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Chen CH, Behringer RR. Transgenic human HOXB1-9 directs anterior-posterior axial skeleton pattern in Hoxb1-9 deficient mice. Differentiation 2022; 127:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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2
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van de Ven C, Bialecka M, Neijts R, Young T, Rowland JE, Stringer EJ, Van Rooijen C, Meijlink F, Nóvoa A, Freund JN, Mallo M, Beck F, Deschamps J. Concerted involvement of Cdx/Hox genes and Wnt signaling in morphogenesis of the caudal neural tube and cloacal derivatives from the posterior growth zone. Development 2011; 138:3451-62. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.066118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Decrease in Cdx dosage in an allelic series of mouse Cdx mutants leads to progressively more severe posterior vertebral defects. These defects are corrected by posterior gain of function of the Wnt effector Lef1. Precocious expression of Hox paralogous 13 genes also induces vertebral axis truncation by antagonizing Cdx function. We report here that the phenotypic similarity also applies to patterning of the caudal neural tube and uro-rectal tracts in Cdx and Wnt3a mutants, and in embryos precociously expressing Hox13 genes. Cdx2 inactivation after placentation leads to posterior defects, including incomplete uro-rectal septation. Compound mutants carrying one active Cdx2 allele in the Cdx4-null background (Cdx2/4), transgenic embryos precociously expressing Hox13 genes and a novel Wnt3a hypomorph mutant all manifest a comparable phenotype with similar uro-rectal defects. Phenotype and transcriptome analysis in early Cdx mutants, genetic rescue experiments and gene expression studies lead us to propose that Cdx transcription factors act via Wnt signaling during the laying down of uro-rectal mesoderm, and that they are operative in an early phase of these events, at the site of tissue progenitors in the posterior growth zone of the embryo. Cdx and Wnt mutations and premature Hox13 expression also cause similar neural dysmorphology, including ectopic neural structures that sometimes lead to neural tube splitting at caudal axial levels. These findings involve the Cdx genes, canonical Wnt signaling and the temporal control of posterior Hox gene expression in posterior morphogenesis in the different embryonic germ layers. They shed a new light on the etiology of the caudal dysplasia or caudal regression range of human congenital defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesca van de Ven
- Hubrecht Institute, Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Monika Bialecka
- Hubrecht Institute, Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roel Neijts
- Hubrecht Institute, Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Teddy Young
- Hubrecht Institute, Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Emma J. Stringer
- Biochemistry Department, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Carina Van Rooijen
- Hubrecht Institute, Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frits Meijlink
- Hubrecht Institute, Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ana Nóvoa
- Insituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Jean-Noel Freund
- INSERM, U682, Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Médecine, Strasbourg, F-67200, France
| | - Moises Mallo
- Insituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1600 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Felix Beck
- Biochemistry Department, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Jacqueline Deschamps
- Hubrecht Institute, Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
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3
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Vansant G, Humphreys T. Molecular characterization of TgHBox4, a Drosophila Abd-B homolog found in the sea urchin Tripneustes gratilla. DNA Cell Biol 2000; 19:131-9. [PMID: 10701779 DOI: 10.1089/104454900314645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We have isolated and sequenced a cDNA clone that, as judged by the sequence of the homeobox region, encodes a sea urchin homolog of the homeobox containing the gene Abdominal-B of Drosophila. The total length of the cDNA is 3634 nucleotides and includes an open reading frame, which encodes a protein that is 32,321 Da. The N-terminal region of the homeodomain includes consensus sequences found in some of TgHBox4's Abdominal-B relatives. A genomic clone representing the 5' part of the message was also isolated. This clone and a previously isolated clone were found to represent the full-length cDNA sequence. We have also raised antibodies against a bacterially expressed portion of the TgHBox4 protein and used them to determine the location of TgHBox4 proteins during development. The protein displays ubiquitous expression early in development but becomes more restricted, to posterior regions, late in embryogenesis. Thus, in contrast to its Abd-B homologs in bilateral metazoans, TgHBox4 is probably not involved in pattern formation but may have a posterior-defining role late in embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Vansant
- Burstein Laboratories, Irvine, California 92618, USA.
