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Khandelwal N, Kulkarni A, Ahmed NI, Harper M, Konopka G, Gibson JR. FOXP1 regulates the development of excitatory synaptic inputs onto striatal neurons and induces phenotypic reversal with reinstatement. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadm7039. [PMID: 38701209 PMCID: PMC11068015 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adm7039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Long-range glutamatergic inputs originating from the cortex and thalamus are indispensable for striatal development, providing the foundation for motor and cognitive functions. Despite their significance, transcriptional regulation governing these inputs remains largely unknown. We investigated the role of a transcription factor encoded by a high-risk autism-associated gene, FOXP1, in sculpting glutamatergic inputs onto spiny projection neurons (SPNs) within the striatum. We find a neuron subtype-specific role of FOXP1 in strengthening and maturing glutamatergic inputs onto dopamine receptor 2-expressing SPNs (D2 SPNs). We also find that FOXP1 promotes synaptically driven excitability in these neurons. Using single-nuclei RNA sequencing, we identify candidate genes that mediate these cell-autonomous processes through postnatal FOXP1 function at the post-synapse. Last, we demonstrate that postnatal FOXP1 reinstatement rescues electrophysiological deficits, cell type-specific gene expression changes, and behavioral phenotypes. Together, this study enhances our understanding of striatal circuit development and provides proof of concept for a therapeutic approach for FOXP1 syndrome and other neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Khandelwal
- Department of Neuroscience and Peter O’Donnell Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Ashwinikumar Kulkarni
- Department of Neuroscience and Peter O’Donnell Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Newaz I. Ahmed
- Department of Neuroscience and Peter O’Donnell Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Matthew Harper
- Department of Neuroscience and Peter O’Donnell Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
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2
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Kumar P, Chaudhary A, Rai V. Evaluation of the Relationship Between Dopamine Receptor D2 Gene TaqIA1 Polymorphism and Alcohol Dependence Risk. Indian J Clin Biochem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12291-023-01122-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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3
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Dopamine Receptor Expression and the Pathogenesis of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: a Scoping Review of the Literature. CURRENT DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40474-022-00253-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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4
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Wong KLL, Nair A, Augustine GJ. Changing the Cortical Conductor's Tempo: Neuromodulation of the Claustrum. Front Neural Circuits 2021; 15:658228. [PMID: 34054437 PMCID: PMC8155375 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2021.658228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The claustrum is a thin sheet of neurons that is densely connected to many cortical regions and has been implicated in numerous high-order brain functions. Such brain functions arise from brain states that are influenced by neuromodulatory pathways from the cholinergic basal forebrain, dopaminergic substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area, and serotonergic raphe. Recent revelations that the claustrum receives dense input from these structures have inspired investigation of state-dependent control of the claustrum. Here, we review neuromodulation in the claustrum-from anatomical connectivity to behavioral manipulations-to inform future analyses of claustral function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L. L. Wong
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Program, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aditya Nair
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Computation and Neural Systems, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - George J. Augustine
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Program, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
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5
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Claustral Neurons Projecting to Frontal Cortex Mediate Contextual Association of Reward. Curr Biol 2020; 30:3522-3532.e6. [PMID: 32707061 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The claustrum is a small nucleus, exhibiting vast reciprocal connectivity with cortical, subcortical, and midbrain regions. Recent studies, including ours, implicate the claustrum in salience detection and attention. In the current study, we develop an iterative functional investigation of the claustrum, guided by quantitative spatial transcriptional analysis. Using this approach, we identify a circuit involving dopamine-receptor expressing claustral neurons projecting to frontal cortex necessary for context association of reward. We describe the recruitment of claustral neurons by cocaine and their role in drug sensitization. In order to characterize the circuit within which these neurons are embedded, we apply chemo- and opto-genetic manipulation of increasingly specified claustral subpopulations. This strategy resolves the role of a defined network of claustrum neurons expressing dopamine D1 receptors and projecting to frontal cortex in the acquisition of cocaine conditioned-place preference and real-time optogenetic conditioned-place preference. In sum, our results suggest a role for a claustrum-to-frontal cortex circuit in the attribution of incentive salience, allocating attention to reward-related contextual cues.
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6
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Borroto-Escuela DO, Fuxe K. On the G Protein-Coupled Receptor Neuromodulation of the Claustrum. Neurochem Res 2019; 45:5-15. [PMID: 31172348 PMCID: PMC6942600 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02822-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors modulate the synaptic glutamate and GABA transmission of the claustrum. The work focused on the transmitter–receptor relationships in the claustral catecholamine system and receptor–receptor interactions between kappa opioid receptors (KOR) and SomatostatinR2 (SSTR2) in claustrum. Methods used involved immunohistochemistry and in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA) using confocal microscopy. Double immunolabeling studies on dopamine (DA) D1 receptor (D1R) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivities (IR) demonstrated that D1R IR existed in almost all claustral and dorsal endopiriform nucleus (DEn) nerve cell bodies, known as glutamate projection neurons, and D4R IR in large numbers of nerve cell bodies of the claustrum and DEn. However, only a low to moderate density of TH IR nerve terminals was observed in the DEn versus de few scattered TH IR terminals found in the claustrum. These results indicated that DA D1R and D4R transmission in the rat operated via long distance DA volume transmission in the rat claustrum and DEn to modulate claustral-sensory cortical glutamate transmission. Large numbers of these glutamate projection neurons also expressed KOR and SSTR2 which formed KOR-SSTR2 heteroreceptor complexes using PLA. Such receptor–receptor interactions can finetune the activity of the glutamate claustral-sensory cortex projections from inhibition to enhancement of their sensory cortex signaling. This can give the sensory cortical regions significant help in deciding on the salience to be given to various incoming sensory stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasiel O Borroto-Escuela
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Biomolecular Science, Section of Physiology, University of Urbino, Campus Scientifico Enrico Mattei, via Ca' le Suore 2, 61029, Urbino, Italy. .,Observatorio Cubano de Neurociencias, Grupo Bohío-Estudio, Zayas 50, 62100, Yaguajay, Cuba. .,Biomedicum, Solnavagen 9, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
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7
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Smith JB, Alloway KD, Hof PR, Orman R, Reser DH, Watakabe A, Watson GDR. The relationship between the claustrum and endopiriform nucleus: A perspective towards consensus on cross-species homology. J Comp Neurol 2018; 527:476-499. [PMID: 30225888 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
With the emergence of interest in studying the claustrum, a recent special issue of the Journal of Comparative Neurology dedicated to the claustrum (Volume 525, Issue 6, pp. 1313-1513) brought to light questions concerning the relationship between the claustrum (CLA) and a region immediately ventral known as the endopiriform nucleus (En). These structures have been identified as separate entities in rodents but appear as a single continuous structure in primates. During the recent Society for Claustrum Research meeting, a panel of experts presented data pertaining to the relationship of these regions and held a discussion on whether the CLA and En should be considered (a) separate unrelated structures, (b) separate nuclei within the same formation, or (c) subregions of a continuous structure. This review article summarizes that discussion, presenting comparisons of the cytoarchitecture, neurochemical profiles, genetic markers, and anatomical connectivity of the CLA and En across several mammalian species. In rodents, we conclude that the CLA and the dorsal endopiriform nucleus (DEn) are subregions of a larger complex, which likely performs analogous computations and exert similar effects on their respective cortical targets (e.g., sensorimotor versus limbic). Moving forward, we recommend that the field retain the nomenclature currently employed for this region but should continue to examine the delineation of these structures across different species. Using thorough descriptions of a variety of anatomical features, this review offers a clear definition of the CLA and En in rodents, which provides a framework for identifying homologous structures in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared B Smith
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California
| | - Kevin D Alloway
- Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Rena Orman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - David H Reser
