulofacial dysostosis caused by mutations in at least three genes involved in pre-rRNA transcription, the TCOF1, POLR1D and POLR1C genes. We present a severely affected male individual with TCS with a heterozygous de novo frameshift mutation within the TCOF1 gene (c.790_791delAG,p.Ser264GlnfsX7) and compare the clinical findings with three previously unpublished, milder affected individuals from two families with the same mutation. We elucidate typical clinical features of TCS and its clinical implications for the paediatrician and mandibulofacial surgeon, especially in severely affected individuals and give a short review of the literature. CONCLUSION The clinical data of these three families illustrate that the phenotype associated with this specific mutation has a wide intra- and interfamilial variability, which confirms that variable expressivity in carriers of TCOF1 mutations is not a simple consequence of the mutation but might be modified by the combination of genetic, environmental and stochastic factors. Being such a highly complex disease treatment of individuals with TCS should be tailored to the specific needs of each individual, preferably by a multidisciplinary team consisting of paediatricians, craniofacial surgeons and geneticists.
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A range of malar and masseteric hypoplasia exists in Treacher Collins syndrome. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2012; 66:43-6. [PMID: 22917695 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2012.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS) is a facial dysostosis, the hallmark being bilateral malar hypoplasia. The purpose of this study is to morphologically classify the TCS malar deformity and to volumetrically characterise both the TCS zygoma and masseter muscle, including for left-right symmetry, compared to controls. We hypothesise that the TCS zygoma will be smaller than controls and zygomatic deficiency will portend masseteric hypoplasia. METHODS Demographic and computed tomography (CT) data were recorded. The CT scans were converted into three-dimensional facial renderings, and the zygomatic morphology was grossly evaluated. A classification was reported based on malar structure and presence/absence of normal zygomaticomaxillary complex articulations. The zygoma and masseter muscles were then digitally isolated using 3-D planning software (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium). Volumes and sidedness ratios were calculated and compared using two-sided t-tests. RESULTS 58 sides were identified (24 TCS: 34 controls), mean age of 60.0 months and normally distributed. The phenotypic dysmorphology was graded as mild, moderate or severe (I, II and III, respectively). TCS malar and masseteric volumes were significantly smaller than controls (p < 0.0001 in both cases). The TCS zygomatic side-side symmetry ratio was 0.66 ± 0.28, compared to 0.97 ± 0.02 for controls (p = 0.002). The TCS masseteric side-side ratio was 0.74 ± 0.20, compared to 0.92 ± 0.09 for controls (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS A range of zygomatic hypoplasia exists in TCS (mild-severe). The decrease in malar volume occurs in concert with masseteric hypoplasia, and the left and right sides are not equally affected.
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Kim H, Park JH, Chung H, Han DH, Kim DY, Lee CH, Rhee CS. Clinical features and surgical outcomes of congenital choanal atresia: factors influencing success from 20-year review in an institute. Am J Otolaryngol 2012; 33:308-12. [PMID: 21925765 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2011.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Congenital choanal atresia (CCA) is a rare disease entity. The prevention of restenosis has been the main concerns of choanoplasty. The authors retrospectively analyzed patients with CCA to investigate clinical features and factors affecting surgical outcomes. MATERIAL/METHODS Forty sides in 27 patients with CCA from 1987 through 2009 were reviewed with medical records that included symptoms, associated anomalies, laterality of atresia, types of the atretic plate, surgical approaches, uses of stent or mitomycin C, ages at operation, and surgical outcomes. RESULTS CHARGE association was the most commonly associated malformation in bilateral CCA and cleft lip and cleft palate in unilateral CCA. Age at operation was related to restenosis rate. The cases of bilateral CCA were operated on younger ages than those of unilateral CCA (4.9 months vs 11.5 years, respectively), and the restenosis appeared to be higher in bilateral cases than in unilateral ones. The use of stent did not improve preventive rate of restenosis: 42.9% of restenosis with stent and 47.4% without stent, respectively. Mitomycin C did not seem to be effective in preventing restenosis either. No significant difference in restenosis rate was observed in terms of symptoms, associated anomalies, types of the atretic plate, and surgical approaches as well. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that bilateral CCA, meaning early operation age, develops restenosis more frequently. However, the patency rate was not related to surgical approaches or postoperative use of stent and mitomycin C.