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4
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Hox genes encode transcriptional regulatory proteins that are largely responsible for establishing the body plan of all metazoan organisms. A subset of Hox genes is expressed during the period of organogenesis and into adulthood. hoxb-13 is a recently-described member of the Hox gene family that is expressed in the spinal cord, hindgut, and urogenital sinus during embryogenesis. METHODS Northern blot and in situ hybridization analyses of hoxb-13 expression in adult mouse tissues were performed. RESULTS hoxb-13 mRNA is restricted to the prostate gland and distal colon in adult animals. In situ hybridization of mouse prostate tissue demonstrated that hoxb-13 is expressed in the epithelial cells of the ventral, dorsal, lateral, and anterior prostate lobes. Accumulation of hoxb-13 mRNA is not diminished following castration. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that hoxb-13 expression is androgen-independent in mouse prostate glands. The identification of hoxb-13 as an androgen-independent gene expressed in adult mouse prostate epithelial cells provides a new potential target for developing therapeutics to treat advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sreenath
- Functional Genomics Unit, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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5
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Manley NR, Capecchi MR. Hox group 3 paralogs regulate the development and migration of the thymus, thyroid, and parathyroid glands. Dev Biol 1998; 195:1-15. [PMID: 9520319 DOI: 10.1006/dbio.1997.8827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The thymus, thyroid, and parathyroid glands in vertebrates develop from the pharyngeal region, with contributions both from pharyngeal endoderm and from neural crest cells in the pharyngeal arches. Hoxa3 mutant homozygotes have defects in the development of all three organs. Roles for the Hoxa3 paralogs, Hoxb3 and Hoxd3, were investigated by examining various mutant combinations. The thyroid defects seen in Hoxa3 single mutants are exacerbated in double mutants with either of its paralogs, although none of the double-mutant combinations resulted in thyroid agenesis. The results indicate that the primary role of these genes in thyroid development is their effect on the development and migration of the ultimobranchial bodies, which contribute the parafollicular or C-cells to the thyroid. Hoxb3, Hoxd3 double mutants show no obvious defects in the thymus or parathyroids. However, the removal of one functional copy of Hoxa3 from the Hoxb3, Hoxd3 double mutants (Hoxa3 +/-, Hoxb3-/-, Hoxd3-/-) results in the failure of the thymus and parathyroid glands to migrate to their normal positions in the throat. Very little is known about the molecular mechanisms used to mediate the movement of tissues during development. These results indicate that Hoxa3, Hoxb3, and Hoxd3 have highly overlapping functions in mediating the migration of pharyngeal organ primordia. In addition, Hoxa3 has a unique function with respect to its paralogs in thymus, parathyroid, and thyroid development. This unique function may be conferred by the expression of Hoxa3, but not Hoxb3 nor Hoxd3, in the pharyngeal pouch endoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Manley
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City 84112-5331
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6
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Sekimoto T, Yoshinobu K, Yoshida M, Kuratani S, Fujimoto S, Araki M, Tajima N, Araki K, Yamamura K. Region-specific expression of murine Hox genes implies the Hox code-mediated patterning of the digestive tract. Genes Cells 1998; 3:51-64. [PMID: 9581982 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2443.1998.00167.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hox genes encode transcription factors which are involved in the establishment of regional identities along the anteroposterior (AP) body axis. To elucidate the AP patterning of the digestive tract, we have systematically examined the expression patterns of Hox genes belonging to paralogue groups 6, 7, 8 and 9 by whole-mount in situ hybridization and by section in situ hybridization analyses. RESULTS The expression patterns of these genes showed co-linearity along the wall of the digestive tract, thereby yielding the Hox code of the gut. The expression boundaries of the Hox genes at later stages (12.5 d.p.c.) corresponded to the morphological boundaries of individual gut subdomains. CONCLUSIONS The visceral mesoderm-restricted expression suggested that the Hox code primarily functions in the mesenchymal specification which eventually leads to the regional differentiation of gut subdomains as the result of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. Overlapping expression patterns were found among the paralogous Hox genes, indicating that the paralogues may have redundant functions in the specification of the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sekimoto
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Japan
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7
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Carr JL, Shashikant CS, Bailey WJ, Ruddle FH. Molecular evolution of Hox gene regulation: cloning and transgenic analysis of the lamprey HoxQ8 gene. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1998; 280:73-85. [PMID: 9437854 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-010x(19980101)280:1<73::aid-jez9>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian Hox clusters arose by duplication of a primordial cluster. The duplication of Hox clusters created redundancy within cognate groups, allowing for change in function over time. The lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, occupies an intermediate position within the chordates, both in terms of morphologic complexity and possibly cluster number. To determine the extent of divergence among Hox genes after duplication events within vertebrates, we analyzed Hox genes belonging to cognate group 8. Here we report characterization of the HoxQ8 gene, which shows conservation with mammalian genes in its amino-terminal, homeobox and hexapeptide sequences, and in the position of its splice sites. A beta-galactosidase reporter gene was introduced in the HoxQ8 genomic region by targeted recombinational cloning using a yeast-bacteria shuttle vector, pClasper. These reporter gene constructs were tested for their ability to direct region-specific expression patterns in transgenic mouse embryos. Lamprey enhancers direct expression to posterior neural tube but not to mesoderm, suggesting conservation of neuronal enhancers. In the presence of the mouse heat shock promoter, lamprey enhancers could also direct expression to the posterior mesoderm suggesting that there has been some divergence in promoter function. Our results suggest that comparative studies on Hox gene structure and analysis of regulatory elements may provide insights into changes concomitant with Hox cluster duplications in the chordates.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Amino Acids/analysis