- Graduate Entry Medicine Program, Monash Rural Health-Churchill, Monash University, Churchill, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Glenn D R Watson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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8
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Anokhin PK, Shamakina IY, Proskuryakova TV, Shokhonova VA, Ul’yanova EV, Tarabarko IE, Anokhina IP. The selective agonist of dopamine D2 receptors cabergoline decreases alcohol consumption and increases the level of DRD2 mRNA in the brain of rats with chronic alcohol intoxication. NEUROCHEM J+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712417010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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9
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Sitte HH, Pifl C, Rajput AH, Hörtnagl H, Tong J, Lloyd GK, Kish SJ, Hornykiewicz O. Dopamine and noradrenaline, but not serotonin, in the human claustrum are greatly reduced in patients with Parkinson's disease: possible functional implications. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 45:192-197. [PMID: 27741357 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the human brain, the claustrum is a small subcortical telencephalic nucleus, situated between the insular cortex and the putamen. A plethora of neuroanatomical studies have shown the existence of dense, widespread, bidirectional and bilateral monosynaptic interconnections between the claustrum and most cortical areas. A rapidly growing body of experimental evidence points to the integrative role of claustrum in complex brain functions, from motor to cognitive. Here, we examined for the first time, the behaviour of the classical monoamine neurotransmitters dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin in the claustrum of the normal autopsied human brain and of patients who died with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD). We found in the normal claustrum substantial amounts of all three monoamine neurotransmitters, substantiating the existence of the respective brain stem afferents to the claustrum. In PD, the levels of dopamine and noradrenaline were greatly reduced by 93 and 81%, respectively. Serotonin levels remained unchanged. We propose that by virtue of their projections to the claustrum, the brain stem dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin systems interact directly with the cortico-claustro-cortical information processing mechanisms, by-passing their (parallel) routes via the basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical circuits. We suggest that loss of dopamine and noradrenaline in the PD claustrum is critical in the aetiology of both the motor and the non-motor symptoms of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald H Sitte
- Centre for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringerstrasse 13A, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Pifl
- Centre for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ali H Rajput
- Division of Neurology, Saskatchewan Movement Disorders Program, Saskatoon Health Region, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Heide Hörtnagl
- Department of Pharmacology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Junchao Tong
- Human Brain Laboratory, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Stephen J Kish
- Human Brain Laboratory, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Oleh Hornykiewicz
- Centre for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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10
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Watson GDR, Smith JB, Alloway KD. Interhemispheric connections between the infralimbic and entorhinal cortices: The endopiriform nucleus has limbic connections that parallel the sensory and motor connections of the claustrum. J Comp Neurol 2016; 525:1363-1380. [PMID: 26860547 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that the claustrum is part of an interhemispheric circuit that interconnects somesthetic-motor and visual-motor cortical regions. The role of the claustrum in processing limbic information, however, is poorly understood. Some evidence suggests that the dorsal endopiriform nucleus (DEn), which lies immediately ventral to the claustrum, has connections with limbic cortical areas and should be considered part of a claustrum-DEn complex. To determine whether DEn has similar patterns of cortical connections as the claustrum, we used anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques to elucidate the connectivity of DEn. Following injections of retrograde tracers into DEn, labeled neurons appeared bilaterally in the infralimbic (IL) cortex and ipsilaterally in the entorhinal and piriform cortices. Anterograde tracer injections in DEn revealed labeled terminals in the same cortical regions, but only in the ipsilateral hemisphere. These tracer injections also revealed extensive longitudinal projections throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the nucleus. Dual retrograde tracer injections into IL and lateral entorhinal cortex (LEnt) revealed intermingling of labeled neurons in ipsilateral DEn, including many double-labeled neurons. In other experiments, anterograde and retrograde tracers were separately injected into IL of each hemisphere of the same animal. This revealed an interhemispheric circuit in which IL projects bilaterally to DEn, with the densest terminal labeling appearing in the contralateral hemisphere around retrogradely labeled neurons that project to IL in that hemisphere. By showing that DEn and claustrum have parallel sets of connections, these results suggest that DEn and claustrum perform similar functions in processing limbic and sensorimotor information, respectively. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:1363-1380, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn D R Watson
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033.,Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Jared B Smith
- Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802.,Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Kevin D Alloway
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033.,Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
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11
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Piazza JE, Zhu C, Ravi Selvaganapathy P, R. Hoare T, Jain SB, Hossain F, Mishra RK. A Novel Intranasal Spray Device for the Administration of Nanoparticles to Rodents. J Med Device 2015. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4029907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental intranasal (IN) delivery of nanoparticle (NP) drug carriers is typically performed using a pipette with or without anesthesia, a technique that may be a poor simulation of practical IN administration of drug-loaded NPs in humans. Existing IN spray devices suffer from drawbacks in terms of variability in dose-control and spray duration as well as the application of nonuniform pressure fields when a NP-formulated drug is aerosolized. Furthermore, existing spray devices require large volumes that may not be available or may be prohibitively expensive to prepare. In response, we have developed a novel pneumatically driven IN spray device for the administration of NPs, which is capable of administering extremely small quantities (50–100 μl) of NP suspension in a fine spray that disperses the NPs uniformly onto the tissue. This device was validated using haloperidol-loaded Solanum tuberosum lectin (STL)-functionalized, poly(ethylene glycol)–block-poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PEG–PLGA) NPs targeted for delivery to the brain for schizophrenia treatment. A pneumatic pressure of 100 kPa was found to be optimal to produce a spray that effectively aerosolizes NP suspensions and delivers them evenly to the olfactory epithelium. IN administration of STL-functionalized NPs using the IN spray device increased brain tissue haloperidol concentrations by a factor of 1.2–1.5× compared to STL-functionalized NPs administered IN with a pipette. Such improved delivery enables the use of lower drug doses and thus offers both fewer local side-effects and lower costs without compromising therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin E. Piazza
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada e-mail:
| | - Chao Zhu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada e-mail:
| | - P. Ravi Selvaganapathy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada e-mail:
| | - Todd R. Hoare
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada e-mail:
| | - Saransh B. Jain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada e-mail:
| | - Farhat Hossain
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada e-mail:
| | - Ram K. Mishra
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada e-mail:
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12
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Piazza J, Hoare T, Molinaro L, Terpstra K, Bhandari J, Selvaganapathy PR, Gupta B, Mishra RK. Haloperidol-loaded intranasally administered lectin functionalized poly(ethylene glycol)–block-poly(d,l)-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PEG–PLGA) nanoparticles for the treatment of schizophrenia. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2014; 87:30-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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13