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Abstract
Franceschetti syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder of craniofacial development with variable expressivity. It is commonly known as Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS). It is named after E. Treacher Collins who described the essential components of the condition. It affects both genders equally. This article reports a case of TCS in an 18-year-old female.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikrant Kasat
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Rural Dental College, Loni, Maharashtra, India
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Kumar M, Kumar R, Tanwar M, Ghose S, Kaur J, Dada R. Cytogenetic and clinical assessment of a family with treacher collins syndrome. Case Rep Med 2011; 2011:708450. [PMID: 21765846 PMCID: PMC3135159 DOI: 10.1155/2011/708450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by craniofacial deformities. It is the most common type of mandibulofacial dysostosis (MFD). The objective of this study is to do cytogenetic analysis of a TCS family. Physical examination and all available medical records were reviewed. 50 GTG-banded metaphases were analysed to detect any structural or numerical chromosomal abnormality. Downward slanting of palpebral fissures, hypoplasia of zygomatic arch complex, and hypoplasia of mandible were present in all. Cytogenetic findings show interstitial deletion in chromosomes 5(q32-q33) and 3(q23-q25). We report four members of three generations of a family having TCS in a unique way that the deletion has been found in 3q and 5q which has not been reported. Mosaicism of deletion on 5q was detected in all affected members whereas 3q deletion was found only in one member (II.2). This finding may represent a more severe manifestation of the TCS. Thus the evaluation and counselling of the TCS patients should be undertaken with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar
- Laboratory for Molecular Reproduction and Genetics, Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Laboratory for Molecular Reproduction and Genetics, Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Mukesh Tanwar
- Laboratory for Molecular Reproduction and Genetics, Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Supriyo Ghose
- Dr. R.P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Jasbir Kaur
- Department of Ocular Biochemistry, Dr. R.P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Rima Dada
- Laboratory for Molecular Reproduction and Genetics, Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
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Niedzielska G, Zychowski P. [Choanal atresia an institutional review]. Otolaryngol Pol 2010; 64:245-9. [PMID: 20873102 DOI: 10.1016/s0030-6657(10)70024-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Choanal atresia is a rare congenital disease, it occurs in 1/8000 live newborns. AIM OF THE STUDY retrospective review of patients with choanal atresia treated at the Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology of Medical University in Lublin. Twenty-two children were evaluated, 16 females, 6 males, age range from 6th day to 11th year of life, operated between 2004 and 2009. We analized: age of the parents, mothers diseases during pregnancy, place of live, type of atresia, associated abnormalities, age of children at time of surgery, results of treatment. The age of parents didn't differ significantly from the mean age of parents of children without abnormality. Choanal atresia was bilateral in 10 patients (45%), unilateral in 12 cases (55%)--right-sided in 75% and left-sided in 3 children. The membranous barrier was stated in 60.7%, bone in 25%, and mixed in 14.7%. Choanal atresia was an isolated disease in 12 patients, and in 10 it was associated with other abnormalities. The most common were: central nervous system abnormalities (5 children), heart defect (5), facial dysmorphy (4), hearing loss only in 2 cases. All patients were operated with transnasal technique with stents placement for 6-8 weeks period. The necessity of repleacing the stents occurred in 4 patients because of tendency of the granulation. These problems were absent in patients who were operated during the newborn period. Undoubtedly, the transnasal technique is a procedure by choice, decision, to place a stent or not, depend on the experience of the surgeon and his/her own results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazyna Niedzielska
- Katedra i Klinika Otolaryngologii Dzieciecej, Foniatrii i Audiologii UM w Lublinie
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Trainor PA. Craniofacial birth defects: The role of neural crest cells in the etiology and pathogenesis of Treacher Collins syndrome and the potential for prevention. Am J Med Genet A 2010; 152A:2984-94. [PMID: 20734335 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Of all the babies born with birth defects, approximately one-third display anomalies of the head and face [Gorlin et al., 1990] including cleft lip, cleft palate, small or absent facial and skull bones and improperly formed nose, eyes, ears, and teeth. Craniofacial disorders are a primary cause of infant mortality and have serious lifetime functional, esthetic, and social consequences that are devastating to both children and parents alike. Comprehensive surgery, dental care, psychological counseling, and rehabilitation can help ameliorate-specific problems but at great cost over many years which dramatically affects national health care budgets. For example, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that the lifetime cost of treating the children born each year with cleft lip and/or cleft palate alone to be US$697 million. Treating craniofacial malformations, of which in excess of 700 distinct syndromes have been described, through comprehensive, well-coordinated and integrated strategies can provide satisfactory management of individual conditions, however, the results are often variable and rarely fully corrective. Therefore, better techniques for tissue repair and regeneration need to be developed and therapeutic avenues of prevention need to be explored in order to eliminate the devastating consequences of head and facial birth defects. To do this requires a thorough understanding of the normal events that control craniofacial development during embryogenesis. This review therefore focuses on recent advances in our understanding of the basic etiology and pathogenesis of a rare craniofacial disorder known as Treacher Collins syndrome and emerging prospects for prevention that may have broad application to congenital craniofacial birth defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA.