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Biological Evolution
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cluster Analysis
- DNA/analysis
- DNA/chemistry
- DNA/genetics
- Embryo, Mammalian/chemistry
- Embryo, Nonmammalian
- Embryonic and Fetal Development/physiology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/physiology
- Genes, Homeobox/genetics
- Genes, Homeobox/physiology
- Genes, Reporter/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/chemistry
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/physiology
- Lampreys/genetics
- Lampreys/physiology
- Mesoderm/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- beta-Galactosidase/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Carr
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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8
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Mohlke KL, Nichols WC, Westrick RJ, Novak EK, Cooney KA, Swank RT, Ginsburg D. A novel modifier gene for plasma von Willebrand factor level maps to distal mouse chromosome 11. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:15352-7. [PMID: 8986815 PMCID: PMC26408 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.26.15352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/1996] [Accepted: 10/18/1996] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 von Willebrand disease (VWD), characterized by reduced levels of plasma von Willebrand factor (VWF), is the most common inherited bleeding disorder in humans. Penetrance of VWD is incomplete, and expression of the bleeding phenotype is highly variable. In addition, plasma VWF levels vary widely among normal individuals. To identify genes that influence VWF level, we analyzed a genetic cross between RIIIS/J and CASA/Rk, two strains of mice that exhibit a 20-fold difference in plasma VWF level. DNA samples from F2 progeny demonstrating either extremely high or extremely low plasma VWF levels were pooled and genotyped for 41 markers spanning the autosomal genome. A novel locus accounting for 63% of the total variance in VWF level was mapped to distal mouse chromosome 11, which is distinct from the murine Vwf locus on chromosome 6. We designated this locus Mvwf for "modifier of VWF." Additional genotyping of as many as 2407 meioses established a high resolution genetic map with gene order Cola1-Itg3a-Ngfr-Mvwf/Gip-Hoxb9-Hoxb1++ +-Cbx'rs2-Cox5a-Gfap. The Mvwf candidate interval between Ngfr and Hoxb9 is approximately 0.5 centimorgan (cM). These results demonstrate that a single dominant gene accounts for the low VWF phenotype of RIIIS/J mice in crosses with several other strains. The pattern of inheritance suggests a gain-of-function mutation in a unique component of VWF biosynthesis or processing. Characterization of the human homologue for Mvwf may have relevance for a subset of type 1 VWD cases and may define an important genetic factor modifying penetrance and expression of mutations at the VWF locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Mohlke
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor 48109, USA
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9
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Bieberich CJ, Fujita K, He WW, Jay G. Prostate-specific and androgen-dependent expression of a novel homeobox gene. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:31779-82. [PMID: 8943214 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.50.31779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A new member of the mouse NK family of homeobox genes that is related to Drosophila NK-3 has been identified. Expression of this gene, termed Nkx-3.1, is largely restricted to the prostate gland in adult animals. The level of Nkx-3.1 mRNA decreases markedly in response to castration, suggesting that its expression is androgen-dependent. In situ hybridization analyses demonstrated that expression of Nkx-3.1 in the prostate is confined to epithelial cells. In newborns, Nkx-3.1 mRNA is detected in the urethral epithelium that is being induced by the surrounding mesenchyme to invaginate to form prostatic buds. Together, these observations suggest that the Nkx-3.1 protein, which likely functions as a transcription factor, plays a prominent role both in the initiation of prostate development and in the maintenance of the differentiated state of prostatic epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Bieberich
- Department of Virology, Jerome H. Holland Laboratory, Rockville, Maryland 20855, USA
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10
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Abstract
Up to now around 170 different homeobox genes have been cloned from vertebrate genomes. A compilation of the various isolates from mouse, chick, frog, fish and man is presented in the form of a concise checklist, including the designations from the original publications. Putative homologs from different species are aligned, and key characteristics of embryonic or adult expression domains, as well as mutant phenotypes are briefly indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Stein
- Max-Planck-Institut für biophysikalische Chemie, Göttingen, Germany
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11
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Misof BY, Blanco MJ, Wagner GP. PCR-survey of Hox-genes of the zebrafish: new sequence information and evolutionary implications. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1996; 274:193-206. [PMID: 8882497 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-010x(19960215)274:3<193::aid-jez6>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed the Hox gene complement of the zebrafish Danio rerio using a PCR survey. We found 18 new zebrafish HOM/Hox type sequences and one sequence of the msh group. For groups 1-3 and 8-10 we could unambiguously assign the zebrafish fragments to cognate groups. The assignment for cognate groups 4-7 had to remain tentative due to insufficient sequence variation. The number of zebrafish Hox fragments classified as members of cognate groups 1-4, 8, and 9 is identical to the number of genes in corresponding cognate groups of the mouse and human genomes. We found only two differences between the zebrafish and mouse Hox gene complement: four putative genes in group 10 (three in mammals) and only seven in the medial groups 5 to 7 (eight in mammals). Together with the previously published Hox gene sequences of the killifish, the larger number of zebrafish genes in group 10 is positive evidence for variation in the Hox gene complements among bony fish. In contrast, the Hox gene complement appears to be highly conserved among all tetrapods.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Y Misof