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Li LB, Han LN, Zhang QJ, Sun YN, Wang Y, Feng J, Zhang L, Wang T, Chen L, Liu J. The theta-related firing activity of parvalbumin-positive neurons in the medial septum-diagonal band of Broca complex and their response to 5-HT1A receptor stimulation in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Hippocampus 2013; 24:326-40. [PMID: 24174292 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The parvalbumin (PV)-positive neurons in the medial septum-diagonal band of Broca complex (MS-DB) play an important role in the generation of hippocampal theta rhythm involved in cognitive functions. These neurons in this region express a high density of 5-HT1A receptors which regulate the neuronal activity and consequently affect the theta rhythm. In this study, we examined changes in the theta-related firing activity of PV-positive neurons in the MS-DB, their response to 5-HT1A receptor stimulation and the corresponding hippocampal theta rhythm, and the density of PV-positive neurons and their co-localization with 5-HT1A receptors in rats with 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). The lesion of the SNc decreased the rhythmically bursting activity of PV-positive neurons and the peak frequency of hippocampal theta rhythm. Systemic administration of 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT (0.5-128 µg/kg, i.v.) inhibited the firing rate of PV-positive neurons and disrupted rhythmically bursting activity of the neurons and the theta rhythm in sham-operated and the lesioned rats, respectively. The cumulative doses producing inhibition and disruption in the lesioned rats were higher than that of sham-operated rats. Furthermore, local application of 8-OH-DPAT (0.005 μg) in the MS-DB also inhibited the firing rate of PV-positive neurons and disrupted their rhythmically bursting activity in sham-operated rats, while having no effect on PV-positive neurons in the lesioned rats. The lesion of the SNc decreased the density of PV-positive neurons in the MS-DB, and percentage of PV-positive neurons expressing 5-HT1A receptors. These results indicate that the lesion of the SNc leads to suppression of PV-positive neurons in the MS-DB and hippocampal theta rhythm. Furthermore, the lesion decreases the response of these neurons to 5-HT1A receptor stimulation, which attributes to dysfunction and/or down-regulation of 5-HT1A receptor expression on these neurons. These changes may be involved in cognitive impairments of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Bo Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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14
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Wu J, Xiao H, Sun H, Zou L, Zhu LQ. Role of dopamine receptors in ADHD: a systematic meta-analysis. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 45:605-20. [PMID: 22610946 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8278-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The dopaminergic system plays a pivotal role in the central nervous system via its five diverse receptors (D1-D5). Dysfunction of dopaminergic system is implicated in many neuropsychological diseases, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a common mental disorder that prevalent in childhood. Understanding the relationship of five different dopamine (DA) receptors with ADHD will help us to elucidate different roles of these receptors and to develop therapeutic approaches of ADHD. This review summarized the ongoing research of DA receptor genes in ADHD pathogenesis and gathered the past published data with meta-analysis and revealed the high risk of DRD5, DRD2, and DRD4 polymorphisms in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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15
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Chagas-Martinich L, Carey RJ, Carrera MP. 7-OH-DPAT effects on latent inhibition: low dose facilitation but high dose blockade: Implications for dopamine receptor involvement in attentional processes. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2007; 86:441-8. [PMID: 17291574 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2007.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2006] [Revised: 12/23/2006] [Accepted: 01/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
7-OH-DPAT is a dopamine D2/D3 agonist, which at low doses acts preferentially on D3 receptors but at high doses it acts on D2 and D3 receptors. The present study investigated the contribution of D3 and D2 receptors on latent inhibition (LI) by using two dose levels of 7-OH-DPAT: a low dose, 0.1 mg/kg (D3 receptor activation) and a high dose, 1.0 mg/kg, (D2/D3 receptor activation) in a conditioned emotional response (CER) paradigm. The LI Protocols included CS pre-exposure (10 or 40 CS alone trials), CER induction and a non-drug CER test phase. Additionally, the drug effects upon CER acquisition without LI were assessed using the same treatments and test environment pre-exposure protocols but without the tone CS. The effects of 7-OH-DPAT on crossing, rearing and grooming were also measured in an open field 1 day after the CER test phase. The results showed that the low dose 7-OH-DPAT treatment potentiated LI at 10 but not at 40 CS pre-exposures. The high dose 7-OH-DPAT treatment blocked LI at both the 10 and 40 stimulus pre-exposures; and it also induced hyperactivity. Thus, D3 stimulation induced by a low dose of 7-OH-DPAT can facilitate LI but these effects are contingent upon and are specific to the number of stimulus presentations. Altogether, these findings indicate that D3 stimulation can enhance attentional processes, but D2 stimulation can impair attentional processes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Attention/drug effects
- Attention/physiology
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Behavior, Animal/physiology
- Conditioning, Psychological/drug effects
- Conditioning, Psychological/physiology
- Dopamine Agonists/administration & dosage
- Dopamine Agonists/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Inhibition, Psychological
- Male
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Dopamine/drug effects
- Receptors, Dopamine/physiology
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/agonists
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/drug effects
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/physiology
- Receptors, Dopamine D3/agonists
- Receptors, Dopamine D3/drug effects
- Receptors, Dopamine D3/physiology
- Tetrahydronaphthalenes/administration & dosage
- Tetrahydronaphthalenes/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligia Chagas-Martinich
- Behavioral Pharmacology Group, Laboratory of Animal Health, State University of North Fluminense, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, 28013-600, RJ, Brazil
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17
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Zajonc TP, Roland PS. Vertigo and Motion Sickness. Part I: Vestibular Anatomy and Physiology. EAR, NOSE & THROAT JOURNAL 2005. [DOI: 10.1177/014556130508400912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of the symptoms of vertigo and motion sickness requires consideration of the neurophysiology of areas both intrinsic and extrinsic to the vestibular system proper. We review the essential anatomy and physiology of the vestibular system and the associated vomiting reflex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter S. Roland
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas
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18
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Zhou Y, Spangler R, Yuferov VP, Schlussmann SD, Ho A, Kreek MJ. Effects of selective D1- or D2-like dopamine receptor antagonists with acute "binge" pattern cocaine on corticotropin-releasing hormone and proopiomelanocortin mRNA levels in the hypothalamus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 130:61-7. [PMID: 15519677 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbrainres.2004.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that there are stimulatory effects of acute (1 day) "binge" cocaine on corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) gene expression in the rat hypothalamus and on the stress responsive hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) activity. The first aim of the present study was to investigate the possible role of dopamine (DA) D1- or D2-like receptors (D1R or D2R) in modulating these acute effects. Administration of acute "binge" cocaine (3x15 mg/kg, i.p.) was preceded by injections of either the selective D1R antagonist (SCH23390, 2 mg/kg) or D2R antagonist (sulpiride, 50 mg/kg). The D1R or D2R blockade by SCH23390 or sulpiride, respectively, did not alter the mRNA levels of CRH in the hypothalamus, CRH-R1 or proopiomelanocortin (POMC) in the anterior pituitary. However, the acute "binge" cocaine-induced increase in hypothalamic CRH mRNA levels was not found in the rats that received either D1R or D2R antagonist pretreatment. In the anterior pituitary, acute "binge" cocaine or its combinations with either DA antagonist did not alter CRH-R1 receptor or POMC mRNA levels. Both the D1R and D2R antagonists attenuated the elevation of plasma corticosterone levels induced by acute "binge" cocaine. These results suggest that both D1R and D2R mediate acute cocaine's stimulatory effect on HPA axis at the hypothalamic CRH level. Neurobiological evidence has demonstrated functional interactions between dopaminergic and opioidergic systems that regulate preproenkephalin and preprodynorphin gene expression in the striatum. The second aim of our study was to investigate the roles that D1R or D2R could play in regulation of POMC mRNA levels in the hypothalamus in response to acute "binge" cocaine. The D2R blockade by sulpiride increased POMC mRNA levels in the hypothalamus, indicating that D2R exerts a tonic inhibitory effect on hypothalamic POMC gene expression. The POMC mRNA increases induced by the D2R blockade were attenuated by acute "binge" cocaine. Neither the D2R blockade nor acute "binge" cocaine altered POMC mRNA levels in the amygdala, anterior pituitary or neurointermediate lobe of the pituitary. In contrast to the D2R, the D1R blockade by SCH23390, acute "binge" cocaine or their combination had no effect on hypothalamic POMC mRNA levels. These results support a specific role for D2R in acute cocaine's effects on hypothalamic POMC gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Box 171, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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19
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Senogles SE, Heimert TL, Odife ER, Quasney MW. A region of the third intracellular loop of the short form of the D2 dopamine receptor dictates Gi coupling specificity. J Biol Chem 2003; 279:1601-6. [PMID: 14581469 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m309792200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The D2 dopamine receptor has two isoforms, the short form (D2s receptor) and the long form (D2l receptor), which differ by the presence of a 29-amino acid insert in the third cytoplasmic loop. Both the D2s and D2l receptors have been shown to couple to members of the G alpha(i) family of G proteins, but whether each isoform couples to specific G alpha(i) protein(s) remains controversial. In previous studies using G alpha(i) mutants resistant to modification by pertussis toxin (G alpha(i)PT), we demonstrated that the D2s receptor couples selectively to G alpha(i2)PT and that the D2l receptor couples selectively to G alpha(i3)PT (Senogles, S. E. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 23120-23127). In this study, two point mutations of the D2s receptor were created by random mutagenesis (R233G and A234T). The two mutant D2s receptors demonstrated pharmacological characteristics comparable with those of the wild-type D2s receptor, with similar agonist and antagonist binding affinities. We used human embryonic kidney 293 cells stably transfected with G alpha(i1)PT, G alpha(i2)PT, or G alpha(i3)PT to measure agonist-mediated inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation before and after pertussis toxin treatment. The two mutant D2s receptors demonstrated a change in G(i) coupling specificity compared with the wild-type D2s receptor. Whereas the wild-type D2s receptor coupled predominantly to G alpha(i2)PT, mutant R233G coupled preferentially to G alpha(i3)PT, and mutant A234T coupled preferentially to G alpha(i1)PT. These results suggest that this region of the third cytoplasmic loop is crucial for determining G(i) protein coupling specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Senogles