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Macaya D, Katsanis SH, Hefferon TW, Audlin S, Mendelsohn NJ, Roggenbuck J, Cutting GR. A synonymous mutation in TCOF1 causes Treacher Collins syndrome due to mis-splicing of a constitutive exon. Am J Med Genet A 2009; 149A:1624-7. [PMID: 19572402 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Interpretation of the pathogenicity of sequence alterations in disease-associated genes is challenging. This is especially true for novel alterations that lack obvious functional consequences. We report here on a patient with Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS) found to carry a previously reported mutation, c.122C > T, which predicts p.A41V, and a novel synonymous mutation, c.3612A > C. Pedigree analysis showed that the c.122C > T mutation segregated with normal phenotypes in multiple family members while the c.3612A > C was de novo in the patient. Analysis of TCOF1 RNA in lymphocytes showed a transcript missing exon 22. These results show that TCS in the patient is due to haploinsufficiency of TCOF1 caused by the synonymous de novo c.3612A > C mutation. This study highlights the importance of clinical and pedigree evaluation in the interpretation of known and novel sequence alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Macaya
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Abstract
Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS) is a rare congenital disorder of craniofacial development that arises as the result of mutations in the TCOF1 gene, which encodes a nucleolar phosphoprotein known as Treacle. Individuals diagnosed with TCS frequently undergo multiple reconstructive surgeries, which are rarely fully corrective. Identifying potential avenues for rescue and/or repair of TCS depends on a profound appreciation of the etiology and pathogenesis of the syndrome. Recent research using animal models has not only determined the cellular basis of TCS but also, more importantly, unveiled a successful avenue for therapeutic intervention and prevention of the craniofacial anomalies observed in TCS.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Choanal atresia (CA) is a congenital obstruction of the posterior nasal apertures. Multiple surgical techniques have been proposed to repair the atresia. The purpose of this study is to review the basic science and embryology of CA with emphasis on the senior author's extensive experience, and refinement of the treatment of CA. In addition, we will review the outcomes after surgical correction of pediatric patients with CA. PATIENTS AND METHOD : Retrospective review of 73 pediatric patients. Demographic information was recorded, including type of CA, concomitant medical problems, surgical method, and date of last follow-up by the surgeon. RESULTS Our series show a 1.6:1 ratio of unilateral atresia to bilateral atresia. The incidence in males and females is statistically equal. High-arched palate and cross-bite deformities are particularly present if the patients undergo the transpalatal approach in the first year of life. The senior author has evolved to favoring the endoscopic approach, having a minimal long-term complication rate, and low stenosis rate (12%). CONCLUSIONS The first repair of choanal atresia is the one most likely to succeed. The nasal endoscopic technique is the favored technique. It has the advantages of a low restenosis rate, does not violate the palate, and does not cause the cross-bite and palate arch deformities seen in the transpalatal technique.