- Department of Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8104, USA
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12
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Nait Oumesmar B, Vignais L, Duhamel-Clérin E, Avellana-Adalid V, Rougon G, Baron-Van Evercooren A. Expression of the highly polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule during postnatal myelination and following chemically induced demyelination of the adult mouse spinal cord. Eur J Neurosci 1995; 7:480-91. [PMID: 7773445 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.1995.tb00344.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the expression of the highly polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule in the mouse spinal cord during postnatal myelination and in the adult after chemically induced demyelination. By double immunohistochemistry, using a monoclonal antibody (anti-Men B) which specifically recognizes polysialic acid (PSA) units on neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM), and an anti-myelin basic protein, a caudorostral gradient of expression of PSA-NCAM was observed at postnatal day 1 (P1), which was inversely related to the gradient of myelination. At P7, PSA-NCAM labelling decreased relative to P1. In white matter, this decrease was correlated with the progression of myelination. PSA-NCAM immunoreactivity persisted in as yet unmyelinated structures, i.e. the corticospinal tract, the dorsomedial part of the ventral funiculus and the lateral funiculi, and decreased with the onset of myelination of these structures at P15. In the adult, PSA-NCAM expression remained in discrete structures, i.e. laminae I and II of the dorsal horn and lamina X around the central canal. The ependymal cells and the astrocyte endfeet under the meninges were also labelled. In addition, PSA-NCAM expression was reinduced on various cells and structures after lysolecithin-induced demyelination of the adult mouse spinal cord. At early times after demyelination, PSA-NCAM was expressed on glial cells around the lesion but also at a distance from this zone. Seven days after injection, cellular PSA-NCAM expression was found around but also within the lesion. This expression was totally abolished 15 days after injection. Double immunohistochemistry for PSA and cell-specific markers showed that the cells which expressed PSA-NCAM after demyelination were oligodendrocyte precursors, reactive astrocytes and Schwann cells. PSA-NCAM re-expression on all cell types was transient and ceased when myelin repair was accomplished. The spatial and temporal regulation of PSA-NCAM expression during development and after demyelination suggests a role for PSA-NCAM in glial plasticity during the myelination and remyelination processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Nait Oumesmar
- INSERM U.134, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Cellulaire, Moléculaire et Clinique, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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13
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Peterson RL, Papenbrock T, Davda MM, Awgulewitsch A. The murine Hoxc cluster contains five neighboring AbdB-related Hox genes that show unique spatially coordinated expression in posterior embryonic subregions. Mech Dev 1994; 47:253-60. [PMID: 7848872 DOI: 10.1016/0925-4773(94)90043-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A common feature of the murine Abdominal B (AbdB) -related Hox genes, located in the 5' regions of the four Hox clusters, appears to be a function in patterning the developing limb. As a prerequisite for studying the role of the AbdB-related Hoxc genes during limb development, we have isolated and mapped the three predicted AbdB-related Hoxc-11, -12, and -13 loci, thus defining the 5' end of the Hoxc cluster. Sequence comparisons based on the homeobox sequences of presumably all murine AbdB-related Hox genes strongly support the concept of a two step process in their evolution. As expected, Hoxc-11, -12 and -13 exhibit nested and extremely posteriorly restricted expression domains, whose anterior boundaries reflect their map positions, in accordance with the colinearity rule. A limited comparison of the primary expression domains of all five AbdB-related Hoxc genes in the developing hindlimb revealed nested and increasingly restricted domains of expression in the mesenchyme for only Hoxc-9, -10 and -11. However, separate localized expression was detected for Hoxc-9, -10, -11, -12 and possibly -13 in distal epidermal regions of the developing hind- and forelimb, whereas no expression of any of the five genes was observed in mesenchymal tissues of the developing forelimb. These data suggest a specific role for the AbdB-related Hoxc genes in patterning the hindlimb and pelvic girdle, which is separate from a second role relevant for both hind- and forelimb development.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Peterson
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425
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14
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Lu S, Wise TL, Ruddle FH. Mouse homeobox gene Dbx: sequence, gene structure and expression pattern during mid-gestation. Mech Dev 1994; 47:187-95. [PMID: 7811640 DOI: 10.1016/0925-4773(94)90089-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Homeobox genes regulate multiple aspects of mouse development including the axial patterning in the central nervous system. Some of the more divergent members of this gene family are expressed in the anterior region of the central nervous system where the Hox genes are not expressed. We previously reported the isolation of a mouse homeobox gene, Dbx, from the forebrain. Here we describe its genomic structure, complete cDNA sequence, characterization of the basal promoter and the expression pattern at different stages of the developing embryo. During early and mid-gestation, Dbx expression is restricted to the telencephalon, diencephalon, dorsal mesencephalon and spinal cord. At later gestational stages, Dbx expression continues in the dorsal mesencephalon and diencephalon, in which expression is more restricted than at the earlier stages. Dbx transcripts were also detected in the primitive cerebellum. At all stages, the Dbx expressing regions contain a high proportion of proliferating cells, suggesting a role for Dbx in patterning the central nervous system during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lu