- Department of Molecular Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 858 Madison Avenue, Suite G01, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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20
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Spangler R, Goddard NL, Avena NM, Hoebel BG, Leibowitz SF. Elevated D3 dopamine receptor mRNA in dopaminergic and dopaminoceptive regions of the rat brain in response to morphine. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 2003; 111:74-83. [PMID: 12654507 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(02)00671-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
As opiates increase dopamine transmission, we measured the effects of morphine on dopamine-related genes using a real-time optic PCR assay that reliably detects small differences in mRNA in discrete brain regions. Tissue from dopaminoceptive and dopaminergic brain regions was collected from rats injected twice daily for 7 days with saline or increasing doses of morphine. Tissues were assayed for D1, D2 and D3 dopamine receptor mRNAs (D1R, D2R and D3R), as well as for mRNAs for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and the dopamine transporter (DAT). The neuron-associated mRNAs for SNAP-25 and synaptophysin, as well as the glial-associated mRNA for S100-beta and three 'housekeeping' mRNAs, were also measured. As reported previously by others, there was no alteration in D1R mRNA and a 25% decrease in D2R mRNA in the caudate-putamen, 2 h after the final morphine injection. Importantly, in the same RNA extracts, D3R mRNA showed significant increases of 85% in the caudate-putamen and 165% in the ventral midbrain, including the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area. There were no other significant morphine effects. Mapping of brain regions in saline control rats agreed with previous studies, including showing the presence of low abundance TH mRNA and the absence of DAT mRNA in the caudate-putamen. The finding that chronic, intermittent injections of morphine caused an increase in D3R mRNA extends our understanding of the ability of D3R agonists to reduce the effects of morphine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolph Spangler
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, Box 278, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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21
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Chaiseha Y, Youngren O, Al-Zailaie K, El Halawani M. Expression of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors in the hypothalamus and pituitary during the turkey reproductive cycle: colocalization with vasoactive intestinal peptide. Neuroendocrinology 2003; 77:105-18. [PMID: 12624532 DOI: 10.1159/000068649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2002] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of avian prolactin (PRL) secretion and PRL gene expression is influenced by hypothalamic vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), the PRL-releasing factor in avian species. Recent evidence indicates that D(1) and D(2) dopamine (DA) receptors play a pivotal role in VIP and PRL secretion. The differential expression of DA receptors located on hypothalamic VIP neurons and anterior pituitary cells may affect the degree of prolactinemia observed during the turkey reproductive cycle. The relative expression of D(1D) and D(2) DA receptor subtype mRNA was quantitated using in situ hybridization histochemistry (ISH). D(1D) and D(2) DA receptor mRNA was found expressed throughout the hypothalamus and pituitary. The expression of D(1D) DA receptor mRNA in the hypothalamus was found to be 6.8-fold greater than that of D(2) DA receptor mRNA. Higher D(1D) DA receptor mRNA content was found in the anterior hypothalamus (3.6-fold), the ventromedial nucleus (2.0-fold), the infundibular nuclear complex (INF; 1.9-fold), and the medial preoptic nucleus (1.5-fold) of laying hens as compared to that of reproductively quiescent non-photostimulated hens. The levels seen in incubating hyperprolactinemic hens were essentially the same as in laying hens, except for the INF where levels were 52% higher. During the photorefractory stage (hypoprolactinemia), the D(1D) DA receptor mRNA was at its lowest level in all areas tested. No differences were observed in hypothalamic D(2) DA receptor mRNA abundance throughout the reproductive cycle, except for an increase in D(2) DA receptor mRNA within the INF of photorefractory hens. Also, a marked reduction in D(2) DA receptor mRNA was observed in the pituitary of incubating hens. Pituitary D(1D) DA receptor levels did not change when birds entered the incubating phase. Double ISH revealed that D(1D) and D(2) DA receptor mRNAs were co-expressed within neurons expressing VIP mRNA, predominantly within the lateral hypothalamus and INF. D(1D) DA receptor mRNA was more highly expressed than D(2) DA receptor mRNA. The present findings clearly demonstrate that the expression of stimulatory D(1) DA receptor mRNA in the hypothalamus increases in hyperprolactinemic incubating hens, whereas inhibitory D(2) DA receptor mRNA increases in the pituitary of hypoprolactinemic photorefractory hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupaporn Chaiseha
- School of Biology, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
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22
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Huang X, Lawler CP, Lewis MM, Nichols DE, Mailman RB. D1 dopamine receptors. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2002; 48:65-139. [PMID: 11526741 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(01)48014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- X Huang
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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23
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Zhou Y, Spangler R, Ho A, Jeanne Kreek M. Hypothalamic CRH mRNA levels are differentially modulated by repeated 'binge' cocaine with or without D(1) dopamine receptor blockade. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 2001; 94:112-8. [PMID: 11597771 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(01)00223-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We previously found that there was a rapid stimulatory effect of acute (1 day) 'binge' cocaine on CRH mRNA levels in the rat hypothalamus. In contrast, after 3 days of 'binge' cocaine, there was a modest decrease (12%) in hypothalamic CRH mRNA levels, which after 14 days of 'binge' cocaine was greater (32%) and significantly lower than control values. Also, our previous studies found an elevation of CRH mRNA in the frontal cortex after 3 days of 'binge' cocaine. The present study was designed to investigate the possible role of dopamine receptors in modulating these effects. Administration of 3 days of 'binge' cocaine (3 x 15 mg/kg, i.p.) was preceded by daily injections of either D(1) (SCH23390, 2 mg/kg) or D(2) (sulpiride, 50 mg/kg) dopamine receptor antagonist. Neither SCH23390 nor sulpiride had an effect on basal CRH mRNA levels in the hypothalamus, frontal cortex or amygdala. Small decreases (10-13%) in hypothalamic CRH mRNA levels were found again to be induced by 3 days of repeated 'binge' cocaine. However, this modest decrease was not found in the rats that received D(1) antagonist SCH23390 pretreatment. Pretreatment with D(2) antagonist sulpiride had no effect on this decrease. These findings suggest that the inhibitory effect of repeated 'binge' cocaine on the hypothalamic CRH mRNA expression is absent when there is D(1), but not D(2), dopamine receptor blockade. In the frontal cortex, pretreatment with either SCH23390 or sulpiride did not alter the increases in the CRH mRNA levels induced by repeated 'binge' cocaine. The results suggest that the cocaine-induced modulation of hypothalamic CRH mRNA expression is secondary to changes in the activity of specific components of dopaminergic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhou
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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24
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Schnell SA, You S, Foster DN, El Halawani ME. Molecular cloning and tissue distribution of an avian D2 dopamine receptor mRNA from the domestic turkey (Maleagris gallopavo). J Comp Neurol 1999; 407:543-54. [PMID: 10235644 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19990517)407:4<543::aid-cne6>3.0.co;2-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), in combination with 5' and 3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE), was used to clone a G protein-coupled receptor from turkey brain mRNA. This cDNA clone has an open reading frame of 1,311 base pairs encoding a 436-residue protein with seven transmembrane-spanning domains and exhibits high homology with previously cloned mammalian D2 dopamine receptors. Northern blot analysis of turkey brain mRNA detected an approximate 2.4-kb transcript. RT-PCR and subsequent nucleotide sequence analysis of turkey brain and peripheral tissue mRNA also demonstrated the presence of an alternatively spliced mRNA corresponding to the predicted D2 short isoform. RT-PCR experiments demonstrated a widespread distribution of alternatively spliced D2 dopamine receptor transcripts throughout the turkey brain and in select peripheral tissues as well. In situ hybridization experiments detected strong autoradiographic signals over much of the turkey telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, cerebellum, pituitary, and pineal gland. Dopamine has several important functions as a neurotransmitter and hormone in mammals and may have similar actions in avian species. The cloning and tissue distribution of the D2 receptor subtype should enable the investigation of any functional role dopamine and dopamine receptors exert on the physiology and behavior of birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Schnell
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul 55108, USA.