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Walker MB, Trainor PA. Craniofacial malformations: intrinsic vs extrinsic neural crest cell defects in Treacher Collins and 22q11 deletion syndromes. Clin Genet 2007; 69:471-9. [PMID: 16712696 DOI: 10.1111/j.0009-9163.2006.00615.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The craniofacial complex is anatomically the most sophisticated part of the body. It houses all the major sensory organ systems and its origins are synonymous with vertebrate evolution. Of fundamental importance to craniofacial development is a specialized population of stem and progenitor cells, known as the neural crest, which generate the majority of the bone, cartilage, connective and peripheral nerve tissue in the head. Approximately one third of all congenital abnormalities exhibit craniofacial malformations and consequently, most craniofacial anomalies are considered to arise through primary defects in neural crest cell development. Recent advances however, have challenged this classical dogma, underscoring the influence of tissues with which the neural crest cells interact as the primary origin of patterning defects in craniofacial morphogenesis. In this review we discuss these neural crest cell interactions with mesoderm, endoderm and ectoderm in the head in the context of a better understanding of craniofacial malformations such as in Treacher Collins and 22q11 deletion syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Walker
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
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44
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Abstract
Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS) is an autosomal dominant disorder of craniofacial development which results from loss-of-function mutations in the gene TCOF1. TCOF1 encodes the nucleolar phosphoprotein, Treacle, which plays a key role in pre-ribosomal processing and ribosomal biogenesis. In mice, haploinsufficiency of Tcof1 results in a depletion of neural crest cell precursors through high levels of cell death in the neuroepithelium, which results in a reduced number of neural crest cells migrating into the developing craniofacial complex. These combined advances have already impacted on clinical practice and provide invaluable resources for the continued dissection of the developmental basis of TCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Dixon
- School of Dentistry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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45
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Abstract
Otomandibular dysplasias encompass a broad range of congenital malformations (hemifacial microsomia, mandibulofacial dysostosis) affecting both jaw and ear apparatus. Deciphering the mechanisms of normal embryonic development is a prerequisite for optimal clinical management of those malformations. The development of craniofacial structures is a multi-step process, which involves many developmental events ranging from the migration of neural crest cells from the neural primordium, the molecular interactions that coordinate outgrowth and patterning of the facial primordia, to the fine tuning of the skeletal components. Our knowledge concerning craniofacial development has been gain through experiments carried out in animal developmental models; cell tracing strategies and functional analyses have contributed to significantly increment our understanding of human otomandibular dysplasias. In this review, we discuss classical and recent aspects of otomandibular development. Current proposals for pathogenesis are reviewed and a clinical approach for mandibulofacial dysostosis is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Charrier
- Service de chirurgie de la face et du cou du Pr Bobin, CHU de Bicêtre, AP-HP, 78, avenue du Général Leclerc, 94275 Kremlin Bicêtre Cedex, France.
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Dixon J, Jones NC, Sandell LL, Jayasinghe SM, Crane J, Rey JP, Dixon MJ, Trainor PA. Tcof1/Treacle is required for neural crest cell formation and proliferation deficiencies that cause craniofacial abnormalities. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:13403-8. [PMID: 16938878 PMCID: PMC1557391 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0603730103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural crest cells are a migratory cell population that give rise to the majority of the cartilage, bone, connective tissue, and sensory ganglia in the head. Abnormalities in the formation, proliferation, migration, and differentiation phases of the neural crest cell life cycle can lead to craniofacial malformations, which constitute one-third of all congenital birth defects. Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS) is characterized by hypoplasia of the facial bones, cleft palate, and middle and external ear defects. Although TCS results from autosomal dominant mutations of the gene TCOF1, the mechanistic origins of the abnormalities observed in this condition are unknown, and the function of Treacle, the protein encoded by TCOF1, remains poorly understood. To investigate the developmental basis of TCS we generated a mouse model through germ-line mutation of Tcof1. Haploinsufficiency of Tcof1 leads to a deficiency in migrating neural crest cells, which results in severe craniofacial malformations. We demonstrate that Tcof1/Treacle is required cell-autonomously for the formation and proliferation of neural crest cells. Tcof1/Treacle regulates proliferation by controlling the production of mature ribosomes. Therefore, Tcof1/Treacle is a unique spatiotemporal regulator of ribosome biogenesis, a deficiency that disrupts neural crest cell formation and proliferation, causing the hypoplasia characteristic of TCS craniofacial anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalie C. Jones
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110
| | - Lisa L. Sandell
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110
| | | | - Jennifer Crane
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110
| | - Jean-Philippe Rey
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110
| | - Michael J. Dixon
- *School of Dentistry and
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom; and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
| | - Paul A. Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
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Splendore A, Fanganiello RD, Masotti C, Morganti LSC, Passos-Bueno MR. TCOF1 mutation database: novel mutation in the alternatively spliced exon 6A and update in mutation nomenclature. Hum Mutat 2006; 25:429-34. [PMID: 15832313 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a novel exon was described in TCOF1 that, although alternatively spliced, is included in the major protein isoform. In addition, most published mutations in this gene do not conform to current mutation nomenclature guidelines. Given these observations, we developed an online database of TCOF1 mutations in which all the reported mutations are renamed according to standard recommendations and in reference to the genomic and novel cDNA reference sequences (www.genoma.ib.usp.br/TCOF1_database). We also report in this work: 1) results of the first screening for large deletions in TCOF1 by Southern blot in patients without mutation detected by direct sequencing; 2) the identification of the first pathogenic mutation in the newly described exon 6A; and 3) statistical analysis of pathogenic mutations and polymorphism distribution throughout the gene.