- Department of Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
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15
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Detmer K, Lawrence HJ, Largman C. Expression of class I homeobox genes in fetal and adult murine skin. J Invest Dermatol 1993; 101:517-22. [PMID: 8105001 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12365890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We examined the expression patterns of several class I homeobox genes in mouse fetal and adult skin. All the genes of the Hox-B locus, except Hoxb-1, are expressed in skin from murine fetuses of 17 and 18 d gestation, at which time the epidermis is undergoing stratification and differentiation. The amount of individual Hox gene message varies considerably, but expression of all genes is detectable by RNase protection except Hoxb-1, which could not be detected even by the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. Homeobox gene expression in skin is not confined to the Hox-B locus; the paralogous genes Hoxa-4, -b-4, -c-4, and -d-4 are all expressed. The amount of Hoxb-4, -b-2, and -c-4 message in skin is relatively constant from the earliest gestational day examined (day 16) through birth at day 19. Expression of several homeobox genes is also seen in adult skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Detmer
- San Francisco VA Medical Center, CA 94121
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16
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Malicki J, Bogarad LD, Martin MM, Ruddle FH, McGinnis W. Functional analysis of the mouse homeobox gene HoxB9 in Drosophila development. Mech Dev 1993; 42:139-50. [PMID: 8105876 DOI: 10.1016/0925-4773(93)90003-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian genomes contain clusters of homeobox genes (Hox-C, HOX-C) which are structurally similar to the homeotic genes of the Drosophila HOM complex. One method for assessing the functional similarity of particular Drosophila HOM and mammalian Hox genes is to test the ability of Hox genes to induce homeotic phenotypes when expressed in developing Drosophila. Here we describe such functional tests using mouse HoxB9 (formerly Hox-2.5), whose closest structural relative in Drosophila is Abdominal-B. When expressed from a heat shock promoter, HoxB9 induces transformations of head towards more posterior identities in Drosophila larvae and adults. These transformations share some similarities with the phenotypic effects produced by ectopically expressed Abdominal-B, but are also similar to the transformations induced by Antennapedia and mouse HoxB6 (Hox-2.2), suggesting that HoxB9 specifies a positional identity that is intermediate between Antennapedia and Abdominal-B.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Malicki
- Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
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17
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Wood SA, Pascoe WS, Schmidt C, Kemler R, Evans MJ, Allen ND. Simple and efficient production of embryonic stem cell-embryo chimeras by coculture. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90:4582-5. [PMID: 8506303 PMCID: PMC46556 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.10.4582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A method for the production of embryonic stem (ES) cell-embryo chimeras was developed that involves the simple coculture of eight-cell embryos on a lawn of ES cells. After coculture, the embryos with ES cells attached are transferred to normal embryo culture medium and allowed to develop to the blastocyst stage before reimplantation into foster mothers. Although the ES cells initially attach to the outside of the embryos, they primarily colonize the inner cell mass and its derivatives. This method results in the efficient production of chimeras with high levels of chimerism including the germ line. As embryos are handled en masse and manipulative steps are minimal, this method should greatly reduce the time and effort required to produce chimeric mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Wood
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Max-Planck-Institut für Immunbiologie, Freiburg, Germany
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18
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Eid R, Koseki H, Schughart K. Analysis of LacZ reporter genes in transgenic embryos suggests the presence of several cis-acting regulatory elements in the murine Hoxb-6 gene. Dev Dyn 1993; 196:205-16. [PMID: 8104549 DOI: 10.1002/aja.1001960307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Homeobox genes are expressed in stage-, region-, and tissue-specific patterns during embryonic development of the mouse. In order to understand the underlying regulatory mechanisms the murine homeobox gene Hoxb-6 was analyzed for the presence of cis-acting regulatory elements. Transgenic mouse embryos and lines were generated which contained the LacZ reporter gene under the control of different fragments from the Hoxb-6 gene. In total, 13.2 kb of genomic DNA covering the entire Hoxb-6 region were analyzed. Our results suggested the presence of three regulatory regions in the Hoxb-6 gene: a limb/LPM element which directed gene expression into restricted regions of the developing limb buds and the ventro-lateral and visceral mesenchyme, a regulatory element required for gene expression into ventral regions of the developing spinal cord, and a third element necessary for directing gene expression into developing mesonephric tubules and mesonephric ducts. We demonstrated that the limb/LPM element functions as an enhancer in a promoter- and orientation-independent manner. The comparison of the expression patterns of the reporter gene constructs and the endogenous Hoxb-6 gene revealed that the regulatory regions were able to reproduce part of the Hoxb-6 pattern. However, not all control elements necessary to completely mimic the endogenous Hoxb-6 expression pattern could be detected, although the entire Hoxb-6 genomic region has been analyzed. These observations suggest that for some aspects of Hoxb-6 gene regulation the integrity of large genomic regions of the Hoxb cluster is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Eid
- Max-Planck-Institut für Immunubiologie, Freiburg, Germany
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19