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25
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Wilson JM, Sanyal S, Van Tol HH. Dopamine D2 and D4 receptor ligands: relation to antipsychotic action. Eur J Pharmacol 1998; 351:273-86. [PMID: 9721018 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(98)00312-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery that the antipsychotic action of phenothiazines was mediated by dopamine D2 receptors, the dopamine system has been scrutinized for schizophrenia related abnormalities. The focus has been to create neuroleptics with improved antipsychotic profiles and reduced side effects. With the identification of multiple dopamine receptor subtypes, the hypotheses regarding the role of dopamine in schizophrenia and antipsychotic action of neuroleptics have been refined. Even after the molecular identification of newer dopamine D2-like receptor subtypes (D3 and D4), the dopamine D2 receptor is still considered the predominant site for antipsychotic action. However, there has been much debate concerning the modulatory role of other dopamine receptor sites in the mechanism of action of antipsychotic drugs. Specifically, the dopamine D4 receptor has received much attention in this regard, since the atypical antipsychotic agent, clozapine, preferentially blocks this receptor subtype as compared with dopamine D2 and D3 receptors. In this review we will highlight some of the observations and arguments regarding the involvement of the dopamine D2 and D4 receptor sites in the therapeutic efficacy of antipsychotic medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Wilson
- Laboratory for Molecular Neurobiology,3 Clarke Institute of Psychiatry, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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26
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Lidow MS, Wang F, Cao Y, Goldman-Rakic PS. Layer V neurons bear the majority of mRNAs encoding the five distinct dopamine receptor subtypes in the primate prefrontal cortex. Synapse 1998; 28:10-20. [PMID: 9414013 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2396(199801)28:1<10::aid-syn2>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In situ hybridization histochemistry was used to determine the laminar distribution of D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5 dopamine receptor mRNAs in the primate prefrontal cortex and to compare striatal and cortical levels of these messages within the same tissue sections. All five subtypes of dopamine receptor mRNA are present in both the monkey striatum and the cerebral cortex but in different proportions within each structure. Thus, levels of D1 and D2 mRNAs are noticeably stronger in the striatum than in the cortex, whereas D4 and D5 expression is clearly higher in the cortex. The D3 transcripts appear nearly equivalent in the striatum and the cortex. A major finding is that, within the prefrontal cortex, mRNAs encoding all dopamine receptor subtypes are expressed most strongly in layer V. This laminar pattern of mRNA distribution does not hold in all cortical regions. The relatively high levels of mRNAs encoding known dopamine receptor subtypes in the primate cerebral cortex, including the D4 receptor, underscore the importance of this structure as a target for therapeutic actions of antipsychotic drugs. Further, their prominence in layer V of the prefrontal cortex, which contains the corticostriatal and corticotectal projection neurons, provides a neural basis for dopaminergic regulation of the descending control systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Lidow
- Section of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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27
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Dziedzicka-Wasylewska M. The effect of imipramine on the amount of mRNA coding for rat dopamine D2 autoreceptors. Eur J Pharmacol 1997; 337:291-6. [PMID: 9430428 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(97)01286-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Several reports have investigated the possibility that chronic antidepressant treatment alters dopamine autoreceptors. Since radioligand binding studies do not differentiate between presynaptic and postsynaptic dopamine D2 receptors in the rat forebrain, we used the in situ hybridization technique to measure the amount of mRNA coding for dopamine D2 autoreceptors in the dopaminergic cell bodies. The amount of mRNA coding for dopamine D2 autoreceptors in the rat mesencephalon was analyzed following acute and repeated treatment with imipramine, the most widely used antidepressant drug. No significant changes in the amount of mRNA were observed in the substantia nigra of the rat, after acute or repeated treatment with imipramine. In the ventral tegmental area repeated treatment with imipramine (14 days, twice a day) increased the amount of dopamine D2 autoreceptor mRNA in the lateral part of this brain region (containing nucleus paranigralis and n. parabrachialis pigmentosus), without there being any significant changes in the more medial part (n. interfascicularis and n. linearis). The increase in the amount of dopamine D2 autoreceptor mRNA in the ventral tegmental area started to be significant 72 h after acute imipramine. Moreover, this increase was also observed after 14 drug-free days following the acute administration of the drug. The results indicate the different sensitivity of neurons synthesizing dopamine autoreceptors for imipramine. Another interesting finding is the observation that acute treatment with imipramine seems to be sufficient to trigger changes as a function of time regardless of whether imipramine is again administered, providing a possible explanation for the delayed therapeutic effect of the drug.
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28
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Lachowicz JE, Sibley DR. Molecular characteristics of mammalian dopamine receptors. PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY 1997; 81:105-13. [PMID: 9335067 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1997.tb00039.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine receptors belong to a large super-gene family of receptors which are linked to their signal transduction pathways through heterotrimeric G proteins. A variety of signalling events are known to be regulated by dopamine receptors including adenylate cyclase and phospholipase activities and various ion channels. Prior to the advent of molecular cloning technology, dopamine receptors were believed to belong to two subtypes, D1 and D2. This distinction was based on both pharmacological and functional criteria. We now know that at least five different dopamine receptors exist although they can still be described as to belonging within "D1" and "D2" subfamilies. The D1 subfamily consists of two receptors-the D1 and D5, whereas the D2, D3 and D4 receptors comprise the D2 subfamily. The cloning and molecular characteristics of these five receptors are described in this review.