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48
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Su PH, Chen JY, Chen SJ, Yu JS. Treacher Collins Syndrome with a de Novo 5-bp Deletion in the TCOF1 Gene. J Formos Med Assoc 2006; 105:518-21. [PMID: 16801042 DOI: 10.1016/s0929-6646(09)60194-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS) is an autosomal dominant disorder of craniofacial development with features including malar hypoplasia, micrognathia, microtia, downward slanting palpebral fissures, lower eyelid coloboma, conductive hearing loss, and cleft palate. TCS is caused by mutations in the TCOF1 gene, which encodes the nuclear phosphoprotein treacle. Here, we describe a 1-day-old male infant with classical TCS presentation. A 5-bp deletion in exon 22 of the TCOF1 gene (3469del ACTCT) was found to cause a premature stop codon. This is the first report of TCOF1 gene mutation in the Taiwanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pen-Hua Su
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Masotti C, Armelin-Correa LM, Splendore A, Lin CJ, Barbosa A, Sogayar MC, Passos-Bueno MR. A functional SNP in the promoter region of TCOF1 is associated with reduced gene expression and YY1 DNA-protein interaction. Gene 2005; 359:44-52. [PMID: 16102917 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2005.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2005] [Revised: 06/10/2005] [Accepted: 06/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS) is an autosomal dominant craniofacial malformation caused by null mutations in the TCOF1 gene. High inter and intra familial clinical variability, ranging from mild malar hypoplasia to perinatal death due to airway collapse is observed, but, to date, no genotype-phenotype correlation has been reported. Considering haploinsufficiency as the molecular mechanism underlying the disease, we have hypothesized that mutations in the promoter region of the gene, which has never been previously characterized, in trans with a pathogenic mutation, could modulate the phenotype. Therefore, the aims of the present study were to determine the TCOF1 gene's core promoter and to identify mutations in this region that could contribute to the phenotypic variation observed in this syndrome. We have delimitated the minimal promoter to a region of less than 150 bp, with 63% of identity among 5 different species. We screened 1.2 kbp of the TCOF1 5' flanking sequence in the DNA obtained from 21 patients and 51 controls and identified four new single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), one of which (-346C>T), was proved to be functional, as it decreased the promoter activity by 38%. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) analysis demonstrated that the -346T allele impairs DNA-binding to the YY1 transcription factor. This promoter variant represents a candidate allele to explain the clinical variability in patients bearing TCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cibele Masotti
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Biologia, Rua do Matão, 277/Sala 200, 05508-900 São Paulo/SP, Brazil
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Abstract
Of all the model organisms used to study human development, rodents such as mice most accurately reflect human craniofacial development. Collective advances in mouse embryology and mouse genetics continue to shape our understanding of neural crest cell development and by extrapolation the etiology of human congenital head and facial birth defects. The aim of this review is to highlight the considerable progress being made in our understanding of cranial neural crest cell patterning in mouse embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA.
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