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Kondo T, Takahashi N, Muramatsu M. The regulation of the murine Hox-2.5 gene expression during cell differentiation. Nucleic Acids Res 1993; 20:5729-35. [PMID: 1360646 PMCID: PMC334409 DOI: 10.1093/nar/20.21.5729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mouse Hox-2.5 gene containing a Drosophila Antennapedia-type homeobox sequence is expressed in a spatially and temporally restricted manner during embryogenesis. We found that the mouse embryonal carcinoma cell line P19 expresses Hox-2.5 during differentiation by the treatment with retinoic acid (RA). Expression of the Hox-2.5 gene was not detected in undifferentiated P19 cells, but detected 72 hours after treatment with RA. In order to analyze this inductive response, we first identified the Hox-2.5 transcription initiation site and a possible promoter region. Subsequently, we prepared constructs containing various Hox-2.5 DNA fragments fused to a firefly luciferase reporter gene and transfected these into undifferentiated or differentiating P19 cells. These studies have demonstrated that a region -279 to +15 with respect to the transcription initiation site has a differentiation-responsive promoter activity. Deletion analysis suggests that the sequences responsible for this induction are located in several distinct domains within the 294 bp promoter region. Two of the possible differentiation-responsive elements were identified by analysis of DNA-protein interactions, and in vivo competition assays lend support to the notion that these regions are involved in the differential expression of Hox-2.5 promoter activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kondo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
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20
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Structural and Functional Aspects of Mammalian Hox Genes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s1064-2722(08)60036-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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21
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Lu S, Bogarad LD, Murtha MT, Ruddle FH. Expression pattern of a murine homeobox gene, Dbx, displays extreme spatial restriction in embryonic forebrain and spinal cord. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89:8053-7. [PMID: 1355604 PMCID: PMC49854 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.89.17.8053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Homeobox genes specify regional identity during development. A homeobox sequence that we have named Dbx was isolated from 13.5-day embryonic mouse telencephalon cDNA. The Dbx homeodomain shows highest sequence homology to Drosophila H2.0 and chicken CHox E. We report here the expression pattern of Dbx during mouse embryogenesis. In situ hybridization analyses indicate that Dbx is expressed exclusively within the embryonic central nervous system in a highly restricted manner. Dbx transcripts are detected within a region of the prospective cerebral cortex of the midgestation telencephalon. Dbx is also expressed in the diencephalon as well as in two thin continuous columns of neuroblasts within the hindbrain and spinal cord. This expression is limited to regions of active mitosis. Dbx may act to specify subsets of neuroblasts during the development of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lu
- Department of Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
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22
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Conlon RA, Rossant J. Exogenous retinoic acid rapidly induces anterior ectopic expression of murine Hox-2 genes in vivo. Development 1992; 116:357-68. [PMID: 1363087 DOI: 10.1242/dev.116.2.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Exogenous retinoic acid (RA) has teratogenic effects on vertebrate embryos and alters Hox-C gene expression in vivo and in vitro. We wish to examine whether RA has a role in the normal regulation of Hox-C genes, and whether altered Hox-C gene expression in response to RA leads to abnormal morphology. The expression of 3′ Hox-2 genes (Hox-2.9, Hox-2.8, Hox-2.6 and Hox-2.1) and a 5′ gene (Hox-2.5) were examined by whole-mount in situ hybridization on embryos 4 hours after maternal administration of teratogenic doses of RA on embryonic day 7 to 9. The expression of the 3′ Hox-2 genes was found to be ectopically induced in anterior regions in a stage-specific manner. The Hox-2.9 and Hox-2.8 genes were induced anteriorly in the neurectoderm in response to RA on day 7 but not at later stages. Expression of Hox-2.6 and Hox-2.1 was ectopically induced anteriorly in neurectoderm in response to RA on day 8. Hox-2.1 remained responsive on day 9, whereas Hox-2.6 was no longer responsive at this stage. The expression of the 5′ gene Hox-2.5 was not detectably altered at any of these stages by RA treatments. We also examined the response of other genes whose expression is spatially regulated in early embryos. The expression of En-2 and Wnt-7b was not detectably altered by RA, whereas RAR beta expression was induced anteriorly by RA on day 7 and 8. Krox-20 expression was reduced in a stage- and region-specific manner by RA. The ectopic anterior expression of Hox-2.8 and Hox-2.9 induced by RA on day 7 was persistent to day 8, as was the altered expression of Krox-20. The altered pattern of expression of these genes in response to RA treatment on day 7 may be indicative of a transformation of anterior hindbrain to posterior hindbrain, specifically, a transformation of rhombomeres 1 to 3 towards rhombomere 4 identity with an anterior expansion of rhombomere 5. The ectopic expression of the 3′ Hox-2 genes in response to RA is consistent with a role for these genes in mediating the teratogenic effects of RA; the rapid response of the Hox-C genes to RA is consistent with a role for endogenous RA in refining 3′ Hox-C gene expression boundaries early in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Conlon
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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23
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Abstract
The developing vertebrate limb is a powerful system to study genes potentially involved in pattern formation. Many such candidate genes encode transcription factors belonging to the class of the "homeodomain" proteins. In this short review, we discuss the possible functions of different subfamilies of homeobox genes. Genes belonging to the Hox family (related to the Drosophila homoeotic genes), such as the HOX-1, HOX-3, and HOX-4, complexes are probably among those encoding the patterning information. Their differential expression in the mesenchymal compartment is proposed to be responsible for the determination of the various axial elements. Other homeobox-containing genes are expressed in both the mesenchyme of the progress zone and the ectodermal ridge. These genes, Hox-7.1 and Hox-8.1, are related to the Drosophila msh gene and could be involved in epithelial-mesenchymal interactions linking the growth of the system to its patterning.