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MESH Headings
- Adenylyl Cyclases/metabolism
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Cloning, Molecular
- Dopamine Agonists/pharmacology
- Dopamine Antagonists/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation/genetics
- Humans
- Ion Channels/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phospholipases/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Dopamine/drug effects
- Receptors, Dopamine/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/drug effects
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine D1/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/drug effects
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/genetics
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D3
- Receptors, Dopamine D4
- Receptors, Dopamine D5
- Signal Transduction/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Lachowicz
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
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29
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Lannes B, Micheletti G. Sensitization of the striatal dopaminergic system induced by chronic administration of a glutamate antagonist in the rat. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1997; 21:417-24. [PMID: 9195599 DOI: 10.1016/s0149-7634(96)00041-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess in the rat the pharmacological, biochemical and molecular (including in situ hybridization) consequences in the striatum of a prolonged (50 days) treatment with dizocilpine maleate (MK-801), an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist. We observed a sensitization-like effect characterized by a behavioural hyperresponsiveness to an acute injection of haloperidol (0.25 mg/kg), a dopaminergic antagonist. In rats chronically treated with MK-801, this hyperresponsiveness was associated with an increased D2 receptor (D2R) density in the striatum. At the transcriptional level, the D2R mRNA was also enhanced in the striatum. Quantitative in situ hybridization studies revealed that the number of neurons expressing the D2R mRNA was significantly enhanced in treated rats, whereas the mean amount of message per cell was unchanged. These changes could represent the neurobiological substrate of the observed sensitization. These results suggest that the D2R gene is under glutamate control via NMDA receptor in striatal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lannes
- Institut de Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Strasbourg, France
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30
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Chabot JG, Kar S, Quirion R. Autoradiographical and immunohistochemical analysis of receptor localization in the central nervous system. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 1996; 28:729-45. [PMID: 8968726 DOI: 10.1007/bf02272147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative receptor autoradiographic methods have been widely used over the past two decades. Some of the advantages and limitations of these techniques are reviewed here. Comparison with immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization methods is also highlighted, as well as the use of these approaches to study receptor gene over-expression in cell lines. Together, data obtained using these various methodologies can provide unique information on the potential physiological roles of a given receptor protein and/or binding sites in various tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Chabot
- Douglas Hospital Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
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31
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Eaton MJ, Cheung S, Moore KE, Lookingland KJ. Dopamine receptor-mediated regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Brain Res 1996; 738:60-6. [PMID: 8949928 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(96)00765-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined the effects of intraperitoneal administration of selective D1 (SKF 38393) and D2 (quinelorane) dopaminergic receptor agonists on Fos-like immunoreactivity (Fos-LI) and levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) mRNA in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) and in the central nucleus of the amygdala (cAMY). Ninety minutes after administration of the D1 agonist SKF 38393, Fos-LI was increased in both the PVN and cAMY. Administration of SCH 39166, a selective D1 antagonist, blocked and attenuated the SKF 38393-induced increase in Fos-LI in the PVN and cAMY, respectively. Similarly, 90 minutes after intraperitoneal injection of the D2 agonist quinelorane, Fos-LI was increased in both PVN and cAMY. Administration of the selective D2 antagonist raclopride prevented the ability of quinelorane to increase Fos-LI in the PVN and cAMY. Both SKF 38393 and quinelorane stimulated the expression of CRH and mRNA in the PVN, but failed to alter its expression in the cAMY. Taken together, these results indicate that stimulation of either D1 and D2 dopaminergic receptors activates CRH neurons in the PVN. Stimulation of either D1 or D2 receptors activates neurons in the cAMY, but these changes do not appear to be occurring in CRH neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Eaton
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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32
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Damask SP, Bovenkerk KA, de la Pena G, Hoversten KM, Peters DB, Valentine AM, Meador-Woodruff JH. Differential effects of clozapine and haloperidol on dopamine receptor mRNA expression in rat striatum and cortex. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 1996; 41:241-9. [PMID: 8883957 DOI: 10.1016/0169-328x(96)00101-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of the dopamine (DA) receptors is of considerable interest, in part because treatment with antipsychotic drugs is known to upregulate striatal D2-like receptors. While previous studies have focused on the regulation of striatal DA receptors, less is known about the pharmacological regulation of cortical DA receptors. The purpose of this study was to examine the regulation of DA mRNA receptor expression in the cortex compared to the striatum following treatment with antipsychotic agents. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected daily with haloperidol (2 mg/kg/day), clozapine (20 mg/kg/day) or a control vehicle for a period of 14 days. Following treatment, brains were subjected to in situ hybridization for the mRNAs encoding the five dopamine receptors; only D1, D2, and D3 receptor mRNAs were detected in these regions. Haloperidol tended to either modestly upregulate or have no effect on dopamine receptor mRNAs detected in striatal structures, while clozapine generally downregulated these mRNAs. On the other hand, in the cortex, both drugs had striking effects on D1 and D2 mRNA levels. Cortical D1 mRNA was upregulated by haloperidol, but this effect was primarily restricted to cingulate cortex; clozapine also upregulated D1 mRNA, but primarily in parietal regions. Haloperidol downregulated D2 mRNA in the majority of cortical regions, but most dramatically in frontal and cingulate regions; clozapine typically upregulated this mRNA, but primarily in regions other than frontal and cingulate cortex. These results indicate that clozapine and haloperidol each have regionally-specific effects, and differentially regulate dopamine receptor mRNA expression in striatal and cortical regions of the rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Damask
- Mental Health Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-0720, USA
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Dopamine D2 receptor-mediated modulation of the GABAergic inhibition of substantia nigra pars reticulata neurons. Brain Res 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(96)00226-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ratnakumari L, Qureshi IA, Butterworth RF. Central muscarinic cholinergic M1 and M2 receptor changes in congenital ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency. Pediatr Res 1996; 40:25-8. [PMID: 8798241 DOI: 10.1203/00006450-199607000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Congenital ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency results in neuropathologic damage to the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and thalamus. However, the precise nature of the cell loss, as well as the pathophysiologic mechanisms responsible for it, have not been fully elucidated. In the present study, densities of the M1 and M2 subclasses of muscarinic cholinergic binding sites were assessed using quantitative receptor autoradiography in the brains of sparse-fur (spf) mice with congenital OTC deficiency and in age-matched CD-1 controls. Densities of binding sites for the muscarinic M1 subtype ligand [3H]pirenzepine were reduced by 24-54% (p < 0.01) in frontal cortex, caudate/ putamen, and hippocampal CA1 and CA2 areas. Since muscarinic M1 sites are localized presynaptically, their selective loss, together with a previous report of reduced activities of the presynaptic cholinergic enzyme choline acetyltransferase, confirms that loss of cholinergic neurons is an important feature of congenital OTC deficiency. Densities of binding sites for the predominantly postsynaptic muscarinic M2 subtype ligand 3H-AFDX 384 were increased by up to 60% (p < 0.01) in cerebral cortex, hippocampus, globus pallidus, as well as thalamic and hypothalamic structures of OTC-deficient mice. Increased M2 sites in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and thalamus are most likely the result of up-regulation of these sites after the loss of the presynaptic neuron. These findings support the presence of a central muscarinic cholinergic lesion in congenital OTC deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ratnakumari
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hôpital Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Vilaró MT, Palacios JM, Mengod G. Neurotransmitter receptor histochemistry: the contribution of in situ hybridization. Life Sci 1995; 57:1141-54. [PMID: 7674803 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(95)02060-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Molecular cloning of neurotransmitter receptors has enabled the application of in situ hybridization histochemistry to the study of the regional distribution and cellular localization of receptor mRNAs with an unprecedented degree of selectivity. This has resulted in a large body of information including detailed maps of the distribution of receptor subtype transcripts, the establishment of neurotransmitter phenotype and connectivity of receptor-expressing cells, and the relationship between receptor transcripts and binding sites. In this minireview, we discuss and illustrate with a number of examples the contributions of in situ hybridization histochemistry to the study of receptor distribution in brain tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Vilaró