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24
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Kessel M, Gruss P. Homeotic transformations of murine vertebrae and concomitant alteration of Hox codes induced by retinoic acid. Cell 1991; 67:89-104. [PMID: 1680565 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90574-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 726] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of murine embryos to teratogenic doses of retinoic acid (RA) induced homeotic transformations of vertebrae. Posterior transformations occurred along the complete body axis after RA administration on day 7 of gestation and were accompanied by anterior shifts of Hox gene expression domains in embryos. Anterior transformations of vertebrae in the caudal half of the vertebral column were induced on day 8.5. We suggest that the identity of a vertebral segment is specified by a combination of functionally active Hox genes, a "Hox code." In this concept the sequential activation of Hox genes defines sequentially more posterior axial levels, while mesodermal cells leave the primitive streak. Exogenous RA interferes with the normal establishment of Hox codes and thus with axial specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kessel
- Abteilung für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Göttingen, Federal Republic of Germany
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25
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Abstract
The roles of a variety of molecules including cell adhesion molecules and growth factors in the development of cranial nerves have begun to be understood in detail. In the course of embryonic development, cranial nerves are differentiated in concordance with the development of the metameric facial structure called 'ectomeres'. Each ectomere parallels the segmentation of the hindbrain called the 'rhombomere', in which pairs of metameric units cooperate to generate the repeating sequence of cranial branchiomotor nerves. A number of genes, including homeobox genes, are expressed in a rhombomere-specific pattern. For the formation of the olfactory nerve, it is suggested that several carbohydrate residues play important roles in receptor-target specificity. In the optic nerve, a combination of multiple cell adhesion molecules contributes to neurite growth in a developmental stage-specific manner. The development of the trigeminal nerve is under the control of both cell adhesion molecules and several growth factors. There is evidence that some of the adhesion molecules are expressed in a modality-specific way. There are also several molecules, such as 11p15 or TAG1/SNAP which are expressed only in selected cranial nerves. The growth rate of neurites also varies according to the individual nerves. Thus each cranial nerve has its own intrinsic properties and their outgrowth is the outcome of these properties and their interactions with surrounding non-neuronal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemstry, E.K. Shriver Center, Waltham, MA
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26
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Rangini Z, Ben-Yehuda A, Shapira E, Gruenbaum Y, Fainsod A. CHox E, a chicken homeogene of the H2.0 type exhibits dorso-ventral restriction in the proliferating region of the spinal cord. Mech Dev 1991; 35:13-24. [PMID: 1683253 DOI: 10.1016/0925-4773(91)90037-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
CHox E is a novel chicken homeogene that belongs to the H2.0 family of homeodomains. Its homeobox sequence is interrupted by an intron between amino acids 44 and 45. Expression of CHox E during embryogenesis is localized to the central nervous system. The anterior boundary of CHox E expression can initially be localized to rhombomere number 1, later in development this boundary reaches up to the rhombencephalic isthmus. CHox E expression in the spinal cord localizes dorso-ventrally to the dorsal half of the basal plate. CHox E expression is always restricted to the proliferating region, the ventricular zone. As the ventricular zone becomes restricted laterally, so does the CHox E expressing region. Once this region of the ventricular zone ceases to exist, CHox E specific transcripts become undetectable. The site and time of CHox E expression suggest a very early function in the differentiation of the cells derived from that region of the ventricular zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Rangini
- Department of Genetics, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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27
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Maraia R, Saal HM, Wangsa D. A chromosome 17q de novo paracentric inversion in a patient with campomelic dysplasia; case report and etiologic hypothesis. Clin Genet 1991; 39:401-8. [PMID: 1677832 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.1991.tb03050.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The campomelic syndrome is a skeletal dysplasia with a characteristic pattern of deformity involving the proximal and distal extremities, pelvic and shoulder girdles, thoracic cage and palate. Respiratory compromise often leads to death in early infancy. Etiology has not been determined although evidence suggests genetic heterogeneity in patients with campomelia. Cytogenetic analysis in the past have revealed an unexpectedly high incidence of a 46, XY karyotype in phenotypic females. We report here on a patient with a typical case of campomelic dysplasia in whom a de novo paracentric inversion of chromosome 17q was identified. Review of the genetic map of the inverted region identified potential "structural" genes including the Hox-2-homeobox gene and the collagen gene, COLIA1, which may be involved in the pathogenesis of campomelic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Maraia
- Laboratory of Molecular Growth Regulation, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland
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28
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Buchberg
- Jefferson Cancer Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Philadelphia, PA 19107-5541
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Nadeau
- Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609
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31
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Niedobitek G, Herbst H. Applications of in situ hybridization. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 1991; 32:1-56. [PMID: 1713899 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-364932-4.50005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Niedobitek