- Dpt. Neurochemistry, CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
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36
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Narang N, Wamsley JK. Time dependent changes in DA uptake sites, D1 and D2 receptor binding and mRNA after 6-OHDA lesions of the medial forebrain bundle in the rat brain. J Chem Neuroanat 1995; 9:41-53. [PMID: 8527037 DOI: 10.1016/0891-0618(95)00064-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative receptor autoradiography and in situ hybridization techniques were used to examine the temporal pattern of changes in dopamine uptake sites, D1 and D2 receptors and their transcripts in the striata of animals lesioned with 6-hydroxydopamine. Animals were unilaterally lesioned in the medial forebrain bundle and the brains were analyzed at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 16 weeks postlesion. Degeneration of the nigrostriatal pathway induced a significant loss of dopamine uptake sites in the ipsilateral caudate putamen of all lesioned animals. D1 receptor binding was significantly increased in the caudate putamen on the lesioned side from 1 week to 16 weeks postlesion, whereas the expression of D1 receptor mRNA did not show any change during this period. There was a significant upregulation of D2 receptor binding as well as D2 mRNA from 2 weeks to 8 weeks postlesion. However, at 16 weeks postlesion, D2 receptor binding continued to increase, whereas the mRNA appeared to compensate. These studies show that a different regulatory mechanism may exist between these two DA receptor subtypes. D1 receptor changes occur at the post-transcriptional or translational level, whereas D2 alterations occur by both transcriptional and translational processes. These studies also indicate that the postsynaptic supersensitivity observed in D1 receptors may not be accompanied by a corresponding increase in D1 receptor mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Narang
- Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Fargo, ND 58103, USA
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The D2 dopamine receptor isoforms signal through distinct Gi alpha proteins to inhibit adenylyl cyclase. A study with site-directed mutant Gi alpha proteins. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)31628-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Schambra UB, Duncan GE, Breese GR, Fornaretto MG, Caron MG, Fremeau RT. Ontogeny of D1A and D2 dopamine receptor subtypes in rat brain using in situ hybridization and receptor binding. Neuroscience 1994; 62:65-85. [PMID: 7816213 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(94)90315-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The prenatal and postnatal ontogeny of D1A and D2 dopamine receptors was assessed by in situ hybridization of messenger RNAs encoding the receptors and by radioligand binding autoradiography. On gestational day 14, signals for D1A and D2 dopamine receptor messages were observed in selected regions in ventricular and subventricular zones which contain dividing neuroblasts, and in intermediate zones that contain maturing and migrating neurons. Specifically, D1A and D2 dopamine receptor message was observed in the developing caudate-putamen, olfactory tubercle, and frontal, cingulate, parietal and insular cortices. Additionally, D1A dopamine receptor messenger RNA was found in the developing epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus, pons, spinal cord and neural retina; D2 dopamine receptor messenger RNA was also observed in the mesencephalic dopaminergic nuclear complex. Gene expression of D1A and D2 dopamine receptor subtypes in specific cells as they differentiate precedes dopamine innervation and implies that receptor expression is an intrinsic property of these neurons. The early expression of dopamine receptor messenger RNA suggests a regulatory role for these receptors in brain development. While the signal for both messages increased in the intermediate zones on gestational day 16, it decreased in the ventricular and subventricular zones, and was no longer apparent in these zones by gestational day 18. By gestational day 18, abundant D1A or D2 dopamine receptor messenger RNA was observed in cell groups similar in location to those observed in the adult brain. On gestational day 18, D1A dopamine receptor message was noted in the neural retina, anterior olfactory nucleus, the insular, prefrontal, frontal, cingulate, parietal and retrosplenial cortices, the olfactory tubercle, caudate-putamen, lateral habenula, dorsolateral geniculate nucleus, ventrolateral and mediolateral thalamic nuclei, and the suprachiasmatic and ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus. D2 dopamine receptor message was observed on gestational day 18 in the insular, prefrontal, frontal and cingulate cortices, the olfactory tubercle, caudate-putamen, ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra, and the intermediate lobe of the pituitary. At birth, expression of messenger RNA for both dopamine receptor subtypes in the striatum approximated that seen in mature rats. In contrast, D1A and D2 receptor binding, measured with [3H]SCH-23390 and [3H]raclopride, respectively, was low at birth and progressively increased to reach adult levels between days 14 and 21. The in situ hybridization data showing early prenatal expression of messenger RNA for the D1A and D2 dopamine receptors are consistent with the hypothesis that these receptors have a regulatory role in neuronal development.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- U B Schambra
- Brain and Development Research Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599
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Meador-Woodruff JH, Damask SP, Watson SJ. Differential expression of autoreceptors in the ascending dopamine systems of the human brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:8297-301. [PMID: 7914704 PMCID: PMC44593 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.17.8297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The tone and regulation of the brain dopaminergic projections are, in part, determined by the presence or absence of dopamine (DA) autoreceptors: rate of DA synthesis and turnover, as well as both pattern and rate of neuronal firing, are modulated by the expression and activity of these autoreceptors. The expression of dopaminergic receptors in the midbrain DA cell groups, presumably reflecting DA autoreceptors, was determined in the brains of the rat, Old World monkey, and human. In the rat, both the substantia nigra (A9) and the ventral tegmental area (A10) appear to express DA autoreceptors. In the monkey and human, however, only the projections arising from the substantia nigra express these receptors; the limbic projections originating in the ventral tegmental area lack this substrate for DA autoregulation. These results indicate that in the human, the nigrostriatal and mesocorticolimbic dopamine systems may be differentially autoregulated.
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40
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Bal A, Bachelot T, Savasta M, Manier M, Verna JM, Benabid AL, Feuerstein C. Evidence for dopamine D2 receptor mRNA expression by striatal astrocytes in culture: in situ hybridization and polymerase chain reaction studies. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 1994; 23:204-12. [PMID: 8057777 DOI: 10.1016/0169-328x(94)90227-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The expression of dopamine D2 receptor mRNA in cultured rat striatal and cerebellar astrocytes was examined by in situ hybridization (ISH) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Cells double-labelled for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immuno-histochemistry and dopamine D2 receptor mRNA (ISH) provide evidence that striatal but not cerebellar astrocytes express the dopamine D2 gene in vitro. These results were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction studies. As judged by GFAP immunostaining and morphology of the cells, this gene is almost exclusively expressed by astrocytes type 1. The expression of dopamine D2 receptor mRNA by striatal astrocytes in vitro, as found in this study, brings thus evidences for the existence of dopamine D2 receptors in such glial cells. This had been previously suggested from ligand binding studies but the typical dopaminergic nature of the binding to striatal astrocytes was left questionable. Our results with molecular biological techniques thus suggest that striatal dopamine might modulate the functions of striatal astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bal
- INSERM U318 Neurobiologie Préclinique et Université J. Fourier, Département des Neurosciences Cliniques et Biologiques, CHU de Grenoble, France
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41
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Chapter 5. Recent Advances in Dopamine D3 and D4 Receptor Ligands and Pharmacology. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)60718-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Narang N, Pundt LL, Hunt ME, Alburges ME, Wamsley JK. Reduction in striatal D2 dopamine receptor mRNA and binding following AF64A lesions. MOLECULAR AND CHEMICAL NEUROPATHOLOGY 1993; 20:81-96. [PMID: 8251034 DOI: 10.1007/bf03160071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Unilateral lesions by a cholinotoxin, receptor autoradiography, and in situ hybridization techniques were employed to determine if dopaminergic receptors are located on cholinergic interneurons in the caudate-putamen (CPu). Lesion of the CPu with small amounts of the cholinotoxin AF64A resulted in a significant decrease in D2 receptor mRNA and D2 receptor binding. The loss was more pronounced in lateral and central portions of the CPu. Results obtained using [3H] SCH23390 binding to D1 receptors indicated that there was no change in this dopamine receptor subtype in the AF64A-lesioned CPu. A decrease in D2 receptor mRNA and receptor binding in AF64A-lesioned animals indicates that a population of postsynaptic D2 receptors is associated with the cholinergic interneurons. Lack of any change in [3H]SCH23390 binding in the AF64A-lesioned animals suggests that D1 receptors are not located on cholinergic neurons. These results provide evidence to support the selectivity of the lesion when used as indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Narang
- Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Fargo, ND 58103
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44
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Sibley DR, Monsma FJ, Shen Y. Molecular neurobiology of dopaminergic receptors. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 1993; 35:391-415. [PMID: 8463063 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(08)60573-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Table I summarizes the properties of all of the dopamine receptors that have been cloned to date. Thus far, five different genes encoding pharmacologically distinct receptors have been identified and isolated. Based on their structural, pharmacological, and functional similarities, two of these, D1A and D1B (or D1 and D5), comprise the D1 subfamily. D2, D3, and D4 receptors represent a D2 subfamily whose members are also structurally and pharmacologically similar. In fact, given these considerations, it has been suggested that the D2, D3, and D4 receptors be termed the D2A, D2B, and D2C receptors, respectively, in recognition of their D2-like properties. Given the unexpected heterogeneity of the dopaminergic receptor system, it is logical to ask if there are other dopamine receptor subtypes remaining be identified. This seems probable, as the characteristics of the cloned subtypes do not match all of the properties of some dopamine receptors which have been previously investigated. For instance, there is extensive evidence that "D1-like" dopamine receptors exist which are linked to the activation of phospholipase C, phosphatidylinositol turnover, and Ca2+ mobilization. Dopamine, as well as several "D1-selective" agonists, has been shown to stimulate phosphatidylinositol turnover in both brain slices and kidney membranes (Felder et al., 1989; Undie and Friedman, 1990; Vyas et al., 1992), and injection of striatal mRNA into Xenopus oocytes leads to dopamine-stimulated phosphatidylinositol turnover and Ca2+ mobilization (Mahan et al., 1990). These dopamine receptors might be analogous to the alpha 1-adrenergic receptors which stimulate phospholipase C activity and might define a third distinct subfamily of dopamine receptors. There is also evidence for additional members of the D2 subfamily of receptors. Using gene transfer methods, a receptor with D2-like pharmacology has been identified and expressed but not yet sequenced (Todd et al., 1989). Also, a D2-related receptor has been characterized in kidney inner medulla membranes (Huo et al., 1991). It thus appears that there may be more dopamine receptor subtypes yet to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Sibley
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Augood SJ, Westmore K, Faull RL, Emson PC. Neuroleptics and striatal neuropeptide gene expression. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1993; 99:181-99. [PMID: 7906424 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61346-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S J Augood
- Department of Neurobiology, AFRC Babraham Institute, Cambridge, U.K
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46
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Sora I, Fujiwara Y, Tomita H, Ishizu H, Akiyama K, Otsuki S, Yamamura HI. Lack of effect of haloperidol or methamphetamine treatment on the mRNA levels of two dopamine D2 receptor isoforms in rat brain. THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROLOGY 1992; 46:967-73. [PMID: 1304623 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.1992.tb02868.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate whether changes of the two mRNAs encoding the D2 receptor isoforms were induced by chronic haloperidol or methamphetamine treatment in rats, we measured the brain mRNA levels using in situ hybridization histochemistry (ISHH). We used two oligonucleotide probes, an "insert" probe to hybridize with the longer D2 receptor, D2(444), mRNA, and a "spanning" probe to hybridize with the shorter D2 receptor, D2(415), mRNA. Both D2 mRNAs were detected by ISHH in the caudate putamen, nucleus accumbens, substantia nigra, pars compacta and ventral tegmental area. The distributions and the amounts of the mRNAs for the two D2 isoforms did not change after chronic administration of haloperidol (1 mg/kg/day for 14 days, ip) or methamphetamine (4 mg/kg/day for 14 days, ip). These results suggest that the changes of D2 receptor density induced by chronic neuroleptic and psychostimulant treatment are not due primarily to receptor expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Sora
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona Health Science Center, Tucson
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Meador-Woodruff JH, Mansour A, Grandy DK, Damask SP, Civelli O, Watson SJ. Distribution of D5 dopamine receptor mRNA in rat brain. Neurosci Lett 1992; 145:209-12. [PMID: 1465219 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(92)90024-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of the messenger RNA encoding the dopamine D5 receptor was determined in the rat brain by in situ hybridization. Using [35S]-labelled riboprobes to either the rat or human D5 receptor, this mRNA was localized to the hippocampus and the parafascicular nucleus of the thalamus. This mRNA could not be visualized in the more traditional brain regions associated with dopaminergic cell bodies or projection fields. This unusual distribution suggests a novel function in the brain for this subtype of the dopamine receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Meador-Woodruff
- Mental Health Research Institute, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor 48109-0720
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48
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Augood SJ, Faull RLM, Emson PC. Contrasting Effects of Raclopride and SCH 23390 on the Cellular Content of Preproenkephalin A mRNA in Rat Striatum: A Quantitative Non-radioactive In Situ Hybridization Study. Eur J Neurosci 1992; 4:102-112. [PMID: 12106446 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.1992.tb00113.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The effects of acute i.p. administration of selective dopamine (DA) receptor antagonists on the expression of preproenkephalin A (PPE A) mRNA was investigated in the adult rat striatum. Animals were injected with either (a) a selective D1 receptor antagonist SCH 23390 (0.25 mg/kg), (b) a selective D2 receptor antagonist raclopride (5 mg/kg), or (c) SCH 23388 (0.25 mg/kg), the (S)-enantiomer of SCH 23390. Control naive animals did not receive an injection. At specific time points following drug administration (1, 3 or 9 h), rats were killed and striatal tissue processed for in situ hybridization with an alkaline phosphatase-labelled oligonucleotide probe complementary to a portion of the rat PPE A cDNA. Treatment of rats with SCH 23388 did not affect the content of PPE A mRNA expressed by striatal cells at any time point. However, 1 h after SCH 23390 administration, a significant decrease in striatal PPE A mRNA was detected, reflected by a decrease in the cellular content of mRNA. No significant changes in PPE A mRNA were detected in raclopride-treated sections at this time point. In contrast, both 3 and 9 h after an injection of raclopride a significant increase in the cellular content of PPE A mRNA was detected in the striatum. No change in the cellular content of mRNA was detected in SCH 23390-treated rats at these two latter time points. Throughout the striatum approximately 46% of neurons were found to express PPE A mRNA, with the highest percentage of cells (55%) being detected in the mid-caudal striatum. No significant differences in striatal DA content were detected with any drug treatment using HPLC electrochemical detection methods. These results demonstrate that acute administration of the DA D1 and D2 receptor antagonists has contrasting effects on the cellular content of PPE A mRNA in the adult rat striatum. These effects may reflect changes in the rate of mRNA transcription which may be mediated by cAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Augood
- MRC Group, Department of Neuroendocrinology, AFRC Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics Research, Babraham, Cambridge CB2 4AT, UK
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Huntley GW, Morrison JH, Prikhozhan A, Sealfon SC. Localization of multiple dopamine receptor subtype mRNAs in human and monkey motor cortex and striatum. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 1992; 15:181-8. [PMID: 1331674 DOI: 10.1016/0169-328x(92)90107-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine plays a critical role in motor and cognitive function through actions mediated by specific receptors, multiple subtypes of which have recently been identified. The distribution of mRNAs encoding D1, D2 and D5 receptors in the motor cortex of humans and in the motor cortex and striatum of macaque monkeys was examined using in situ hybridization. In motor cortices from both primate species, hybridization to each receptor probe resulted in numerous labeled cells throughout layers II-VI. In contrast to neocortex, in monkey striatum only the D1 and D2 receptor probes showed significant hybridization. Thus, not only does primate neocortex possess a broader representation of the dopamine receptor subtype mRNAs examined in comparison with striatum, but the unexpected presence and widespread distribution of D2 and D5 receptor mRNAs in cortex suggests that, along with D1 receptors, D2 and D5 receptors play a crucial role in the dopaminergic modulation of cognition and motor behavior, and in dopamine dysfunction associated with neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Huntley
- Fishberg Research Center for Neurobiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029-6574
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50
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Brouwer N, Van Dijken H, Ruiters MH, Van Willigen JD, Ter Horst GJ. Localization of dopamine D2 receptor mRNA with non-radioactive in situ hybridization histochemistry. Neurosci Lett 1992; 142:223-7. [PMID: 1454220 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(92)90378-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A digoxigenin-labeled antisense 42-mer oligonucleotide was used for the localization of the dopamine D2 receptor mRNA in the rat brain. The digoxigenin label was identified with alkaline phosphatase conjugated sheep-anti-digoxigenin. In good analogy with the known terminal fields of the dopaminergic system, various nuclei throughout the brain were labeled. Positive in situ hybridization signals were also found in dopamine cell groups of the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area and in regions where a dopaminergic innervation is controversial, like the cerebellar cortex and the hippocampus. The non-radioactive in situ hybridization procedure described, shows the localization of the dopamine D2 receptor mRNA with a very high contrast and an optimal histological resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Brouwer
- Department of Neurobiology and Oral Physiology, University of Groningen, Netherlands
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