- Institute of Pathology, Klinikum Steglitz, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
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32
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Cho KW, De Robertis EM. Differential activation of Xenopus homeo box genes by mesoderm-inducing growth factors and retinoic acid. Genes Dev 1990; 4:1910-6. [PMID: 1980476 DOI: 10.1101/gad.4.11.1910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
What is the nature of positional information during embryogenesis? By using Xenopus homeo box genes as anteroposterior (A-P) markers, we confirm the findings of others that mesoderm-inducing growth factors and retinoic acid (RA) can provide positional information along the axis of the body. Xenopus tissue culture-mesoderm-inducing factor (XTC-MIF) selectively activates an anteriorly expressed homeo box gene (XlHbox 1), while basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) activates selectively a posteriorly expressed homeo box gene (XlHbox 6). RA activates expression of the posterior gene XlHbox 6, but not of XlHbox 1. This activation, however, requires exposure to growth factors. The data suggest that growth factors and RA may cooperate with each other to provide positional information in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Cho
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles 90024-1737
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33
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Abstract
The region-specific patterns of expression of mouse homeobox genes are considered important for establishing the embryonic body plan. A 5-kilobase (kb) DNA fragment from the Hox-3.1 locus that is sufficient to confer region-specific expression to a beta-galactosidase reporter gene in transgenic mouse embryos has been defined. The observed reporter gene expression pattern closely parallels endogenous Hox-3.1 expression in 8- to 9.5-day postcoitum (p.c.) embryos. At 10.5 days p.c. and later, the pattern of beta-galactosidase activity diverges from the Hox-3.1 pattern, and an inappropriately high level of reporter gene expression is observed in posterior spinal ganglia. Inclusion of an additional 2 kb of upstream sequences is sufficient to suppress this aberrant expression in the developing spinal ganglia. Together, these results show that the control of early Hox-3.1 expression is complex, involving at least one positively acting and one negatively acting element.
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34
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Abstract
Various strategies have been used to isolate genes that participate in the regulation of mouse development. Gene families that have been identified on the basis of their homology to motifs within Drosophila control genes or human transcription factor genes, namely homeobox (Hox), paired-box (Pax), and POU genes, can be compared with respect to gene organization, structure, and expression patterns. The functions of these genes can be analyzed molecularly in vitro and in vivo with the use of available mouse mutants or transgenic mice. In addition, it has been possible to generate gain- or loss-of-function mutations by random or targeted introduction of transgenes. Models derived from these studies can reveal the successive steps of developmental control on a genetic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kessel
- Max Planck-Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Göttingen, FRG
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35
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Keynes R, Lumsden A. Segmentation and the origin of regional diversity in the vertebrate central nervous system. Neuron 1990; 4:1-9. [PMID: 2178642 DOI: 10.1016/0896-6273(90)90438-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R Keynes
- Department of Anatomy, Cambridge University, England
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36
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Rubin MR, Nguyen-Huu MC. Alternatively spliced Hox-1.7 transcripts encode different protein products. DNA SEQUENCE : THE JOURNAL OF DNA SEQUENCING AND MAPPING 1990; 1:115-24. [PMID: 1983703 DOI: 10.3109/10425179009016039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Two Hox-1.7 cDNAs, GPK5 and GPK6, were isolated from an adult guinea-pig kidney cDNA library by hybridization at low stringency using a Hox-1.7 cDNA probe, MH-1, cloned from mouse F9 teratocarcinoma cells. Sequence analysis of these two Hox-1.7 cDNAs showed that (a) GPK5 contains a putative initiation codon preceding an open reading frame which includes the homeo box, and may represent the complete protein coding region for the corresponding Hox-1.7 transcript; (b) the amino acids encoded by GPK6 and MH-1 are nearly identical (with two changes); (c) both adult guinea-pig kidney cDNA clones share identical homeo domains with the mouse Hox-1.7 cDNA; and (d) both adult guinea-pig kidney cDNA clones are identical in the homeo box region and in the 3' untranslated region but differ significantly starting from the 12th codon upstream from the homeo box. These data, supported by Southern blot analysis, indicate that a splice site is present 5' to the homeo box and that alternative splicing results in transcripts encoding different protein products.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Rubin
- Department of Microbiology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
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37
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Schughart K, Pravtcheva D, Newman MS, Hunihan LW, Jiang ZL, Ruddle FH. Isolation and regional localization of the murine homeobox-containing gene Hox-3.3 to mouse chromosome region 15E. Genomics 1989; 5:76-83. [PMID: 2570032 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(89)90089-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A murine homeobox-containing cDNA clone has been isolated from an adult spinal cord library. Using in situ hybridization and somatic cell genetics techniques, the newly isolated homeobox gene has been mapped to mouse chromosome region 15E. Because of its chromosomal location, we called this gene locus Hox-3.3. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that the Hox-3.3 gene represents the murine cognate of the human homeobox gene c8. The presumptive organization of the murine Hox-3 homeobox gene cluster is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Schughart
- Department of Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
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